241:(GCE) for the caffeine extraction mechanism. Green coffee extract is a solution containing the water-soluble components of green coffee except for the caffeine, obtained by soaking green coffee beans in hot water, then filtering through an activated charcoal filter to remove the caffeine molecules. Fresh beans containing both caffeine and the other components are added to the GCE solution, where the gradient pressure difference between the GCE (which is caffeine-lean) and the green coffee (which is caffeine-rich) causes the caffeine molecules to migrate from the green coffee into the GCE. Because GCE is saturated with the other water-soluble components of green coffee, only the caffeine molecules migrate to the GCE; the other water-soluble coffee elements are retained in the green coffee. The newly caffeine-rich GCE solution is then passed through the
218:
204:. In this method, instead of treating the beans directly, they are first soaked in hot water for several hours, then removed. The remaining water is treated with solvents (e.g. dichloromethane or ethyl acetate) to extract the caffeine from the water. As in other methods, the caffeine can then be separated from the organic solvent by simple evaporation. The same water is recycled through this two-step process with new batches of beans. An
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192:, are now used. The unroasted (green) beans are first steamed and then rinsed with the solvent which extracts the caffeine, while leaving other constituents largely unaffected. The process is repeated between 8 and 12 times until the caffeine content meets the required standard (97% of caffeine removed according to the US standard, or 99.9% caffeine-free by mass per the EU standard).
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process, indirect method decaffeination is sometimes referred to as "water-processed". This method was first mentioned in 1941, and people have made significant efforts to make the process more "natural" and a true water-based process by finding ways to process the caffeine out of the water in ways that circumvent the use of organic solvents.
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taste, but tea has around one third of the tannin content of coffee. Thus, decaffeination of tea requires more care to maintain tannin content than decaffeination of coffee in order to preserve this flavor. Preserving tannins is desirable not only because of their flavor, but also because they have
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process extraction, tea may be also decaffeinated using a hot water treatment. Optimal conditions are met by controlling water temperature, extraction time, and ratio of leaf to water. Temperatures of 100 °C or more, moderate extraction time of 3 minutes, and a 1:20 leaf to water weight per
383:
To ensure product quality, manufacturers are required to test the newly decaffeinated coffee beans to make sure that caffeine concentration is relatively low. A caffeine content reduction of at least 97% is required under United States standards. There is less than 0.1% caffeine in decaffeinated
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of ten samples of prepared decaffeinated coffee from coffee shops showed that some caffeine remained. Fourteen to twenty cups of such decaffeinated coffee would contain as much caffeine as one cup of regular coffee. The 473 ml (16 ounce) cups of coffee samples contained caffeine in the range of
225:
An alternative method for removal of caffeine from coffee is the Swiss Water process. This process uses no organic solvents, and instead only water is used to decaffeinate beans. It is a technique first developed in
Switzerland in 1933, and commercialized by Coffex S.A. in 1980. The Swiss Water
208:
is reached after several cycles, wherein the water and the beans have a similar composition except for the caffeine. After this point, the caffeine is the only material removed from the beans, so no coffee strength or other flavorings are lost. Because water is used in the initial phase of this
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In this process, green coffee beans are soaked in a hot water and coffee solution to draw the caffeine to the surface of the beans. Next, the beans are transferred to another container and immersed in coffee oils that were obtained from spent coffee grounds and left to soak.
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and co-workers in 1903, after
Roselius observed that a consignment of coffee beans accidentally soaked in sea water had lost most of their caffeine content while losing little of their flavour. The process was patented in 1906, and involved steaming coffee beans with various
268:
in the oils remove the caffeine, but not the flavor elements, from the beans. The beans are separated from the oils and dried. The caffeine is removed from the oils, which are reused to decaffeinate another batch of beans. This is a direct-contact method of decaffeination.
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8.6 mg to 13.9 mg. In another study of popular brands of decaf coffees, the caffeine content varied from 3 mg to 32 mg. In contrast, a 237 ml (8 ounce) cup of regular coffee contains 95–200 mg of caffeine, and a 355 ml (12 ounce) serving of
79:
extract, and requested he perform an analysis on coffee beans. Though Runge was able to isolate the compound, he did not learn much about the chemistry of caffeine itself, nor did he seek to use the process commercially to produce decaffeinated coffee.
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been shown to have anticarcinogenic, antimutagenic, antioxidative, and antimicrobial properties. Specifically, tannins accelerate blood clotting, reduce blood pressure, decrease the serum lipid level, and modulate immunoresponses.
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Although a common technique of discarding a short (30 to 60 seconds) steep is believed to much reduce caffeine content of a subsequent brew at the cost of some loss of flavor, research suggests that a five-minute
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Certain processes during normal production might help to decrease the caffeine content directly, or simply lower the rate at which it is released throughout each infusion. In China, this is evident in many cooked
495:
process is favorable because it is convenient, nonexplosive, and nontoxic, a comparison between regular and decaffeinated green teas using supercritical carbon dioxide showed that most volatile, non
424:
As of 2009, progress toward growing coffee beans that do not contain caffeine was still continuing. The term "Decaffito" has been coined to describe this type of coffee, and trademarked in Brazil.
1225:
Paulo
Mazzafera; Thomas W. Baumann; Milton Massao Shimizu; Maria Bernadete Silvarolla (June 2009). "Decaf and the Steeplechase Towards Decaffito—the Coffee from Caffeine-Free Arabica Plants".
392:. Although HPLC is highly accurate, NIR spectroscopy is much faster, cheaper and overall easier to use. Lastly, another method typically used to measure the remaining caffeine includes
1406:
Liang, Huiling; Liang, Yuerong; Dong, Junjie; Lu, Jianliang; Xu, Hairong; Wang, Hui (2007). "Decaffeination of fresh green tea leaf (Camellia sinensis) by hot water treatment".
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388:(HPLC) to measure how much caffeine remains in the coffee beans. However, since HPLC can be quite costly, some coffee companies are beginning to use other methods such as
914:, Morrison, Lowen; Elder, Melisse & John, Phillips, "Recovery of noncaffeine solubles in an extract decaffeination process", published 1983-10-11
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filters to remove the caffeine again, and the process is repeated. The continuous batch process takes 8–10 hours to meet the final residual decaffeinated target.
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A generally accepted statistic is that a cup of normal black (or red) tea contains 40–50 mg of caffeine, roughly half the content of a cup of coffee.
1371:
Lee, S.; Park, M.K.; Kim, K.H.; Kim, Y.-S. (September 2007). "Effect of
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Decaffeination on Volatile Components of Green Tea".
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yields up to 70% of the caffeine, and a second steep has one-third the caffeine of the first (about 23% of the total caffeine in the leaves).
491:) may differ in natural caffeine content. Younger leaves and buds contain more caffeine by weight than older leaves and stems. Although the CO
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393:
1435:"A comparison of the antimutagenic potential of green, black and decaffeinated teas: contribution of flavanols to the antimutagenic effect"
865:
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Various methods can be used for decaffeination of coffee. These methods take place prior to roasting and may use organic solvents such as
2605:
1597:
Monique B. Hicks; Y.-H. Peggy Hsieh & Leonard N. Bell (1996). "Tea preparation and its influence on methylxanthine concentration".
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103:, or water to extract caffeine from the beans, while leaving flavour precursors in as close to their original state as possible.
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823:, Johann Friedrich Meyer Jr., Ludwig Roselius, Karl Heinrich Wimmer, "Preparation of coffee", issued 1908-09-01
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297:, to extract caffeine. Green coffee beans are steamed and then added to a high pressure vessel. A mixture of water and CO
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Chung, King-Thom; Wong, Tit Yee; Wei, Cheng-I; Huang, Yao-Wen; Lin, Yuan (1998). "Tannins and Human Health: A Review".
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instead of converting it to caffeine. Either this trait could be bred into other coffee plants by crossing them with
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Moyler, D (1993). "Extraction of flavours and fragrances with compressed CO2". In King, M; Bott, Theodore (eds.).
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Methods similar to those first developed by
Roselius have continued to dominate, and are sometimes known as the
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leaves, and other caffeine-containing materials. Decaffeinated products are commonly termed by the abbreviation
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60:. Decaffeinated drinks contain typically 1–2% of the original caffeine content, but sometimes as much as 20%.
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leaves from green leaves does not affect the amount of caffeine in the tea, though tea-plant subspecies (i.e.
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289:) as a means of decaffeination. Developed by Kurt Zosel, a scientist of the Max Planck Institute, it uses CO
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Tea may also be decaffeinated, usually by using processes analogous to the direct method or the CO
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The prospect for
Decaffito-type coffees was shown by the discovery of the naturally caffeine-free
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coffee and less than 0.3% in decaffeinated instant coffee in Canada. Many coffee companies use
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performed the first isolation of caffeine from coffee beans in 1820, after the German poet
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The first commercially successful decaffeination process was invented by German merchant
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Ramalakshmi, K.; Raghavan, B. (1999). "Caffeine in Coffee: Its
Removal. Why and How?".
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866:"Chemical agents and related occupations, Volume 100F. A review of human carcinogens"
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List of caffeine content in beverages known to contain caffeine. Viewed Aug 28, 2012
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oolongs; commonly referred to as 'zhonghuo' (mid-fired) or 'zuhuo' (high-fired).
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700:
The World of
Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug
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process was then introduced by The Swiss Water
Decaffeinated Coffee Company of
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as a solvent to remove the caffeine. Coffee decaffeinated this way was sold as
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and remain in the bean. In a separate vessel, caffeine is scrubbed from the CO
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Independent research on 10 popular decaffeinated coffees. Viewed Aug 05, 2008
519:), and some unknown compounds disappeared or decreased after decaffeination.
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1982:
1977:
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1127:"Determination of caffeine in decaffeinated coffee by NIR spectroscopy"
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1048:"How Do They Do It?: S7 E15 - Decaf Coffee; Smoked Salmon; Water Jets"
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volume ratio removed 83% caffeine content and preserved 95% of total
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Bu-Abbas, A; Nunez, X; Clifford, M; Walker, R; Ioannides, C (1996).
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List of caffeine content in popular soft drinks. Viewed Aug 28, 2012
396:: useful for decaffeination processes that include supercritical CO
221:
Sack of green coffee beans decaffeinated by the Swiss Water process
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1962:
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1914 American newspaper advert for Kaffee HAG decaffeinated coffee
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and 65 °C (149 °F). At this pressure and temperature CO
4040:
2378:
1103:"Consolidated federal laws of canada, Food and Drug Regulations"
122:
3057:
1624:
1213:"Caffeine Amounts in Soda: Every Kind of Cola You Can Think Of"
30:"Decaf" redirects here. For the computer software program, see
1651:
1262:"Plant biochemistry: a naturally decaffeinated arabica coffee"
342:
53:
871:. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Archived from
1031: et al., "Adsorption process", issued 1977-02-24
467:
process, as described above. Oxidizing tea leaves to create
1342:
Extraction of
Natural Products Using Near-Critical Solvents
1474:
Savolainen, H (1992). "Tannin content of tea and coffee".
1346:(First ed.). Glasgow: Springer Netherlands. pp.
3053:
990:"Extraction of Caffeine from Tea: Greening the Chemistry"
252:
also developed a process to remove caffeine from coffee.
449:
the gene for caffeine synthase in normal coffee plants.
359:
796:"Decaffeination 101: Four Ways to Decaffeinate Coffee"
1260:
Silvarolla MB, Mazzafera P, Fazuoli LC (June 2004).
1182:"Are You Really Getting Caffeine-Free Decaf Coffee?"
1027:, Kramer, Franklin; Henig, Yair Steve &
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293:(carbon dioxide), heated and pressurised above its
1201:"Caffeine Content for Coffee, Tea, Soda, and More"
697:
696:Weinberg, Bennett Alan; Bealer, Bonnie K. (2001).
1319:"Naturally decaffeinated coffee plant discovered"
945:History of the SWISS WATER Decaffeination Process
445:, or an equivalent effect could be achieved by
141:(Coffee Trading Company) in most of Europe, as
1519:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
732:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
663:
661:
659:
507:), green and floral flavor compounds (such as
433:variety, reported in 2004. It has a deficient
264:After several hours of high temperatures, the
3069:
1636:
1169:Applied Analytics Application Note No. AN-019
864:International Agency for Research on Cancer.
329:is then recirculated to the pressure vessel.
200:Another variation of Roselius' method is the
8:
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1007:"Torunn A. Garin, 54, Noted Food Engineer"
725:
723:
721:
669:"Study: Decaf coffee is not caffeine-free"
1450:
1285:
4108:Gustav III of Sweden's coffee experiment
379:Caffeine content of decaffeinated coffee
301:is circulated through the vessel at 300
3878:Coffee ceremony of Ethiopia and Eritrea
655:
3162:List of countries by coffee production
386:high-performance liquid chromatography
161:and Sanka are now worldwide brands of
404:does not absorb in the UV-Vis range.
7:
281:Food scientists have also turned to
4057:United States Barista Championship
2961:Tea Research and Extension Station
1162:"Measuring Caffeine Concentration"
772:. February 7, 2012. Archived from
546:, which are responsible for their
139:Kaffee Handels-Aktien-Gesellschaft
25:
1054:. 1 December 2013. Archived from
966:"How do you decaffeinate coffee?"
935:. Blackwell Science 2001, p. 111.
901:. Blackwell Science 2001, p. 109.
4156:
4155:
4142:
3038:
3037:
1385:10.1111/j.1750-3841.2007.00446.x
766:"Where Does My Decaf Come From?"
598:
584:
559:, as well as more heavily fired
394:ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy
390:near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy
346:
2275:Afternoon/High tea/Evening meal
1317:Coghlan, Andy (June 23, 2004).
929:Ronald Clarke and O.O. Vizthum
895:Ronald Clarke and O.O. Vizthum
437:gene, leading it to accumulate
202:indirect organic solvent method
1420:10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.03.054
1101:Branch, Legislative Services.
794:Emden, Lorenzo (6 July 2012).
407:A controlled study in 2006 at
339:Coffee § Caffeine content
1:
3508:Single-serve coffee container
840:"Ludwig Roselius (1874–1943)"
325:with additional water. The CO
178:direct organic solvent method
1611:10.1016/0963-9969(96)00038-5
1561:Upton Tea Imports Newsletter
283:supercritical carbon dioxide
1599:Food Research International
1587:, www.imperialtea.com, 2002
1585:"FAQ at imperial tea court"
1082:www.espressocoffeeguide.com
932:Coffee: Recent Developments
898:Coffee: Recent Developments
184:), other solvents, such as
4210:
4062:World Barista Championship
3488:Neapolitan flip coffee pot
629:Health effects of caffeine
488:Camellia sinensis assamica
482:Camellia sinensis sinensis
456:
336:
333:Caffeine content of coffee
29:
4136:
3033:
2184:Strobilanthes tonkinensis
1665:
1531:10.1080/10408699891274273
1239:10.1007/s12042-009-9032-7
744:10.1080/10408699991279231
542:Both coffee and tea have
539:that may lead to cancer.
107:Organic solvent processes
69:Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge
3114:International Coffee Day
2926:Teas of related species
2767:Hong Kong–style milk tea
2712:Epigallocatechin gallate
634:Health effects of coffee
409:Florida State University
84:Decaffeination processes
75:heard about his work on
64:Decaffeination of coffee
3908:Historical coffeehouses
2956:Lipton Institute of Tea
2290:East Asian tea ceremony
1452:10.1093/mutage/11.6.597
1373:Journal of Food Science
614:Caffeine-Free Coca-Cola
531:. Catechins, a type of
137:after the company name
4118:Coffee vending machine
3342:Furan-2-ylmethanethiol
2550:Consumption by country
1488:10.1002/jat.2550120307
1227:Tropical Plant Biology
1078:"Decaffeinated Coffee"
1029:Garin, Torunn Atteraas
222:
173:
3923:Viennese coffee house
3454:Karlsbad coffee maker
2148:English afternoon tea
912:US Patent 4409253
639:Health effects of tea
459:Health effects of tea
457:Further information:
416:contains 36 mg.
250:Torunn Atteraas Garin
220:
171:
4083:Coffee and doughnuts
3686:Indian filter coffee
3119:Single-origin coffee
2922:List of Chinese teas
821:US patent 897840
704:. Psychology Press.
677:10.1093/jat/30.8.611
671:. October 15, 2006.
256:Triglyceride process
239:green coffee extract
153:brand coffee in the
18:Decaffeinated coffee
4123:Used coffee grounds
2345:Teahouse or tearoom
1278:2004Natur.429..826S
800:Coffee Confidential
644:Low caffeine coffee
619:Caffeine-Free Pepsi
430:Coffea charrieriana
311:supercritical fluid
213:Swiss Water process
27:Removal of caffeine
4189:Chemical processes
4128:Sustainable coffee
3825:Organization lists
3786:RĂĽdesheimer Kaffee
3566:Café com cheirinho
3155:Sustainable coffee
3150:Shade-grown coffee
2945:Camellia taliensis
1557:"Tea and Caffeine"
1187:2008-05-27 at the
1107:laws.justice.gc.ca
1052:How Do They Do It?
1011:The New York Times
964:Dowling, Stephen.
950:2006-12-30 at the
505:phenylacetaldehyde
358:. You can help by
223:
174:
40:is the removal of
4194:Coffee production
4171:
4170:
4149:Coffee portal
4067:World Brewers Cup
3691:Ipoh white coffee
3172:Coffee wastewater
3140:Coffee production
3124:Third-wave coffee
3051:
3050:
3029:
3028:
2938:Camellia sasanqua
2931:Camellia japonica
2614:
2613:
2471:
2470:
2193:
2192:
2168:Maghrebi mint tea
1958:Huangshan Maofeng
1657:Camellia sinensis
1553:Upton Tea Imports
1357:978-94-010-4947-4
624:Coffee substitute
592:Technology portal
522:In addition to CO
453:Decaffeinated tea
435:caffeine synthase
376:
375:
237:The process uses
16:(Redirected from
4201:
4162:Category: Coffee
4159:
4158:
4147:
4146:
4098:Coffee leaf rust
3971:Dandelion coffee
3837:Coffee companies
3676:Gassosa al caffè
3444:Espresso machine
3078:
3071:
3064:
3055:
3041:
3040:
2969:
2747:Burmese milk tea
2682:Phenolic content
2576:
2265:
2158:Lapsang souchong
1933:Lu'an Melon Seed
1685:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1622:
1615:
1614:
1605:(3–4): 325–330.
1594:
1588:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1572:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1454:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1414:(4): 1451–1456.
1403:
1397:
1396:
1379:(7): S497–S502.
1368:
1362:
1361:
1345:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1289:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1142:
1136:. Archived from
1131:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1044:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1021:
1015:
1014:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
986:
980:
979:
977:
976:
961:
955:
942:
936:
927:
921:
920:
919:
915:
908:
902:
893:
887:
886:
884:
883:
877:
870:
861:
855:
854:
852:
851:
842:. Archived from
836:
830:
829:
828:
824:
817:
811:
810:
808:
806:
791:
778:
777:
762:
756:
755:
727:
716:
715:
703:
693:
687:
686:
684:
683:
665:
608:
603:
602:
594:
589:
588:
371:
368:
350:
343:
273:Supercritical CO
243:activated carbon
232:British Columbia
98:supercritical CO
21:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4141:
4132:
4071:
4045:
4000:Serving vessels
3995:
3927:
3846:
3820:
3726:Latte macchiato
3596:Caffè macchiato
3512:
3351:
3310:
3195:
3186:
3167:Coffee roasting
3128:
3087:
3082:
3052:
3047:
3025:
2967:
2843:
2809:Seven-color tea
2762:Doodh pati chai
2729:
2723:
2665:
2610:
2574:
2505:
2504:Production and
2499:
2467:
2386:
2328:
2254:
2189:
2178:Russian Caravan
2173:Prince of Wales
2136:Breakfast tea (
2118:
2111:
2078:
2074:Huoshan Huangya
2069:Junshan Yinzhen
2055:
2027:
1879:
1815:Dongfang meiren
1771:
1680:
1674:
1661:
1649:
1619:
1618:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1583:
1579:
1570:
1568:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1516:
1515:
1511:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1337:
1336:
1332:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1287:10.1038/429826a
1259:
1258:
1254:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1189:Wayback Machine
1180:
1176:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1155:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1134:The Unscrambler
1129:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1109:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1086:
1084:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1058:on 1 April 2019
1046:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1005:
1004:
1000:
992:
988:
987:
983:
974:
972:
963:
962:
958:
952:Wayback Machine
943:
939:
928:
924:
917:
910:
909:
905:
894:
890:
881:
879:
875:
868:
863:
862:
858:
849:
847:
838:
837:
833:
826:
819:
818:
814:
804:
802:
793:
792:
781:
764:
763:
759:
729:
728:
719:
712:
695:
694:
690:
681:
679:
667:
666:
657:
652:
604:
597:
590:
583:
580:
525:
497:polar compounds
494:
466:
461:
455:
443:C. charrieriana
422:
403:
399:
381:
372:
366:
363:
356:needs expansion
341:
335:
328:
324:
320:
316:
308:
300:
292:
288:
279:
276:
258:
215:
198:
196:Indirect method
186:dichloromethane
118:Ludwig Roselius
114:
109:
101:
90:dichloromethane
86:
66:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4207:
4205:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4176:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4152:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4093:Coffee service
4090:
4085:
4079:
4077:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4053:
4051:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4032:
4031:
4021:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3937:
3935:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3893:Coffee cupping
3890:
3888:Coffee culture
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3863:Bikini barista
3860:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3811:Wiener Melange
3808:
3803:
3798:
3796:Turkish coffee
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3736:Liqueur coffee
3733:
3728:
3723:
3721:Kurdish coffee
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3636:Dalgona coffee
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3616:Coffee cabinet
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3586:Caffè corretto
3583:
3578:
3573:
3571:Café con leche
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3522:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3498:Turkish coffee
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3466:Instant coffee
3463:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3446:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3419:
3414:
3413:
3412:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3311:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3294:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3273:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3201:
3199:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3177:Decaffeination
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3145:Organic coffee
3136:
3134:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3058:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2975:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2958:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2697:
2692:
2684:
2679:
2677:Health effects
2673:
2671:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2636:Compressed tea
2633:
2628:
2626:Flowering teas
2622:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2582:
2580:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2523:Decaffeination
2515:
2509:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2354:
2351:Cha chaan teng
2347:
2342:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2302:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2271:
2269:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2134:
2123:
2121:
2119:flavoured teas
2113:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2046:Baihao Yinzhen
2043:
2037:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2008:Mengding Ganlu
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1953:Taiping houkui
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1889:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1693:
1691:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1663:
1662:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1625:
1617:
1616:
1589:
1577:
1544:
1525:(6): 421–464.
1509:
1482:(3): 191–192.
1476:J Appl Toxicol
1466:
1445:(6): 597–603.
1425:
1408:Food Chemistry
1398:
1363:
1356:
1330:
1309:
1252:
1217:
1205:
1193:
1174:
1153:
1118:
1093:
1069:
1039:
1016:
998:
981:
956:
954:, Jan 04, 2007
937:
922:
903:
888:
856:
831:
812:
779:
776:on 2012-02-08.
757:
717:
710:
688:
654:
653:
651:
648:
647:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
610:
609:
595:
579:
576:
523:
492:
464:
454:
451:
421:
418:
401:
397:
380:
377:
374:
373:
353:
351:
337:Main article:
334:
331:
326:
322:
318:
314:
306:
298:
295:critical point
290:
286:
278:
274:
271:
257:
254:
248:Food engineer
214:
211:
197:
194:
113:
110:
108:
105:
99:
85:
82:
65:
62:
38:Decaffeination
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4206:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4181:
4179:
4164:
4163:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4135:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4113:Canned coffee
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3961:Cereal coffee
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3941:Barley coffee
3939:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3898:Coffee palace
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3868:Caffè sospeso
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3806:White Russian
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3656:Frappé coffee
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3556:Cà phê sữa đá
3554:
3552:
3551:Black Russian
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3536:Beaten coffee
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3518:Coffee drinks
3515:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3455:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3380:Brewed coffee
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3370:Arabic coffee
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
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3182:Home roasting
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2952:Tea research
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2742:Builder's tea
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2372:Sukiya-zukuri
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2100:
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2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
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2085:
2084:Fermented tea
2081:
2075:
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2019:
2016:
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1727:Golden Monkey
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1326:
1325:
1324:New Scientist
1320:
1313:
1310:
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1301:
1297:
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1283:
1279:
1275:
1272:(6994): 826.
1271:
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1157:
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1143:on 2016-03-03
1139:
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1013:. 1 May 2002.
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900:
899:
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878:on 2014-08-21
874:
867:
860:
857:
846:on 2012-06-29
845:
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749:
745:
741:
738:(5): 441–56.
737:
733:
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724:
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718:
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711:9780415927222
707:
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606:Coffee portal
601:
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561:Wuyi Mountain
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354:This section
352:
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266:triglycerides
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195:
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190:ethyl acetate
187:
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155:United States
152:
149:and later as
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:, then using
128:
124:
119:
112:Direct method
111:
106:
104:
102:
95:
94:ethyl acetate
91:
83:
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78:
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63:
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59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
33:
19:
4154:
4140:
4050:Competitions
4036:Tasse à café
3873:Coffee break
3842:Coffeehouses
3832:Bakery cafés
3801:White coffee
3791:Tenom coffee
3696:Irish coffee
3576:Café de olla
3561:Café au lait
3503:Vacuum maker
3471:Coffee syrup
3461:French press
3327:Caffeic acid
3296:
3289:
3275:
3270:Charrieriana
3268:
3204:
3176:
3006:Koththamalli
2981:Cannabis tea
2943:
2936:
2929:
2910:Tea classics
2814:Shahi haleeb
2534:Cultivation
2522:
2513:Leaf grading
2506:distribution
2377:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2285:Tasseography
2182:
2023:Tamaryokucha
1893:Anji bai cha
1860:Shui Jin Gui
1835:Huang Meigui
1830:Huangjin Gui
1790:Ban Tian Yao
1655:
1602:
1598:
1592:
1580:
1569:. Retrieved
1564:
1560:
1547:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1341:
1333:
1322:
1312:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1233:(2): 63–76.
1230:
1226:
1220:
1208:
1196:
1177:
1168:
1156:
1145:. Retrieved
1138:the original
1133:
1121:
1110:. Retrieved
1106:
1096:
1085:. Retrieved
1081:
1072:
1060:. Retrieved
1056:the original
1042:
1019:
1010:
1001:
984:
973:. Retrieved
969:
959:
940:
931:
925:
906:
897:
891:
880:. Retrieved
873:the original
859:
848:. Retrieved
844:the original
834:
815:
803:. Retrieved
799:
774:the original
769:
760:
735:
731:
699:
691:
680:. Retrieved
568:
565:
553:
541:
521:
512:
486:
480:
475:culture) or
462:
447:knocking out
442:
428:
426:
423:
406:
382:
364:
360:adding to it
355:
280:
263:
259:
247:
236:
224:
201:
199:
177:
175:
142:
138:
115:
87:
67:
57:
46:coffee beans
37:
36:
4103:Coffee wars
3933:Substitutes
3903:Coffeehouse
3716:Kopi tubruk
3681:Iced coffee
3661:Frappuccino
3631:Café Cubano
3621:Coffee milk
3601:Caffè mocha
3591:Caffè crema
3449:French drip
3417:Drip coffee
3400:Coffeemaker
3357:Preparation
3337:Coffee bean
3242:Maracaturra
2906:Literature
2819:Suutei tsai
2700:Flavan-3-ol
2619:Preparation
2408:Azerbaijani
2163:Masala chai
2153:Jasmine tea
2117:Blended or
1805:Da Hong Pao
1800:Bu Zhi Chun
1732:Jin Jun Mei
1439:Mutagenesis
1025:US 4113887A
970:www.bbc.com
557:pu-erh teas
473:Chinese tea
439:theobromine
234:, in 1988.
206:equilibrium
163:Kraft Foods
4178:Categories
4088:Coffee bag
4007:Coffee cup
3946:Barley tea
3771:Raf coffee
3751:Marocchino
3741:Long black
3711:Kopi luwak
3651:Flat white
3641:Egg coffee
3606:Cappuccino
3581:Café Touba
3493:Percolator
3395:Chorreador
3315:Components
3247:Maragogipe
3133:Production
3104:Fair trade
2991:Dried lime
2973:Herbal tea
2752:Butter tea
2737:Bubble tea
2728:Tea-based
2717:Theaflavin
2686:Compounds
2586:Bangladesh
2579:By country
2563:Chittagong
2518:Processing
2458:Senegalese
2391:By country
2340:Tea garden
2250:Vietnamese
2205:Australian
2061:Yellow tea
1973:Kamairicha
1903:Baimao Hou
1875:Tieguanyin
1785:Bai Jiguan
1777:Oolong tea
1767:Yingdehong
1717:Darjeeling
1571:2007-01-26
1147:2015-12-08
1112:2018-07-19
1087:2015-12-08
975:2020-08-07
882:2014-08-20
850:2012-08-20
805:29 October
682:2008-01-12
650:References
548:astringent
477:oolong tea
471:("red" in
367:April 2022
182:carcinogen
143:Café Sanka
135:Kaffee HAG
77:belladonna
4024:Demitasse
3951:Barleycup
3918:Latte art
3913:Kopi tiam
3883:CoffeeCon
3851:Lifestyle
3816:Yuenyeung
3781:Ristretto
3611:Carajillo
3531:Americano
3437:ristretto
3405:Cold brew
3365:AeroPress
3222:Bonifieur
3197:varieties
3099:Economics
2986:Chamomile
2839:Yuenyeung
2829:Teh tarik
2824:Sweet tea
2804:Noon chai
2641:Decoction
2601:Sri Lanka
2554:Auctions
2545:Companies
2463:Taiwanese
2448:Pakistani
2428:Hong Kong
2423:Dominican
2413:Brazilian
2403:Argentine
2358:Chashitsu
2317:Taiwanese
2280:Tea party
2240:Taiwanese
2131:Lady Grey
2127:Earl Grey
2041:Bai Mudan
2033:White tea
1968:Kabusecha
1938:Gunpowder
1928:Genmaicha
1913:Biluochun
1885:Green tea
1870:Tieluohan
1865:Shui Xian
1810:Dong ding
1689:Black tea
1681:varieties
529:catechins
499:(such as
469:black tea
420:Decaffito
414:Coca-Cola
4184:Caffeine
3981:Maya nut
3756:Mazagran
3646:Espresso
3526:Affogato
3483:Moka pot
3478:Knockbox
3422:Espresso
3332:Caffeine
3322:Cafestol
3291:Racemosa
3277:Liberica
3043:Category
2880:Strainer
2848:See also
2834:Thai tea
2799:Milk tea
2784:Jagertee
2772:Iced tea
2705:Catechin
2695:Theanine
2690:Caffeine
2661:Tea lady
2651:Steeping
2631:Infusion
2568:Guwahati
2538:Diseases
2438:Japanese
2398:American
2322:Ryukyuan
2307:Japanese
2107:Kombucha
1988:Longjing
1918:Chun Mee
1855:Ruan zhi
1840:Jin Xuan
1795:Baozhong
1722:Dianhong
1555:(2003).
1504:42678826
1393:17995663
1296:15215853
1247:36008460
1185:Archived
948:Archived
752:10516914
578:See also
537:mutagens
533:flavanol
501:linalool
159:Café HAG
42:caffeine
3966:Chicory
3858:Barista
3776:Red eye
3761:Moretta
3626:Cortado
3546:Bicerin
3347:Kahweol
3298:Robusta
3252:Molokai
3227:Bourbon
3212:Benguet
3206:Arabica
3192:Species
3109:History
3021:Rooibos
3001:Guayusa
2900:Tea set
2875:Infuser
2855:Teaware
2794:Lei cha
2656:Tea bag
2530:Tasting
2477:History
2453:Russian
2443:Mexican
2418:Chinese
2300:Yum cha
2295:Chinese
2268:Customs
2260:Culture
2245:Turkish
2225:Chinese
2215:British
2198:General
2138:English
2051:Shoumei
2018:Shincha
1998:Maojian
1983:Kukicha
1978:Konacha
1948:HĹŤjicha
1943:Gyokuro
1825:Gaoshan
1820:Fo Shou
1747:Nilgiri
1679:Common
1670:History
1539:9759559
1496:1629514
1461:8962430
1304:4428420
1274:Bibcode
1062:1 April
770:Illumin
544:tannins
517:hexenal
509:hexanal
400:, as CO
277:process
228:Burnaby
131:benzene
4160:
4012:sleeve
3986:Postum
3766:Oliang
3671:Garoto
3427:doppio
3385:Chemex
3375:Jebena
3283:Barako
3262:Sagada
3232:Geisha
3092:Topics
3085:Coffee
3011:Kuding
2996:Ginger
2917:Coffee
2895:Gaiwan
2890:Teapot
2885:Teacup
2870:Chawan
2789:Kahwah
2757:Chifir
2730:drinks
2670:Health
2596:Rwanda
2558:London
2433:Indian
2365:Mizuya
2312:Korean
2235:Nepali
2230:Korean
2220:Ceylon
2210:Arabic
2102:Lahpet
2097:Doncha
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