142:
Another way to understand the distinction is to ask what Jana would want if a nine-foot-tall immigrant moved to Fulsom county. If she continued to want to marry the same man – and perceived this as representing no change in her desires – then she could be taken to have meant the original
71:
interpretation, 'someone' is unspecific and Peter suffers a general paranoia; he believes that it is true that a person is out to get him, but does not necessarily have any beliefs about who this person may be. What Peter believes is that the predication 'someone is out to get Peter' is satisfied.
51:
translates as "about the thing". The original meaning of the Latin locutions may help to elucidate the living meaning of the phrases, in the distinctions they mark. The distinction can be understood by examples of intensional contexts of which three are considered here: a context of thought, a
1274:
Frege, Gottlob. 1892. Ăśber Sinn und
Bedeutung. Zeitschrift fĂĽr Philosophie und philosophische Kritik 100, 25-50. Translated as On sense and reference by Peter Geach & Max Black, 1970, in Translations from the philosophical writings of Gottlob Frege. Oxford, Blackwell,
118:; the meanings would be different. One interpretation is that Jana wants to marry the tallest man in Fulsom County, whoever he might be. On this interpretation, what the statement tells us is that Jana has a certain unspecific desire; what she desires is for
1285:
Kripke, Saul. 1977. Speaker's reference and semantic reference. In Peter A. French, Theodore E. Uehling, Jr., and Howard K. Wettstein, eds., Midwest
Studies in Philosophy vol. II: Studies in the philosophy of language. Morris, MN: University of Minnesota,
515:
says that, in other accessible possible worlds, even if the result of the 2000 election could differ, the
President of the US in 2001 still could not have been Al Gore. This claim seems false; presumably, in some other accessible possible worlds where the
122:
to be true. The desire is directed at that situation, regardless of how it is to be achieved. The other interpretation is that Jana wants to marry a certain man, who in fact happens to be the tallest man in Fulsom County. Her desire is for
147:
sense. If she no longer wanted to marry that man but instead wanted to marry the new tallest man in Fulsom County, and saw this as a continuation of her earlier desire, then she meant the original statement in a
611:
513:
372:
253:
1102:
1060:
1018:
984:
98:, Lois's belief is untenable; the names 'Clark Kent' and 'Superman' pick out an individual in the world, and a person (or super-person) cannot be stronger than himself. Understood
939:
897:
847:
809:
760:
707:
415:
79:
interpretation, 'someone' is specific, picking out some particular individual. There is some person Peter has in mind, and Peter believes that person is out to get him.
289:
2053:
1289:
Larson, Richard & Gabriel Segal. 1995. Definite descriptions. In
Knowledge of meaning: An introduction to semantic theory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 319-359.
613:
says that, the
President of the US in 2001 is who he is, and that is George Bush in all accessible possible worlds, and George Bush could not have been Al Gore.
2068:
1362:
1836:
525:
164:
is 118. Take the sentence "The number of chemical elements is necessarily greater than 100". Again, there are two interpretations as per the
1187:
1704:
1371:
538:
440:
135:
interpretation, because Jana's desire relates to the words "the tallest man in Fulsom County", and the second interpretation is the
1791:
1445:
302:
183:
2048:
1912:
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1355:
1153:
422:
102:, however, this may be a perfectly reasonable belief, since Lois is not aware that Clark and Superman are one and the same.
1299:
Ostertag, Gary. 1998. Introduction. In Gary
Ostertag, ed., Definite descriptions: a reader. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1-34.
82:
In the context of thought, the distinction helps us explain how people can hold seemingly self-contradictory beliefs. Say
1564:
1385:
1200:
1450:
32:, associated with the intensional operators in many such statements. The distinction is used regularly in analytical
1222:
1538:
1932:
1594:
1415:
1937:
1887:
1649:
1348:
1992:
1856:
1435:
255:
says that, in other accessible possible worlds, even if the inner workings of the atom could differ (so that
1987:
1533:
1073:
1031:
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955:
2017:
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1659:
1634:
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910:
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29:
110:
Consider the sentence "Jana wants to marry the tallest man in Fulsom County". It could be read either
2058:
1902:
1709:
1488:
1330:
64:
There are two possible interpretations of the sentence "Peter believes someone is out to get him":
1201:"De Dicto | Definition of De Dicto by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of De Dicto"
1982:
1897:
1841:
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Salmani
Nodoushan, M. A. (2018). "Which view of indirect reports do Persian data corroborate?"
2007:
1962:
1947:
1907:
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claims the modal operator falls within the scope of the existential quantifier. For example:
2012:
1942:
1831:
1609:
631:
161:
1223:"De Re | Definition of De Re by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of De Re"
1821:
1724:
1619:
1584:
1292:
Ludlow, Peter & Stephen Neale. 1991. Indefinite descriptions: In defense of
Russell.
2002:
1997:
1922:
1806:
1684:
1579:
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1340:
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1669:
1503:
649:
1957:
1882:
1749:
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521:
528:, Al Gore could have been the President of the US in 2001 in that possible world.
1877:
1851:
1734:
1498:
1425:
637:
53:
33:
291:
have different values), the number of elements still could not be 100 or fewer.
139:
interpretation, because Jana's desire relates to the man those words refer to.
2022:
1674:
1440:
1395:
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87:
1208:
1826:
1644:
1569:
1548:
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1309:
Wettstein, Howard. 1981. Demonstrative reference and definite descriptions.
83:
417:
in all accessible possible worlds), and the number 118 is greater than 100.
1230:
1739:
1528:
91:
426:
1020:, both meaning that in some accessible possible world, there is some
517:
1604:
1147:
1344:
1316:
Wilson, George M. 1991. Reference and pronominal descriptions.
1267:
Donnellan, Keith S. 1966. Reference and definite descriptions.
606:{\displaystyle \exists {Pres_{2001}}\Box (Pres_{2001}\neq Al)}
508:{\displaystyle \Box \exists {Pres_{2001}}(Pres_{2001}\neq Al)}
865:
is the same in all the accessible possible worlds); However,
375:
says that, the inner workings of the atom are what they are (
367:{\displaystyle \exists {N_{chem}}\Box (N_{chem}>100)}
248:{\displaystyle \Box \exists {N_{chem}}(N_{chem}>100)}
1282:, vol. 9: Pragmatics. New York: Academic Press, 221-243
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are within the scope of the modal operator, whereas in
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means that each accessible possible world has its own
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1034:
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1975:
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1062:means that in some accessible possible world, all
1054:
1012:
978:
933:
891:
841:
803:
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701:
605:
507:
409:
366:
283:
247:
907:, but they are not necessarily the same, whereas
120:Jana is marrying the tallest man in Fulsom County
1837:Segmented discourse representation theory (SDRT)
1278:Kaplan, David. 1978. Dthat. In Peter Cole, ed.,
1116:, there is some accessible possible world where
28:are two phrases used to mark a distinction in
1356:
8:
1124:, but it can be true that no world has two
1766:
1463:
1363:
1349:
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94:. Since Clark Kent is Superman, taken
2054:Concepts in the philosophy of language
1302:Russell, Bertrand. 1905. On denoting.
1097:{\displaystyle \forall {x}\Diamond Ax}
1055:{\displaystyle \Diamond \forall {x}Ax}
1013:{\displaystyle \exists {x}\Diamond Ax}
979:{\displaystyle \Diamond \exists {x}Ax}
43:The literal translation of the phrase
1792:Discourse representation theory (DRT)
1337:, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
7:
949:in all accessible possible worlds.
52:context of desire, and a context of
2069:Formal semantics (natural language)
1705:Quantificational variability effect
1372:Formal semantics (natural language)
131:. The first interpretation is the
127:, and she desires herself to marry
1260:Burge, Tyler. 1977. Belief de re.
1245:International Review of Pragmatics
1227:Lexico Dictionaries | English
1205:Lexico Dictionaries | English
1077:
1038:
993:
962:
934:{\displaystyle \exists {x}\Box Ax}
914:
892:{\displaystyle \Box \exists {x}Ax}
875:
842:{\displaystyle \forall {x}\Box Ax}
822:
804:{\displaystyle \Box \forall {x}Ax}
787:
755:{\displaystyle \exists {x}\Box Ax}
735:
702:{\displaystyle \Box \exists {x}Ax}
685:
542:
447:
306:
190:
14:
47:is "about what is said", whereas
853:in all the possible worlds are
768:is such that it is necessarily
16:Distinction in formal semantics
1787:Combinatory categorial grammar
1154:Latitudinarianism (philosophy)
941:means that there is a special
600:
569:
502:
471:
361:
333:
242:
214:
1:
1565:Antecedent-contained deletion
425:in 2001 could not have been
410:{\displaystyle N_{chem}=118}
986:is logically equivalent to
666:
2085:
1446:Syntax–semantics interface
1294:Linguistics and Philosophy
629:
1938:Question under discussion
1888:Conversational scoreboard
1665:Intersective modification
1650:Homogeneity (linguistics)
160:The number of discovered
1993:Distributional semantics
849:, both meaning that all
656:claims, any existential
640:the distinction between
284:{\displaystyle N_{chem}}
1988:Computational semantics
1730:Subsective modification
1534:Propositional attitudes
1110:range of quantification
859:range of quantification
2018:Philosophy of language
1660:Inalienable possession
1640:Free choice inferences
1635:Faultless disagreement
1406:Generalized quantifier
1098:
1056:
1014:
980:
935:
893:
843:
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524:that Bush had won the
509:
421:Another example: "The
411:
368:
285:
249:
38:philosophy of language
30:intensional statements
2049:Latin logical phrases
1918:Plural quantification
1812:Inquisitive semantics
1777:Alternative semantics
1318:Journal of Philosophy
1311:Philosophical Studies
1262:Journal of Philosophy
1099:
1057:
1015:
981:
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1903:Function application
1710:Responsive predicate
1700:Privative adjectives
1280:Syntax and Semantics
1269:Philosophical Review
1104:means that for each
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1032:
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819:
813:logically equivalent
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777:Generally speaking,
732:
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303:
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184:
1983:Cognitive semantics
1898:Existential closure
1842:Situation semantics
1745:Temperature paradox
1715:Rising declaratives
1680:Modal subordination
1655:Hurford disjunction
1615:Discourse relations
1169:Modal scope fallacy
1164:Temperature paradox
1114:domain of discourse
863:domain of discourse
857:(assuming that the
715:is such that it is
423:President of the US
156:Context of modality
2028:Semantics of logic
1953:Strict conditional
1928:Quantifier raising
1893:Downward entailing
1873:Autonomy of syntax
1802:Generative grammar
1782:Categorial grammar
1720:Scalar implicature
1625:Epistemic modality
1600:De dicto and de re
1159:Quantifier raising
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711:Necessarily, some
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60:Context of thought
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2035:
2008:Logic translation
1971:
1970:
1963:Universal grinder
1948:Squiggle operator
1908:Meaning postulate
1847:Supervaluationism
1817:Intensional logic
1797:Dynamic semantics
1758:
1757:
1590:Crossover effects
1539:Tense–aspect–mood
1519:Lexical semantics
1188:Semantics Archive
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774:
162:chemical elements
106:Context of desire
2076:
2013:Linguistics wars
1943:Semantic parsing
1832:Montague grammar
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1610:Deontic modality
1464:
1451:Truth conditions
1386:Compositionality
1379:Central concepts
1365:
1358:
1351:
1342:
1248:
1247:, 10(1), 76-100.
1241:
1235:
1234:
1233:on May 12, 2021.
1229:. Archived from
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1213:
1212:
1211:on May 18, 2021.
1207:. Archived from
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1967:
1861:
1822:Lambda calculus
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1725:Sloppy identity
1685:Opaque contexts
1620:Donkey anaphora
1585:Counterfactuals
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1455:
1374:
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1327:
1257:
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298:interpretation
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143:statement in a
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90:is weaker than
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2003:Inferentialism
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618:Representing
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518:Supreme Court
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1958:Type shifter
1933:Quantization
1883:Continuation
1750:Veridicality
1630:Exhaustivity
1599:
1595:Cumulativity
1514:Indexicality
1494:Definiteness
1489:Conditionals
1416:Logical form
1332:
1320:88, 359-387.
1317:
1313:40, 241-257.
1310:
1306:14, 479-493.
1303:
1296:14, 171-202.
1293:
1279:
1271:75, 281-304.
1268:
1264:74, 338-362.
1261:
1255:Bibliography
1244:
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1231:the original
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1209:the original
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2059:Dichotomies
1878:Context set
1852:Type theory
1735:Subtrigging
1499:Disjunction
1426:Proposition
1335:Distinction
1028:; However,
952:Similarly,
658:quantifiers
638:modal logic
34:metaphysics
2043:Categories
2023:Pragmatics
1675:Mirativity
1441:Speech act
1396:Entailment
1391:Denotation
1190:discussion
1175:References
1070:, whereas
648:is one of
630:See also:
88:Clark Kent
2064:Semantics
1827:Mereology
1763:Formalism
1645:Givenness
1570:Cataphora
1558:Phenomena
1549:Vagueness
1479:Ambiguity
1431:Reference
1411:Intension
1401:Extension
1086:◊
1078:∀
1039:∀
1036:◊
1002:◊
994:∃
963:∃
960:◊
923:◻
915:∃
876:∃
873:◻
831:◻
823:∀
788:∀
785:◻
744:◻
736:∃
686:∃
683:◻
592:≠
567:◻
543:∃
494:≠
448:∃
445:◻
331:◻
307:∃
191:∃
188:◻
86:believes
84:Lois Lane
1976:See also
1866:Concepts
1740:Telicity
1575:Coercion
1529:Negation
1524:Modality
1474:Anaphora
1286:255-276.
1136:See also
1024:that is
945:that is
903:that is
671:De dicto
654:de dicto
642:de dicto
620:de dicto
535:reading
526:election
520:did not
437:reading
435:de dicto
178:de dicto
166:de dicto
150:de dicto
133:de dicto
125:that man
112:de dicto
100:de dicto
92:Superman
69:de dicto
54:modality
45:de dicto
21:De dicto
1484:Binding
1108:in the
427:Al Gore
152:sense.
75:On the
67:On the
36:and in
1913:Monads
1460:Topics
1275:56-78.
1605:De se
1509:Focus
1467:Areas
1436:Scope
1148:De se
764:Some
724:De re
662:de re
652:. In
650:scope
646:de re
624:de re
533:de re
296:de re
170:de re
145:de re
137:de re
116:de re
96:de re
77:de re
49:de re
25:de re
1331:The
1304:Mind
1066:are
644:and
622:and
587:2001
561:2001
531:The
522:rule
489:2001
466:2001
433:The
429:".
356:>
294:The
237:>
176:The
23:and
1857:TTR
1120:is
815:to
811:is
636:In
405:118
359:100
240:100
129:him
114:or
2045::
1225:.
1203:.
1132:.
726::
673::
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40:.
1364:e
1357:t
1350:v
1130:A
1126:x
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1112:/
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1008:x
1005:A
998:x
974:x
971:A
967:x
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929:x
926:A
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905:A
901:x
887:x
884:A
880:x
861:/
855:A
851:x
837:x
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770:A
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740:x
717:A
713:x
697:x
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690:x
601:)
598:l
595:A
583:s
579:e
576:r
573:P
570:(
557:s
553:e
550:r
547:P
503:)
500:l
497:A
485:s
481:e
478:r
475:P
472:(
462:s
458:e
455:r
452:P
402:=
397:m
394:e
391:h
388:c
384:N
362:)
351:m
348:e
345:h
342:c
338:N
334:(
325:m
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312:N
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264:N
243:)
232:m
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219:N
215:(
209:m
206:e
203:h
200:c
196:N
168:/
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