459:
motorcycles, and that DRLs based on front turn signals introduce ambiguity into the turn signal system. In 1997, in response to these complaints and after measuring actual DRL intensity well above the 7,000 cd limit on vehicles in use, DOT proposed changes to the DRL specification that would have capped axial intensity at 1,500 cd, a level equivalent to the
European 1,200 cd and identical to the initially proposed Canadian limit. During the open comment period, a volume of public comments were received by NHTSA in support of lowering the intensity or advocating the complete elimination of DRLs from U.S. roads. Automaker sentiment generally ran along consistent lines, with European automakers experienced at complying with European DRL requirements voicing no objection to the proposal, and North American automakers repeating the same objections they raised in response to Canada's initial 1,500-cd proposal. The NHTSA proposal for DRL intensity reduction was rescinded in 2004, pending agency review and decision on a petition filed in 2001 by General Motors, seeking to have NHTSA mandate DRLs on all U.S. vehicles. The GM petition was denied by the NHTSA in 2009, on grounds of severe methodological and analytical flaws in the studies and data provided by GM as evidence for a safety benefit to DRLs. In denying the petition, the NHTSA said:
205:. For that reason, low-power solutions are being encouraged and headlamp-based systems are not allowed after DRLs became mandatory in Europe at the beginning of 2011. LEDs and low-power, high-efficacy, long-life light bulbs produce appropriate amounts of light for an effective DRL without significantly increasing fuel consumption or emissions. Fuel consumption reductions of up to 0.5 mpg may be found when comparing a 55 W DRL system to a 200 W DRL system. In 2006, the UK's Department of Transport also found significant reductions in emissions and fuel consumption when comparing a 42 W DRL system to a 160 W full headlight DRL systems. DRL fuel consumption can be reduced to insignificant levels by the use of 8 to 20 W DRL systems based on LEDs or high-efficacy filament bulbs.
241:
661/2009. The mandate was extended to trucks and buses in August 2012. Using headlamps or front turn signals or fog lamps as DRLs is not permitted; the EU Directive requires functionally specific daytime running lamps compliant with ECE Regulation 87 and mounted to the vehicle in accordance with ECE Regulation 48. DRLs compliant with R87 emit white light on an axis of between 400 and 1,200 candela with an apparent surface of 25 cm to 200 cm with an additional requirement of between 1 and 1,200 candela in a defined field.
336:. Dim-dip was intended to provide a nighttime "town beam" with intensity between that of the parking lamps commonly used at the time by British drivers in city traffic after dark, and low beam headlamps; the former were considered insufficiently intense to provide improved conspicuity in conditions requiring it, while the latter were considered too glaring for safe use in built-up areas. The UK was the only country to require such dim-dip systems, though vehicles so equipped were sold in other
42:
329:
permitted to bar vehicles approved under the ECE regulations. The dim-dip system operated the low beam headlamps (called "dipped beam" in the UK) at between 10% and 20% of normal low beam intensity. The running lamps permitted as an alternative to dim-dip were required to emit at least 200 cd straight ahead, and no more than 800 cd in any direction. In practice, most vehicles were equipped with the dim-dip option rather than the running lamps.
178:
355:, arguing that the UK requirement for dim-dip was illegal under EC directives prohibiting member states from enacting vehicle lighting requirements not contained in pan-European EC directives. As a result, the UK requirement for dim-dip was quashed. Nevertheless, dim-dip systems remain permitted, and while such systems are not presently as common as they once were, dim-dip functionality was fitted on many new cars (such as the
1792:
368:
31:
269:
1812:
224:
254:
419:
2,600 cd. Industry and safety watchdogs reacted to the proposed rule, and eventually the glare objections were set aside and most of the same types of DRLs allowed in Canada were permitted but not required effective with the 1995 model year. General Motors immediately equipped most (and, in following years, all) of its vehicles with DRLs beginning with the
245:
populated areas, and
Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Kosovo, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia and Slovenia require the use of full or reduced voltage low beam headlights at all times. Whether this requirement is met by the DRLs required on new cars since February 2011 is a matter of individual countries' laws.
1802:
97:
133:
analysed the effect of DRLs on frontal and side-on crashes between two vehicles and on vehicle collisions with pedestrians, cyclists, and motorcyclists. The analysis determined that DRLs offer no statistically significant reduction in the frequency or severity of the collisions studied, except for a
120:
A daytime running lamp is usually automatically switched on once the ignition is on; other vehicles may switch the daytime running lamps on when the parking brake is released or when the vehicle is shifted into gear. A daytime running lamp emits a brighter light when the headlamps are not turned on
385:
limit of 1,500 cd, but automakers claimed it was too expensive to add a new front lighting device, and would increase warranty costs (due to increased bulb replacements) to run the low beams. After a regulatory battle, the standard was rewritten to permit the use of reduced-voltage high beam
240:
2008/89/EC required all passenger cars and small delivery vans first type approved on or after 7 February 2011 in the EU to come equipped with daytime running lights. European Union
Directive 2008/89/EC ended validity on 31 October 2014, implicitly repealed by the replacement Regulation (EC) No
328:
regarding installation of lighting equipment—this exception was made because ECE R48 did not require dim-dip or daytime running lights, and while countries signatory to the ECE Regulations are permitted to maintain their own national regulations as an option to the ECE regulations, they are not
142:
The daytime running light was first mandated, and safety benefits first perceived, in
Scandinavian countries where it is persistently dark during the winter season. As ambient light levels increase, the potential safety benefit decreases while the DRL intensity required for a safety improvement
244:
In the past, Germany, Spain, France and other
European countries have encouraged or required daytime use of low beam headlamps on certain roads at certain times of year; Ireland encourages the use of low beam headlights during the winter, Italy and Hungary require daytime running lamps outside
192:
system) to over 200 W (headlamps and all parking, tail, and marker lights on). International regulators, primarily in Europe, are working to balance the potential safety benefit offered by DRL with the increased fuel consumption due to their use. Because the power to run the DRLs must be
458:
Public reaction to DRLs, generally neutral to positive in Canada, is decidedly mixed in the U.S. Thousands of complaints regarding glare from DRLs were lodged with the DOT shortly after DRLs were permitted on cars, and there was also concern that headlamp-based DRLs reduce the conspicuity of
418:
in 1990 to permit (but not require) US vehicles to be equipped with DRLs like those in Canada. NHTSA objected on grounds of the potential for high-intensity DRLs to cause problems, such as glare and turn signal masking, and issued a proposed rule in 1991 that specified a maximum intensity of
111:
Depending on prevailing regulations and equipment, vehicles may implement the daytime-running light function by functionally turning on specific lamps, by operating low-beam headlamps or fog lamps at full or reduced intensity, by operating high-beam headlamps at reduced intensity, or by
475:
Several states on the
Eastern seaboard, the Southeast, Gulf Coast and California have laws that require headlights to be switched on when windshield wipers are in use. DRLs are not considered headlights in most vehicle codes and so DRLs may not meet the letter of these laws in use.
112:
steady-burning operation of the front turn signals. Compared to any mode of headlamp operation to produce the daytime running light, functionally dedicated DRLs maximize the potential benefits in safety performance, glare, motorcycle masking, and other potential drawbacks.
300:, mounted at the outer left and right edges of the front of the vehicle. Finland adopted a daytime-light requirement in 1972 on rural roads in wintertime, and in 1982 on rural roads in summertime and 1997 on all roads all year long; Norway in 1985,
956:
Commission
Directive 2008/89/EC of 24 September 2008 amending, for the purposes of its adaptation to technical progress, Council Directive 76/756/EEC concerning the installation of lighting and light-signalling devices on motor vehicles and their
922:
Regulation (EC) No 661/2009 of the
European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 concerning type-approval requirements for the general safety of motor vehicles, their trailers and systems, components and separate technical units intended
910:
Commission
Directive 2008/89/EC of 24 September 2008 amending, for the purposes of its adaptation to technical progress, Council Directive 76/756/EEC concerning the installation of lighting and light-signalling devices on motor vehicles and their
155:
groups are concerned over reduced motorcycle conspicuity and increased vulnerability with the introduction of headlamp-based DRLs on cars and other dual-track vehicles, since it means motorcycles are no longer the only vehicles displaying
164:
DRLs be reserved for use exclusively on motorcycles, in countries where amber is not presently a permissible color for DRLs on any vehicles, while other research has concluded there is a safety disadvantage to two 90 mm x
169:(cd) DRLs on motorcycles in comparison to one 190 mm x 270 cd dipped (low) beam headlight. The latter result suggests that a daytime running lamp's luminous area may have an important influence on its effectiveness.
292:("perception light" or "notice light"). The initial regulations in these countries favored devices incorporating 21 W signal bulbs identical to those used in brake lamps and turn signals, producing
484:
DRLs are permitted but not required in
Australia, though the Australasian College of Road Safety, an Australian automotive safety group, advocates making DRLs mandatory rather than optional.
1100:
288:, where ambient light levels in the winter are generally low even during the day. Sweden was the first country to require widespread DRLs in 1977. At the time, the function was known as
381:
requires DRLs on all new vehicles made or imported after January 1, 1990. Canada's proposed DRL regulation was essentially similar to regulations in place in Scandinavia, with an axial
1048:
325:
312:
was added as an optional implementation. Given the headlamp specifications in use in those countries, such an implementation would produce approximately 450 cd axially.
652:
821:
792:
631:
415:
143:
increases. The safety benefit produced by DRLs in relatively dark Nordic countries is roughly triple the benefit observed in the relatively bright United States.
130:
88:, or amber light. Their intended use is not to help the driver see the road or their surroundings, but to help other road users identify an active vehicle.
723:
332:
The dim-dip lights were not intended for use as daytime running lights. Rather, they operated when the engine was running and the driver switched on the
1137:
944:
378:
1198:
451:
models come with DRLs as standard or optional equipment, and with a driver-controllable on and off switch. Starting in the 2006 model year,
1841:
1670:
390:. These changes to the regulation permitted automakers to implement a less costly DRL, such as by connecting the high beam filaments in
590:
536:
188:
DRL power consumption varies widely depending on the implementation. Current production DRL systems consume from 5 watts (dedicated
785:
759:
308:
in 1990. To increase manufacturer flexibility in complying with the requirement for DRLs, the daytime illumination of low beam
933:
1695:
1112:
659:
1773:
1690:
1607:
1049:
Federal Register 98-20918 NPRM: Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards Lamps, Reflective Devices, and Associated Equipment
828:
522:
894:
391:
341:
280:
on Nordic markets in the 1970s and 1980s: Bright filaments were mounted in the front parking lamps as "perception light"
551:
1554:
1191:
1756:
411:
237:
46:
869:
1836:
352:
727:
264:
offered in Sweden in the 1970s. Package text reads "Install Hella perception lights so you are seen in traffic".
455:
began equipping their U.S. models with DRLs, mostly by reduced-intensity operation of the high beam headlamps.
202:
1145:
134:
reduction in light trucks' and vans' involvement in two-vehicle crashes by a statistically significant 5.7%.
1511:
386:
headlamps producing up to 7,000 axial candela, as well as permitting any light color from white to amber or
337:
1805:
955:
1728:
1374:
1184:
193:
produced by the engine, which in turn requires burning additional fuel, high-power DRL systems increase CO
414:, interested in reducing the build variations of cars for the North American market, petitioned the U.S.
1249:
880:
621:"The Effectiveness of Daytime Running Lights for Passenger Vehicles (publication number DOT HS 811 029)"
152:
968:
921:
909:
620:
189:
1062:
1768:
1662:
1637:
1617:
1569:
1337:
569:
554:
356:
348:
333:
320:
UK regulations briefly required vehicles first used on or after 1 April 1987 to be equipped with a
161:
65:
1811:
677:
1574:
1448:
382:
35:
1084:
1073:
467:
we do not find data that provides a definitive safety benefit that justifies Federal regulation
463:
the agency remains neutral with respect to a policy regarding the inclusion of DRLs in vehicles
324:
device or functionally dedicated daytime running lamps, except those vehicles type-approved to
1476:
1207:
706:"Development of a New Methodology for Measuring the Behavioural Conspicuity of Motor Vehicles"
532:
526:
493:
420:
121:
and its brightness will be dimmed slightly in conjunction with the headlamps being turned on.
860:
The directive deals with EC type approval or national type approval for new types of vehicles
1740:
1723:
1516:
1481:
1291:
1281:
1244:
598:
471:
manufacturers should continue to make individual decisions regarding DRLs in their vehicles.
387:
293:
285:
261:
85:
69:
41:
1685:
1612:
1428:
1357:
898:
424:
297:
257:
227:
177:
1632:
1534:
1438:
1433:
498:
234:
198:
1830:
1795:
1584:
1549:
1544:
1496:
1468:
1443:
1369:
1352:
1301:
1264:
1254:
1236:
796:
73:
17:
822:"Daytime Running Lights (DRL): A Review of the Reports from the European Commission"
763:
704:
Zellner, John; Nicholas Rogers; Jacques Compagne; Jan Paul Peters (September 2007).
367:
30:
1761:
1718:
1700:
1491:
1486:
1453:
1347:
1342:
1323:
1308:
1296:
1286:
1271:
1259:
1227:
870:
Europa.eu Press Release "New cars equipped with daytime running lights as of today"
399:
268:
1018:
1116:
995:
443:
gradually introduced DRLs in the U.S. market beginning in 1995. In recent years,
1815:
1627:
1622:
1559:
1539:
1410:
747:
372:
1589:
1506:
1458:
1405:
1318:
1313:
891:
428:
277:
223:
105:
77:
1735:
1389:
1362:
1332:
760:"FIA Brussels report on costs & benefits of various DRL implementations"
309:
253:
724:"Philips DRL 4 product page claiming a 5 Watt power consumption (in Dutch)"
1680:
1564:
1420:
1379:
1170:
945:
DRL Mandate Takes Effect in Europe, R48 Countries (subscription required)
157:
101:
96:
1501:
1384:
1276:
395:
305:
301:
182:
166:
1085:
NHTSA docket for withdrawal of intended rulemaking to reduce DRL glare
1019:"Memorandum submitted by the Institution of Public Lighting Engineers"
448:
447:
has installed high-beam or turn signal based DRLs on US models. Some
440:
436:
402:
full-time except when they are actually flashing as turn indicators.
230:
6 W halogen-bulb DRLs for retrofit. Other retrofit DRLs use LEDs
1176:
1074:
Aborted NHTSA rulemaking to reduce DRL glare, with public complaints
786:"Notice of Proposed Rulemaking: FMVSS 108 (Daytime Running Lights)"
452:
444:
432:
366:
273:
267:
252:
222:
176:
95:
40:
29:
197:
emissions sufficiently to affect a country's compliance with the
1579:
1101:
Federal Register E9-15314: Denial of GM Petition to Mandate DRLs
827:. European Commission: Transport and Road Safety. Archived from
518:
81:
1180:
76:
or bicycle. It is automatically switched on when the vehicle's
1218:
676:
Paine, Michael; David Paine; Jack Haley; Samantha Cockfield.
934:
European Commission Enterprise and Industry web page on DRLs
705:
296:
or white light of approximately 400 to 600 cd on a
1144:. Australasian College of Road Safety. Archived from
160:
during the day. Some researchers have suggested that
820:
Transport Research Laboratories (17 November 2006).
1749:
1711:
1661:
1650:
1600:
1527:
1467:
1419:
1398:
1235:
1226:
710:7th International Symposium on Automotive Lighting
371:Reduced-voltage high beam DRL on a US/Canada 2002
351:successfully prosecuted the UK government in the
84:, or when the engine is started, emitting white,
989:
987:
985:
461:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
996:"UK Dim-Dip Running Lights Regulatory History"
632:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
416:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
131:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
1192:
1173:Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS)
1058:
1056:
80:has been pulled down, when the vehicle is in
8:
712:. Herbert Utz Verlag GmbH. pp. 249–257.
394:to supply each filament with half its rated
564:
562:
1658:
1232:
1199:
1185:
1177:
531:. OECD Publishing. pp. 168–169, 213.
678:"Daytime Running Lights for Motorcycles"
379:Canada Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 108
653:"European Agenda for Motorcycle Safety"
510:
1138:"ACRS Daytime Running Lamp statistics"
784:US Federal Register (7 August 1998).
7:
1801:
619:Wang, Jing-Shiarn (September 2008).
570:"A Review of Daytime Running Lights"
410:Shortly after Canada mandated DRLs,
72:device on the front of a road going
1774:Vehicle identification number (VIN)
881:EU to make DRLs mandatory from 2011
25:
748:DRL fuel consumption calculations
1810:
1800:
1791:
1790:
1217:Part of a series of articles on
284:DRLs were first mandated in the
1063:docket for DRL glare complaints
969:"ECE Regulation 87, Revision 2"
892:AL-Automotive Lighting DRL info
100:Full-voltage vs. parking light
334:front position (parking) lamps
181:LED daytime running lights on
1:
1608:Approach and departure angles
523:International Transport Forum
272:Early type of DRL as used by
1842:Vehicle safety technologies
1671:Automotive light bulb types
795:, p. 57 ¶ 2. Archived from
147:Effect on motorcycle safety
1858:
1142:Road safety campaign group
528:Cycling, Health and Safety
398:, or by burning the front
1786:
1214:
353:European Court of Justice
129:A 2008 study by the U.S.
1691:high-intensity discharge
203:greenhouse gas emissions
359:) well into the 1990s.
138:Effect of ambient light
47:BMW 6 Series Gran Coupe
1375:Stressed member engine
628:NHTSA Technical Report
473:
375:
281:
265:
231:
185:
108:
49:
38:
1507:Windshield/windscreen
552:Daytime running light
370:
271:
256:
226:
180:
153:motorcycling advocacy
99:
62:daytime running light
44:
33:
18:Daytime running light
1676:Daytime running lamp
630:. Washington, D.C.:
260:DRL retrofit kit in
173:Environmental impact
54:daytime running lamp
1638:Weight distribution
1570:Omniview technology
1171:Headlights overview
555:European Commission
349:European Commission
104:on European-market
66:automotive lighting
1757:Registration plate
897:2009-04-29 at the
834:on 23 October 2012
802:on 5 November 2004
383:luminous intensity
376:
282:
266:
232:
186:
125:Safety performance
109:
50:
39:
1824:
1823:
1782:
1781:
1646:
1645:
1477:Glass run channel
1411:Trunk/boot/dickie
1208:Automotive design
1113:"Headlight Usage"
494:Automobile safety
421:Chevrolet Corsica
342:left-hand traffic
326:ECE Regulation 48
16:(Redirected from
1849:
1837:Automotive lamps
1814:
1804:
1803:
1794:
1793:
1741:Window deflector
1724:Side-view mirror
1659:
1282:Continental tire
1245:Backbone chassis
1233:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1178:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1115:. Archived from
1109:
1103:
1098:
1087:
1082:
1076:
1071:
1065:
1060:
1051:
1046:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
991:
980:
979:
973:
965:
959:
953:
947:
942:
936:
931:
925:
919:
913:
907:
901:
889:
883:
878:
872:
867:
861:
858:
852:
849:
843:
842:
840:
839:
833:
826:
817:
811:
810:
808:
807:
801:
790:
781:
775:
774:
772:
771:
762:. Archived from
756:
750:
745:
739:
738:
736:
735:
726:. Archived from
720:
714:
713:
701:
695:
694:
692:
691:
682:
673:
667:
666:
664:
658:. Archived from
657:
649:
643:
642:
640:
639:
625:
616:
610:
609:
607:
606:
597:. Archived from
587:
581:
580:
576:
574:
566:
557:
549:
543:
542:
515:
470:
466:
388:selective yellow
286:Nordic countries
262:selective yellow
249:Nordic countries
70:bicycle lighting
21:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1846:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1778:
1745:
1707:
1655:
1653:
1642:
1613:Breakover angle
1596:
1523:
1463:
1415:
1394:
1222:
1210:
1205:
1167:
1162:
1161:
1151:
1149:
1148:on 9 April 2013
1136:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1120:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1099:
1090:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1034:
1024:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1001:
999:
993:
992:
983:
971:
967:
966:
962:
954:
950:
943:
939:
932:
928:
920:
916:
908:
904:
899:Wayback Machine
890:
886:
879:
875:
868:
864:
859:
855:
850:
846:
837:
835:
831:
824:
819:
818:
814:
805:
803:
799:
788:
783:
782:
778:
769:
767:
758:
757:
753:
746:
742:
733:
731:
722:
721:
717:
703:
702:
698:
689:
687:
680:
675:
674:
670:
662:
655:
651:
650:
646:
637:
635:
623:
618:
617:
613:
604:
602:
591:"DRL factsheet"
589:
588:
584:
578:
572:
568:
567:
560:
550:
546:
539:
517:
516:
512:
507:
490:
482:
468:
464:
408:
365:
357:Volkswagen Polo
340:countries with
318:
251:
221:
216:
211:
196:
175:
149:
140:
127:
118:
94:
92:Implementations
34:LED DRLs on an
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1855:
1853:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1829:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1808:
1798:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1753:
1751:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1721:
1715:
1713:
1712:Other elements
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1665:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1633:Turning radius
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1535:Bumper sticker
1531:
1529:
1528:Other elements
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1473:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1425:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
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1701:trafficators
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1512:washer fluid
1492:Power window
1487:Opera window
1399:Compartments
1287:Crumple zone
1272:Cabrio coach
1216:
1150:. Retrieved
1146:the original
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151:A number of
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1696:sealed beam
1628:Roll center
1623:Ride height
1560:Japan black
1555:Instruments
1540:Curb feeler
1406:Hood/bonnet
373:Lexus RX300
1831:Categories
1482:Greenhouse
1123:2013-09-16
1021:. D. Stern
998:. D. Stern
838:2007-10-20
806:2007-10-05
770:2007-04-24
734:2013-05-23
690:2009-03-22
638:2021-10-13
605:2020-01-06
505:References
429:Volkswagen
310:headlights
290:varselljus
106:Volkswagen
1736:Tow hitch
1654:equipment
1580:Tire/tyre
1439:Gull-wing
1429:Butterfly
1390:Trunk lid
1333:Monocoque
1237:Framework
1025:14 August
1017:I.l.p.e.
1002:14 August
851:M1 and N1
480:Australia
238:Directive
209:Worldwide
165:520
158:headlamps
78:handbrake
1796:Category
1681:Headlamp
1663:Lighting
1652:Exterior
1618:Overhang
1601:Geometry
1585:run-flat
1565:Nerf bar
1380:Subframe
1348:Platform
1338:Overhang
1250:Beltline
1152:21 March
957:trailers
923:therefor
911:trailers
895:Archived
525:(2013).
488:See also
102:headlamp
64:) is an
1806:Commons
1502:Sunroof
1454:Suicide
1449:Sliding
1444:Scissor
1385:Tonneau
1370:Spoiler
1277:Chassis
595:Snov.nl
396:voltage
322:dim-dip
306:Denmark
302:Iceland
183:Audi A4
167:candela
60:, also
36:Audi R8
1816:Portal
1686:hidden
1434:Canopy
1343:Pillar
1324:shaker
1309:Grille
1302:skirts
1297:ponton
1292:Fender
1265:Dagmar
1260:Bumper
577:
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449:Toyota
441:Subaru
437:Suzuki
392:series
363:Canada
294:yellow
214:Europe
86:yellow
1769:Theft
1750:Legal
1729:power
1590:spare
1575:Parts
1517:wiper
1469:Glass
1421:Doors
1319:scoop
976:UNECE
972:(PDF)
832:(PDF)
825:(PDF)
800:(PDF)
793:NHTSA
789:(PDF)
685:ESV19
681:(PDF)
663:(PDF)
656:(PDF)
634:: 110
624:(PDF)
573:(PDF)
453:Honda
445:Lexus
433:Volvo
274:Volvo
258:Hella
228:Hella
162:amber
116:Usage
1719:Horn
1459:Swan
1363:rack
1358:Roof
1314:Hood
1228:Body
1219:cars
1154:2013
1027:2006
1004:2006
533:ISBN
519:OECD
439:and
425:Saab
298:axis
278:Saab
276:and
82:gear
68:and
201:on
190:LED
58:DRL
1833::
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56:(
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