1185:, identifying over US$ 3.3 billion in price fixing within the South African rough diamond trade from 2004 to 2012, leading to an estimated deficit in tax paid of ZAR 1 billion per year. The report found significant evidence of profit shifting through volume and value manipulation. Sharife simultaneously published an article disclosing the political system that cultivated revenue leakage, including the donation of De Beers staff to the State Diamond Trader (SDT). The report, like the article, utilised aggregated data produced by the Kimberley Process (KP) certificates of import-exports, relying on figures listed by the diamond companies themselves, in which De Beers was the dominant player. The South African Department of Mineral Resources (DMR) disclosed that De Beers did not authorise them to publish figures involving values, sales, pricing and other data, preventing transparency of the industry.
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756:, a 50–50 joint venture with the Government of the Republic of Namibia. Namdeb Holdings is made up of Debmarine Namibia (covering offshore mining) and Namdeb Diamond Corporation (land-based coastal mining). For offshore mining, motor vessels are used, including the 12,000-tonne, 113-metre-long SS Nujoma, built at a cost of $ 157 million and named after Sam Nujoma, Namibia's founding president. This vessel, the world's most advanced diamond exploration and sampling vessel, began full operations in June 2017.
1085:. In this way, his company could provide the US with the industrial diamonds it desperately sought for the war effort in return for immunity from prosecution after the war; however his proposal was rejected by the US Justice Department when it was discovered that De Beers had no intention of stockpiling any industrial diamonds in the US. In 1945, the Justice Department finally filed an antitrust case against De Beers, but the case was dismissed as the company had no presence on US soil.
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505:. However, production soon equalled all of the De Beers mines combined. Ernest Oppenheimer was appointed the local agent for the powerful London Syndicate, rising to the position of mayor of Kimberley within 10 years. He understood the core principle that underpinned De Beers's success, stating in 1910 that "common sense tells us that the only way to increase the value of diamonds is to make them scarce, that is to reduce production".
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and maintaining prices. The agreement soon proved to be very successful – for example, during the trade slump of 1891–1892, supply was simply curtailed to maintain the price. Rhodes was concerned about the break-up of the new monopoly, stating to shareholders in 1896 that the company's "only risk is the sudden discovery of new mines, which human nature will work recklessly to the detriment of us all".
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894:, the French luxury goods company. The first De Beers boutique opened in 2002 on London's Old Bond Street as the brand's flagship store. Since then, stores have opened in various cities around the world. In March 2017, The De Beers Group of Companies acquired LVMH's 50% shareholding in DBDJ and new name De Beers Jewellers was unveiled.
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On 4 November 2011, Anglo
American plc and CHL Holdings announced their agreement for Anglo American to acquire an incremental interest in De Beers, increasing Anglo American's 45% shareholding in the world's leading diamond company to 85%. De Beers plc was originally incorporated as De Beers Société
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During World War I, the
Premier Mine was finally absorbed into De Beers. When Rhodes died in 1902, De Beers controlled 90% of the world's diamond production. Ernest Oppenheimer took over the chairmanship of the company in 1929, after buying shares and being appointed to the board in 1926. Oppenheimer
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and Cecil Rhodes, by which time the company was the sole owner of all diamond mining operations in the country. In 1889, Rhodes negotiated a strategic agreement with the London-based
Diamond Syndicate, which agreed to purchase a fixed quantity of diamonds at an agreed price, thereby regulating output
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and
Accredited Buyers. Sightholders have a term contract. Accredited Buyers (a customer type introduced in 2014–15) have a more ad hoc arrangement. De Beers also sells about 10% of its rough diamonds through online auction sales. The company pioneered the approach in 2008 when it broke with 44 years
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monopoly. When that did not work, it flooded the market with diamonds similar to those of producers who refused to join in, depressing their price and undermining return for the resistant. It also purchased and stockpiled diamonds produced by other manufacturers as well as surplus diamonds in order
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as soon as war broke out, thereby threatening the company's valuable mines. Rhodes personally moved into the city at the onset of the siege in order to put political pressure on the
British government to divert military resources towards relieving the siege rather than more strategic war objectives.
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De Beers states that 100% of the diamonds it now sells are conflict-free and that all De Beers diamonds are purchased in compliance with national law, the
Kimberley Process Certification Scheme and its own Diamond Best Practice Principles. The Kimberley process has helped restore the reputation of
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has an 85% shareholding and the
Government of the Republic of Botswana owns 15% directly. De Beers plc is the holding company of The De Beers Group of Companies. It is involved in many parts of the diamond value chain, from mining to sales, and is made up of a series of joint ventures and wholly
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Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, De Beers attempted to secretly enter the United States' diamond market, being forced to divest its
American assets in 1975 to avoid the risk of violating anti-trust laws. Harry Oppenheimer stepped down as the chairman and director of Anglo-American and De Beers in
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Trading of rough diamonds takes place through two channels – De Beers Global
Sightholder Sales (GSS) and De Beers Auction Sales. GSS sells about 90% of De Beers's rough diamonds, by value, and features wholly owned and joint venture operations in South Africa (De Beers Sightholder Sales South
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was launched in 2008 as one of the two diamond brands from The De Beers Group of
Companies. According to the company website, "Each Forevermark diamond is inscribed with a promise: that it is beautiful, rare and responsibly sourced." Forevermark diamonds are inscribed with an icon and unique
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The International Institute of Diamond Valuation (IIDV) was launched by De Beers Group in March 2016. Operating in partnership with diamond jewellery retailers, it provided a reselling service for all diamonds, regardless of value. In April 2019, De Beers closed its IIDV division.
624:, thereby increasing Anglo American's ownership of the company to 85% (with the remaining 15% owned by the Government of the Republic of Botswana). The transaction was worth ÂŁ3.2 billion (US$ 5.1 billion) in cash and ended the Oppenheimer dynasty's 80-year ownership of De Beers.
564:, arguing that it hindered economic growth. Despite this, De Beers has been criticized for profiting from the system during the apartheid period. By 1973, Anglo and De Beers accounted for 10 percent of South Africa's gross national product and 30 percent of the country's exports.
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De Beers employs more than 30,000 people around the globe on five continents, with more than 17,000 employees in Africa. Almost 8,000 people are employed in Botswana, around 6,200 in South Africa, nearly 2,900 in Namibia, some 1,260 in Canada and about 320 in exploration.
701:. The synthetic stones start at $ 200 for a quarter carat to $ 800 for a full carat diamond. The new lab-grown diamonds retail for about one-tenth the cost of naturally occurring diamonds. The new brand began selling in September 2018 and the stones are produced in
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to accelerate business ventures to market in Botswana, Namibia, and South Africa. As part of two programs, the partnership is set to help teach early entrepreneurs how to commercialize their business ideas. The partnership is a three-year, $ 3 million deal.
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The International Institute of Diamond Grading & Research (IIDGR) was set up by De Beers in 2008, with the aim of providing a range of services and equipment in the field of diamond verification. It is based in London, Antwerp and, from 2015, in
673:' (meant as a symbol of continuing affection and appreciation), the 'trilogy ring' (meant to represent the past, present, and future of a relationship) and the 'right hand ring' (meant to be bought and worn by women as a symbol of independence).
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In 2018, De Beers used blockchain technology to successfully track 100 high-value diamonds. The diamonds were tracked through the manufacturing process from the mine to the retailer in order to ensure their quality and conflict-free status.
846:, De Beers Jewellers, the International Institute of Diamond Valuation, De Beers Ventures, the International Institute of Diamond Grading & Research and Element Six (Umicore has a 40% stake in Element Six's abrasives division).
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In 2000, the De Beers business model changed because of factors such as the decision by producers in Canada and Australia to distribute diamonds outside the De Beers channel, as well as increasingly negative publicity surrounding
774:, Canada; this was the first De Beers mine outside Africa and was Canada's first completely underground diamond mine. However, production was suspended when the mine was put on care and maintenance in 2015. De Beers opened the
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In May 1955, Ernest Oppenheimer opened the new headquarters which combined the operations of Anglo American and the De Beers group. After Ernest died in November 1957, operation of Anglo and De Beers were passed on to his son,
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In 2011, Anglo American took control of De Beers after buying the Oppenheimers' family stake of 40% for US$ 5.1 billion (ÂŁ3.2 billion) and increasing its stake to 85%, ending the 80-year Oppenheimer control of the company.
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300:, was elected to the board of De Beers. He built and consolidated the company's global monopoly over the diamond industry until his death in 1957. During this time, he was involved in several controversies, including
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De Beers Ventures was established by De Beers Group in June 2017 to consider minority stake investments in start-ups and growth companies that could be of benefit to De Beers Group or the broader diamond sector.
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During the 20th century, De Beers used several methods to leverage its dominant position to influence the international diamond market. First, it attempted to convince independent producers to join its single
882:, it requires specialist detection equipment to view. The inscription also helps maintain scarcity: the Forevermark website boasts that only a tiny percentage of diamonds qualify for the Forevermark brand.
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1145:. In 2008, De Beers agreed to pay a US$ 295 million class-action settlement after accusations of price fixing. The company appealed against the decision but ended up paying the settlement in 2013.
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De Beers successfully advertised diamonds to manipulate consumer demand. One of the most effective marketing strategies has been the marketing of diamonds as a symbol of love and commitment. Copywriter
388:. After they discovered diamonds on their land, the increasing demands of the British government forced them to sell their farm on 31 July 1871 to merchant Alfred Johnson Ebden (1820–1908) for £6,600.
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scheme for rough diamonds. By November 2002, negotiations between governments, the international diamond industry, led by De Beers, and civil society organisations resulted in the creation of the
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Anonyme in 2000 in Luxembourg. Following the closure of this office, the company was reclassified as De Beers plc in 2017, with its head office now in Jersey. It is made up of two shareholdings:
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4209:, 43:150, 556-575, DOI: 10.1080/03056244.2016.1177504. The original report is also available at lcsv-wp4-bracking-sharife-revised-16062014.pdf (manchester.ac.uk) (30th January 2022)
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to help the advancement of women within the company and the countries it operates in. In 2018, the two entities launched a program to support 500 women micro-entrepreneurs in
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A further version of this was later published as Khadija Sharife & Sarah Bracking (2016) Diamond pricing and valuation in South Africa’s extractive political economy,
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In 2019, they launched their own end-to-end traceability platform called Tracr to enable all diamonds to be identified and traced as they move from the mine to the store.
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movement in Angola, which was found to have bartered uncut diamonds for weaponry despite international economic and diplomatic sanctions being in effect through
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manufacturing. The company is active in open-pit, underground, large-scale alluvial and coastal mining. It operates in 35 countries with mining taking place in
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602:. Finally, it bought diamonds when prices fell considerably naturally, to constrict supply and drive their value back up, such as during the Great Depression.
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763:. It is 74% owned by De Beers and 26% by a board-based black economic empowerment partner, Ponahalo Investments. There are two mines – Venetia and Voorspoed.
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In 2020, the De Beers Company released a statement of a values change, promising the world that it is committed to not using slave labor within the company.
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since 1980s, when the diamond resources were discovered. A campaign was fought in an attempt to bring an end to what the indigenous rights organisation,
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deep. This inscription helps distinguish Forevermark diamonds from other natural diamonds though, similarly to when distinguishing natural diamonds from
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to highlight the role of diamonds in international conflicts led to a review by the United Nations. The initial focus of the UN's investigation was on
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and the De Beers mine, two successful diamond mines. Their name, which was given to one of the mines, subsequently became associated with the company.
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of direct sales to hold the diamond industry's first online international auction sale. It is now the world's leader in this kind of auction sale.
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From its inception in 1888 until the start of the 21st century, De Beers controlled 80% to 85% of rough diamond distribution and was considered a
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Seeing these developing trends, the Oppenheimer family announced in November 2011 its intention to sell its entire 40% stake in De Beers to
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Despite being at odds with the military, Rhodes placed the full resources of the company at the disposal of the defenders, manufacturing
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684:. The campaign, titled "Shadows and Lights" first ran in the first quarter of 1993. The song would later inspire a compilation album,
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of a tribe that has been living in those lands for tens of thousands of years. Several international fashion models, including
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De Beers Diamond Jewellers (DBDJ) was established in 2001 as a 50:50 joint venture between The De Beers Group of Companies and
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of small mining operators, with his operations soon expanding into a separate mining company. He soon secured funding from the
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434:, who would finance his business expansion. De Beers Consolidated Mines was formed in 1888 by the merger of the companies of
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In February 2020, De Beers reported its worst set of earnings since the company was bought by miner Anglo American in 2012.
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Africa), Botswana (DTCB), and Namibia (NDTC). They sort, value and sell 33% (2013) of the world's rough diamonds by value.
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claimed that De Beers restricted US access to industrial diamonds needed for the country's war effort during World War II.
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980:(KPCS), which sets out the requirements for controlling rough diamond production and trade and became effective in 2003.
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782:, Canada, the same year, a day after Snap Lake. This was followed by the opening of the company's third mine in Canada,
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magazine named 'A Diamond is Forever' the best advertising slogan of the 20th century. The slogan may have inspired the
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3434:"Targeting 'conflict diamonds' in Africa: Security Council seeks to enforce sanctions against rebels, arms suppliers"
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3754:"De Beers partners with Stanford Graduate School of Business to empower youth and entrepreneurs in southern Africa"
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The combination of a more fragmented and thus more competitive diamond market, increased transparency, and greater
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972:, the UN adopted the landmark General Assembly Resolution A/RES/55/56 supporting the creation of an international
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De Beers ran television advertisements featuring silhouettes of people wearing diamonds, set to the music of '
617:, caused De Beers's market share of rough diamonds to fall from as high as 90% in the 1980s to 29.5% in 2019.
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refused to join the De Beers cartel. Instead, the mine started selling to a pair of independent dealers named
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Chang, So-Young; Heron, Amanda; Kwon, John; Maxwell, Geoff; Rocca, Lodovico; Tarajano, Orestes (Fall 2002).
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920:. The IIDGR works only on diamonds that meet the requirements of the United Nations' World Diamond Council
513:, fearing that the increased supply would swamp the market and force prices down. Former CIA chief Admiral
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behaviour, and was accused of not releasing industrial diamonds for the US war effort during World War II.
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During the early 1930s, the company conducted experimental work which in large part pioneered the use of
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http://thestudyofvalue.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/WP4-Bracking-Sharife-Rough-and-polished-15May.pdf
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3728:"Stanford Seed partners with De Beers Group in a $ 3m deal to expand its programs into Southern Africa"
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In Botswana, a long dispute has existed between the interests of the mining company, De Beers, and the
540:. Under Harry, the company expanded to several different countries around the globe, including Canada,
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Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "De Beers S.A.". Encyclopedia Britannica, 23 Sep. 2022,
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2801:"New details, renderings of $ 94M diamond plant emerge after groundbreaking in Gresham (Photos)"
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was made possible in part due to this innovation, as the fields required deep drilling to reach
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William Boyes; Michael Melvin (1 January 2012). Microeconomics. Cengage Learning. pp. 219–.
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In 1999, De Beers Group stopped all outside buying of diamonds in order to guarantee the
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identification number, albeit invisibly to the naked eye: the Forevermark inscription is
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A Handbook of the Boer War With General Map of South Africa and 18 Sketch Maps and Plans
524:. This was highly preferable to more expensive and rarer carbons previously in use. The
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Besieged by the Boers; a diary of life and events in Kimberley during the siege (1900)
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In May 2018, De Beers introduced a new brand of jewellery called "Lightbox" made with
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4112:"DeBeers Pleads to Price-Fixing: Firm Pays $ 10 million, Can Fully Reenter U.S."
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The wholly owned operations are in southern Africa and Canada. Also wholly owned are
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industry, including mining, exploitation, retail, inscription, grading, trading and
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3282:"Namdeb Diamond Corporation - On Diamonds We Build. Diamond Mining Company Namibia"
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In May 2024, Anglo American announced its intention to spin off or sell De Beers.
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The Heartless Stone: A Journey Through the World of Diamonds, Deceit, and Desire
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as of the end of 2008 in order to ensure competition between the two companies.
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During World War II, Ernest Oppenheimer attempted to negotiate a way around the
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coined the famous advertising slogan, 'A Diamond is Forever', in 1947. In 2000,
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3775:"De Beers partners with UN to empower women in its diamond producing countries"
2959:"De Beers Launches World's Largest And Most Advanced Diamonds Exploration Ship"
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690:, released in 1996, which features the 'Palladio' suite. A 2010 commercial for
270:. By 2000, the company's control of the world diamond supply decreased to 63%.
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1563:"Bloomberg - Anglo Ditching De Beers Is Hard Blow for Troubled Diamond Market"
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Anglo American: Year end financial report for the year ending 31 December 2018
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In February 2006, De Beers entered into legally binding commitments with the
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2624:"Anglo American Ends Oppenheimers' De Beers Dynasty With $ 5.1 Billion Deal"
1532:"Anglo American buys Oppenheimer family stake in De Beers for $ 5.1 billion"
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launched a lab-grown diamond brand to sell jewellery directly to consumers.
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De Beers Report to Stakeholders 2005/6 – Ethics, "Conflict and Instability"
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in South Africa. He invested the profits of this operation into buying up
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3815:"De Beers Group plans sales of laboratory-grown diamonds to US consumers"
3793:"De Beers, UN Women to support women micro-entrepreneurs in South Africa"
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2182:"The Discovery of Gold in the Orange Free State and Its Economic Effects"
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In 2004, De Beers pled guilty and paid a US$ 10 million fine to the
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1376:"Exhibitions ‹ Rothschild Timeline :: The Rothschild Archive"
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Diamonds in the desert : the story of August Stauch and his times
759:
De Beers Consolidated Mines is responsible for the De Beers mining in
255:, South Africa, and Canada. It also has an artisanal mining business,
4656:
4651:
4330:
3885:"De Beers Launches Limited Third Party Rough Diamond Selling Service"
1987:
1985:
1704:"De Beers and Beyond:The History of the International Diamond Cartel"
1395:
The rise and fall of diamonds: the shattering of a brilliant illusion
1158:
1036:
996:
875:
553:
509:
was very concerned about the discovery of diamonds in 1908 in German
381:
102:
1625:
1623:
3359:"De Beers Group takes full ownership of De Beers Diamond Jewellers"
3300:"De Beers Group takes full ownership of De Beers Diamond Jewellers"
4731:
3572:
1499:
Ernest Oppenheimer and the Economic Development of Southern Africa
1006:
951:
917:
913:
728:
720:
712:
575:
353:
338:
327:
3710:"Stanford, De Beers launch $ 3m African entrepreneurs initiative"
4166:
3638:"De Beers tracks diamonds through supply chain using blockchain"
3448:"Final Report of the UN Panel of Experts ("The "Fowler Report")"
2827:"Synthetic diamond factory set to move into Gresham this summer"
891:
53:
DeBeers store on Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills, California - 2008
4507:
4334:
4320:
3665:"De Beers Tracks First Gems From Mine to Shop Using Blockchain"
1491:
1489:
1157:
to cease purchasing rough diamonds from Russian mining company
984:
the industry, as well as eliminating sources of excess supply.
239:
is a South African-British corporation that specializes in the
222:
173:
3263:
2857:
1350:"De Beers Said It Will Abandon Its Monopoly of Diamond Supply"
1097:(Bushman) tribe. The San have been facing threats of forcible
4503:
3181:"De Beers posts lowest earnings under Anglo American control"
907:
The International Institute of Diamond Grading & Research
3121:"N.W.T.'s Gahcho Kué diamond mine marks grand opening today"
2727:"'A Diamond Is Forever': How Four Words Changed an Industry"
406:, got his start by renting water pumps to miners during the
361:
of the De Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd., issued 1 March 1902
3833:"Send your unloved stones to De Beers' used diamond market"
2153:
Glitter & Greed: The Secret World of the Diamond Empire
2126:(Second ed.). Namdeb Diamond Corporation. p. 14.
2077:
Glitter & Greed: The Secret World of the Diamond Cartel
793:
There are two main types of customers for rough diamonds –
4325:
3281:
2910:"Debswana to Place Damtshaa Mine on Care and Maintenance"
1454:
1452:
3411:"Diamonds.net – De Beers to Invest in Diamond Start-Ups"
1773:
The Economic Development of the British Overseas Empired
1137:
to settle a 1994 charge that De Beers had colluded with
2753:"In a show of power, women raise a glittery right hand"
1436:
1434:
1081:
by proposing that De Beers register a US branch of the
968:
In December 2000, following the recommendations of the
965:
status of their diamonds effective from 26 March 2000.
273:
The company was founded in 1888 by British businessman
2453:. National Council on Economic Education. p. 61.
3939:
The Rise and Fall of Diamonds (The Diamond Invention)
2778:"AdFreak: Verizon does Big Red, De Beers ad parodies"
1277:"Oppenheimers leave the diamond race with $ 5bn sale"
380:
for "prospect" or "outlook") near Zandfontein in the
5484:
Non-renewable resource companies established in 1888
4261:
The Diamond Invention: The Rise and Fall of Diamonds
2886:. The De Beers Group. 12 August 2009. Archived from
2606:"Anglo American gains controlling stake in De Beers"
5347:
5154:
4976:
4913:
4760:
4617:
4541:
4450:
4419:
4368:
4137:"De Beers to pay $ 295m in price-fixing settlement"
3860:"What De Beers thinks of selling granny's diamonds"
2702:
Cinderella Dreams: The Allure of the Lavish Wedding
217:
204:
183:
164:
156:
146:
119:
109:
98:
88:
70:
58:
4289:The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power
4184:Alrosa Purchasing Commitments – The De Beers Group
3978:
3179:
2705:. University of California Press. pp. 65–66.
2416:The Last Empire: De Beers, Diamonds, and the World
2385:The Last Empire: De Beers, Diamonds, and the World
2354:The Last Empire: De Beers, Diamonds, and the World
2323:The Last Empire: De Beers, Diamonds, and the World
2292:The Last Empire: De Beers, Diamonds, and the World
2261:The Last Empire: De Beers, Diamonds, and the World
2230:The Last Empire: De Beers, Diamonds, and the World
1530:
481:. The Premier Mine was registered in 1902 and the
27:International corporation specialising in diamonds
4163:"DeBeers Diamond settlement check is in the mail"
3038:. The De Beers Group of Companies. Archived from
2579:
2577:
1968:(1st ed.). Cape Town: Tafelberg. p. 3.
446:proved to be a challenging time for the company.
3684:"Can lab-grown diamonds replace the real thing?"
3327:
3325:
473:In 1898, diamonds were discovered on farms near
160:Diamond mining, marketing, grading and jewellery
3951:
3949:
2853:"De Beers admits defeat over man-made diamonds"
2484:Campbell R. McConnell, Stanley L. Brue (2005).
2156:. The Disinformation Company. pp. 115–21.
1089:Relocation of indigenous San people in Botswana
956:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1173
1348:Behrmann, Neil; Block, Robert (13 July 2000).
497:, thereby weakening the De Beers stronghold.
4519:
4346:
4291:. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
4089:"De Beers pleads guilty in price fixing case"
3590:Best Practice Principles – The De Beers Group
2487:Economics: Principles, Problems, and Policies
477:, Transvaal. One led to the discovery of the
365:The name 'De Beers' was derived from the two
8:
5489:1888 establishments in the Orange Free State
2585:"De Beers Analyst and Investor Seminar 2014"
1697:
1695:
1693:
1691:
1323:Chazen Web Journal of International Business
1302:https://www.britannica.com/topic/De-Beers-SA
1059:International Institute of Diamond Valuation
1019:In August 2017, De Beers partnered with the
32:
5071:Kathleen (Nica de Koenigswarter) Rothschild
4287:Rotberg, Robert I.; Miles F. Shore (1988).
4220:http://100r.org/2014/05/rough-and-polished/
3510:De Beers Group. Retrieved 11 February 2007.
2699:Cele Otnes, Elizabeth Hafkin Pleck (2003).
2668:
2666:
2642:"DE BEERS PLC MODERN SLAVERY ACT STATEMENT"
2479:
2477:
2016:
2014:
1803:. New York: Simon & Schuster, Limited.
1270:
1268:
1027:In September 2017, De Beers partnered with
5439:Companies based in the City of Westminster
5126:Nathaniel Rothschild, 5th Baron Rothschild
5061:Hannah de Rothschild, Countess of Rosebery
4770:Rothschild properties in the Home counties
4526:
4512:
4504:
4353:
4339:
4331:
4063:"Kalahari Bushmen win ancestral land case"
3682:Laura McCreddie-Doak (28 September 2020).
2145:
2143:
2063:Encyclopædia Britannica. 28 November 2023.
1765:
1763:
1761:
1604:Ernest Oppenheimer : a study in power
1262:, February 2018, Retrieved: 15 April 2019.
766:In 2008, De Beers began production at the
752:In Namibia, mining is carried out through
47:
31:
4702:Palestine Jewish Colonization Association
3264:"Diamond Trading Company Botswana - DTCB"
2490:. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 456.
4875:Château Rothschild, Boulogne-Billancourt
4236:"Have You Ever Tried to Sell a Diamond?"
3911:"De Beers Closes Diamond-Reselling Unit"
3547:"Kimberley Process Certification Scheme"
2675:"Have you ever tried to sell a Diamond?"
2442:
2440:
2124:Diamond Beaches: A History of Oranjemund
928:Blood diamonds and the Kimberley Process
669:Other successful campaigns include the '
277:, who was financed by the South African
5146:Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild
5141:Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild
5121:Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild
4110:Margaret Webb Pressler (14 July 2004).
4010:Leithead, Alastair (24 February 2003).
1252:
1220:List of synthetic diamond manufacturers
745:takes place through the mining company
344:Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild
5066:Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild
4996:Sir Anthony de Rothschild, 1st Baronet
4037:"Botswana diamonds lose their sparkle"
2080:, Red Wheel Weiser, pp. PT171ff,
1827:The Autobiography of John Hays Hammond
1770:Lilian Charlotte Anne Knowles (2005).
1632:Diamonds : from birth to eternity
1046:In May 2018, De Beers's group company
978:Kimberley Process Certification Scheme
938:Kimberley Process Certification Scheme
4948:Salomon Albert Anmselm von Rothschild
4938:Nathaniel Mayer Anselm von Rothschild
4697:VĂtkovice Mining and Iron Corporation
4256:"Chapter 18: The American Conspiracy"
4234:Epstein, Edward Jay (February 1982).
3192:from the original on 10 December 2022
3178:Sanderson, Henry (20 February 2020).
2419:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p.
2388:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p.
2357:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p.
2326:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p.
2295:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p.
2264:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p.
2233:. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. p.
2175:
2173:
2053:
2051:
1953:. New York: Doubleday, Page & Co.
1702:Tobias Kretschmer (15 October 2003).
1240:The Case of the Disappearing Diamonds
1173:for the Study of Value, based at the
7:
3991:from the original on 12 January 2022
3523:. The De Beers Group. Archived from
3450:. Global Policy Forum. 10 March 2000
3097:. The De Beers Group. Archived from
2986:. The De Beers Group. Archived from
2934:. The De Beers Group. Archived from
2673:Edward Jay Epstein (February 1982).
2198:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a093590
1993:"Factbox: De Beers past and present"
1606:. London: Collings. pp. 23–24.
1543:from the original on 12 January 2022
1021:Stanford Graduate School of Business
350:, funded the development of De Beers
4207:Review of African Political Economy
4201:Sarah Bracking and Khadija Sharife
3385:"De Beers Will Invest in Start-Ups"
3061:Zimnisky, Paul (13 December 2015).
1409:"New Mining Target: Anglo American"
1164:
1135:United States Department of Justice
410:that started in 1869, when an 83.5
4737:Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway
4549:Genealogy of the Rothschild family
4264:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
3663:Biesheuvel, Thomas (10 May 2018).
3613:"Diamonds are Forever in Botswana"
3470:"De Beers: Come Clean to Be Clean"
1165:South Africa's rough diamond trade
25:
5016:Charlotte Henriette de Rothschild
4732:Caspian and Black Sea Oil Company
3549:. UN. 18 May 2004. Archived from
3432:Michael Fleshman (January 2001).
3212:"The De Beers Group of Companies"
3063:"Time To Focus on Diamond Basics"
1177:, published a report authored by
584:meeting former De Beers chairman
560:. In South Africa, Harry opposed
5259:Jacqueline Rebecca de Rothschild
4486:
4485:
3980:"De Beers battles with Survival"
3909:Mierovich, Leah (4 April 2019).
3730:. 17 August 2017. Archived from
3361:. De Beers Group. Archived from
3335:. De Beers Group. Archived from
3214:. De Beers Group. Archived from
2851:Kottasová, Ivana (29 May 2018).
2825:Stewart, Hailey (13 June 2018).
1830:. Ayer Publishing. p. 205.
1496:Theodor Emanuel Gregory (1977).
1415:. 21 August 2006. Archived from
169:
168:
38:
5339:Marie Angliviel de la Beaumelle
5184:BĂ©atrice Ephrussi de Rothschild
4369:Subsidiaries and joint ventures
4218:Khadija Sharife, 100 Reporters
3936:Edward J Epstein (1982). "18".
3708:Jackson, Tom (21 August 2017).
2074:Farrell-Robert, Janine (2007),
1659:. London: Hamilton. p. 5.
5284:Nathaniel Robert de Rothschild
5229:Edouard Alphonse de Rothschild
4991:Amschel Mayor James Rothschild
4968:Alice Charlotte von Rothschild
4933:Mathilde Hannah von Rothschild
4012:"Bushmen 'moved for diamonds'"
3858:McKay, David (15 April 2016).
1465:. The Disinformation Company.
1083:Diamond Syndicate Incorporated
598:to control prices by limiting
64:Mining and trading of diamonds
1:
5504:2011 mergers and acquisitions
5224:Édouard Etienne de Rothschild
4953:Ludwig (Louis) von Rothschild
4928:Anselm Salomon von Rothschild
2984:"De Beers Consolidated Mines"
2729:. Voanews.com. 27 August 2014
1885:Colin Walter Newbury (1989).
1854:The Rise and Fall of Diamonds
1734:The Rise and Fall of Diamonds
1316:"The Global Diamond Industry"
1039:communities, near De Beers's
809:Business structure and brands
694:parodied the De Beers spots.
392:would become the site of the
210:
5214:Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild
5169:Aline Caroline de Rothschild
5164:Alphonse James de Rothschild
5046:Evelyn Achille de Rothschild
5031:Edmund Leopold de Rothschild
5001:Anthony Gustav de Rothschild
4963:Jeanne Stuart von Rothschild
4958:Eugéne Daniel von Rothschild
4923:Salomon Mayer von Rothschild
4717:British South Africa Company
3813:McCoy, Kevin (30 May 2018).
3573:"The Kimberley Process (KP)"
2180:Oppenheimer, Ernest (1947).
1393:Epstein, Edward Jay (1982).
404:British South Africa Company
76:; 136 years ago
5377:Wilhelm Carl von Rothschild
5309:Salomon James de Rothschild
5101:Mayer Amschel de Rothschild
5096:Lynn Forester de Rothschild
5091:Lionel Nathan de Rothschild
5081:Leopold David de Rothschild
5006:Anthony James de Rothschild
4900:HĂ´tel Salomon de Rothschild
4604:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
4468:Harry Frederick Oppenheimer
4254:Epstein, Edward J. (1982).
2554:"A diamond heist in Cannes"
1891:. Oxford University Press.
1851:Edward Jay Epstein (1982).
1731:Edward Jay Epstein (1982).
5520:
5274:Marie-Hélène de Rothschild
5264:James Armand de Rothschild
5219:Edmond James de Rothschild
4637:Edmond de Rothschild Group
4584:Baron Rothschild (Austria)
4069:. London. 14 December 2006
3143:"Global Sightholder Sales"
2799:John Bell (29 June 2018).
2150:Janine P. Roberts (2003).
1824:John Hays Hammond (1974).
1459:Janine P. Roberts (2003).
1304:. Accessed 28 August 2023.
999:are using the technology.
931:
853:
660:book, film and song title
634:
465:in the company workshops.
5405:
5367:Mayer Carl von Rothschild
5362:Carl Mayer von Rothschild
5269:James Mayer de Rothschild
5021:David Mayer de Rothschild
4840:Abbaye des Vaux de Cernay
4835:Château Mouton Rothschild
4481:
2805:Portland Business Journal
1380:www.rothschildarchive.org
637:Diamonds as an investment
286:N M Rothschild & Sons
46:
37:
5392:Marguerite de Rothschild
5357:Charlotte von Rothschild
5304:Philippine de Rothschild
5209:David René de Rothschild
5106:Miriam Louisa Rothschild
5051:Sir Evelyn de Rothschild
5036:Emma Georgina Rothschild
4559:Amschel Mayer Rothschild
4554:Mayer Amschel Rothschild
3987:. London. 17 July 2005.
3959:. Survival International
3595:25 December 2009 at the
3161:"De Beers Auction Sales"
3010:"Mining: Snap Lake Mine"
2107:Chilvers, Henry (1939).
1947:Ashe, E. Oliver (1900).
1924:. London and Aldershot:
1797:Martin Meredith (2007).
1776:. Taylor & Francis.
1680:Chilvers, Henry (1939).
1591:Cape Town Diamond Museum
1441:Chilvers, Henry (1939).
1175:University of Manchester
822:The joint ventures are:
646:(1916–1999) working for
503:German South West Africa
335:founded De Beers in 1888
296:with American financier
5372:Adelheid von Rothschild
5239:Elisabeth de Rothschild
5204:Bethsabée de Rothschild
5199:Charlotte de Rothschild
5131:Nicky Hilton Rothschild
5116:Nathan Mayer Rothschild
5111:Nathaniel de Rothschild
5056:Ferdinand de Rothschild
4943:Ferdinand de Rothschild
4599:Austro-Hungarian Empire
4392:Diamond Trading Company
4376:Anglo American Platinum
3942:. Simon & Schuster.
3505:23 October 2007 at the
3477:via Global Policy Forum
3165:debeersauctionsales.com
2413:Kanfer, Stefan (1993).
2382:Kanfer, Stefan (1993).
2351:Kanfer, Stefan (1993).
2320:Kanfer, Stefan (1993).
2289:Kanfer, Stefan (1993).
2258:Kanfer, Stefan (1993).
2227:Kanfer, Stefan (1993).
2111:. Cassell. p. 310.
1964:Levinson, Olga (1983).
1655:Roberts, Brian (1972).
1602:Jessup, Edward (1979).
1445:. Cassell. p. 227.
1275:AFP (4 November 2011).
1230:, diamond mining dredge
1210:Julian Ogilvie Thompson
942:In 1999, a campaign by
588:in South Africa in 2006
5474:Mining in South Africa
5387:Thérèse von Rothschild
5299:Philippe de Rothschild
5189:Benjamin de Rothschild
4742:Asia Resource Minerals
4692:Chemins de Fer du Nord
4437:Snap Lake Diamond Mine
3238:"Debswana | Home"
3147:debeerssightholder.com
2447:Jane S. Lopus (2003).
1857:. Simon and Schuster.
1737:. Simon and Schuster.
1103:Survival International
1016:
995:and the Russian-based
738:
726:
718:
589:
448:Kimberley was besieged
362:
351:
336:
195:Government of Botswana
5382:Berthe von Rothschild
5319:Gustave de Rothschild
5314:Maurice de Rothschild
5294:Pauline de Rothschild
5076:Leopold de Rothschild
5041:Evelina de Rothschild
5026:Dorothy de Rothschild
2536:"Betting on De Beers"
2122:Corbett, Ali (2002).
2109:The Story of De Beers
2021:Tom Zoellner (2007).
1800:Diamonds Gold and War
1684:. Cassell. p. 5.
1682:The Story of De Beers
1630:Wilson, A.N. (1982).
1443:The Story of De Beers
1397:. Simon and Schuster.
1356:. Wall Street Journal
1205:De Beers Diamond Oval
1079:Sherman Antitrust Act
1073:Sherman Antitrust Act
1010:
786:, in September 2016.
772:Northwest Territories
732:
724:
716:
579:
572:21st-century changes
402:, the founder of the
357:
342:
331:
284:and the London-based
5324:Robert de Rothschild
5289:Nicole de Rothschild
5279:Nadine de Rothschild
5249:Hélène de Rothschild
5194:Betty von Rothschild
5179:Arthur de Rothschild
5174:Ariane de Rothschild
5086:Lionel de Rothschild
4986:Alfred de Rothschild
4870:Château de la Muette
4860:Château de Laversine
4850:Château de Ferrières
4647:S. M. von Rothschild
4642:de Rothschild Frères
4632:RIT Capital Partners
4564:Rothschild Mausoleum
4240:The Atlantic Monthly
4189:21 June 2009 at the
4173:on 4 September 2018.
3577:kimberleyprocess.com
3304:www.debeersgroup.com
2751:(28 February 2005).
2679:The Atlantic Monthly
1657:The diamond magnates
1141:to fix the price of
1105:, considers to be a
1041:Venetia diamond mine
663:Diamonds Are Forever
648:N. W. Ayer & Son
526:Free State Gold Rush
416:Star of South Africa
414:diamond called the '
259:, which operates in
5499:Rothschild & Co
5397:Bina von Rothschild
5329:Alain de Rothschild
5254:Henri de Rothschild
4905:Talleyrand Building
4865:Château des Laurets
4780:Aston Clinton House
4627:Rothschild & Co
4115:The Washington Post
3101:on 22 December 2010
3075:on 22 December 2015
3042:on 21 December 2014
2938:on 25 February 2010
2542:. 12 November 2011.
1711:New York University
1462:Glitter & Greed
1327:Columbia University
1155:European Commission
1149:European Commission
1143:industrial diamonds
1129:Industrial diamonds
1013:Charterhouse Street
1011:Headquarters at 17
717:De Beers Mine shaft
469:Oppenheimer control
206:Number of employees
34:
33:De Beers UK Limited
5464:Mining in Botswana
5334:Éric de Rothschild
5234:Élie de Rothschild
5011:Charles Rothschild
4815:Tring Park Mansion
4752:Alliance Assurance
4463:Ernest Oppenheimer
4362:Anglo American plc
4326:De Beers Jewellers
3889:www.idexonline.com
3734:on 7 November 2018
3617:The New York Times
3553:on 6 December 2008
3339:on 6 February 2015
3218:on 3 December 2014
3068:The Mining Journal
3032:"Where we operate"
2957:DeMarco, Anthony.
2912:. minelistings.com
2780:. Adweek.blogs.com
2757:The New York Times
2630:. 4 November 2011.
2612:. 4 November 2011.
1419:on 2 February 2012
1325:. The Trustees of
1017:
886:De Beers Jewellers
880:synthetic diamonds
819:owned operations.
816:Anglo American plc
739:
727:
725:Premier Mine shaft
719:
699:synthetic diamonds
622:Anglo American plc
590:
580:Russian president
530:gold-bearing reefs
495:Ernest Oppenheimer
363:
352:
337:
290:Ernest Oppenheimer
245:industrial diamond
191:Anglo American plc
5469:Mining in Namibia
5421:
5420:
5412:Rothschild family
5244:Guy de Rothschild
5136:Serena Rothschild
4895:HĂ´tel de Pontalba
4830:Palais Rothschild
4501:
4500:
4141:Mail and Guardian
4135:Sherilee Bridge.
4041:Mail and Guardian
3611:(8 August 2008).
3475:Mail and Guardian
3389:www.jckonline.com
3244:on 4 January 2015
3095:"De Beers Canada"
3012:. De Beers Canada
2594:. Anglo American.
2592:angloamerican.com
2497:978-0-07-281935-9
2430:978-0-374-15207-9
2399:978-0-374-15207-9
2368:978-0-374-15207-9
2337:978-0-374-15207-9
2306:978-0-374-15207-9
2275:978-0-374-15207-9
2244:978-0-374-15207-9
2087:978-1-60925-880-1
2034:978-0-312-33970-8
1999:. 4 November 2011
1810:978-0-7432-8614-5
1567:www.bloomberg.com
1281:Mail and Guardian
1234:Synthetic diamond
1200:Canadian diamonds
1171:Leverhulme Centre
1054:Former operations
1003:Corporate affairs
922:Kimberley Process
898:De Beers Ventures
826:Debmarine Namibia
586:Nicky Oppenheimer
538:Harry Oppenheimer
515:Stansfield Turner
511:South West Africa
432:Rothschild family
386:Orange Free State
348:Rothschild family
233:
232:
16:(Redirected from
5511:
5479:Trade monopolies
5459:Mining in Canada
5454:Mining in Africa
4890:HĂ´tel de Marigny
4880:Haras de Meautry
4800:Gunnersbury Park
4579:Baron Rothschild
4528:
4521:
4514:
4505:
4489:
4488:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4332:
4310:
4283:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4222:
4216:
4210:
4199:
4193:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4169:. Archived from
4161:Matarese, John.
4158:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4097:Associated Press
4085:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3982:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3966:
3964:
3953:
3944:
3943:
3933:
3927:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3810:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3799:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3771:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3760:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3724:
3718:
3717:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3660:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3634:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3623:
3605:
3599:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3558:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3534:
3532:
3517:
3511:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3444:
3438:
3437:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3329:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3306:. Archived from
3296:
3290:
3289:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3240:. Archived from
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3223:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3183:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3117:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3106:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3071:. Archived from
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3036:debeersgroup.com
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2796:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2774:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2749:Jessica Michault
2745:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2646:
2638:
2632:
2631:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2589:
2581:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2532:
2526:
2515:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2481:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2444:
2435:
2434:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2192:(185): 220–223.
2177:
2168:
2167:
2147:
2138:
2137:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2055:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2018:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2004:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1916:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1888:The Diamond Ring
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1767:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1751:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1708:
1699:
1686:
1685:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1599:
1593:
1584:
1578:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1534:
1527:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1493:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1456:
1447:
1446:
1438:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1320:
1311:
1305:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1272:
1263:
1257:
1243:(TV documentary)
1215:List of diamonds
1139:General Electric
873:
872:
868:
692:Verizon Wireless
483:Cullinan Diamond
459:and a gun named
359:Preference share
229:
226:
224:
212:
179:
172:
171:
139:
133:
84:
82:
77:
66:
51:
42:
35:
21:
5519:
5518:
5514:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5444:Diamond dealers
5424:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5401:
5343:
5150:
4972:
4909:
4820:Waddesdon Manor
4810:Mentmore Towers
4756:
4687:Opus One Winery
4672:Economist Group
4619:
4613:
4574:Prix Rothschild
4569:Rothschild Park
4537:
4532:
4502:
4497:
4477:
4458:Cynthia Carroll
4446:
4415:
4364:
4359:
4317:
4299:
4286:
4272:
4253:
4244:
4242:
4233:
4230:
4225:
4217:
4213:
4200:
4196:
4191:Wayback Machine
4182:
4178:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4145:
4143:
4134:
4133:
4129:
4119:
4117:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4099:. 13 July 2004.
4087:
4086:
4082:
4072:
4070:
4067:The Independent
4061:
4060:
4056:
4046:
4044:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4020:
4018:
4009:
4008:
4004:
3994:
3992:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3962:
3960:
3955:
3954:
3947:
3935:
3934:
3930:
3920:
3918:
3908:
3907:
3903:
3893:
3891:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3868:
3866:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3842:
3840:
3839:. 16 March 2016
3831:
3830:
3826:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3797:
3795:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3758:
3756:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3737:
3735:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3707:
3706:
3702:
3692:
3690:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3647:
3645:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3621:
3619:
3607:
3606:
3602:
3597:Wayback Machine
3588:
3584:
3571:
3570:
3566:
3556:
3554:
3545:
3544:
3540:
3530:
3528:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3507:Wayback Machine
3497:De Beers Group
3496:
3492:
3482:
3480:
3479:. 24 March 2000
3468:
3467:
3463:
3453:
3451:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3416:
3414:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3394:
3392:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3368:
3366:
3365:on 10 July 2017
3357:
3356:
3352:
3342:
3340:
3331:
3330:
3323:
3313:
3311:
3310:on 10 July 2017
3298:
3297:
3293:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3268:dtcbotswana.com
3262:
3261:
3257:
3247:
3245:
3236:
3235:
3231:
3221:
3219:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3195:
3193:
3177:
3176:
3172:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3126:
3124:
3119:
3118:
3114:
3104:
3102:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3078:
3076:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3045:
3043:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3015:
3013:
3008:
3007:
3003:
2993:
2991:
2990:on 28 June 2010
2982:
2981:
2977:
2967:
2965:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2939:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2915:
2913:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2893:
2891:
2890:on 28 June 2010
2882:
2881:
2877:
2867:
2865:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2835:
2833:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2809:
2807:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2783:
2781:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2761:
2759:
2747:
2746:
2742:
2732:
2730:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2713:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2672:
2671:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2644:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2604:
2603:
2599:
2587:
2583:
2582:
2575:
2565:
2563:
2562:. 3 August 2013
2552:
2551:
2547:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2516:
2512:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2483:
2482:
2475:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2446:
2445:
2438:
2431:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2400:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2338:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2276:
2257:
2256:
2252:
2245:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2186:African Affairs
2179:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2121:
2120:
2116:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2020:
2019:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1926:Gale and Polden
1918:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1811:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1769:
1768:
1759:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1706:
1701:
1700:
1689:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1629:
1628:
1621:
1614:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1569:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1544:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1495:
1494:
1487:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1440:
1439:
1432:
1422:
1420:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1330:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1283:
1274:
1273:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1226:Peace in Africa
1191:
1183:Khadija Sharife
1167:
1151:
1131:
1091:
1075:
1070:
1056:
1005:
940:
932:Main articles:
930:
888:
870:
866:
865:
858:
852:
811:
754:Namdeb Holdings
711:
703:Gresham, Oregon
653:Advertising Age
639:
633:
574:
568:December 1982.
471:
455:, defences, an
444:Second Boer War
418:' was found at
382:Boshof District
326:
321:
288:bank. In 1926,
279:diamond magnate
221:
207:
200:
177:
142:
137:
131:
122:
112:
80:
78:
75:
62:
54:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5517:
5515:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5426:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5415:
5406:
5403:
5402:
5400:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5353:
5351:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5160:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4982:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4919:
4917:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4855:Château Lafite
4852:
4847:
4845:Château Clarke
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4795:Exbury Gardens
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4766:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4679:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4623:
4621:
4615:
4614:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4589:British Empire
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4545:
4543:
4539:
4538:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4523:
4516:
4508:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4444:
4442:Woodsmith Mine
4439:
4434:
4429:
4423:
4421:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4407:
4404:Kumba Iron Ore
4401:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4378:
4372:
4370:
4366:
4365:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4335:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4321:De Beers Group
4316:
4315:External links
4313:
4312:
4311:
4297:
4284:
4270:
4251:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4211:
4194:
4176:
4165:. Cincinnati:
4153:
4127:
4102:
4080:
4054:
4028:
4002:
3970:
3945:
3928:
3901:
3876:
3850:
3824:
3805:
3784:
3779:www.mining.com
3766:
3745:
3719:
3714:Disrupt Africa
3700:
3674:
3655:
3629:
3600:
3582:
3564:
3538:
3527:on 2 July 2010
3512:
3490:
3461:
3439:
3424:
3413:. 22 June 2017
3402:
3391:. 22 June 2017
3376:
3350:
3321:
3291:
3273:
3255:
3229:
3203:
3170:
3152:
3134:
3112:
3086:
3053:
3023:
3001:
2975:
2949:
2923:
2901:
2875:
2843:
2817:
2791:
2769:
2740:
2718:
2711:
2691:
2662:
2651:. 21 June 2021
2633:
2615:
2597:
2573:
2545:
2527:
2510:
2496:
2473:
2459:
2436:
2429:
2405:
2398:
2374:
2367:
2343:
2336:
2312:
2305:
2281:
2274:
2250:
2243:
2219:
2169:
2162:
2139:
2132:
2114:
2099:
2086:
2066:
2047:
2033:
2010:
1981:
1974:
1956:
1939:
1911:
1897:
1877:
1863:
1843:
1836:
1816:
1809:
1789:
1782:
1757:
1743:
1723:
1687:
1672:
1665:
1647:
1640:
1619:
1612:
1594:
1579:
1554:
1522:
1508:
1502:. Arno Press.
1485:
1471:
1448:
1430:
1400:
1385:
1367:
1340:
1306:
1293:
1264:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1236:
1231:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1190:
1187:
1179:Sarah Bracking
1166:
1163:
1150:
1147:
1130:
1127:
1090:
1087:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1055:
1052:
1004:
1001:
944:Global Witness
929:
926:
887:
884:
854:Main article:
851:
848:
840:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
810:
807:
768:Snap Lake mine
735:Snap Lake Mine
710:
707:
644:Frances Gerety
632:
629:
608:blood diamonds
582:Vladimir Putin
573:
570:
522:diamond drills
470:
467:
457:armoured train
436:Barney Barnato
325:
322:
320:
317:
294:Anglo American
237:De Beers Group
231:
230:
219:
215:
214:
208:
205:
202:
201:
199:
198:
187:
185:
181:
180:
166:
162:
161:
158:
154:
153:
148:
144:
143:
141:
140:
134:
129:Duncan Wanblad
125:
123:
120:
117:
116:
113:
110:
107:
106:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
72:
68:
67:
60:
56:
55:
52:
44:
43:
26:
24:
18:De Beers Group
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5516:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5494:Luxury brands
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
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5437:
5435:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5414:
5413:
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5390:
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5332:
5330:
5327:
5325:
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5280:
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5270:
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5260:
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5232:
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5212:
5210:
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5147:
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5139:
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5119:
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5112:
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5089:
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5027:
5024:
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5009:
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5004:
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4979:
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4959:
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4951:
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4918:
4916:
4912:
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4901:
4898:
4896:
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4891:
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4886:
4885:HĂ´tel Lambert
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4825:Spencer House
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
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4783:
4781:
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4768:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4753:
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4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4712:Creditanstalt
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4677:
4676:The Economist
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
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4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4616:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4594:French Empire
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
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4300:
4298:9780195049688
4294:
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4271:9780671412890
4267:
4263:
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4241:
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4232:
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4106:
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4098:
4094:
4090:
4084:
4081:
4068:
4064:
4058:
4055:
4043:. 8 July 2005
4042:
4038:
4032:
4029:
4017:
4013:
4006:
4003:
3990:
3986:
3985:The Telegraph
3981:
3974:
3971:
3958:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3941:
3940:
3932:
3929:
3916:
3912:
3905:
3902:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3865:
3861:
3854:
3851:
3838:
3837:New York Post
3834:
3828:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3809:
3806:
3794:
3788:
3785:
3780:
3776:
3770:
3767:
3755:
3749:
3746:
3733:
3729:
3723:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3704:
3701:
3689:
3685:
3678:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3656:
3644:. 10 May 2018
3643:
3639:
3633:
3630:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3604:
3601:
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3591:
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3516:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3494:
3491:
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3462:
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3443:
3440:
3435:
3428:
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3412:
3406:
3403:
3390:
3386:
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3364:
3360:
3354:
3351:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3309:
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3301:
3295:
3292:
3287:
3283:
3277:
3274:
3269:
3265:
3259:
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3243:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3204:
3191:
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3148:
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3100:
3096:
3090:
3087:
3074:
3070:
3069:
3064:
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3037:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3011:
3005:
3002:
2989:
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2937:
2933:
2927:
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2889:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2864:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2847:
2844:
2832:
2831:Pamplin Media
2828:
2821:
2818:
2806:
2802:
2795:
2792:
2779:
2773:
2770:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2741:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2714:
2712:0-520-23661-0
2708:
2704:
2703:
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2680:
2676:
2669:
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2619:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2598:
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2586:
2580:
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2561:
2560:
2559:The Economist
2555:
2549:
2546:
2541:
2540:The Economist
2537:
2531:
2528:
2524:
2523:1-133-71216-9
2520:
2514:
2511:
2499:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2480:
2478:
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2462:
2460:1-56183-516-1
2456:
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2426:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2409:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2386:
2378:
2375:
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2364:
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2356:
2355:
2347:
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2329:
2325:
2324:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2302:
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2263:
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2254:
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2246:
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2207:
2203:
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2163:0-9713942-9-6
2159:
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2125:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2089:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2070:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2060:De Beers S.A.
2054:
2052:
2048:
2036:
2030:
2027:. Macmillan.
2026:
2025:
2017:
2015:
2011:
1998:
1994:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1960:
1957:
1952:
1951:
1943:
1940:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1912:
1900:
1898:0-19-821775-7
1894:
1890:
1889:
1881:
1878:
1866:
1864:0-671-41289-2
1860:
1856:
1855:
1847:
1844:
1839:
1837:0-405-05913-2
1833:
1829:
1828:
1820:
1817:
1812:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1793:
1790:
1785:
1783:0-415-35048-4
1779:
1775:
1774:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1746:
1744:0-671-41289-2
1740:
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1727:
1724:
1712:
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1648:
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1633:
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1609:
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1592:
1588:
1587:Famous people
1583:
1580:
1568:
1564:
1558:
1555:
1542:
1538:
1537:The Telegraph
1533:
1526:
1523:
1511:
1509:9780405097904
1505:
1501:
1500:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1474:
1472:0-9713942-9-6
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1221:
1218:
1216:
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1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1195:Blood diamond
1193:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1169:In 2014, the
1162:
1160:
1156:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1119:Erin O'Connor
1116:
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1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1088:
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1080:
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1022:
1014:
1009:
1002:
1000:
998:
994:
989:
985:
981:
979:
975:
974:certification
971:
970:Fowler Report
966:
964:
963:conflict-free
959:
957:
953:
949:
948:Jonas Savimbi
945:
939:
935:
934:Blood diamond
927:
925:
923:
919:
915:
909:
908:
904:
900:
899:
895:
893:
885:
883:
881:
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781:
777:
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769:
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744:
736:
733:The De Beers
731:
723:
715:
708:
706:
704:
700:
695:
693:
689:
688:
687:Diamond Music
683:
679:
674:
672:
671:eternity ring
667:
665:
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649:
645:
638:
630:
628:
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623:
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616:
611:
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601:
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316:
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280:
276:
271:
269:
264:
262:
258:
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250:
246:
242:
238:
228:
225:.debeersgroup
220:
216:
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196:
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188:
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176:6.08 billion
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4805:Halton House
4775:Ascott House
4747:Genel Energy
4726:
4682:Mouton Cadet
4490:
4380:
4288:
4260:
4243:. Retrieved
4239:
4214:
4206:
4197:
4179:
4171:the original
4156:
4144:. Retrieved
4140:
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4118:. Retrieved
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4071:. Retrieved
4066:
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4045:. Retrieved
4040:
4031:
4019:. Retrieved
4015:
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3993:. Retrieved
3984:
3973:
3961:. Retrieved
3938:
3931:
3919:. Retrieved
3915:rapaport.com
3914:
3904:
3892:. Retrieved
3888:
3879:
3867:. Retrieved
3863:
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3841:. Retrieved
3836:
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3757:. Retrieved
3748:
3736:. Retrieved
3732:the original
3722:
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3691:. Retrieved
3687:
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3648:26 September
3646:. Retrieved
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3551:the original
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3525:the original
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3442:
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3415:. Retrieved
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3393:. Retrieved
3388:
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3367:. Retrieved
3363:the original
3353:
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3337:the original
3333:"Our Brands"
3312:. Retrieved
3308:the original
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3246:. Retrieved
3242:the original
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3115:
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3099:the original
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3073:the original
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3040:the original
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2988:the original
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2936:the original
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2888:the original
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2804:
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2772:
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2756:
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2731:. Retrieved
2721:
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2678:
2653:. Retrieved
2648:
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2610:The Guardian
2609:
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2557:
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2501:. Retrieved
2486:
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2863:Time Warner
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2040:27 November
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1870:27 November
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4228:References
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3798:6 November
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3222:4 December
3186:www.ft.com
3123:. CBC News
2884:"Debswana"
2762:2 November
2684:2 November
2133:0620282886
1975:0624019217
1666:0241021774
1641:0873110102
1613:0860360873
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4280:959300264
3957:"Bushmen"
3894:2 October
3869:2 October
3843:2 October
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115:Worldwide
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4790:Eythrope
4727:De Beers
4662:Club Med
4609:Holy See
4492:Category
4410:Palabora
4387:Debswana
4381:De Beers
4307:17732194
4187:Archived
4093:NBC News
4016:BBC News
3989:Archived
3864:Miningmx
3622:15 March
3593:Archived
3503:Archived
3483:21 March
3454:20 March
3196:19 March
3190:Archived
2932:"Namdeb"
2450:Capstone
1541:Archived
1189:See also
1107:genocide
1033:Blouberg
1029:UN Women
1015:, London
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829:Debswana
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475:Pretoria
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3819:CNBC
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3695:2020
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