349:
was apportioned one senator for its 163,401 persons, only 0.61 of the representation to which it would be entitled on a strict population basis, while the smallest senatorial district, with respect to population, had only 61,730, and the next smallest 63,703. The
District Court found "that the maximum population-variance ratio between the most populous and least populous senatorial districts is 2.65-to-1. Under the 1962 senatorial apportionment, applying 1960 population figures, approximately 41.1% of the State's total population reside in districts electing a majority of the members of that body."
31:
371:, urban counties and cities, like those in which the plaintiffs resided, were often drastically underrepresented in state legislatures. This was presented as one of the defenses of the Commonwealth, but the Court rejected this defense, saying "Not only does this explanation lack legal merit, but it also fails to conform to the facts. Some Virginia urban areas, such as Richmond, by comparison with Arlington, Fairfax and Norfolk, appear to be quite adequately represented in the General Assembly."
515:
374:
The
Virginia case also presented a different argument regarding the presence of large numbers of military personnel in the affected city and counties. However, the court reject appellants' argument dismissing it as a post-hoc explanation, saying there was no evidence that the legislature considered
348:
Under the 1962 redistricting statute, in order to keep counties and cities wholly in a district, there were wide disparities in the population of Senate and House of
Delegates districts. Arlington County, for example (where Campbell and plaintiff legislators Harrison Mann and Kathryn Stone lived),
382:
issued a concurrence, in which he argued that wide disparities in population could be constitutional if the
Commonwealth could articulate non-discriminatory reasons, but held that the Commonwealth could advance "no rational basis for the disfavoring of Arlington, Fairfax and Norfolk."
3753:
1415:
2997:
2965:
2821:
1883:
115:
2089:
3890:
2143:
1681:
363:, 369 U.S. 186 (1962), the Court went further in order to correct what seemed to it to be egregious examples of malapportionment which were serious enough to undermine the premises underlying
3777:
1332:
2574:
3875:
1987:
1316:
2669:
1491:
849:
253:
2733:
1875:
530:
440:
76:
3564:
2629:
1955:
3452:
3112:
2981:
1835:
2749:
2426:
1252:
892:
3880:
3628:
2917:
2837:
402:
The
Commonwealth of Virginia redrew its legislative districts so that they were equipopulous, based on the 1960 decennial census data, in time for the 1967 elections.
2709:
2003:
1790:
1276:
817:
2234:
3785:
3136:
2893:
2741:
2534:
616:
3588:
3500:
2127:
1439:
1268:
3885:
2386:
3612:
3144:
2159:
1482:
1092:
3895:
3425:
2290:
1891:
1758:
2797:
1971:
1782:
2151:
2989:
2973:
2877:
3302:
1060:
143:
The Court struck down
Virginia's state legislative district inequality, basing their decision on the principle of "one person, one vote."
2885:
1995:
3905:
3900:
3701:
3417:
3342:
2606:
1308:
1292:
1100:
271:
35:
689:
3761:
1701:
1351:
989:
275:
1907:
3580:
2450:
609:
460:
296:
advocated on behalf of the plaintiff
Northern Virginia legislators. The Supreme Court issued the opinion in this case along with
186:
2853:
2330:
2175:
1689:
2845:
997:
785:
753:
3556:
3160:
2018:
1802:
1541:
1475:
1012:
3644:
3460:
1220:
1188:
3120:
2558:
2410:
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2103:
1718:
737:
3444:
2614:
1915:
1766:
833:
602:
3294:
2829:
2566:
1036:
311:
2957:
3769:
3176:
3168:
2781:
2202:
2135:
1431:
1052:
3801:
3745:
2909:
2466:
2434:
1859:
1843:
1468:
315:
2065:
1204:
1180:
130:
111:
721:
3809:
3676:
3374:
3230:
2491:
2418:
1811:
1726:
713:
387:
257:
2550:
1148:
1004:
577:
3040:
2789:
1260:
1140:
1116:
941:
729:
190:
3620:
3270:
2757:
1931:
705:
594:
3729:
3572:
3540:
3128:
2677:
1923:
1625:
1517:
981:
949:
916:
534:
444:
68:
3596:
3508:
3366:
3358:
3254:
3152:
1196:
965:
3737:
2901:
1367:
1084:
1020:
957:
809:
777:
697:
3721:
3468:
3334:
3318:
3211:
3016:
2949:
2933:
2725:
2458:
2394:
2274:
2111:
1939:
1899:
1851:
1383:
1359:
1108:
1076:
1068:
769:
745:
411:
331:
293:
3636:
3246:
3048:
1132:
3652:
3604:
3548:
3484:
3476:
3409:
3326:
3286:
3262:
2925:
2869:
2813:
2805:
2442:
2322:
2306:
2183:
1963:
1947:
1641:
1525:
1244:
1236:
1228:
868:
825:
793:
761:
665:
559:
973:
3713:
3532:
3524:
3350:
3310:
3195:
3064:
3056:
3024:
2941:
2765:
2717:
2693:
2661:
2582:
2526:
2518:
2370:
2266:
2081:
1750:
1665:
1594:
1505:
1423:
884:
801:
641:
323:
289:
174:
3278:
568:
3848:
3840:
3793:
3516:
3390:
3104:
2861:
2701:
2685:
2636:
2622:
2598:
2354:
2338:
2298:
2226:
2167:
1867:
1774:
1710:
1657:
1549:
1460:
1324:
1212:
1156:
922:
908:
876:
841:
335:
327:
541:
3096:
3072:
2653:
2402:
2378:
2242:
1649:
1617:
1565:
1399:
1284:
1028:
900:
673:
550:
519:
298:
285:
55:
357:
Having already overturned its ruling that redistricting was a purely political question in
2510:
2250:
2119:
1673:
1633:
1557:
1447:
1391:
1300:
1044:
657:
210:
334:
were permitted to intervene as plaintiffs. On appeal, the United States (represented by
3660:
3492:
3238:
3203:
3080:
2590:
2346:
2258:
2027:
1533:
1407:
447:
416:
379:
198:
3869:
3382:
2773:
2645:
2314:
2282:
2210:
2073:
1979:
1827:
1742:
1375:
649:
626:
359:
338:
281:
3668:
3032:
2218:
1573:
1172:
1164:
1124:
178:
71:
2918:
Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Contractors of
America v. Jacksonville
2542:
1819:
1734:
1606:
202:
158:
3088:
514:
166:
87:
3754:
Florida
Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank
83:
326:
challenged the apportionment of the
Virginia General Assembly. Voters from
1416:
Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission
364:
319:
108:
2998:
Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College
54:
Levin Nock Davis, Secretary of the State Board of Elections, et al. v.
2966:
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1
2822:
Village of Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.
586:
1884:
Thornburgh v. American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists
274:
which was one of a series of cases decided in 1964 that ruled that
227:
Warren, joined by Black, Douglas, Clark, Brennan, White, Goldberg
461:"Robert McIlwaine, figure in court fights over race, dies at 90"
3828:
3699:
2489:
2090:
Monell v. Department of Social Services of the City of New York
1592:
1503:
1464:
598:
30:
2144:
Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community
3778:
Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett
1682:
O'Gorman & Young, Inc. v. Hartford Fire Insurance Co.
1333:
Alexander v. South Carolina State Conference of the NAACP
1093:
Houston Lawyers' Association v. Attorney General of Texas
2575:
Sipuel v. Board of Regents of the University of Oklahoma
1988:
Box v. Planned Parenthood of Indiana and Kentucky, Inc.
1317:
Wisconsin Legislature v. Wisconsin Elections Commission
2670:
Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
850:
Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission
3891:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court
2734:
United States v. Montgomery County Board of Education
1876:
City of Akron v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
288:
advocated on behalf of the Commonwealth of Virginia;
3565:
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez
2630:
Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County
1956:
Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of Northern New England
1061:
Mississippi Republican Executive Committee v. Brooks
3453:
Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad Co.
3436:
3401:
3222:
3187:
3008:
2502:
2194:
2014:
1801:
1700:
1605:
1343:
933:
860:
633:
247:
239:
231:
223:
218:
147:
137:
122:
100:
95:
63:
49:
42:
23:
3113:Personnel Administrator of Massachusetts v. Feeney
2982:Schuette v. Coalition to Defend Affirmative Action
1836:Planned Parenthood of Central Missouri v. Danforth
375:military personnel in drawing the 1962 districts.
2750:Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education
2427:Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health
1253:League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry
893:League of United Latin American Citizens v. Perry
278:districts had to be roughly equal in population.
3629:City of Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center, Inc.
2838:Regents of the University of California v. Bakke
2710:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
2235:Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co.
1277:Bethune-Hill v. Virginia State Bd. of Elections
818:Board of Estimate of City of New York v. Morris
690:Lucas v. Forty-Fourth Gen. Assembly of Colorado
3876:United States electoral redistricting case law
1352:Chappelle v. Greater Baton Rouge Airport Dist.
3786:Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs
3137:Michael M. v. Superior Court of Sonoma County
2894:Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell
2742:Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education
2535:Cumming v. Richmond County Board of Education
1476:
610:
8:
2004:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
1908:Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health
1791:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization
500:, 377 U.S. at 695 (Stewart, J., concurring).
3589:Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia
3501:Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections
2128:Will v. Michigan Department of State Police
1440:Virginia House of Delegates v. Bethune-Hill
1269:Alabama Legislative Black Caucus v. Alabama
3825:
3696:
2854:Crawford v. Los Angeles Board of Education
2499:
2486:
2387:Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill
1602:
1589:
1500:
1483:
1469:
1461:
617:
603:
595:
20:
3613:New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer
3145:Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan
2160:Fitzgerald v. Barnstable School Committee
2846:Washington v. Seattle School Dist. No. 1
998:East Carroll Parish Sch. Bd. v. Marshall
786:East Carroll Parish Sch. Bd. v. Marshall
754:Salyer Land Co. v. Tulare Water District
3881:United States equal protection case law
3557:Lehnhausen v. Lake Shore Auto Parts Co.
3426:Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. v. Ward
2291:Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur
1892:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
1759:Webster v. Reproductive Health Services
429:
2798:Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver
390:reiterated and adopted his dissent in
2152:City of Rancho Palos Verdes v. Abrams
18:1964 United States Supreme Court case
7:
2878:Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education
2019:Section 1979 of the Revised Statutes
1013:United Jewish Organizations v. Carey
3645:Kadrmas v. Dickinson Public Schools
3461:Quaker City Cab Co. v. Commonwealth
2886:City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.
1996:June Medical Services, LLC v. Russo
1972:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt
1783:Whole Woman's Health v. Hellerstedt
1221:Reno v. Bossier Parish School Board
1189:Reno v. Bossier Parish School Board
3418:Arlington County Board v. Richards
3343:Examining Board v. Flores de Otero
3121:Wengler v. Druggists Mut. Ins. Co.
2607:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
1492:United States Fourteenth Amendment
627:redistricting in the United States
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
3886:United States Supreme Court cases
3762:Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents
3303:Takahashi v. Fish and Game Comm'n
990:City of Richmond v. United States
738:Hadley v. Junior College District
537:678 (1964) is available from:
3581:Village of Belle Terre v. Boraas
2990:Fisher v. University of Texas II
2451:Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co.
513:
43:Argued November 14, 18, 1963
29:
3295:Ohio ex rel. Clark v. Deckebach
2974:Fisher v. University of Texas I
2331:Moore v. City of East Cleveland
2176:Los Angeles County v. Humphries
1690:West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish
1101:Presley v. Etowah County Comm'n
3896:1964 in United States case law
3161:J.E.B. v. Alabama ex rel. T.B.
1:
2830:Dayton Bd. of Ed. v. Brinkman
2035:McNeese v. Board of Education
1542:United States v. Wong Kim Ark
1037:City of Rome v. United States
270:, 377 U.S. 678 (1964), was a
2559:Hirabayashi v. United States
2411:DeShaney v. Winnebago County
2363:Logan v. Zimmerman Brush Co.
2104:Owen v. City of Independence
1719:Pierce v. Society of Sisters
302:and cites that the opinion.
3445:United States v. Cruikshank
2615:Brown v. Board of Education
1916:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
1767:Planned Parenthood v. Casey
1309:North Carolina v. Covington
1293:North Carolina v. Covington
1053:Escambia County v. McMillan
834:Tennant v. Jefferson County
272:United States Supreme Court
3922:
2567:Korematsu v. United States
587:Oyez (oral argument audio)
345:to support the appellees.
3906:Legal history of Virginia
3901:Virginia General Assembly
3835:
3824:
3770:United States v. Morrison
3708:
3695:
3177:United States v. Skrmetti
3169:United States v. Virginia
2782:Guey Heung Lee v. Johnson
2498:
2485:
2203:Jacobson v. Massachusetts
2136:Gonzaga University v. Doe
1601:
1588:
1512:
1499:
1432:Wittman v. Personhuballah
252:
152:
142:
28:
3802:United States v. Georgia
3746:City of Boerne v. Flores
2910:United States v. Fordice
2467:Williams v. Pennsylvania
2435:Washington v. Glucksberg
1205:Lopez v. Monterey County
1181:Lopez v. Monterey County
3810:Shelby County v. Holder
3375:Cabell v. Chavez-Salido
3231:Patsone v. Pennsylvania
2492:Equal Protection Clause
2419:Michael H. v. Gerald D.
1812:United States v. Vuitch
1727:Griswold v. Connecticut
861:Partisan gerrymandering
722:Kirkpatrick v. Preisler
714:Avery v. Midland County
419:, an English phenomenon
398:Subsequent developments
388:John Marshall Harlan II
258:Equal Protection Clause
3677:Armour v. Indianapolis
3041:Moritz v. Commissioner
2097:Procunier v. Navarette
2015:Civil rights liability
1803:Abortion jurisprudence
1261:Bartlett v. Strickland
942:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
476:, 377 U.S. at 687-688.
254:U.S. Const. amend. XIV
191:William J. Brennan Jr.
3730:Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer
3573:Richardson v. Ramirez
3541:Boddie v. Connecticut
3129:Kirchberg v. Feenstra
2958:Johnson v. California
2678:McLaughlin v. Florida
2066:O'Connor v. Donaldson
1626:Allgeyer v. Louisiana
1518:Slaughter-House Cases
1149:United States v. Hays
1005:Beer v. United States
950:Wright v. Rockefeller
934:Racial gerrymandering
917:Rucho v. Common Cause
45:Decided June 15, 1964
3722:Katzenbach v. Morgan
3469:Breedlove v. Suttles
3319:Graham v. Richardson
3212:Obergefell v. Hodges
3017:Breedlove v. Suttles
2950:Grutter v. Bollinger
2790:Jefferson v. Hackney
2459:Obergefell v. Hodges
2395:Edwards v. Aguillard
2275:Epperson v. Arkansas
2112:Harlow v. Fitzgerald
2047:Jenkins v. McKeithen
1940:Mazurek v. Armstrong
1900:Hodgson v. Minnesota
1860:Bellotti v. Baird II
1852:Colautti v. Franklin
1607:Economic substantive
1141:Johnson v. De Grandy
1117:Voinovich v. Quilter
1069:Thornburg v. Gingles
730:Wells v. Rockefeller
625:Case law related to
463:. February 25, 2015.
412:One person, one vote
367:government. Before
353:Opinion of the Court
332:Henry E. Howell, Jr.
294:Henry E. Howell, Jr.
3653:Gregory v. Ashcroft
3621:Mills v. Habluetzel
3605:Zablocki v. Redhail
3549:Eisenstadt v. Baird
3485:Oyama v. California
3477:Skinner v. Oklahoma
3410:Shapiro v. Thompson
3327:Sugarman v. Dougall
3271:Porterfield v. Webb
3263:Terrace v. Thompson
2926:Missouri v. Jenkins
2870:Hunter v. Underwood
2814:Milliken v. Bradley
2806:Norwood v. Harrison
2758:McDaniel v. Barresi
2443:Troxel v. Granville
2323:Mathews v. Eldridge
2307:Taylor v. Louisiana
2184:Connick v. Thompson
1964:Gonzales v. Carhart
1948:Stenberg v. Carhart
1932:Lambert v. Wicklund
1844:Bellotti v. Baird I
1642:Lochner v. New York
1526:Minor v. Happersett
1245:Georgia v. Ashcroft
1237:Easley v. Cromartie
1229:Sinkfield v. Kelley
869:Gaffney v. Cummings
762:Gaffney v. Cummings
706:Burns v. Richardson
666:Wesberry v. Sanders
578:Library of Congress
82:84 S. Ct. 1441; 12
3714:Civil Rights Cases
3702:Enforcement Clause
3533:Oregon v. Mitchell
3525:Williams v. Rhodes
3351:Nyquist v. Mauclet
3311:Hernandez v. Texas
3196:Bowers v. Hardwick
3188:Sexual orientation
3065:Stanton v. Stanton
3057:Geduldig v. Aiello
3025:Goesaert v. Cleary
2942:Gratz v. Bollinger
2766:Palmer v. Thompson
2718:Hunter v. Erickson
2694:Loving v. Virginia
2662:Anderson v. Martin
2583:Shelley v. Kraemer
2527:Plessy v. Ferguson
2519:Yick Wo v. Hopkins
2371:Kolender v. Lawson
2267:Loving v. Virginia
2082:Imbler v. Pachtman
2059:Wood v. Strickland
1924:Leavitt v. Jane L.
1751:Bowers v. Hardwick
1666:Buchanan v. Warley
1595:Due Process Clause
1506:Citizenship Clause
1424:Shapiro v. McManus
982:Whitcomb v. Chavis
885:Vieth v. Jubelirer
802:Karcher v. Daggett
642:Colegrove v. Green
488:, 377 U.S. at 692.
324:Edmund D. Campbell
290:Edmund D. Campbell
175:William O. Douglas
163:Associate Justices
3863:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3849:Trump v. Anderson
3841:Gold Clause Cases
3820:
3819:
3794:Tennessee v. Lane
3691:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3597:Trimble v. Gordon
3517:Levy v. Louisiana
3509:Rinaldi v. Yeager
3391:Bernal v. Fainter
3367:Ambach v. Norwick
3359:Foley v. Connelie
3255:Crane v. New York
3153:Lehr v. Robertson
3105:Caban v. Mohammed
2862:Palmore v. Sidoti
2702:Lee v. Washington
2686:Reitman v. Mulkey
2637:Gebhart v. Belton
2623:Briggs v. Elliott
2599:Sweatt v. Painter
2481:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2355:Parratt v. Taylor
2339:Duren v. Missouri
2299:Arnett v. Kennedy
2227:Powell v. Alabama
2168:Ashcroft v. Iqbal
2053:Scheuer v. Rhodes
1868:H. L. v. Matheson
1775:Lawrence v. Texas
1711:Meyer v. Nebraska
1658:Coppage v. Kansas
1584:
1583:
1550:Perez v. Brownell
1458:
1457:
1325:Allen v. Milligan
1213:Hunt v. Cromartie
1197:Abrams v. Johnson
1157:Miller v. Johnson
966:Connor v. Johnson
923:Lamone v. Benisek
909:Benisek v. Lamone
877:Davis v. Bandemer
842:Evenwel v. Abbott
518:Works related to
336:Solicitor General
328:Norfolk, Virginia
276:state legislature
263:
262:
187:John M. Harlan II
3913:
3826:
3738:Dellmuth v. Muth
3697:
3097:Parham v. Hughes
3073:Edwards v. Healy
2902:Freeman v. Pitts
2657:(M.D. Ala. 1956)
2654:Browder v. Gayle
2500:
2487:
2403:Turner v. Safley
2379:Hudson v. Palmer
2243:NAACP v. Alabama
1702:Right to privacy
1650:Muller v. Oregon
1618:Mugler v. Kansas
1603:
1590:
1566:Rogers v. Bellei
1501:
1485:
1478:
1471:
1462:
1400:Lance v. Coffman
1368:Quinn v. Millsap
1285:Cooper v. Harris
1085:Chisom v. Roemer
1029:Mobile v. Bolden
1021:Wise v. Lipscomb
958:Turner v. Fouche
901:Gill v. Whitford
810:Brown v. Thomson
778:Chapman v. Meier
698:Fortson v. Toomb
674:Reynolds v. Sims
634:Equal population
619:
612:
605:
596:
591:
585:
582:
576:
573:
567:
564:
558:
555:
549:
546:
540:
517:
501:
495:
489:
483:
477:
471:
465:
464:
457:
451:
434:
392:Reynolds v. Sims
341:) intervened as
312:Arlington County
299:Reynolds v. Sims
286:Robert McIlwaine
148:Court membership
33:
32:
21:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3855:
3831:
3816:
3704:
3683:
3432:
3397:
3335:In re Griffiths
3279:Webb v. O'Brien
3218:
3183:
3004:
2934:Texas v. Lesage
2726:Hadnott v. Amos
2511:Pace v. Alabama
2494:
2473:
2251:Hoyt v. Florida
2190:
2120:Felder v. Casey
2016:
2010:
1797:
1696:
1674:Adams v. Tanner
1634:Holden v. Hardy
1608:
1597:
1580:
1558:Afroyim v. Rusk
1508:
1495:
1489:
1459:
1454:
1448:Moore v. Harper
1392:Lance v. Dennis
1384:Branch v. Smith
1360:Upham v. Seamon
1339:
1301:Abbott v. Perez
1109:Growe v. Emison
1077:Clark v. Roemer
1045:Rogers v. Lodge
929:
856:
770:White v. Weiser
746:Mahan v. Howell
658:Gray v. Sanders
629:
623:
589:
583:
580:
574:
571:
565:
562:
556:
553:
547:
544:
538:
510:
505:
504:
496:
492:
484:
480:
472:
468:
459:
458:
454:
435:
431:
426:
408:
400:
355:
330:represented by
322:represented by
308:
211:Arthur Goldberg
201:
189:
177:
133:(E.D. Va. 1965)
129:, 245 F. Supp.
91:
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
3919:
3917:
3909:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3868:
3867:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3845:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3822:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3806:
3798:
3790:
3782:
3774:
3766:
3758:
3750:
3742:
3734:
3726:
3718:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3673:
3665:
3661:Vacco v. Quill
3657:
3649:
3641:
3637:Clark v. Jeter
3633:
3625:
3617:
3609:
3601:
3593:
3585:
3577:
3569:
3561:
3553:
3545:
3537:
3529:
3521:
3513:
3505:
3497:
3493:Oyler v. Boles
3489:
3481:
3473:
3465:
3457:
3449:
3440:
3438:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3430:
3422:
3414:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3387:
3379:
3371:
3363:
3355:
3347:
3339:
3331:
3323:
3315:
3307:
3299:
3291:
3283:
3275:
3267:
3259:
3251:
3247:Heim v. McCall
3243:
3239:Truax v. Raich
3235:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3208:
3204:Romer v. Evans
3200:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3182:
3181:
3173:
3165:
3157:
3149:
3141:
3133:
3125:
3117:
3109:
3101:
3093:
3085:
3081:Craig v. Boren
3077:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3049:Kahn v. Shevin
3045:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2994:
2986:
2978:
2970:
2962:
2954:
2946:
2938:
2930:
2922:
2914:
2906:
2898:
2890:
2882:
2874:
2866:
2858:
2850:
2842:
2834:
2826:
2818:
2810:
2802:
2794:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2754:
2746:
2738:
2730:
2722:
2714:
2706:
2698:
2690:
2682:
2674:
2666:
2658:
2650:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2633:
2626:
2611:
2603:
2595:
2591:Perez v. Sharp
2587:
2579:
2571:
2563:
2555:
2551:Smith v. Texas
2547:
2539:
2531:
2523:
2515:
2506:
2504:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2463:
2455:
2447:
2439:
2431:
2423:
2415:
2407:
2399:
2391:
2383:
2375:
2367:
2359:
2351:
2347:Parham v. J.R.
2343:
2335:
2327:
2319:
2311:
2303:
2295:
2287:
2279:
2271:
2263:
2259:Oyler v. Boles
2255:
2247:
2239:
2231:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2180:
2172:
2164:
2156:
2148:
2140:
2132:
2124:
2116:
2108:
2100:
2094:
2086:
2078:
2070:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2041:Pierson v. Ray
2038:
2032:
2028:Monroe v. Pape
2023:
2021:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1976:
1968:
1960:
1952:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1912:
1904:
1896:
1888:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1856:
1848:
1840:
1832:
1824:
1816:
1807:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1787:
1779:
1771:
1763:
1755:
1747:
1739:
1731:
1723:
1715:
1706:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1686:
1678:
1670:
1662:
1654:
1646:
1638:
1630:
1622:
1613:
1611:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1578:
1570:
1562:
1554:
1546:
1538:
1534:Elk v. Wilkins
1530:
1522:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1497:
1496:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1480:
1473:
1465:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1452:
1444:
1436:
1428:
1420:
1412:
1408:Perry v. Perez
1404:
1396:
1388:
1380:
1372:
1364:
1356:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1337:
1329:
1321:
1313:
1305:
1297:
1289:
1281:
1273:
1265:
1257:
1249:
1241:
1233:
1225:
1217:
1209:
1201:
1193:
1185:
1177:
1169:
1161:
1153:
1145:
1137:
1133:Holder v. Hall
1129:
1121:
1113:
1105:
1097:
1089:
1081:
1073:
1065:
1057:
1049:
1041:
1033:
1025:
1017:
1009:
1001:
994:
986:
978:
970:
962:
954:
946:
937:
935:
931:
930:
928:
927:
913:
905:
897:
889:
881:
873:
864:
862:
858:
857:
855:
854:
846:
838:
830:
822:
814:
806:
798:
790:
782:
774:
766:
758:
750:
742:
734:
726:
718:
710:
702:
694:
686:
678:
670:
662:
654:
646:
637:
635:
631:
630:
624:
622:
621:
614:
607:
599:
593:
592:
560:Google Scholar
523:
509:
508:External links
506:
503:
502:
490:
478:
466:
452:
428:
427:
425:
422:
421:
420:
417:Rotten borough
414:
407:
404:
399:
396:
380:Potter Stewart
354:
351:
316:Fairfax County
307:
304:
261:
260:
250:
249:
245:
244:
241:
237:
236:
233:
229:
228:
225:
221:
220:
216:
215:
214:
213:
199:Potter Stewart
164:
161:
156:
150:
149:
145:
144:
140:
139:
135:
134:
124:
120:
119:
102:
98:
97:
93:
92:
81:
65:
61:
60:
51:
50:Full case name
47:
46:
40:
39:
34:
26:
25:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3918:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3827:
3823:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3748:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3694:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3671:
3670:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3599:
3598:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3567:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3435:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3393:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3383:Plyler v. Doe
3380:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3288:
3287:Frick v. Webb
3284:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2774:Coit v. Green
2771:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2646:Lucy v. Adams
2643:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2488:
2484:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2315:Goss v. Lopez
2312:
2309:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2283:In re Winship
2280:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2211:Zucht v. King
2208:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2075:
2074:Paul v. Davis
2071:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2013:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1981:
1980:Azar v. Garza
1977:
1974:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1829:
1828:Doe v. Bolton
1825:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1743:Doe v. Bolton
1740:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1376:Utah v. Evans
1373:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1310:
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682:Davis v. Mann
679:
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650:Baker v. Carr
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522:at Wikisource
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520:Davis v. Mann
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127:Mann v. Davis
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56:Harrison Mann
52:
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37:
27:
24:Davis v. Mann
22:
16:
3847:
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3784:
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3752:
3744:
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3720:
3712:
3675:
3669:Bush v. Gore
3667:
3659:
3651:
3643:
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3119:
3111:
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3095:
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3033:Reed v. Reed
3031:
3023:
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2241:
2233:
2225:
2219:Buck v. Bell
2217:
2209:
2201:
2182:
2174:
2166:
2158:
2150:
2142:
2134:
2126:
2118:
2110:
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2040:
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2026:
2002:
1994:
1986:
1978:
1970:
1962:
1954:
1946:
1938:
1930:
1922:
1914:
1906:
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1709:
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1648:
1640:
1632:
1624:
1616:
1574:Saenz v. Roe
1572:
1564:
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1532:
1524:
1516:
1446:
1438:
1430:
1422:
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1259:
1251:
1243:
1235:
1227:
1219:
1211:
1203:
1195:
1187:
1179:
1173:Bush v. Vera
1171:
1165:Shaw v. Hunt
1163:
1155:
1147:
1139:
1131:
1125:Shaw v. Reno
1123:
1115:
1107:
1099:
1091:
1083:
1075:
1067:
1059:
1051:
1043:
1035:
1027:
1019:
1011:
1003:
996:
988:
980:
974:Ely v. Klahr
972:
964:
956:
948:
940:
921:
915:
907:
899:
891:
883:
875:
867:
848:
840:
832:
824:
816:
808:
800:
792:
784:
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680:
672:
664:
656:
648:
640:
526:
497:
493:
485:
481:
473:
469:
455:
450: (1964).
436:
432:
401:
391:
385:
377:
373:
368:
358:
356:
347:
342:
310:Voters from
309:
297:
280:
266:
265:
264:
248:Laws applied
206:
194:
182:
179:Tom C. Clark
170:
126:
104:
96:Case history
75:
53:
15:
2594:(Cal. 1948)
2543:Lum v. Rice
1820:Roe v. Wade
1735:Roe v. Wade
1609:due process
232:Concurrence
203:Byron White
159:Earl Warren
3870:Categories
3089:Orr v. Orr
424:References
365:republican
306:Background
167:Hugo Black
123:Subsequent
88:U.S. LEXIS
86:609; 1964
3402:Residency
84:L. Ed. 2d
64:Citations
3223:Alienage
1494:case law
525:Text of
406:See also
386:Justice
378:Justice
369:Reynolds
320:Virginia
224:Majority
116:E.D. Va.
109:F. Supp.
58:, et al.
2618:(1954)
551:Findlaw
240:Dissent
235:Stewart
138:Holding
3852:(2024)
3844:(1935)
3813:(2013)
3805:(2006)
3797:(2004)
3789:(2003)
3781:(2001)
3773:(2000)
3765:(2000)
3757:(1999)
3749:(1997)
3741:(1989)
3733:(1976)
3725:(1966)
3717:(1883)
3680:(2012)
3672:(2000)
3664:(1997)
3656:(1991)
3648:(1988)
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3624:(1982)
3616:(1979)
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3592:(1976)
3584:(1974)
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3560:(1973)
3552:(1972)
3544:(1971)
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3528:(1968)
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3488:(1948)
3480:(1942)
3472:(1937)
3464:(1928)
3456:(1886)
3448:(1876)
3429:(1985)
3421:(1977)
3413:(1969)
3394:(1984)
3386:(1982)
3378:(1982)
3370:(1979)
3362:(1978)
3354:(1977)
3346:(1976)
3338:(1973)
3330:(1973)
3322:(1971)
3314:(1954)
3306:(1948)
3298:(1927)
3290:(1923)
3282:(1923)
3274:(1923)
3266:(1923)
3258:(1915)
3250:(1915)
3242:(1915)
3234:(1914)
3215:(2015)
3207:(1996)
3199:(1986)
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3172:(1996)
3164:(1994)
3156:(1983)
3148:(1982)
3140:(1981)
3132:(1981)
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3108:(1979)
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3092:(1979)
3084:(1976)
3076:(1975)
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3020:(1937)
3001:(2023)
2993:(2016)
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2945:(2003)
2937:(1999)
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2881:(1986)
2873:(1985)
2865:(1984)
2857:(1982)
2849:(1982)
2841:(1978)
2833:(1977)
2825:(1977)
2817:(1974)
2809:(1973)
2801:(1973)
2793:(1972)
2785:(1971)
2777:(1971)
2769:(1971)
2761:(1971)
2753:(1971)
2745:(1969)
2737:(1969)
2729:(1969)
2721:(1969)
2713:(1968)
2705:(1968)
2697:(1967)
2689:(1967)
2681:(1964)
2673:(1964)
2665:(1964)
2649:(1955)
2610:(1950)
2602:(1950)
2586:(1948)
2578:(1948)
2570:(1944)
2562:(1943)
2554:(1940)
2546:(1927)
2538:(1899)
2530:(1896)
2522:(1886)
2514:(1883)
2470:(2016)
2462:(2015)
2454:(2009)
2446:(2000)
2438:(1997)
2430:(1990)
2422:(1989)
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2382:(1984)
2374:(1983)
2366:(1982)
2358:(1981)
2350:(1979)
2342:(1979)
2334:(1977)
2326:(1976)
2318:(1975)
2310:(1975)
2302:(1974)
2294:(1974)
2286:(1971)
2278:(1968)
2270:(1967)
2262:(1962)
2254:(1961)
2246:(1958)
2238:(1950)
2230:(1932)
2222:(1927)
2214:(1922)
2206:(1905)
2187:(2011)
2179:(2010)
2171:(2009)
2163:(2009)
2155:(2005)
2147:(2003)
2139:(2002)
2131:(1989)
2123:(1988)
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2049:(1969)
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2037:(1963)
2031:(1961)
2017:under
2007:(2022)
1999:(2020)
1991:(2019)
1983:(2018)
1975:(2016)
1967:(2007)
1959:(2006)
1951:(2000)
1943:(1997)
1935:(1997)
1927:(1996)
1919:(1992)
1911:(1990)
1903:(1990)
1895:(1989)
1887:(1986)
1879:(1983)
1871:(1981)
1863:(1979)
1855:(1979)
1847:(1976)
1839:(1976)
1831:(1973)
1823:(1973)
1815:(1971)
1794:(2022)
1786:(2016)
1778:(2003)
1770:(1992)
1762:(1989)
1754:(1986)
1746:(1973)
1738:(1973)
1730:(1965)
1722:(1925)
1714:(1923)
1693:(1937)
1685:(1931)
1677:(1917)
1669:(1917)
1661:(1915)
1653:(1908)
1645:(1905)
1637:(1898)
1629:(1897)
1621:(1887)
1577:(1999)
1569:(1971)
1561:(1967)
1553:(1958)
1545:(1898)
1537:(1884)
1529:(1875)
1521:(1873)
1451:(2023)
1443:(2019)
1435:(2016)
1427:(2015)
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1395:(2006)
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1363:(1982)
1355:(1977)
1336:(2024)
1328:(2023)
1320:(2022)
1312:(2018)
1304:(2018)
1296:(2017)
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1256:(2006)
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1200:(1997)
1192:(1997)
1184:(1996)
1176:(1996)
1168:(1996)
1160:(1995)
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1128:(1993)
1120:(1993)
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1072:(1986)
1064:(1984)
1056:(1984)
1048:(1982)
1040:(1980)
1032:(1980)
1024:(1978)
1016:(1977)
1008:(1976)
993:(1975)
985:(1971)
977:(1971)
969:(1971)
961:(1970)
953:(1964)
945:(1960)
926:(2019)
912:(2018)
904:(2018)
896:(2006)
888:(2004)
880:(1986)
872:(1973)
853:(2016)
845:(2016)
837:(2012)
829:(2004)
821:(1989)
813:(1983)
805:(1983)
797:(1981)
789:(1976)
781:(1975)
773:(1973)
765:(1973)
757:(1973)
749:(1973)
741:(1970)
733:(1969)
725:(1969)
717:(1968)
709:(1966)
701:(1965)
693:(1964)
685:(1964)
677:(1964)
669:(1964)
661:(1963)
653:(1962)
645:(1946)
590:
584:
581:
575:
572:
569:Justia
566:
563:
557:
554:
548:
545:
539:
439:,
243:Harlan
209:
207:·
205:
197:
195:·
193:
185:
183:·
181:
173:
171:·
169:
107:, 213
3830:Other
3437:Other
2195:Other
1344:Other
533:
498:Davis
486:Davis
474:Davis
443:
118:1962)
101:Prior
2503:Race
535:U.S.
445:U.S.
314:and
292:and
284:and
90:1005
77:more
69:U.S.
67:377
3009:Sex
531:377
448:678
441:377
131:241
112:577
72:678
3872::
920:/
529:,
394:.
318:,
256:,
1484:e
1477:t
1470:v
618:e
611:t
604:v
114:(
80:)
74:(
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