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De Gua's theorem

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20: 1654: 1486: 165: 663: 1649:{\displaystyle \operatorname {vol} _{2}^{2}(\triangle ABC)=\operatorname {vol} _{2}^{2}(\triangle OBC)+\operatorname {vol} _{2}^{2}(\triangle AOC)+\operatorname {vol} _{2}^{2}(\triangle ABO),} 54: 702: 432: 757: 329: 1479: 1425: 490: 574: 536: 1371: 896: 813: 569: 259: 1678:
Jean Paul de Gua de Malves (1713–1785) published the theorem in 1783, but around the same time a slightly more general version was published by another French mathematician,
1217: 1322: 867: 1293: 1182: 1254: 1047: 1143: 1111: 1079: 285: 989: 962: 935: 360: 1009: 51:), then the square of the area of the face opposite the right-angle corner is the sum of the squares of the areas of the other three faces: 1945: 1679: 1664: 2045: 2050: 816: 363: 40: 668: 377: 718: 290: 1430: 1376: 437: 1980:
Hull, Lewis; Perfect, Hazel; Heading, J. (1978). "62.23 Pythagoras in Higher Dimensions: Three Approaches".
1764:
Donchian, P. S.; Coxeter, H. S. M. (July 1935). "1142. An n-dimensional extension of Pythagoras' Theorem".
495: 1347: 872: 789: 545: 235: 160:{\displaystyle A_{ABC}^{2}=A_{\color {blue}ABO}^{2}+A_{\color {green}ACO}^{2}+A_{\color {red}BCO}^{2}} 1341: 1187: 1298: 843: 210: 180: 36: 2005: 1997: 1859: 1824: 1789: 1781: 1746: 1259: 1148: 1222: 168: 1014: 2018: 1941: 1913: 1894: 1687: 705: 1950: 1116: 1084: 1052: 658:{\displaystyle \operatorname {vol} _{k}^{2}(U)=\sum _{I}\operatorname {vol} _{k}^{2}(U_{I}),} 264: 1989: 1886: 1851: 1816: 1773: 1736: 1683: 206: 967: 940: 913: 338: 48: 1878: 1703: 994: 539: 2039: 2009: 1807:
Donald R Conant & William A Beyer (Mar 1974). "Generalized Pythagorean Theorem".
1793: 1750: 1663:-simplices with right-angle corners can also be obtained as a special case from the 2021: 1955: 1916: 229: 1670:
De Gua's theorem can also be generalized to arbitrary tetrahedra and to pyramids.
213:
by Donald R. Conant and William A. Beyer (1974), which can be stated as follows.
1699: 371: 202: 44: 28: 1890: 1741: 1682:(1746–1818), as well. However the theorem had also been known much earlier to 19: 1898: 1728: 2026: 1921: 221: 1971: 1708: 838: 770:-simplices with right-angle corners correspond to the special case where 2001: 1863: 1828: 1785: 195: 191: 1993: 1855: 1820: 1777: 1842:
Kheyfits, Alexander (2004). "The Theorem of Cosines for Pyramids".
18: 167:
De Gua's theorem can be applied for proving a special case of
1879:"A Generalization of de Gua's Theorem with a Vector Proof" 1489: 1433: 1379: 1350: 1301: 1262: 1225: 1190: 1151: 1119: 1087: 1055: 1017: 997: 970: 943: 916: 875: 846: 792: 721: 671: 577: 548: 498: 440: 380: 341: 293: 267: 238: 57: 1850:(5). Mathematical Association of America: 385–388. 1815:(3). Mathematical Association of America: 262–265. 766:De Gua's theorem and its generalisation (above) to 16:
Three-dimensional analog of the Pythagorean theorem
1648: 1473: 1419: 1365: 1316: 1287: 1248: 1211: 1176: 1137: 1105: 1073: 1041: 1003: 983: 956: 929: 890: 861: 807: 751: 696: 657: 563: 530: 484: 426: 354: 323: 279: 253: 159: 47:has a right-angle corner (like the corner of a 1940:. Mathematical Association of America, 1983, 209:in 1935. This, in turn, is a special case of 8: 1973:Note on an n-dimensional Pythagorean theorem 1451: 1439: 1397: 1385: 1280: 1268: 1169: 1157: 1132: 1120: 1100: 1088: 1068: 1056: 1036: 1018: 746: 728: 479: 447: 318: 300: 697:{\displaystyle \operatorname {vol} _{k}(U)} 427:{\displaystyle e_{i_{1}},\ldots ,e_{i_{k}}} 1938:Great Moments in Mathematics (before 1650) 1659:The generalisation of de Gua's theorem to 752:{\displaystyle I\subseteq \{1,\ldots ,n\}} 324:{\displaystyle I\subseteq \{1,\ldots ,n\}} 23:Tetrahedron with a right-angle corner in O 1740: 1616: 1611: 1577: 1572: 1538: 1533: 1499: 1494: 1488: 1474:{\displaystyle U_{\{1,2\}}=\triangle ABO} 1438: 1432: 1420:{\displaystyle U_{\{1,3\}}=\triangle AOC} 1384: 1378: 1357: 1353: 1352: 1349: 1300: 1267: 1261: 1240: 1230: 1224: 1189: 1156: 1150: 1118: 1086: 1054: 1016: 996: 975: 969: 948: 942: 921: 915: 882: 878: 877: 874: 845: 799: 795: 794: 791: 720: 676: 670: 643: 627: 622: 612: 587: 582: 576: 555: 551: 550: 547: 522: 503: 497: 485:{\displaystyle I=\{i_{1},\ldots ,i_{k}\}} 473: 454: 439: 416: 411: 390: 385: 379: 346: 340: 292: 266: 245: 241: 240: 237: 151: 138: 125: 112: 99: 86: 73: 62: 56: 183:and de Gua's theorem are special cases ( 1719: 1729:"The Theorem of Cosines for Pyramids" 205:corner, proved by P. S. Donchian and 35:is a three-dimensional analog of the 7: 1481:, so the Conant–Beyer theorem says 531:{\displaystyle e_{1},\ldots ,e_{n}} 113: 1628: 1589: 1550: 1511: 1459: 1405: 1302: 1197: 991:-axes, respectively. The subsets 847: 87: 14: 1809:The American Mathematical Monthly 1665:Cayley–Menger determinant formula 139: 1727:Lévy-Leblond, Jean-Marc (2020). 1366:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}} 1184:is the orthogonal projection of 891:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}} 808:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} 715:and the sum is over all subsets 564:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} 254:{\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{n}} 1877:Tran, Quang Hung (2023-08-02). 1844:The College Mathematics Journal 1212:{\displaystyle U=\triangle ABC} 1883:The Mathematical Intelligencer 1733:The Mathematical Intelligencer 1640: 1625: 1601: 1586: 1562: 1547: 1523: 1508: 691: 685: 649: 636: 602: 596: 1: 1976:, Carnegie Mellon University. 1680:Charles de Tinseau d'Amondans 1317:{\displaystyle \triangle OBC} 862:{\displaystyle \triangle ABC} 1049:with exactly 2 elements are 1656:which is de Gua's theorem. 1288:{\displaystyle U_{\{2,3\}}} 1177:{\displaystyle U_{\{2,3\}}} 2067: 1891:10.1007/s00283-023-10288-0 1742:10.1007/s00283-020-09996-8 1249:{\displaystyle x_{2}x_{3}} 211:a yet more general theorem 41:Jean Paul de Gua de Malves 1042:{\displaystyle \{1,2,3\}} 1766:The Mathematical Gazette 819:. For example, suppose 1138:{\displaystyle \{1,2\}} 1106:{\displaystyle \{1,3\}} 1074:{\displaystyle \{2,3\}} 280:{\displaystyle k\leq n} 1650: 1475: 1421: 1367: 1318: 1289: 1250: 1213: 1178: 1139: 1107: 1075: 1043: 1005: 985: 958: 931: 892: 863: 809: 753: 698: 659: 565: 532: 486: 428: 356: 325: 281: 255: 161: 43:. It states that if a 24: 1936:Howard Whitley Eves: 1651: 1476: 1422: 1368: 1319: 1290: 1251: 1214: 1179: 1140: 1108: 1076: 1044: 1006: 986: 984:{\displaystyle x_{3}} 959: 957:{\displaystyle x_{2}} 932: 930:{\displaystyle x_{1}} 893: 864: 815:with vertices on the 810: 754: 699: 660: 566: 533: 487: 429: 364:orthogonal projection 357: 355:{\displaystyle U_{I}} 326: 282: 256: 162: 22: 2046:Theorems in geometry 1982:Mathematical Gazette 1487: 1431: 1377: 1348: 1299: 1260: 1223: 1188: 1149: 1117: 1085: 1053: 1015: 995: 968: 941: 914: 873: 844: 790: 719: 669: 575: 546: 496: 438: 378: 339: 291: 265: 236: 55: 1970:Sergio A. Alvarez: 1621: 1582: 1543: 1504: 709:-dimensional volume 632: 592: 287:). For any subset 181:Pythagorean theorem 156: 130: 104: 78: 37:Pythagorean theorem 2051:Euclidean geometry 2022:"de Gua's theorem" 2019:Weisstein, Eric W. 1917:"de Gua's theorem" 1914:Weisstein, Eric W. 1646: 1607: 1568: 1529: 1490: 1471: 1417: 1363: 1314: 1285: 1246: 1209: 1174: 1145:. By definition, 1135: 1103: 1071: 1039: 1001: 981: 954: 927: 888: 859: 805: 749: 694: 655: 618: 617: 578: 561: 528: 482: 424: 352: 321: 277: 251: 157: 149: 134: 123: 108: 97: 82: 58: 25: 1004:{\displaystyle I} 608: 2058: 2032: 2031: 2013: 1988:(421): 206–211. 1959: 1934: 1928: 1927: 1926: 1909: 1903: 1902: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1839: 1833: 1832: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1761: 1755: 1754: 1744: 1735:. SpringerLink. 1724: 1686:(1580–1635) and 1684:Johann Faulhaber 1655: 1653: 1652: 1647: 1620: 1615: 1581: 1576: 1542: 1537: 1503: 1498: 1480: 1478: 1477: 1472: 1455: 1454: 1426: 1424: 1423: 1418: 1401: 1400: 1372: 1370: 1369: 1364: 1362: 1361: 1356: 1323: 1321: 1320: 1315: 1295:is the triangle 1294: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1284: 1283: 1255: 1253: 1252: 1247: 1245: 1244: 1235: 1234: 1218: 1216: 1215: 1210: 1183: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1173: 1172: 1144: 1142: 1141: 1136: 1112: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1080: 1078: 1077: 1072: 1048: 1046: 1045: 1040: 1010: 1008: 1007: 1002: 990: 988: 987: 982: 980: 979: 963: 961: 960: 955: 953: 952: 936: 934: 933: 928: 926: 925: 897: 895: 894: 889: 887: 886: 881: 868: 866: 865: 860: 832: 825: 817:co-ordinate axes 814: 812: 811: 806: 804: 803: 798: 758: 756: 755: 750: 703: 701: 700: 695: 681: 680: 664: 662: 661: 656: 648: 647: 631: 626: 616: 591: 586: 570: 568: 567: 562: 560: 559: 554: 537: 535: 534: 529: 527: 526: 508: 507: 491: 489: 488: 483: 478: 477: 459: 458: 433: 431: 430: 425: 423: 422: 421: 420: 397: 396: 395: 394: 361: 359: 358: 353: 351: 350: 330: 328: 327: 322: 286: 284: 283: 278: 260: 258: 257: 252: 250: 249: 244: 207:H. S. M. Coxeter 189: 166: 164: 163: 158: 155: 150: 129: 124: 103: 98: 77: 72: 33:De Gua's theorem 2066: 2065: 2061: 2060: 2059: 2057: 2056: 2055: 2036: 2035: 2017: 2016: 1994:10.2307/3616695 1979: 1967: 1962: 1935: 1931: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1906: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1856:10.2307/4146849 1841: 1840: 1836: 1821:10.2307/2319528 1806: 1805: 1801: 1778:10.2307/3605876 1763: 1762: 1758: 1726: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1696: 1676: 1485: 1484: 1434: 1429: 1428: 1380: 1375: 1374: 1351: 1346: 1345: 1297: 1296: 1263: 1258: 1257: 1236: 1226: 1221: 1220: 1186: 1185: 1152: 1147: 1146: 1115: 1114: 1083: 1082: 1051: 1050: 1013: 1012: 993: 992: 971: 966: 965: 944: 939: 938: 917: 912: 911: 876: 871: 870: 842: 841: 827: 820: 793: 788: 787: 786:−1)-simplex in 717: 716: 672: 667: 666: 639: 573: 572: 549: 544: 543: 518: 499: 494: 493: 469: 450: 436: 435: 412: 407: 386: 381: 376: 375: 342: 337: 336: 289: 288: 263: 262: 239: 234: 233: 230:affine subspace 192:general theorem 184: 177: 175:Generalizations 169:Heron's formula 53: 52: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2064: 2062: 2054: 2053: 2048: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2014: 1977: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1960: 1929: 1904: 1869: 1834: 1799: 1756: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1706: 1704:projected area 1695: 1692: 1688:René Descartes 1675: 1672: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1453: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1416: 1413: 1410: 1407: 1404: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1383: 1373:. Similarly, 1360: 1355: 1324:with vertices 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1266: 1243: 1239: 1233: 1229: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1155: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1000: 978: 974: 951: 947: 924: 920: 898:with vertices 885: 880: 858: 855: 852: 849: 802: 797: 748: 745: 742: 739: 736: 733: 730: 727: 724: 693: 690: 687: 684: 679: 675: 654: 651: 646: 642: 638: 635: 630: 625: 621: 615: 611: 607: 604: 601: 598: 595: 590: 585: 581: 558: 553: 540:standard basis 525: 521: 517: 514: 511: 506: 502: 481: 476: 472: 468: 465: 462: 457: 453: 449: 446: 443: 419: 415: 410: 406: 403: 400: 393: 389: 384: 349: 345: 335:elements, let 320: 317: 314: 311: 308: 305: 302: 299: 296: 276: 273: 270: 248: 243: 176: 173: 154: 148: 145: 142: 137: 133: 128: 122: 119: 116: 111: 107: 102: 96: 93: 90: 85: 81: 76: 71: 68: 65: 61: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2063: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2043: 2041: 2029: 2028: 2023: 2020: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1969: 1968: 1964: 1957: 1953: 1952: 1947: 1946:9780883853108 1943: 1939: 1933: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1918: 1915: 1908: 1905: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1873: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1838: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1803: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1760: 1757: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1723: 1720: 1714: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1693: 1691: 1690:(1596–1650). 1689: 1685: 1681: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1662: 1657: 1643: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1505: 1500: 1495: 1491: 1482: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1456: 1448: 1445: 1442: 1435: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1402: 1394: 1391: 1388: 1381: 1358: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1277: 1274: 1271: 1264: 1241: 1237: 1231: 1227: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1194: 1191: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1153: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 998: 976: 972: 949: 945: 922: 918: 910:lying on the 909: 905: 901: 883: 856: 853: 850: 840: 836: 830: 823: 818: 800: 785: 781: 778:−1 and 777: 774: =  773: 769: 764: 762: 759:with exactly 743: 740: 737: 734: 731: 725: 722: 714: 710: 708: 688: 682: 677: 673: 652: 644: 640: 633: 628: 623: 619: 613: 609: 605: 599: 593: 588: 583: 579: 556: 541: 523: 519: 515: 512: 509: 504: 500: 474: 470: 466: 463: 460: 455: 451: 444: 441: 417: 413: 408: 404: 401: 398: 391: 387: 382: 373: 369: 365: 347: 343: 334: 331:with exactly 315: 312: 309: 306: 303: 297: 294: 274: 271: 268: 246: 231: 228:-dimensional 227: 223: 219: 214: 212: 208: 204: 200: 198: 193: 187: 182: 174: 172: 170: 152: 146: 143: 140: 135: 131: 126: 120: 117: 114: 109: 105: 100: 94: 91: 88: 83: 79: 74: 69: 66: 63: 59: 50: 46: 42: 38: 34: 30: 21: 2025: 1985: 1981: 1972: 1956:Google Books 1954:, p. 37, at 1949: 1937: 1932: 1920: 1907: 1882: 1872: 1847: 1843: 1837: 1812: 1808: 1802: 1772:(234): 206. 1769: 1765: 1759: 1732: 1722: 1677: 1669: 1660: 1658: 1483: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 907: 903: 899: 834: 828: 821: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 765: 760: 712: 706: 367: 332: 225: 224:subset of a 217: 215: 196: 185: 178: 39:named after 32: 26: 1700:Vector area 1256:-plane, so 372:linear span 203:right-angle 45:tetrahedron 29:mathematics 2040:Categories 1965:References 763:elements. 222:measurable 199:-simplices 2027:MathWorld 2010:187356402 1948:, S. 37 ( 1922:MathWorld 1899:0343-6993 1794:125391795 1751:224956341 1629:△ 1623:⁡ 1590:△ 1584:⁡ 1551:△ 1545:⁡ 1512:△ 1506:⁡ 1460:△ 1406:△ 1303:△ 1219:onto the 1198:△ 848:△ 738:… 726:⊆ 683:⁡ 634:⁡ 610:∑ 594:⁡ 513:… 464:… 402:… 370:onto the 310:… 298:⊆ 272:≤ 1709:Bivector 1694:See also 1336:, where 839:triangle 571:. Then 434:, where 2002:3616695 1951:excerpt 1864:4146849 1829:2319528 1786:3605876 1674:History 1340:is the 837:is the 782:is an ( 704:is the 538:is the 362:be the 201:with a 190:) of a 2008:  2000:  1944:  1897:  1862:  1827:  1792:  1784:  1749:  1342:origin 964:- and 665:where 194:about 188:= 2, 3 2006:S2CID 1998:JSTOR 1860:JSTOR 1825:JSTOR 1790:S2CID 1782:JSTOR 1747:S2CID 1715:Notes 220:be a 1942:ISBN 1895:ISSN 1702:and 1427:and 1332:and 1113:and 906:and 833:and 542:for 492:and 261:(so 216:Let 179:The 49:cube 1990:doi 1887:doi 1852:doi 1817:doi 1774:doi 1737:doi 1609:vol 1570:vol 1531:vol 1492:vol 1344:of 1011:of 937:-, 869:in 831:= 2 824:= 3 711:of 674:vol 620:vol 580:vol 374:of 366:of 232:of 27:In 2042:: 2024:. 2004:. 1996:. 1986:62 1984:. 1919:. 1893:. 1885:. 1881:. 1858:. 1848:35 1846:. 1823:. 1813:81 1811:. 1788:. 1780:. 1770:19 1768:. 1745:. 1731:. 1667:. 1328:, 1081:, 902:, 826:, 171:. 31:, 2030:. 2012:. 1992:: 1958:) 1925:. 1901:. 1889:: 1866:. 1854:: 1831:. 1819:: 1796:. 1776:: 1753:. 1739:: 1661:n 1644:, 1641:) 1638:O 1635:B 1632:A 1626:( 1618:2 1613:2 1605:+ 1602:) 1599:C 1596:O 1593:A 1587:( 1579:2 1574:2 1566:+ 1563:) 1560:C 1557:B 1554:O 1548:( 1540:2 1535:2 1527:= 1524:) 1521:C 1518:B 1515:A 1509:( 1501:2 1496:2 1469:O 1466:B 1463:A 1457:= 1452:} 1449:2 1446:, 1443:1 1440:{ 1436:U 1415:C 1412:O 1409:A 1403:= 1398:} 1395:3 1392:, 1389:1 1386:{ 1382:U 1359:3 1354:R 1338:O 1334:C 1330:B 1326:O 1312:C 1309:B 1306:O 1281:} 1278:3 1275:, 1272:2 1269:{ 1265:U 1242:3 1238:x 1232:2 1228:x 1207:C 1204:B 1201:A 1195:= 1192:U 1170:} 1167:3 1164:, 1161:2 1158:{ 1154:U 1133:} 1130:2 1127:, 1124:1 1121:{ 1101:} 1098:3 1095:, 1092:1 1089:{ 1069:} 1066:3 1063:, 1060:2 1057:{ 1037:} 1034:3 1031:, 1028:2 1025:, 1022:1 1019:{ 999:I 977:3 973:x 950:2 946:x 923:1 919:x 908:C 904:B 900:A 884:3 879:R 857:C 854:B 851:A 835:U 829:k 822:n 801:n 796:R 784:n 780:U 776:n 772:k 768:n 761:k 747:} 744:n 741:, 735:, 732:1 729:{ 723:I 713:U 707:k 692:) 689:U 686:( 678:k 653:, 650:) 645:I 641:U 637:( 629:2 624:k 614:I 606:= 603:) 600:U 597:( 589:2 584:k 557:n 552:R 524:n 520:e 516:, 510:, 505:1 501:e 480:} 475:k 471:i 467:, 461:, 456:1 452:i 448:{ 445:= 442:I 418:k 414:i 409:e 405:, 399:, 392:1 388:i 383:e 368:U 348:I 344:U 333:k 319:} 316:n 313:, 307:, 304:1 301:{ 295:I 275:n 269:k 247:n 242:R 226:k 218:U 197:n 186:n 153:2 147:O 144:C 141:B 136:A 132:+ 127:2 121:O 118:C 115:A 110:A 106:+ 101:2 95:O 92:B 89:A 84:A 80:= 75:2 70:C 67:B 64:A 60:A

Index


mathematics
Pythagorean theorem
Jean Paul de Gua de Malves
tetrahedron
cube
Heron's formula
Pythagorean theorem
general theorem
n-simplices
right-angle
H. S. M. Coxeter
a yet more general theorem
measurable
affine subspace
orthogonal projection
linear span
standard basis
k-dimensional volume
co-ordinate axes
triangle
origin
Cayley–Menger determinant formula
Charles de Tinseau d'Amondans
Johann Faulhaber
René Descartes
Vector area
projected area
Bivector
"The Theorem of Cosines for Pyramids"

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