Decision-making - Knowledge (XXG)

1740:"Unlike the combinational player, the positional player is occupied, first and foremost, with the elaboration of the position that will allow him to develop in the unknown future. In playing the positional style, the player must evaluate relational and material parameters as independent variables. ... The positional style gives the player the opportunity to develop a position until it becomes pregnant with a combination. However, the combination is not the final goal of the positional player – it helps him to achieve the desirable, keeping in mind a predisposition for the future development. The 1295:

decision-making behavior is somewhat present for children, ages 11–12 and older, but decreases in presence the younger they are. The reason children are not as fluid in their decision making is because they lack the ability to weigh the cost and effort needed to gather information in the decision-making process. Some possibilities that explain this inability are knowledge deficits and lack of utilization skills. Children lack the metacognitive knowledge necessary to know when to use any strategies they do possess to change their approach to decision-making.

1401:. Teens can become addicted to risky behavior because they are in a high state of arousal and are rewarded for it not only by their own internal functions but also by their peers around them. A recent study suggests that adolescents have difficulties adequately adjusting beliefs in response to bad news (such as reading that smoking poses a greater risk to health than they thought), but do not differ from adults in their ability to alter beliefs in response to good news. This creates biased beliefs, which may lead to greater risk taking. 402:

Armitage Miller suggests that humans' decision making becomes inhibited because human brains can only hold a limited amount of information. Crystal C. Hall and colleagues described an "illusion of knowledge", which means that as individuals encounter too much knowledge, it can interfere with their ability to make rational decisions. Other names for information overload are information anxiety, information explosion, infobesity, and infoxication.

1809:. She claimed that a person's decision-making style correlates well with how they score on these four dimensions. For example, someone who scored near the thinking, extroversion, sensing, and judgment ends of the dimensions would tend to have a logical, analytical, objective, critical, and empirical decision-making style. However, some psychologists say that the MBTI lacks reliability and validity and is poorly constructed. 6458: 1726:

sequence of moves aimed at reaching the set goal. As a rule, this sequence leaves no options for the opponent. Finding a combinational objective allows the player to focus all his energies on efficient execution, that is, the player's analysis may be limited to the pieces directly partaking in the combination. This approach is the crux of the combination and the combinational style of play.

1313: 443: 208: 965: 31: 1248:. Rational choice theory says that a person consistently makes choices that lead to the best situation for themselves, taking into account all available considerations including costs and benefits; the rationality of these considerations is from the point of view of the person themselves, so a decision is not irrational just because someone else finds it questionable. 1378:. In the past, researchers have thought that adolescent behavior was simply due to incompetency regarding decision-making. Currently, researchers have concluded that adults and adolescents are both competent decision-makers, not just adults. However, adolescents' competent decision-making skills decrease when psychosocial capacities become present. 264:, or problem analysis, and decision-making. Problem solving is the process of investigating the given information and finding all possible solutions through invention or discovery. Traditionally, it is argued that problem solving is a step towards decision making, so that the information gathered in that process may be used towards decision-making. 1884: 1393:. However, the socioemotional network changes quickly and abruptly, while the cognitive-control network changes more gradually. Because of this difference in change, the cognitive-control network, which usually regulates the socioemotional network, struggles to control the socioemotional network when psychosocial capacities are present. 1898: 153:(MCDA). This area of decision-making, although long established, has attracted the interest of many researchers and practitioners and is still highly debated as there are many MCDA methods which may yield very different results when they are applied to exactly the same data. This leads to the formulation of a 1831:

In the general decision-making style (GDMS) test developed by Suzanne Scott and Reginald Bruce, there are five decision-making styles: rational, intuitive, dependent, avoidant, and spontaneous. These five different decision-making styles change depending on the context and situation, and one style is

1725:

In defining the combinational style in chess, Katsenelinboigen wrote: "The combinational style features a clearly formulated limited objective, namely the capture of material (the main constituent element of a chess position). The objective is implemented via a well-defined, and in some cases, unique

1568:

involves the idea that when faced with a decision-making event, an individual is more likely to take on a risk when evaluating potential losses, and are more likely to avoid risks when evaluating potential gains. This can influence one's decision-making depending if the situation entails a threat, or

570:

not only represent the formation of a decision but also signal the degree of certainty (or "confidence") associated with the decision. A 2012 study found that rats and humans can optimally accumulate incoming sensory evidence, to make statistically optimal decisions. Another study found that lesions

428:

is when a person evades the situation entirely by not ever making a decision. Decision avoidance is different from analysis paralysis because this sensation is about avoiding the situation entirely, while analysis paralysis is continually looking at the decisions to be made but still unable to make a

1840:

style is an in-depth search for, and a strong consideration of, other options and/or information prior to making a decision. In this style, the individual would research the new job being offered, review their current job, and look at the pros and cons of taking the new job versus staying with their

1559:

is a specific type of framing effect that affects decision-making. It involves an individual making a decision about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation. An example of this would be an individual that is refraining from dropping a class that they are most

1365:

During their adolescent years, teens are known for their high-risk behaviors and rash decisions. Research has shown that there are differences in cognitive processes between adolescents and adults during decision-making. Researchers have concluded that differences in decision-making are not due to a

575:

resulted in impaired decision-making in the long run of reinforcement guided tasks suggesting that the ACC may be involved in evaluating past reinforcement information and guiding future action. It has recently been argued that the development of formal frameworks will allow neuroscientists to study

184:

The decision-maker's environment can play a part in the decision-making process. For example, environmental complexity is a factor that influences cognitive function. A complex environment is an environment with a large number of different possible states which come and go over time. Studies done at

148:

A major part of decision-making involves the analysis of a finite set of alternatives described in terms of evaluative criteria. Then the task might be to rank these alternatives in terms of how attractive they are to the decision-maker(s) when all the criteria are considered simultaneously. Another

1848:

style is confidence in one's initial feelings and gut reactions. In this style, if the individual initially prefers the new job because they have a feeling that the work environment is better suited for them, then they would decide to take the new job. The individual might not make this decision as

1640:

simply try to find a solution that is "good enough". Maximizers tend to take longer making decisions due to the need to maximize performance across all variables and make tradeoffs carefully; they also tend to more often regret their decisions (perhaps because they are more able than satisficers to

1575:

is a tendency to overestimate the likelihood of positive events occurring in the future and underestimate the likelihood of negative life events. Such biased expectations are generated and maintained in the face of counter-evidence through a tendency to discount undesirable information. An optimism

1409:

Adults are generally better able to control their risk-taking because their cognitive-control system has matured enough to the point where it can control the socioemotional network, even in the context of high arousal or when psychosocial capacities are present. Also, adults are less likely to find

1263:

Rational decision making is a multi-step process for making choices between alternatives. The process of rational decision making favors logic, objectivity, and analysis over subjectivity and insight. Irrational decision is more counter to logic. The decisions are made in haste and outcomes are not

386:

Groupthink is another occurrence that falls under the idea of extinction by instinct. Groupthink is when members in a group become more involved in the “value of the group (and their being part of it) higher than anything else”; thus, creating a habit of making decisions quickly and unanimously. In

360:

is the state that a person enters where they are unable to make a decision, in effect paralyzing the outcome. Some of the main causes for analysis paralysis is the overwhelming flood of incoming data or the tendency to overanalyze the situation at hand. There are said to be three different types of

1298:

When it comes to the idea of fairness in decision making, children and adults differ much less. Children are able to understand the concept of fairness in decision making from an early age. Toddlers and infants, ranging from 9–21 months, understand basic principles of equality. The main difference

1294:

It has been found that, unlike adults, children are less likely to have research strategy behaviors. One such behavior is adaptive decision-making, which is described as funneling and then analyzing the more promising information provided if the number of options to choose from increases. Adaptive

1597:

In groups, people generate decisions through active and complex processes. One method consists of three steps: initial preferences are expressed by members; the members of the group then gather and share information concerning those preferences; finally, the members combine their views and make a

1396:

When adolescents are exposed to social and emotional stimuli, their socioemotional network is activated as well as areas of the brain involved in reward processing. Because teens often gain a sense of reward from risk-taking behaviors, their repetition becomes ever more probable due to the reward

401:

Information overload is "a gap between the volume of information and the tools we have to assimilate" it. Information used in decision-making is to reduce or eliminate the uncertainty. Excessive information affects problem processing and tasking, which affects decision-making. Psychologist George

369:

The second is decision precision paralysis. This paralysis is cyclical, just like the first one, but instead of going over the same information, the decision-maker will find new questions and information from their analysis and that will lead them to explore into further possibilities rather than

646:

tries to avoid "winners" and "losers". Consensus requires that a majority approve a given course of action, but that the minority agree to go along with the course of action. In other words, if the minority opposes the course of action, consensus requires that the course of action be modified to

1231:

Conflicts in socialization are divided in to functional and dysfunctional types. Functional conflicts are mostly the questioning the managers assumptions in their decision making and dysfunctional conflicts are like personal attacks and every action which decrease team effectiveness. Functional

423:

needed to analyze all possible solutions. Impulsive decision-making and decision avoidance are two possible paths that extend from decision fatigue. Impulse decisions are made more often when a person is tired of analysis situations or solutions; the solution they make is to act and not think.

1706:

Katsenelinboigen states that apart from the methods (reactive and selective) and sub-methods (randomization, predispositioning, programming), there are two major styles: positional and combinational. Both styles are utilized in the game of chess. The two styles reflect two basic approaches to

613:

theory of how decisions are made in the face of uncertain outcomes. This theory holds that such decisions are aided by emotions, in the form of bodily states, that are elicited during the deliberation of future consequences and that mark different options for behavior as being advantageous or

382:

On the opposite side of analysis paralysis is the phenomenon called extinction by instinct. Extinction by instinct is the state that a person is in when they make careless decisions without detailed planning or thorough systematic processes. Extinction by instinct can possibly be fixed by

189:

have shown that more complex environments correlate with higher cognitive function, which means that a decision can be influenced by the location. One experiment measured complexity in a room by the number of small objects and appliances present; a simple room had less of those things.

1667:: an automatic intuitive system (called "System 1") and an effortful rational system (called "System 2"). System 1 is a bottom-up, fast, and implicit system of decision-making, while system 2 is a top-down, slow, and explicit system of decision-making. System 1 includes simple 149:

task might be to find the best alternative or to determine the relative total priority of each alternative (for instance, if alternatives represent projects competing for funds) when all the criteria are considered simultaneously. Solving such problems is the focus of

1440:): People tend to be willing to gather facts that support certain conclusions but disregard other facts that support different conclusions. Individuals who are highly defensive in this manner show significantly greater left prefrontal cortex activity as measured by 1703:. In his analysis on styles and methods, Katsenelinboigen referred to the game of chess, saying that "chess does disclose various methods of operation, notably the creation of predisposition-methods which may be applicable to other, more complex systems." 614:

disadvantageous. This process involves an interplay between neural systems that elicit emotional/bodily states and neural systems that map these emotional/bodily states. A recent lesion mapping study of 152 patients with focal brain lesions conducted by

1624:" to express the idea that human decision-making is limited by available information, available time and the mind's information-processing ability. Further psychological research has identified individual differences between two cognitive styles: 1529:: People tend to attribute their own success to internal factors, including abilities and talents, but explain their failures in terms of external factors such as bad luck. The reverse bias is shown when people explain others' success or failure. 1507:

Source credibility bias is a tendency to reject a person's statement on the basis of a bias against the person, organization, or group to which the person belongs. People preferentially accept statements by others that they like (see also

1598:

single choice about how to face the problem. Although these steps are relatively ordinary, judgements are often distorted by cognitive and motivational biases, include "sins of commission", "sins of omission", and "sins of imprecision".

365:

The first is analysis process paralysis. This type of paralysis is often spoken of as a cyclical process. One is unable to make a decision because they get stuck going over the information again and again for fear of making the wrong

383:

implementing a structural system, like checks and balances into a group or one's life. Analysis paralysis is the exact opposite where a group's schedule could be saturated by too much of a structural checks and balance system.

739:

is a facilitation method that relies on the use of special forms called Dotmocracy. They are sheets that allows large groups to collectively brainstorm and recognize agreements on an unlimited number of ideas they have each

1251:

In reality, however, there are some factors that affect decision-making abilities and cause people to make irrational decisions – for example, to make contradictory choices when faced with the same problem

1410:

themselves in situations that push them to do risky things. For example, teens are more likely to be around peers who peer pressure them into doing things, while adults are not as exposed to this sort of social setting.

1856:

style is asking for other people's input and instructions on what decision should be made. In this style, the individual could ask friends, family, coworkers, etc., but the individual might not ask all of these

117:

and beliefs. Tacit knowledge is often used to fill the gaps in complex decision-making processes. Usually, both of these types of knowledge, tacit and explicit, are used together in the decision-making process.

1178:

Establishing community: Create and nurture the relationships, norms, and procedures that will influence how problems are understood and communicated. This stage takes place prior to and during a moral dilemma.

373:

The third is risk uncertainty paralysis. This paralysis occurs when the decision-maker wants to eliminate any uncertainty but the examination of provided information is unable to get rid of all uncertainty.

324:

The decisive actions are taken, and additional actions are taken to prevent any adverse consequences from becoming problems and starting both systems (problem analysis and decision-making) all over again

6303: 1515:

Incremental decision-making and escalating commitment: People look at a decision as a small step in a process, and this tends to perpetuate a series of similar decisions. This can be contrasted with

1190:

Motivation: Examine the competing commitments which may distract from a more moral course of action and then prioritize and commit to moral values over other personal, institutional or social values.

1460:). In one demonstration of this effect, discounting of arguments with which one disagrees (by judging them as untrue or irrelevant) was decreased by selective activation of right prefrontal cortex. 3552:

Reimann, Martin; Bechara, Antoine (October 2010). "The somatic marker framework as a neurological theory of decision-making: review, conceptual comparisons, and future neuroeconomics research".

1271:(SEU) theory, which describes the rational behavior of the decision maker. The decision maker assesses different alternatives by their utilities and the subjective probability of occurrence. 1274:

Rational decision-making is often grounded on experience and theories that are able to put this approach on solid mathematical grounds so that subjectivity is reduced to a minimum, see e.g.

1871:

style is a need to make a decision as soon as possible rather than waiting to make a decision. In this style, the individual would either reject or accept the job as soon as it is offered.

3457:

Kennerley, Steven W.; Walton, Mark E.; Behrens, Timothy E. J.; Buckley, Mark J.; Rushworth, Matthew F. S. (July 2006). "Optimal decision making and the anterior cingulate cortex".

3502:

Hunt, L. T.; Daw, N. D.; Kaanders, P.; MacIver, M. A.; Mugan, U.; Procyk, E.; Redish, A. D.; Russo, E.; Scholl, J.; Stachenfeld, K.; Wilson, C. R. E.; Kolling, N. (21 June 2021).

1864:

style is averting the responsibility of making a decision. In this style, the individual would not make a decision. Therefore, the individual would stick with their current job.

5358: 3503: 3217:

Walton, Mark E.; Devlin, Joseph T.; Rushworth, Matthew F. S. (November 2004). "Interactions between decision making and performance monitoring within prefrontal cortex".

3161: 2905: 4531: 3969:

Mann, Leon; Harmoni, Ros; Power, Colin; Beswick, Gery; Ormond, Cheryl (July 1988). "Effectiveness of the GOFER course in decision making for high school students".

3705: 1425: 1370:

capacities that influence decision-making. Examples of their undeveloped capacities which influence decision-making would be impulse control, emotion regulation,

906:

In the 1980s, psychologist Leon Mann and colleagues developed a decision-making process called GOFER, which they taught to adolescents, as summarized in the book

6494: 1813: 419:

is when a sizable amount of decision-making leads to a decline in decision-making skills. People who make decisions in an extended period of time begin to lose

4841:

Drake, R. A. (1993). "Processing persuasive arguments: 2. Discounting of truth and relevance as a function of agreement and manipulated activation asymmetry".

4283:

Crozier, W. Ray; Ranyard, Rob (1997). "Cognitive process models and explanations of decision making". In Ranyard, Rob; Crozier, W. Ray; Svenson, Ola (eds.).

4145: 1773:, a person's decision-making process depends to a significant degree on their cognitive style. Myers developed a set of four bi-polar dimensions, called the 4722: 4650: 3587: 3393: 1421:

usually affect decision-making processes. They appear more when decision task has time pressure, is done under high stress and/or task is highly complex.

1299:

found is that more complex principles of fairness in decision making such as contextual and intentional information do not come until children get older.

1228:

It is said that establishing critical norms in a group improves the quality of decisions, while the majority of opinions (called consensus norms) do not.

6916: 1668: 5576: 5456: 1832:

not necessarily better than any other. In the examples below, the individual is working for a company and is offered a job from a different company.

1466:

is a tendency to want to see things in a certain – usually positive – light, which can distort perception and thinking.

6537: 543:

study found distinctive patterns of neural activation in these regions depending on whether decisions were made on the basis of perceived personal

194:

was greatly affected by the higher measure of environmental complexity, making it easier to think about the situation and make a better decision.

1711:: deterministic (combinational style) and indeterministic (positional style). Katsenelinboigen's definition of the two styles are the following. 1381:

Research has shown that risk-taking behaviors in adolescents may be the product of interactions between the socioemotional brain network and its

2636: 1215:

Conflict. Once group members become familiar with each other, disputes, little fights and arguments occur. Group members eventually work it out.

6906: 5613: 4814: 2056: 5662: 4969: 4268: 1911: 5234: 1543:: People tend to underestimate future uncertainty because of a tendency to believe they have more control over events than they really do. 6339: 150: 1389:. The cognitive-control network assists in planning and self-regulation. Both of these sections of the brain change over the course of 6440: 5401: 5302: 5290: 5247: 5203: 5163: 5118: 5027: 4939: 4843: 4658: 4304: 4244: 4119: 3945: 3883: 3842: 3806: 3732: 3276: 3136: 3112: 3079: 2620: 2565: 2497: 2436: 2326: 2279: 2216: 2190: 2161: 2127: 2108: 1232:

conflicts are the better ones to gain higher quality decision making caused by the increased team knowledge and shared understanding.

67: 2665: 683:

information. The option with the highest total or average is chosen. This method has experimentally been shown to produce the lowest

6487: 6354: 6344: 6083: 6063: 4879: 2694: 2089: 1352: 1048: 490: 247: 986: 979: 889:

when faced with highly complex decisions or when considering many stakeholders, categories, or other factors that affect decisions.

4810:"Individual differences in anterior EEG asymmetry between high and low defensive individuals during a rumination/distraction task" 2403: 1475:

Recency: People tend to place more attention on more recent information and either ignore or forget more distant information (see

729:

is a structured communication technique for groups, originally developed for collaborative forecasting but has also been used for

634:

techniques and individual decision-making techniques. Individual decision-making techniques can also often be applied by a group.

5994: 5927: 2919:

Miller, George A. (1956). "The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information".

1330: 659:

requires support from more than 50% of the members of the group. Thus, the bar for action is lower than with consensus. See also

464: 290:

Most likely cause of a problem is the one that exactly explains all the facts, while having the fewest (or weakest) assumptions (

225: 101:

activity yielding a solution deemed to be optimal, or at least satisfactory. It is therefore a process which can be more or less

4377:"Outcomes versus intentions in fairness-related decision making: School-aged children's decisions are just like those of adults" 1774: 4872:"Dissociating confidence and accuracy: Functional magnetic resonance imaging shows origins of the subjective memory experience" 4651:"Peer influence on risk taking, risk preference, and risky decision making in adolescence and adulthood: an experimental study" 4525:

Moutsiana, Christina; Garrett, Neil; Clarke, Richard C.; Lotto, R. Beau; Blakemore, Sarah-Jayne; Sharot, Tali (October 2013).

1488:

Repetition bias is a willingness to believe what one has been told most often and by the greatest number of different sources.

1029: 6654: 6547: 6522: 6318: 5932: 5236:

The concept of indeterminism and its applications: economics, social systems, ethics, artificial intelligence, and aesthetics

3554: 1820:

has found that American, Japanese and Chinese business leaders each exhibit a distinctive national style of decision-making.

1334: 548: 536: 468: 229: 4023:

Guo, Kristina L. (June 2008). "DECIDE: a decision-making model for more effective decision making by health care managers".

2812: 1001: 62:

resulting in the selection of a belief or a course of action among several possible alternative options. It could be either

853:

e.g. flipping a coin, cutting a deck of playing cards, and other random or coincidence methods – or prayer,

6613: 6527: 5737: 5428:

Martinsons, Maris G. (December 2006). "Comparing the decision styles of American, Chinese and Japanese business leaders".

4224: 743: 559: 555: 4871: 1472:

occurs when people distort their memories of chosen and rejected options to make the chosen options seem more attractive.

6875: 6480: 5687: 5574:

Scott, Susanne G.; Bruce, Reginald A. (1995). "Decision-making style: the development and assessment of a new measure".

1684: 1447:

Premature termination of search for evidence: People tend to accept the first alternative that looks like it might work.

170: 1184:

Interpretation: Identify competing explanations for the problem, and evaluate the drivers behind those interpretations.

1008: 6690: 6603: 6323: 6186: 5820: 5393: 5385: 3875: 2489: 2182: 1579: 1268: 1244:, it is thought that if humans are rational and free to make their own decisions, then they would behave according to 794: 589: 178: 173:

research shows that in situations with higher time pressure, higher stakes, or increased ambiguities, experts may use

128:: examining individual decisions in the context of a set of needs, preferences and values the individual has or seeks. 4376: 4340:

Gregan-Paxton, Jennifer; John, Deborah Roedder (June 1997). "The Emergence of Adaptive Decision Making in Children".

3709: 453: 327:

There are steps that are generally followed that result in a decision model that can be used to determine an optimal

134:: the decision-making process is regarded as a continuous process integrated in the interaction with the environment. 1385:. The socioemotional part of the brain processes social and emotional stimuli and has been shown to be important in 6552: 6313: 6068: 5195: 5110: 2594: 2553: 2310: 2267: 1951: 1663:

and Richard West, has theorized that a person's decision-making is the result of an interplay between two kinds of

876: 1323: 975: 576:

richer and more naturalistic paradigms than simple 2AFC decision tasks; in particular, such decisions may involve

472: 457: 218: 6700: 6685: 6181: 6073: 5805: 2036: 1991: 1961: 1626: 1612: 1546: 1253: 1015: 824: 643: 606: 528: 174: 141: 4693: 3440: 6896: 6715: 6593: 6588: 6532: 6435: 6191: 5655: 2011: 1700: 1491: 886: 777:: listing the advantages and disadvantages (benefits and costs, pros and cons) of each option, as suggested by 774: 508: 3682: 746:

occurs when an authority opens up the decision-making process to a group of people for a collaborative effort.

1281:

Rational decision is generally seen as the best or most likely decision to achieve the set goals or outcome.

6562: 6557: 6370: 6216: 6176: 6014: 5878: 5742: 5715: 5705: 4931: 3997: 2878:

Kutty, Ambalika D.; Kumar Shee, Himanshu; Pathak, R. D. (November 2007). "Decision-making: too much info!".

2589:

Armstrong, Jon Scott (2001). "Role playing: a method to forecast decisions". In Armstrong, Jon Scott (ed.).

2263: 2026: 1986: 1560:

likely to fail, due to the fact that they feel as though they have done so much work in the course thus far.

997: 882: 834: 666: 154: 5471: 2981: 2214:

Brockmann, Erich N.; Anthony, William P. (December 2016). "Tacit knowledge and strategic decision making".

1456:

Selective perception: People actively screen out information that they do not think is important (see also

558:

task (2AFC), in which a subject has to choose between two alternatives within a certain time. A study of a

6837: 6542: 6462: 6405: 6400: 6385: 6221: 6171: 6078: 5999: 5825: 5710: 4731: 4667: 3937: 3690: 3596: 2598: 2414: 2061: 2031: 1676: 1469: 1441: 1245: 1163: 619: 524: 186: 86: 5416:

Most personality psychologists regard the MBTI as little more than an elaborate Chinese fortune cookie...

6771: 6741: 6517: 6425: 6390: 6211: 6108: 6009: 5962: 5923: 5815: 5790: 5752: 5747: 5732: 5720: 5682: 5431: 5230: 4269:

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-management/chapter/rational-and-nonrational-decision-making/

3834: 2899: 1823:

The Myers–Briggs typology has been the subject of criticism regarding its poor psychometric properties.

1696: 1680: 1592: 1494:: Decisions are unduly influenced by initial information that shapes our view of subsequent information. 1371: 1275: 898:

A variety of researchers have formulated similar prescriptive steps aimed at improving decision-making.

844: 783: 631: 544: 24: 2843:

Duncan (1972). "Characteristics of organizational environments and perceived environment uncertainty".

387:

other words, a group stuck in groupthink is participating in the phenomenon of extinction by instinct.

6862: 6832: 6420: 6395: 6380: 6287: 6166: 6098: 6088: 5918: 5810: 5780: 4601: 4540: 3750: 3408: 3348: 2644: 2016: 1996: 1981: 1976: 1941: 1187:

Judgment: Sift through various possible actions or responses and determine which is more justifiable.

749: 532: 520: 396: 161:

decision-making is an important part of all science-based professions, where specialists apply their

4736: 4672: 4143:

Postmes, T; Spears, Russell; Cihangir, Sezgin (2001). "Quality of decision making and group norms".

3601: 2603: 6911: 6842: 6827: 6796: 6503: 6282: 6055: 6035: 5851: 5648: 5326: 5102: 5057: 3459: 3219: 2466: 2419: 2021: 1966: 1770: 1650: 1621: 1576:

bias can alter risk perception and decision-making in many domains, ranging from finance to health.

1540: 1382: 1162:

In 2009, professor John Pijanowski described how the Arkansas Program, an ethics curriculum at the

328: 6457: 4327:

Djulbegovic, B. (2017) Rational decision making in medicine: Implications for Overuse and Underuse

2593:. International series in operations research & management science. Vol. 30. Boston, MA: 165:

in a given area to make informed decisions. For example, medical decision-making often involves a

6852: 6847: 6598: 6567: 6445: 6231: 6133: 5972: 5937: 5885: 5873: 5856: 5835: 5795: 5593: 4904: 4749: 4717: 4646: 4627: 4197: 4048: 3779: 3614: 3534: 3484: 3432: 3244: 2962: 2860: 2789: 2381: 2304: 2233: 1526: 1062: 357: 347: 284:

Something can always be used to distinguish between what has and has not been affected by a cause

110: 4720:(April 2007). "Risk taking in adolescence: new perspectives from brain and behavioral science". 4375:

Jaroslawska, Agnieszka J.; McCormack, Teresa; Burns, Patrick; Caruso, Eugene M. (January 2020).

5261: 1553:

and presenting data in several formats (for example, using both absolute and relative scales).

19:

This article is about decision-making as analyzed in psychology. For a broader discipline, see

6901: 6806: 6746: 6415: 6349: 6143: 6138: 6103: 6045: 6040: 6019: 5967: 5861: 5800: 5556: 5521: 5437: 5407: 5397: 5334: 5331:

Introduction to type: a guide to understanding your results on the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator

5308: 5298: 5253: 5243: 5209: 5199: 5169: 5159: 5155: 5143: 5124: 5114: 5084: 5033: 5023: 4996: 4945: 4935: 4896: 4790: 4685: 4619: 4568: 4507: 4458: 4409: 4401: 4357: 4310: 4300: 4296: 4250: 4240: 4162: 4125: 4115: 4040: 3951: 3941: 3889: 3879: 3848: 3838: 3822: 3802: 3771: 3728: 3663: 3526: 3476: 3424: 3374: 3317: 3282: 3272: 3236: 3169: 3142: 3132: 3108: 3075: 3044: 3036: 2954: 2946: 2754: 2616: 2571: 2561: 2530: 2503: 2493: 2432: 2373: 2365: 2322: 2285: 2275: 2271: 2196: 2186: 2157: 2123: 2104: 2085: 1946: 1903: 1889: 1664: 1556: 1450: 1437: 810: 788: 504: 166: 5539:

Pittenger, David J. (2005). "Cautionary comments regarding the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator".

5441: 5333:. Introduction to type series (6th ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. 5294: 3867: 2557: 1022: 597:

appears able to aid the decision-making process. Decision-making often occurs in the face of

6811: 6781: 6710: 6705: 6644: 6629: 6196: 5954: 5944: 5866: 5727: 5622: 5585: 5548: 5511: 5367: 5074: 5066: 4986: 4978: 4888: 4852: 4823: 4780: 4741: 4677: 4609: 4592: 4558: 4548: 4497: 4489: 4448: 4440: 4391: 4349: 4284: 4189: 4154: 4079: 4032: 3978: 3909: 3763: 3653: 3645: 3606: 3563: 3518: 3468: 3416: 3364: 3356: 3309: 3228: 3200: 3100: 3067: 3026: 2996: 2982:"The illusion of knowledge: when more information reduces accuracy and increases confidence" 2936: 2928: 2887: 2852: 2781: 2746: 2637:"analysis paralysis | Definition of analysis paralysis in US English by Oxford Dictionaries" 2608: 2481: 2477: 2424: 2357: 2314: 2225: 2051: 2006: 2001: 1971: 1817: 1672: 1631: 1617: 1476: 1463: 806: 761: 702: 660: 425: 416: 411: 291: 181:

that fits their experience, and arrive at a course of action without weighing alternatives.

3337:"Representation of confidence associated with a decision by neurons in the parietal cortex" 3313: 3196:

Stopping Analysis Paralysis And Decision Avoidance In Business Analysis And Solution Design

6857: 6756: 6751: 6695: 6634: 6308: 6206: 6201: 6113: 6093: 5910: 5830: 5187: 4220: 3262: 2941: 2817: 2673: 2522: 2251: 2066: 2046: 1741: 1660: 1656: 1565: 1453:

is the unwillingness to change existing thought patterns in the face of new circumstances.

1099:

In 2008, Kristina Guo published the DECIDE model of decision-making, which has six parts:

838: 814: 753: 696: 684: 567: 353: 261: 191: 114: 98: 82: 66:

or irrational. The decision-making process is a reasoning process based on assumptions of

20: 4769:"Biases and heuristics in judgment and decision making: The dark side of tacit knowledge" 3931: 5496: 4870:

Chua, E. F.; Rand-Giovannetti, E.; Schacter, D. L.; Albert, M.; Sperling, R. A. (2004).

4605: 4544: 3412: 3352: 503:

Evaluation and analysis of past decisions is complementary to decision-making. See also

6786: 6776: 6731: 6675: 6572: 6410: 5147: 5079: 5052: 5019: 4991: 4964: 4924: 4563: 4526: 4502: 4477: 4453: 4036: 3658: 3633: 3369: 3336: 2470: 2442: 1520: 1481: 1257: 823:: examining alternatives only until the first acceptable one is found. The opposite is 721:

decision). As in score voting, it addresses issues of voting paradox and majority rule.

688: 615: 140:: the analysis of individual decisions concerned with the logic of decision-making, or 5626: 3826: 3104: 1925: 1208:

There are four stages or phases that should be involved in all group decision-making:

287:

Causes of problems can be deduced from relevant changes found in analyzing the problem

6890: 6766: 6761: 6736: 6608: 6430: 6375: 6277: 6226: 5597: 5353: 5287:

A concept of dramatic genre and the comedy of a new type: chess, literature, and film

4908: 4809: 4745: 4631: 4285: 4228: 4201: 3783: 3610: 3582: 3538: 3266: 3194: 2750: 2237: 1572: 1501: 1386: 1375: 1221: 870: 802: 730: 726: 692: 669:, where the largest faction in a group decides, even if it falls short of a majority. 563: 420: 356:

step on the way to making a decision, they could be experiencing analysis paralysis.

121:

Human performance has been the subject of active research from several perspectives:

106: 4753: 4180:

Brockmann, E.; Anthony, W. (2002). "Tacit knowledge and strategic decision making".

4052: 3618: 3436: 3300:

Gold, Joshua I.; Shadlen, Michael N. (2007). "The neural basis of decision making".

3248: 2966: 2385: 687:

among common voting methods, even when voters are strategic. It addresses issues of

318:

The alternative that is able to achieve all the objectives is the tentative decision

6801: 3927: 3767: 3488: 2255: 1956: 1367: 911: 847:: taking the most opposite action compared to the advice of mistrusted authorities. 672: 610: 540: 334: 1532:

Role fulfillment is a tendency to conform to others' decision-making expectations.

910:. The process was based on extensive earlier research conducted with psychologist 831:, in which many or all alternatives are examined in order to find the best option. 74:

and beliefs of the decision-maker. Every decision-making process produces a final

4768: 4233: 3634:"Distributed neural system for emotional intelligence revealed by lesion mapping" 2822: 2428: 2151: 1736:

a formation of semi-complete linkages between the initial step and final outcome.

1212:

Orientation. Members meet for the first time and start to get to know each other.

6254: 5589: 4428: 4111: 3204: 3000: 2612: 1936: 1708: 1536: 1312: 1151: 1139: 964: 820: 598: 442: 207: 102: 63: 5552: 5371: 4827: 4681: 4396: 4158: 3567: 3522: 1479:). The opposite effect in the first set of data or other information is termed 38:

representing a decision process when confronted with a lamp that fails to light

6791: 6259: 5671: 5611:

Thunholm, Peter (March 2004). "Decision-making style: habit, style or both?".

5516: 4982: 4100: 3913: 3583:"The role of emotion in decision making: a cognitive neuroscience perspective" 2806: 2344: 2318: 1879: 1636: 1497: 1171: 1144: 866: 862: 828: 736: 125: 71: 43: 5560: 5525: 5213: 5173: 5128: 5037: 4892: 4794: 4493: 4444: 4405: 4361: 4254: 4193: 3933:

Decision making: a psychological analysis of conflict, choice, and commitment

3775: 3504:"Formalizing planning and information search in naturalistic decision-making" 3173: 3146: 3040: 2950: 2758: 2369: 2361: 2229: 2082:

Thinking: The New Science of Decision-Making, Problem-Solving, and Prediction

1218:

Emergence. The group begins to clear up vague opinions by talking about them.

1193:

Action: Follow through with action that supports the more justified decision.

675:

lets each member score one or more of the available options, specifying both

6161: 6004: 5411: 5338: 5312: 5257: 4949: 4553: 4314: 4292: 4129: 4068:"The role of learning theory in building effective college ethics curricula" 3893: 3420: 3360: 3286: 2575: 2534: 2507: 2289: 2200: 2041: 1509: 1457: 1398: 1241: 950:

eview and implementation: Plan how to review the options and implement them.

162: 137: 131: 59: 35: 5088: 5000: 4900: 4856: 4689: 4623: 4572: 4511: 4462: 4413: 4267:

Boundless. (n.d.). Boundless Management. Retrieved December 11, 2020, from

4166: 4084: 4067: 4044: 3982: 3955: 3667: 3530: 3480: 3428: 3378: 3321: 3240: 3048: 2958: 2550:

Management decision making: spreadsheet modeling, analysis, and application

2377: 618:

and colleagues provided evidence to help discover the neural mechanisms of

30: 4965:"Doctors and patients' susceptibility to framing bias: a randomized trial" 3852: 3649: 3392:

Brunton, Bingni W.; Botvinick, Matthew M.; Brody, Carlos D. (April 2013).

3071: 1582:

was developed to eliminate or reduce cognitive biases in decision-making.

1550: 1433: 1167: 1155: 757: 656: 577: 4614: 4587: 2695:"Avoid Analysis Paralysis—Use Data to Enable Decision-Making and Growth" 2404:"Environmental complexity: information for human–environment well-being" 554:

A common laboratory paradigm for studying neural decision-making is the

6649: 3394:"Rats and humans can optimally accumulate evidence for decision-making" 2864: 2793: 2591:

Principles of forecasting: a handbook for researchers and practitioners

1390: 1337: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1066: 915: 850: 798: 630:

Decision-making techniques can be separated into two broad categories:

594: 572: 547:

or following directions from someone else. Patients with damage to the

232: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6472: 3706:"Scientists complete 1st map of 'emotional intelligence' in the brain" 2350:

Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society

337:

may be helpful for predicting decisions to be made by involved parties

6639: 2932: 2891: 2099:

Kahneman, Daniel; Lovallo, Dan; Sibony, Olivier; Charan, Ram (2013).

858: 650: 75: 5070: 5051:

Sharot, Tali; Korn, Christoph W.; Dolan, Raymond J. (October 2011).

3831:

The papers of Benjamin Franklin: January 1 through December 31, 1772

3031: 3014: 2856: 2785: 2772:

Hart, Paul't (June 1991). "Irving L. Janis' Victims of Groupthink".

944:

ffects: Weigh the positive and negative consequences of the options.

4353: 3472: 3232: 1224:. Members finally make a decision and provide justification for it. 756:

and can be automated through a decision modeling tool, integrating

601:

about whether one's choices will lead to benefit or harm (see also

1751:

create a predisposition to the future development of the position;

1070: 854: 778: 321:

The tentative decision is evaluated for more possible consequences

158: 29: 4785: 4101:"Interact system model of decision emergence of B. Aubrey Fisher" 797:: choosing the alternative with the highest probability-weighted 81:

Research about decision-making is also published under the label

6680: 3162:"Mind over Mind? Decision Fatigue Saps Willpower — if We Let It" 3095:"Richard Saul Wurman: Information, Mapping, and Understanding", 2737:"Between 'Paralysis by analysis' and 'Extinction by instinct'". 1418: 931:

ptions generation: Consider a wide range of alternative actions.

602: 580:

and information search across temporally extended environments.

6476: 5644: 5354:"Cautionary comments regarding the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator" 5053:"How unrealistic optimism is maintained in the face of reality" 3632:

Barbey, Aron K.; Colom, Roberto; Grafman, Jordan (March 2014).

2980:

Hall, Crystal C.; Ariss, Lynn; Todorov, Alexander (July 2007).

1744:

is the best example of one's inability to think positionally."

309:

Objectives must be classified and placed in order of importance

6304:

Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering

2309:. Applied optimization. Vol. 44. Dordrecht, Netherlands: 1366:

lack of logic or reasoning, but more due to the immaturity of

1306: 958: 519:

Decision-making is a region of intense study in the fields of

436: 201: 5640: 4478:"A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking" 4429:"A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking" 2529:(Updated ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton Research Press. 315:

The alternatives must be evaluated against all the objectives

5016:

The optimism bias: a tour of the irrationally positive brain

3900:

Mann, Leon (July 1989). "Becoming a better decision maker".

3727:. New Delhi: Global India Publications Pvt Ltd. p. 43. 2527:

The new rational manager: an updated edition for a new world

1718:

a very narrow, clearly defined, primarily material goal; and

539:

are believed to be involved in decision-making processes. A

352:

When a group or individual is unable to make it through the

5225: 5223: 3581:

Naqvi, Nasir; Shiv, Baba; Bechara, Antoine (October 2006).

2306:

Multi-criteria decision making methods: a comparative study

1721:

a program that links the initial position with the outcome.

3751:"Current validity of the Delphi method in social sciences" 1659:, adopting terms originally proposed by the psychologists 752:

uses a visual map of the decision-making process based on

281:

Problems are caused by a change from a distinctive feature

275:

Problems are merely deviations from performance standards.

4527:"Human development of the ability to learn from bad news" 2721:

Analysis paralysis: a case of terminological inexactitude

2471:"Environmental complexity and the evolution of cognition" 1695:

Styles and methods of decision-making were elaborated by

1641:

recognize that a decision turned out to be sub-optimal).

1267:

One of the most prominent theories of decision making is

4963:

Perneger, Thomas V.; Agoritsas, Thomas (December 2011).

3062:

Chamorro-Premuzic, Tomas; Furnham, Adrian (2014-04-08).

1073:, divided the decision-making process into seven steps: 16:

Cognitive process to choose a course of action or belief

4588:"Psychology: Good and bad news on the adolescent brain" 2666:"Analysis Paralysis | Definition of Analysis Paralysis" 4773:

Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology

3268:

Descartes' error: emotion, reason, and the human brain

1593:

Group decision-making § Group discussion pitfalls

3725:

DECISION MAKING STYLE: Social and Creative Dimensions

3683:"Researchers map emotional intelligence in the brain" 1777:(MBTI). The terminal points on these dimensions are: 177:

rather than structured approaches. They may follow a

5541:

Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research

5359:

Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research

4291:. Frontiers of cognitive science. London; New York: 2989:

Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes

6820: 6724: 6663: 6622: 6581: 6510: 6363: 6332: 6296: 6268: 6240: 6152: 6126: 6054: 6028: 5985: 5953: 5909: 5898: 5844: 5779: 5772: 5761: 5696: 5495:Schuwirth, Lambert; Cantillon, Peter (2004-05-22). 278:

Problems must be precisely identified and described

4923: 4287:Decision making: cognitive models and explanations 4232: 3749: 2343: 1760:avoid the negative aspects of unexpected outcomes. 2179:Complex problem solving: the European perspective 925:oals clarification: Survey values and objectives. 5329:; Kirby, Linda K.; Myers, Katharine D. (1998) . 3335:Kiani, Roozbeh; Shadlen, Michael N. (May 2009). 2413:. Berlin; New York: Springer. pp. 157–168. 2177:Frensch, Peter A.; Funke, Joachim, eds. (1995). 1757:absorb an unexpected outcome in one's favor; and 169:and the selection of appropriate treatment. But 4532:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4215: 4213: 4211: 3866:Mann, Leon; Harmoni, Ros; Power, Colin (1991). 2402:Davidson, Alice Ware; Bar-Yam, Yaneer (2006) . 551:have difficulty making advantageous decisions. 4926:The psychology of judgment and decision making 879:: setting up criteria for automated decisions. 6488: 5656: 2101:HBR's 10 Must Reads on Making Smart Decisions 1814:cross-cultural differences in decision-making 1812:Other studies suggest that these national or 1714:The combinational style is characterized by: 1504:to conform to the opinions held by the group. 8: 5457:"Measuring the MBTI ... And Coming Up Short" 4239:(2nd ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. 4146:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 3870:. In Baron, Jonathan; Brown, Rex V. (eds.). 2904:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 ( 1816:exist across entire societies. For example, 1181:Perception: Recognize that a problem exists. 4723:Current Directions in Psychological Science 3756:Technological Forecasting and Social Change 3638:Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 3588:Current Directions in Psychological Science 2397: 2395: 1083:Develop alternatives (i.e., brainstorming). 471:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 6495: 6481: 6473: 5906: 5776: 5769: 5663: 5649: 5641: 4767:T, Maqsood; A, Finegan; D, Walker (2004). 4278: 4276: 1729:The positional style is distinguished by: 1669:heuristics in judgment and decision-making 1397:experienced. In this, the process mirrors 713:for each decision (as opposed to a simple 527:. Several brain structures, including the 5577:Educational and Psychological Measurement 5515: 5464:Journal of Career Planning and Employment 5390:Personality and the fate of organizations 5078: 4990: 4784: 4735: 4671: 4613: 4562: 4552: 4501: 4452: 4395: 4083: 3657: 3600: 3368: 3030: 2940: 2602: 2418: 2409:. In Bar-Yam, Yaneer; Minai, Ali (eds.). 1353:Learn how and when to remove this message 1049:Learn how and when to remove this message 491:Learn how and when to remove this message 260:It is important to differentiate between 248:Learn how and when to remove this message 6538:Earth systems engineering and management 4384:Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 3099:, The MIT Press, 2017, pp. 77–106, 1754:induce the environment in a certain way; 1092:Immediately take action to implement it. 4808:Blackhart, G. C.; Kline, J. P. (2005). 3872:Teaching decision making to adolescents 3064:Personality and Intellectual Competence 2142: 1116:numerate all the criteria (constraints) 1095:Learn from and reflect on the decision. 1086:List pros and cons of each alternative. 908:Teaching Decision Making To Adolescents 801:, possibly with some consideration for 144:, and the invariant choice it leads to. 5614:Personality and Individual Differences 4815:Personality and Individual Differences 3829:. In Willcox, William Bradford (ed.). 3314:10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113038 2897: 2153:The New Science of Management Decision 1426:biases in judgment and decision-making 985:Please improve this section by adding 764:, and expert knowledge as appropriate. 78:, which may or may not prompt action. 5434:Meetings, Washington, DC, August 2001 4335: 4333: 3971:Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 3868:"The GOFER course in decision making" 2732: 2730: 1549:: This is best avoided by increasing 1170:decision-making based on the work of 937:acts-finding: Search for information. 312:Alternative actions must be developed 97:Decision-making can be regarded as a 23:. For decision-making in groups, see 7: 4970:Journal of General Internal Medicine 4108:A first look at communication theory 1827:General decision-making style (GDMS) 1335:adding citations to reliable sources 809:of different alternatives. See also 469:adding citations to reliable sources 306:Objectives must first be established 230:adding citations to reliable sources 6340:Bachelor of Business Administration 4586:Reyna, Valerie F. (November 2013). 4182:Group & Organization Management 2723:. Defense AT&L. pp. 21–22. 2217:Group & Organization Management 1444:than do less defensive individuals. 1424:Here is a list of commonly debated 805:. This may involve considering the 333:In a situation featuring conflict, 198:Problem solving vs. decision making 151:multiple-criteria decision analysis 6441:Organizational behavior management 5291:Southern Illinois University Press 4844:Journal of Research in Personality 4476:Steinberg, Laurence (March 2008). 4427:Steinberg, Laurence (March 2008). 4066:Pijanowski, John (February 2009). 4037:10.1097/01.HCM.0000285046.27290.90 3687:University of Illinois News Bureau 2411:Unifying themes in complex systems 2303:Triantaphyllou, Evangelos (2000). 2120:Wait: The Art and Science of Delay 835:Acquiesce to a person in authority 705:allows participants to cast their 299:Characteristics of decision-making 268:Characteristics of problem solving 14: 6917:Unsolved problems in neuroscience 6573:Sociocultural Systems Engineering 6355:Doctor of Business Administration 6345:Master of Business Administration 5152:Encyclopedia of social psychology 4880:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2103:. Harvard Business Review Press. 1285:Children, adolescents, and adults 6456: 4746:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00475.x 4072:Journal of College and Character 3996:Brown, Pam (November 29, 2007), 3611:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00448.x 2845:Administrative Science Quarterly 2813:"Managing information: infoglut" 2150:Herbert Alexander Simon (1977). 1896: 1882: 1747:The positional style serves to: 1311: 1256:in two different ways (see also 963: 918:for five decision-making steps: 441: 206: 5497:"What the educators are saying" 3801:. Jason Diceman. pp. 1–2. 3105:10.7551/mitpress/10971.003.0004 2811:Foley, John (30 October 1995). 1587:Cognitive limitations in groups 1322:needs additional citations for 217:needs additional citations for 6655:Systems development life cycle 6548:Enterprise systems engineering 6523:Biological systems engineering 6319:Chartered Management Institute 3768:10.1016/j.techfore.2005.09.002 3555:Journal of Economic Psychology 3193:McSweeney, Alan (2019-05-21), 3160:Szalavitz, Maia (2011-08-23). 2942:11858/00-001M-0000-002C-4646-B 2345:"Naturalistic Decision Making" 1765:Influence of Myers–Briggs type 673:Score voting (or range voting) 647:remove objectionable features. 549:ventromedial prefrontal cortex 537:ventromedial prefrontal cortex 1: 6907:Neuropsychological assessment 6614:System of systems engineering 6528:Cognitive systems engineering 5627:10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00162-4 5109:(6th ed.). Belmont, CA: 3999:Career coach: decision-making 3302:Annual Review of Neuroscience 2670:Lexico Dictionaries | English 2641:Oxford Dictionaries | English 2486:The evolution of intelligence 1414:Cognitive and personal biases 1077:Outline the goal and outcome. 987:secondary or tertiary sources 744:Participative decision-making 560:two-alternative forced choice 556:two-alternative forced choice 5688:Index of management articles 5352:Pittenger, David J. (2005). 5150:; Vohs, Kathleen D. (eds.). 4342:Journal of Consumer Research 3710:U.S. News & World Report 3131:. Cambridge, Massachusetts. 3025:(7477): 438. November 2013. 2751:10.1016/0024-6301(95)94294-9 2429:10.1007/978-3-540-35866-4_16 1691:Combinatorial vs. positional 1685:representativeness heuristic 1132:dentify the best alternative 171:naturalistic decision-making 6691:Quality function deployment 6604:Verification and validation 6324:Critical management studies 6187:Full range leadership model 5590:10.1177/0013164495055005017 5394:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 3876:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 3833:. Vol. 19. New Haven: 3748:Landeta, Jon (2006-06-01). 3205:10.13140/RG.2.2.21841.38243 3001:10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.01.003 2613:10.1007/978-0-306-47630-3_2 2552:. Cambridge, UK; New York: 2548:Monahan, George E. (2000). 2490:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 2262:. New York; Cambridge, UK: 2260:Choices, values, and frames 2183:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 1849:soon as the job is offered. 1775:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator 1580:Reference class forecasting 1269:subjective expected utility 1126:ollect all the alternatives 795:Expected-value optimization 590:Emotions in decision-making 179:recognition-primed decision 85:, particularly in European 6935: 6553:Health systems engineering 6314:Certified Business Manager 5553:10.1037/1065-9293.57.3.210 5470:(1): 48–52. Archived from 5430:Best Paper Proceedings of 5372:10.1037/1065-9293.57.3.210 5196:Farrar, Straus, and Giroux 5111:Wadsworth Cengage Learning 5018:(1st ed.). New York: 4828:10.1016/j.paid.2005.01.027 4682:10.1037/0012-1649.41.4.625 4397:10.1016/j.jecp.2019.104704 4159:10.1037/0022-3514.80.6.918 4110:(1st ed.). New York: 4099:Griffin, Emory A. (1991). 3568:10.1016/j.joep.2010.03.002 3523:10.1038/s41593-021-00866-w 3097:Architectural Intelligence 2595:Kluwer Academic Publishers 2554:Cambridge University Press 2311:Kluwer Academic Publishers 2268:Cambridge University Press 1952:Analytic hierarchy process 1648: 1610: 1607:Optimizing vs. satisficing 1590: 1517:zero-based decision-making 877:Automated decision support 626:Decision-making techniques 587: 566:found that neurons in the 409: 394: 345: 18: 6871: 6701:Systems Modeling Language 6454: 6182:Evidence-based management 5678: 5517:10.1136/bmj.328.7450.1244 5455:Pittenger, David (1993). 5242:. Westport, CT: Praeger. 4983:10.1007/s11606-011-1810-x 3914:10.1080/00050068908259558 2521:Kepner, Charles Higgins; 2319:10.1007/978-1-4757-3157-6 2037:Framing (social sciences) 1992:Ordinal Priority Approach 1962:Business decision mapping 1926:Resources in your library 1613:Maximization (psychology) 1383:cognitive-control network 1154:the solution and examine 644:Consensus decision-making 607:somatic marker hypothesis 529:anterior cingulate cortex 175:intuitive decision-making 142:communicative rationality 6716:Work breakdown structure 6594:Functional specification 6589:Requirements engineering 6533:Configuration management 6436:Organization development 6192:Management by objectives 4893:10.1162/0898929041920568 4659:Developmental Psychology 4494:10.1016/j.dr.2007.08.002 4445:10.1016/j.dr.2007.08.002 4194:10.1177/1059601102238356 3704:HealthDay (2013-01-28). 2362:10.1518/001872008x288385 2230:10.1177/1059601102238356 2012:Decision-making software 1701:predispositioning theory 1492:Anchoring and adjustment 887:decision-making software 883:Decision support systems 775:Decisional balance sheet 509:Postmortem documentation 6563:Reliability engineering 6558:Performance engineering 6217:Social entrepreneurship 6177:Earned value management 5192:Thinking, fast and slow 4932:Temple University Press 4554:10.1073/pnas.1305631110 4025:The Health Care Manager 4012:(subscription required) 3902:Australian Psychologist 3797:Diceman, Jason (2010). 3421:10.1126/science.1233912 3361:10.1126/science.1169405 3129:Information and society 2745:(4): 127. August 1995. 2264:Russell Sage Foundation 2118:Partnoy, Frank (2013). 2080:Brockman, John (2013). 2027:Emotional choice theory 1987:Concept driven strategy 1236:Rational and irrational 1166:, used eight stages of 1138:evelop and implement a 711:intensity of preference 681:intensity of preference 155:decision-making paradox 6838:Industrial engineering 6543:Electrical engineering 6463:Systems science portal 6406:Management development 6401:Management cybernetics 6386:Executive compensation 6222:Sustainable management 6084:Information technology 6064:Environmental resource 5231:Katsenelinboigen, Aron 4857:10.1006/jrpe.1993.1013 4085:10.2202/1940-1639.1088 3983:10.1002/bdm.3960010304 3691:University of Illinois 2894:(inactive 2024-06-22). 2880:Monash Business Review 2062:Rational choice theory 2032:Foresight (psychology) 1733:a positional goal; and 1677:availability heuristic 1645:Intuitive vs. rational 1470:Choice-supportive bias 1246:rational choice theory 1164:University of Arkansas 1061:In 2007, Pam Brown of 974:relies excessively on 620:emotional intelligence 535:, and the overlapping 525:cognitive neuroscience 433:Post-decision analysis 378:Extinction by instinct 187:University of Colorado 87:psychological research 39: 6772:Arthur David Hall III 6742:Benjamin S. Blanchard 6518:Aerospace engineering 6426:Managerial psychology 6391:Management consulting 6212:Scientific management 5995:Customer relationship 5683:Outline of management 5432:Academy of Management 5154:. Thousand Oaks, CA: 5142:Sparks, Erin (2007). 5014:Sharot, Tali (2011). 4922:Plous, Scott (1993). 3930:; Mann, Leon (1977). 3835:Yale University Press 3827:"To Joseph Priestley" 3072:10.4324/9781410612649 2719:Roberts, Lon (2010). 1697:Aron Katsenelinboigen 1681:familiarity heuristic 1527:Attribution asymmetry 1432:Selective search for 1372:delayed gratification 1276:scenario optimization 1199:Reflection on action. 1196:Reflection in action. 845:Anti-authoritarianism 839:just following orders 632:group decision-making 58:) is regarded as the 33: 25:Group decision-making 6863:Software engineering 6833:Computer engineering 6421:Managerial economics 6381:Corporate governance 6288:Oliver E. Williamson 6167:Collaborative method 5327:Myers, Isabel Briggs 5158:. pp. 776–778. 5103:Forsyth, Donelson R. 4482:Developmental Review 4433:Developmental Review 4225:Gilbert, Daniel Todd 4114:. pp. 253–262. 3837:. pp. 299–300. 3271:. New York: Putnam. 2921:Psychological Review 2774:Political Psychology 2492:. pp. 223–250. 2478:Sternberg, Robert J. 2467:Godfrey-Smith, Peter 2342:Klein, Gary (2008). 2084:. Harper Perennial. 2057:Public participation 2017:Decision-making unit 1997:Decision downloading 1982:Communicative assent 1977:Cognitive impairment 1942:Adaptive performance 1331:improve this article 865:, or other forms of 750:Decision engineering 651:Voting-based methods 533:orbitofrontal cortex 521:systems neuroscience 465:improve this section 397:Information overload 391:Information overload 361:analysis paralysis. 226:improve this article 109:and can be based on 6843:Operations research 6828:Control engineering 6797:Joseph Francis Shea 6504:Systems engineering 6283:Eliyahu M. Goldratt 5285:Ulea, Vera (2002). 5058:Nature Neuroscience 4718:Steinberg, Laurence 4647:Steinberg, Laurence 4615:10.1038/nature12704 4606:2013Natur.503...48R 4545:2013PNAS..11016396M 4539:(41): 16396–16401. 4221:Schacter, Daniel L. 3799:Dotmocracy Handbook 3723:Verma, Dem (2009). 3650:10.1093/scan/nss124 3511:Nature Neuroscience 3460:Nature Neuroscience 3413:2013Sci...340...95B 3353:2009Sci...324..759K 3263:Damasio, Antonio R. 3220:Nature Neuroscience 3127:Buckland, Michael. 3015:"Enemy of the good" 2739:Long Range Planning 2523:Tregoe, Benjamin B. 2022:Decision management 1967:Choice architecture 1771:Isabel Briggs Myers 1665:cognitive processes 1651:Dual process theory 1622:bounded rationality 1620:coined the phrase " 1541:illusion of control 6853:Quality management 6848:Project management 6676:Function modelling 6599:System integration 6568:Safety engineering 6446:Pointy-haired Boss 6396:Management control 6232:Virtual management 5148:Baumeister, Roy F. 3878:. pp. 61–78. 3823:Franklin, Benjamin 2647:on January 7, 2018 2597:. pp. 15–30. 1374:and resistance to 1089:Make the decision. 1063:Singleton Hospital 869:, superstition or 857:cards, astrology, 571:to the ACC in the 426:Decision avoidance 370:making a decision. 358:Analysis paralysis 348:Analysis paralysis 342:Analysis paralysis 192:Cognitive function 40: 6884: 6883: 6807:Manuela M. Veloso 6747:Wernher von Braun 6470: 6469: 6416:Management system 6350:PhD in management 6122: 6121: 5981: 5980: 5894: 5893: 5862:Product lifecycle 5156:SAGE Publications 5065:(11): 1475–1479. 4977:(12): 1411–1417. 4229:Wegner, Daniel M. 3874:. Hillsdale, NJ: 3347:(5928): 759–764. 3227:(11): 1259–1265. 2482:Kaufman, James C. 2181:. Hillsdale, NJ: 2156:. Prentice-Hall. 2122:. PublicAffairs. 1947:Agent (economics) 1912:Library resources 1904:Psychology portal 1890:Philosophy portal 1699:, the founder of 1655:The psychologist 1557:Sunk-cost fallacy 1451:Cognitive inertia 1438:confirmation bias 1387:reward processing 1363: 1362: 1355: 1106:efine the problem 1059: 1058: 1051: 1033: 998:"Decision-making" 940:Consideration of 837:or an "expert"; " 811:Decision analysis 789:Benjamin Franklin 505:mental accounting 501: 500: 493: 258: 257: 250: 60:cognitive process 6924: 6812:John N. Warfield 6782:Robert E. Machol 6711:Systems modeling 6706:Systems analysis 6645:System lifecycle 6630:Business process 6497: 6490: 6483: 6474: 6460: 6197:Management style 5907: 5777: 5770: 5665: 5658: 5651: 5642: 5631: 5630: 5608: 5602: 5601: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5519: 5501: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5482: 5476: 5461: 5452: 5446: 5445: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5382: 5376: 5375: 5349: 5343: 5342: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5282: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5272: 5266: 5260:. Archived from 5241: 5227: 5218: 5217: 5188:Kahneman, Daniel 5184: 5178: 5177: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5082: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5011: 5005: 5004: 4994: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4930:. Philadelphia: 4929: 4919: 4913: 4912: 4887:(7): 1131–1142. 4876: 4867: 4861: 4860: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4788: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4739: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4704: 4698: 4692:. Archived from 4675: 4655: 4645:Gardner, Margo; 4642: 4636: 4635: 4617: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4566: 4556: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4505: 4473: 4467: 4466: 4456: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4399: 4381: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4337: 4328: 4325: 4319: 4318: 4290: 4280: 4271: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4238: 4217: 4206: 4205: 4177: 4171: 4170: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4105: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4063: 4057: 4056: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4010: 4009: 4007: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3928:Janis, Irving L. 3924: 3918: 3917: 3897: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3753: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3720: 3714: 3713: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3661: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3604: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3517:(8): 1051–1064. 3508: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3439:. Archived from 3398: 3389: 3383: 3382: 3372: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3297: 3291: 3290: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3214: 3208: 3207: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3180: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3034: 3011: 3005: 3004: 2986: 2977: 2971: 2970: 2944: 2933:10.1037/h0043158 2916: 2910: 2909: 2903: 2895: 2892:10.2104/mbr07056 2875: 2869: 2868: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2830: 2821:. Archived from 2804: 2798: 2797: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2734: 2725: 2724: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2707: 2706: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2681: 2676:on July 29, 2020 2672:. Archived from 2662: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2652: 2643:. Archived from 2633: 2627: 2626: 2606: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2518: 2512: 2511: 2475: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2454: 2453: 2447: 2441:. Archived from 2422: 2408: 2399: 2390: 2389: 2347: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2252:Kahneman, Daniel 2248: 2242: 2241: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2147: 2133: 2114: 2095: 2052:Let Simon Decide 2007:Decision quality 2002:Decision fatigue 1972:Choice modelling 1906: 1901: 1900: 1899: 1892: 1887: 1886: 1885: 1841:current company. 1818:Maris Martinsons 1673:affect heuristic 1632:optimal decision 1618:Herbert A. Simon 1602:Cognitive styles 1535:Underestimating 1477:Semantic priming 1464:Wishful thinking 1358: 1351: 1347: 1344: 1338: 1315: 1307: 1054: 1047: 1043: 1040: 1034: 1032: 991: 967: 959: 807:opportunity cost 762:machine learning 703:Quadratic voting 661:Condorcet method 496: 489: 485: 482: 476: 445: 437: 417:Decision fatigue 412:Decision fatigue 406:Decision fatigue 253: 246: 242: 239: 233: 210: 202: 6934: 6933: 6927: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6922: 6921: 6897:Decision-making 6887: 6886: 6885: 6880: 6867: 6858:Risk management 6816: 6757:Harold Chestnut 6752:Kathleen Carley 6720: 6696:System dynamics 6671:Decision-making 6659: 6635:Fault tolerance 6618: 6577: 6506: 6501: 6471: 6466: 6450: 6359: 6328: 6309:Business school 6292: 6270: 6264: 6250:Decision-making 6242: 6236: 6207:Micromanagement 6202:Macromanagement 6154: 6148: 6118: 6074:Human resources 6069:Field inventory 6050: 6024: 5987: 5977: 5949: 5902: 5900: 5890: 5840: 5783: 5765: 5763: 5757: 5699:of organization 5698: 5692: 5674: 5669: 5639: 5634: 5610: 5609: 5605: 5573: 5572: 5568: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5499: 5494: 5493: 5489: 5480: 5478: 5474: 5459: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5427: 5426: 5422: 5404: 5384: 5383: 5379: 5351: 5350: 5346: 5325: 5324: 5320: 5305: 5284: 5283: 5279: 5270: 5268: 5264: 5250: 5239: 5229: 5228: 5221: 5206: 5186: 5185: 5181: 5166: 5141: 5140: 5136: 5121: 5101: 5100: 5096: 5071:10.1038/nn.2949 5050: 5049: 5045: 5030: 5013: 5012: 5008: 4962: 4961: 4957: 4942: 4921: 4920: 4916: 4874: 4869: 4868: 4864: 4840: 4839: 4835: 4807: 4806: 4802: 4766: 4765: 4761: 4737:10.1.1.519.7099 4716: 4715: 4711: 4702: 4700: 4696: 4673:10.1.1.556.4973 4653: 4644: 4643: 4639: 4600:(7474): 48–49. 4585: 4584: 4580: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4475: 4474: 4470: 4426: 4425: 4421: 4379: 4374: 4373: 4369: 4339: 4338: 4331: 4326: 4322: 4307: 4282: 4281: 4274: 4266: 4262: 4247: 4219: 4218: 4209: 4179: 4178: 4174: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4122: 4103: 4098: 4097: 4093: 4065: 4064: 4060: 4022: 4021: 4017: 4011: 4005: 4003: 3995: 3994: 3990: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3948: 3926: 3925: 3921: 3899: 3886: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3845: 3821: 3820: 3816: 3809: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3735: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3680: 3679: 3675: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3602:10.1.1.137.4677 3580: 3579: 3575: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3506: 3501: 3500: 3496: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3443: 3407:(6128): 95–98. 3396: 3391: 3390: 3386: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3279: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3216: 3215: 3211: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3178: 3176: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3139: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3115: 3094: 3093: 3089: 3082: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3032:10.1038/503438a 3013: 3012: 3008: 2984: 2979: 2978: 2974: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2896: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2857:10.2307/2392145 2842: 2841: 2837: 2828: 2826: 2818:InformationWeek 2810: 2805: 2801: 2786:10.2307/3791464 2771: 2770: 2766: 2736: 2735: 2728: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2704: 2702: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2679: 2677: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2650: 2648: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2623: 2604:10.1.1.464.5677 2588: 2587: 2583: 2568: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2520: 2519: 2515: 2500: 2473: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2439: 2406: 2401: 2400: 2393: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2329: 2313:. p. 320. 2302: 2301: 2297: 2282: 2258:, eds. (2000). 2250: 2249: 2245: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2193: 2176: 2175: 2171: 2164: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2130: 2117: 2111: 2098: 2092: 2079: 2076: 2074:Further reading 2071: 2067:Robust decision 2047:Idea networking 1932: 1931: 1930: 1920: 1919: 1917:Decision-making 1915: 1902: 1897: 1895: 1888: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1829: 1767: 1742:pyrrhic victory 1693: 1661:Keith Stanovich 1657:Daniel Kahneman 1653: 1647: 1630:try to make an 1615: 1609: 1604: 1595: 1589: 1566:Prospect theory 1436:(also known as 1416: 1407: 1359: 1348: 1342: 1339: 1328: 1316: 1305: 1292: 1287: 1238: 1206: 1055: 1044: 1038: 1035: 992: 990: 984: 980:primary sources 968: 957: 904: 896: 815:Decision theory 771: 754:system dynamics 697:approval voting 685:Bayesian regret 640: 628: 611:neurobiological 592: 586: 568:parietal cortex 562:task involving 517: 497: 486: 480: 477: 462: 446: 435: 414: 408: 399: 393: 380: 354:problem-solving 350: 344: 329:production plan 262:problem solving 254: 243: 237: 234: 223: 211: 200: 115:tacit knowledge 99:problem-solving 95: 83:problem solving 52:decision making 48:decision-making 28: 21:Decision theory 17: 12: 11: 5: 6932: 6931: 6928: 6920: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6889: 6888: 6882: 6881: 6879: 6878: 6872: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6865: 6860: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6824: 6822: 6821:Related fields 6818: 6817: 6815: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6789: 6787:Radhika Nagpal 6784: 6779: 6777:Derek Hitchins 6774: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6732:James S. Albus 6728: 6726: 6722: 6721: 6719: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6667: 6665: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6626: 6624: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6585: 6583: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6520: 6514: 6512: 6508: 6507: 6502: 6500: 6499: 6492: 6485: 6477: 6468: 6467: 6455: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6411:Management fad 6408: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6371:Administration 6367: 6365: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6357: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6336: 6334: 6330: 6329: 6327: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6300: 6298: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6274: 6272: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6246: 6244: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6158: 6156: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6146: 6141: 6136: 6130: 6128: 6124: 6123: 6120: 6119: 6117: 6116: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6086: 6081: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6060: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6049: 6048: 6043: 6038: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6007: 6002: 5997: 5991: 5989: 5983: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5959: 5957: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5935: 5921: 5915: 5913: 5904: 5899:On activity or 5896: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5889: 5888: 5883: 5882: 5881: 5871: 5870: 5869: 5864: 5854: 5848: 5846: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5787: 5785: 5774: 5767: 5759: 5758: 5756: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5724: 5723: 5713: 5708: 5702: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5690: 5685: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5670: 5668: 5667: 5660: 5653: 5645: 5638: 5637:External links 5635: 5633: 5632: 5621:(4): 931–944. 5603: 5584:(5): 818–831. 5566: 5547:(3): 210–221. 5531: 5510:(7450): 1244. 5487: 5447: 5420: 5403:978-0805841428 5402: 5396:. p. 28. 5392:. Mahwah, NJ: 5377: 5366:(3): 210–221. 5344: 5318: 5304:978-0809324521 5303: 5289:. Carbondale: 5277: 5249:978-0275957889 5248: 5219: 5205:978-0374275631 5204: 5179: 5165:978-1412916707 5164: 5134: 5120:978-1133956532 5119: 5107:Group dynamics 5094: 5043: 5029:978-0307378484 5028: 5020:Pantheon Books 5006: 4955: 4941:978-0877229131 4940: 4914: 4862: 4851:(2): 184–196. 4833: 4822:(2): 427–437. 4800: 4759: 4709: 4666:(4): 625–635. 4637: 4578: 4517: 4468: 4419: 4367: 4354:10.1086/209492 4329: 4320: 4306:978-0415158183 4305: 4272: 4260: 4246:978-1429237192 4245: 4207: 4188:(4): 436–455. 4172: 4153:(6): 918–930. 4135: 4121:978-0070227781 4120: 4091: 4058: 4031:(2): 118–127. 4015: 3988: 3977:(3): 159–168. 3961: 3947:978-0029161609 3946: 3919: 3908:(2): 141–155. 3885:978-0805804973 3884: 3858: 3844:978-0300018653 3843: 3814: 3808:978-1451527087 3807: 3789: 3762:(5): 467–482. 3740: 3734:978-9380228303 3733: 3715: 3696: 3681:Yates, Diana. 3673: 3644:(3): 265–272. 3624: 3595:(5): 260–264. 3573: 3562:(5): 767–776. 3544: 3494: 3473:10.1038/nn1724 3467:(7): 940–947. 3449: 3446:on 2016-03-05. 3384: 3327: 3292: 3278:978-0399138942 3277: 3254: 3233:10.1038/nn1339 3209: 3185: 3152: 3138:978-0262339544 3137: 3119: 3114:978-0262343428 3113: 3087: 3081:978-1410612649 3080: 3054: 3006: 2995:(2): 277–290. 2972: 2911: 2870: 2835: 2799: 2780:(2): 247–278. 2764: 2726: 2711: 2686: 2657: 2628: 2622:978-0792379300 2621: 2581: 2567:978-0521781183 2566: 2540: 2513: 2499:978-0805832679 2498: 2488:. Mahwah, NJ: 2458: 2438:978-3540358640 2437: 2420:10.1.1.33.7118 2391: 2356:(3): 456–460. 2334: 2328:978-0792366072 2327: 2295: 2281:978-0521621724 2280: 2243: 2224:(4): 436–455. 2206: 2192:978-0805813364 2191: 2169: 2163:978-0136161448 2162: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2134: 2129:978-1610392471 2128: 2115: 2110:978-1422189894 2109: 2096: 2090: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2014: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1933: 1929: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1910: 1909: 1908: 1907: 1893: 1877: 1874: 1873: 1872: 1865: 1858: 1850: 1842: 1828: 1825: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1738: 1737: 1734: 1723: 1722: 1719: 1692: 1689: 1649:Main article: 1646: 1643: 1611:Main article: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1600: 1591:Main article: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1583: 1577: 1570: 1563: 1562: 1561: 1544: 1533: 1530: 1524: 1521:Slippery slope 1513: 1505: 1495: 1489: 1486: 1482:primacy effect 1473: 1467: 1461: 1454: 1448: 1445: 1415: 1412: 1406: 1403: 1361: 1360: 1319: 1317: 1310: 1304: 1301: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1258:Allais paradox 1237: 1234: 1226: 1225: 1219: 1216: 1213: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1160: 1159: 1158:when necessary 1142: 1140:plan of action 1133: 1127: 1117: 1107: 1097: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1057: 1056: 971: 969: 962: 956: 953: 952: 951: 945: 938: 932: 926: 914:. GOFER is an 903: 900: 895: 892: 891: 890: 880: 874: 848: 842: 832: 818: 792: 770: 767: 766: 765: 747: 741: 734: 724: 723: 722: 700: 689:voting paradox 670: 664: 648: 639: 636: 627: 624: 616:Aron K. Barbey 588:Main article: 585: 582: 564:rhesus monkeys 516: 513: 499: 498: 449: 447: 440: 434: 431: 410:Main article: 407: 404: 395:Main article: 392: 389: 379: 376: 375: 374: 371: 367: 346:Main article: 343: 340: 339: 338: 331: 325: 322: 319: 316: 313: 310: 307: 303: 302: 300: 296: 295: 288: 285: 282: 279: 276: 272: 271: 269: 256: 255: 214: 212: 205: 199: 196: 146: 145: 135: 129: 94: 91: 56:decisionmaking 50:(also spelled 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6930: 6929: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6894: 6892: 6877: 6874: 6873: 6870: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6819: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6793: 6790: 6788: 6785: 6783: 6780: 6778: 6775: 6773: 6770: 6768: 6767:Barbara Grosz 6765: 6763: 6762:Wolt Fabrycky 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6737:Ruzena Bajcsy 6735: 6733: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6723: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6662: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6621: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6609:Design review 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6586: 6584: 6580: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6498: 6493: 6491: 6486: 6484: 6479: 6478: 6475: 6465: 6464: 6459: 6453: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6431:Managerialism 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6376:Collaboration 6374: 6372: 6369: 6368: 6366: 6362: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6331: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6295: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6278:Peter Drucker 6276: 6275: 6273: 6267: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6239: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6227:Team building 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6125: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6090: 6087: 6085: 6082: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6061: 6059: 6057: 6053: 6047: 6044: 6042: 6039: 6037: 6034: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5984: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5956: 5952: 5946: 5943: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5929: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5908: 5905: 5897: 5887: 5884: 5880: 5877: 5876: 5875: 5872: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5843: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5806:Communication 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5775: 5771: 5768: 5760: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5695: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5677: 5673: 5666: 5661: 5659: 5654: 5652: 5647: 5646: 5643: 5636: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5615: 5607: 5604: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5578: 5570: 5567: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5535: 5532: 5527: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5498: 5491: 5488: 5477:on 2006-12-06 5473: 5469: 5465: 5458: 5451: 5448: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5433: 5424: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5386:Hogan, Robert 5381: 5378: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5348: 5345: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5319: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5281: 5278: 5267:on 2011-07-23 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5245: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5226: 5224: 5220: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5180: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5144:"Satisficing" 5138: 5135: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5104: 5098: 5095: 5090: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5072: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5059: 5054: 5047: 5044: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5010: 5007: 5002: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4971: 4966: 4959: 4956: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4937: 4933: 4928: 4927: 4918: 4915: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4881: 4873: 4866: 4863: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4837: 4834: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4804: 4801: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4779:: 0295–0301. 4778: 4774: 4770: 4763: 4760: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4724: 4719: 4713: 4710: 4699:on 2013-09-03 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4660: 4652: 4649:(July 2005). 4648: 4641: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4594: 4589: 4582: 4579: 4574: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4533: 4528: 4521: 4518: 4513: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4488:(1): 78–106. 4487: 4483: 4479: 4472: 4469: 4464: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4439:(1): 78–106. 4438: 4434: 4430: 4423: 4420: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4378: 4371: 4368: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4336: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4321: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4289: 4288: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4264: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4242: 4237: 4236: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4176: 4173: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4147: 4139: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4102: 4095: 4092: 4086: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4062: 4059: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4019: 4016: 4001: 4000: 3992: 3989: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3965: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3934: 3929: 3923: 3920: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3862: 3859: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3815: 3810: 3804: 3800: 3793: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3744: 3741: 3736: 3730: 3726: 3719: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3677: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3589: 3584: 3577: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3556: 3548: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3505: 3498: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3461: 3453: 3450: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3395: 3388: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3328: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3296: 3293: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3270: 3269: 3264: 3258: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3221: 3213: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3197: 3189: 3186: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3156: 3153: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3130: 3123: 3120: 3116: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3091: 3088: 3083: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3058: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3010: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2983: 2976: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2915: 2912: 2907: 2901: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2874: 2871: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2851:(3): 313–27. 2850: 2846: 2839: 2836: 2825:on 2001-02-22 2824: 2820: 2819: 2814: 2808: 2803: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2768: 2765: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2715: 2712: 2700: 2696: 2690: 2687: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2658: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2632: 2629: 2624: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2585: 2582: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2544: 2541: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2517: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2472: 2468: 2462: 2459: 2448:on 2017-09-22 2444: 2440: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2405: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2338: 2335: 2330: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2299: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2256:Tversky, Amos 2253: 2247: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2218: 2210: 2207: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2173: 2170: 2165: 2159: 2155: 2154: 2146: 2143: 2137: 2131: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2093: 2091:9780062258540 2087: 2083: 2078: 2077: 2073: 2068: 2065: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2013: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1905: 1894: 1891: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1769:According to 1764: 1759: 1756: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1735: 1732: 1731: 1730: 1727: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1652: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1633: 1629: 1628: 1623: 1619: 1614: 1606: 1601: 1599: 1594: 1586: 1581: 1578: 1574: 1573:Optimism bias 1571: 1567: 1564: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1545: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1511: 1506: 1503: 1502:peer pressure 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1462: 1459: 1455: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1430: 1429: 1427: 1422: 1420: 1413: 1411: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1394: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1377: 1376:peer pressure 1373: 1369: 1357: 1354: 1346: 1343:November 2021 1336: 1332: 1326: 1325: 1320:This section 1318: 1314: 1309: 1308: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1265: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1223: 1222:Reinforcement 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1209: 1203: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1121: 1118: 1115: 1111: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1053: 1050: 1042: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1003: 1000: – 999: 995: 994:Find sources: 988: 982: 981: 977: 972:This section 970: 966: 961: 960: 954: 949: 946: 943: 939: 936: 933: 930: 927: 924: 921: 920: 919: 917: 913: 909: 901: 899: 893: 888: 884: 881: 878: 875: 872: 871:pseudoscience 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 849: 846: 843: 840: 836: 833: 830: 826: 822: 819: 816: 812: 808: 804: 803:risk aversion 800: 796: 793: 790: 786: 785: 780: 776: 773: 772: 768: 763: 759: 755: 751: 748: 745: 742: 738: 735: 732: 731:policy making 728: 727:Delphi method 725: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 701: 698: 694: 693:majority rule 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 671: 668: 665: 662: 658: 655: 654: 652: 649: 645: 642: 641: 637: 635: 633: 625: 623: 621: 617: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 591: 583: 581: 579: 574: 569: 565: 561: 557: 552: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 514: 512: 510: 506: 495: 492: 484: 474: 470: 466: 460: 459: 455: 450:This section 448: 444: 439: 438: 432: 430: 427: 422: 421:mental energy 418: 413: 405: 403: 398: 390: 388: 384: 377: 372: 368: 364: 363: 362: 359: 355: 349: 341: 336: 332: 330: 326: 323: 320: 317: 314: 311: 308: 305: 304: 301: 298: 297: 293: 292:Occam's razor 289: 286: 283: 280: 277: 274: 273: 270: 267: 266: 265: 263: 252: 249: 241: 231: 227: 221: 220: 215:This section 213: 209: 204: 203: 197: 195: 193: 188: 182: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 143: 139: 136: 133: 130: 127: 126:Psychological 124: 123: 122: 119: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 92: 90: 88: 84: 79: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 37: 32: 26: 22: 6802:Katia Sycara 6686:Optimization 6670: 6461: 6249: 6015:Supply chain 5988:relationship 5986:On aspect or 5879:Construction 5845:On component 5766:organization 5738:Intelligence 5618: 5612: 5606: 5581: 5575: 5569: 5544: 5540: 5534: 5507: 5503: 5490: 5479:. Retrieved 5472:the original 5467: 5463: 5450: 5429: 5423: 5415: 5389: 5380: 5363: 5357: 5347: 5330: 5321: 5286: 5280: 5269:. Retrieved 5262:the original 5235: 5194:. New York: 5191: 5182: 5151: 5137: 5106: 5097: 5062: 5056: 5046: 5015: 5009: 4974: 4968: 4958: 4925: 4917: 4884: 4878: 4865: 4848: 4842: 4836: 4819: 4813: 4803: 4786:10.28945/740 4776: 4772: 4762: 4730:(2): 55–59. 4727: 4721: 4712: 4701:. Retrieved 4694:the original 4663: 4657: 4640: 4597: 4591: 4581: 4536: 4530: 4520: 4485: 4481: 4471: 4436: 4432: 4422: 4387: 4383: 4370: 4348:(1): 43–56. 4345: 4341: 4323: 4286: 4263: 4234: 4185: 4181: 4175: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4107: 4094: 4075: 4071: 4061: 4028: 4024: 4018: 4004:, retrieved 3998: 3991: 3974: 3970: 3964: 3936:. New York: 3932: 3922: 3905: 3901: 3871: 3861: 3830: 3817: 3798: 3792: 3759: 3755: 3743: 3724: 3718: 3699: 3686: 3676: 3641: 3637: 3627: 3592: 3586: 3576: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3514: 3510: 3497: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3441:the original 3404: 3400: 3387: 3344: 3340: 3330: 3305: 3301: 3295: 3267: 3257: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3195: 3188: 3177:. Retrieved 3165: 3155: 3128: 3122: 3096: 3090: 3063: 3057: 3022: 3018: 3009: 2992: 2988: 2975: 2927:(2): 81–97. 2924: 2920: 2914: 2900:cite journal 2883: 2879: 2873: 2848: 2844: 2838: 2827:. Retrieved 2823:the original 2816: 2802: 2777: 2773: 2767: 2742: 2738: 2720: 2714: 2703:. Retrieved 2701:. 2019-03-06 2698: 2689: 2678:. Retrieved 2674:the original 2669: 2660: 2649:. Retrieved 2645:the original 2640: 2631: 2590: 2584: 2549: 2543: 2526: 2516: 2485: 2461: 2450:. Retrieved 2443:the original 2410: 2353: 2349: 2337: 2305: 2298: 2259: 2246: 2221: 2215: 2209: 2178: 2172: 2152: 2145: 2119: 2100: 2081: 1957:Argument map 1916: 1868: 1861: 1853: 1845: 1837: 1830: 1822: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1791:introversion 1790: 1787:extroversion 1786: 1782: 1778: 1768: 1746: 1739: 1728: 1724: 1713: 1705: 1694: 1671:such as the 1654: 1635: 1625: 1616: 1596: 1569:opportunity. 1547:Framing bias 1516: 1480: 1423: 1417: 1408: 1395: 1380: 1368:psychosocial 1364: 1349: 1340: 1329:Please help 1324:verification 1321: 1297: 1293: 1280: 1273: 1266: 1264:considered. 1262: 1250: 1239: 1230: 1227: 1207: 1204:Group stages 1161: 1145: 1135: 1129: 1123: 1119: 1113: 1112:stablish or 1109: 1103: 1098: 1080:Gather data. 1060: 1045: 1039:October 2022 1036: 1026: 1019: 1012: 1005: 993: 973: 947: 941: 934: 928: 922: 912:Irving Janis 907: 905: 897: 782: 718: 714: 710: 706: 680: 676: 629: 593: 553: 541:neuroimaging 518: 515:Neuroscience 502: 487: 478: 463:Please help 451: 415: 400: 385: 381: 351: 335:role-playing 259: 244: 235: 224:Please help 219:verification 216: 183: 147: 120: 96: 80: 55: 51: 47: 41: 6255:Forecasting 6172:Distributed 6079:Information 6056:On resource 6000:Engineering 5826:Performance 5784:(top-level) 5711:Association 5293:. pp. 4295:. pp. 4112:McGraw-Hill 4078:(3): 1–13. 3308:: 535–574. 2809:quoted in: 2556:. pp. 1937:Aboulomania 1869:spontaneous 1709:uncertainty 1637:satisficers 1537:uncertainty 1303:Adolescents 1122:onsider or 821:Satisficing 695:. See also 599:uncertainty 72:preferences 6912:Prediction 6891:Categories 6792:Simon Ramo 6260:Leadership 6243:activities 6155:approaches 6109:Technology 6029:On problem 6010:Perception 5963:Accounting 5928:production 5924:Operations 5901:department 5816:Innovation 5791:Capability 5753:Reputation 5733:Healthcare 5721:Restaurant 5672:Management 5481:2020-03-06 5271:2015-07-27 4703:2015-07-27 4390:: 104704. 4235:Psychology 3938:Free Press 3898:See also: 3179:2020-04-09 2886:(3): 8–9. 2829:2015-07-26 2807:Paul Saffo 2705:2020-04-09 2699:TechNative 2680:2020-04-09 2651:2018-11-10 2452:2014-11-28 2270:. p. 2138:References 1799:perception 1683:, and the 1634:, whereas 1627:maximizers 1498:Groupthink 1172:James Rest 1009:newspapers 976:references 867:divination 863:revelation 829:optimizing 825:maximizing 784:Protagoras 769:Individual 737:Dotmocracy 707:preference 677:preference 107:irrational 44:psychology 6582:Processes 6511:Subfields 6297:Education 6269:Pioneers, 6162:Adhocracy 6127:Positions 6099:Materials 6089:Knowledge 6005:Logistics 5919:Marketing 5811:Financial 5781:Strategic 5764:within an 5762:By focus, 5598:143479230 5561:1939-0149 5526:0959-8138 5214:706020998 5174:123119782 5129:826872491 5105:(2014) . 5038:667609433 4909:215728618 4795:1547-5840 4732:CiteSeerX 4668:CiteSeerX 4632:205236138 4406:0022-0965 4362:0093-5301 4293:Routledge 4255:755079969 4231:(2011) . 4202:145110719 3825:(1975) . 3784:143757211 3776:0040-1625 3597:CiteSeerX 3539:235596957 3174:0040-781X 3147:978295031 3041:0028-0836 2951:1939-1471 2759:0024-6301 2599:CiteSeerX 2525:(1997) . 2415:CiteSeerX 2370:0018-7208 2238:145110719 2042:Free will 1854:dependent 1846:intuitive 1807:intuition 1510:Prejudice 1458:Prejudice 1399:addiction 1242:economics 667:Plurality 481:June 2023 452:does not 366:decision. 238:July 2015 167:diagnosis 163:knowledge 138:Normative 132:Cognitive 36:flowchart 6902:Analysis 6876:Category 6623:Concepts 6271:scholars 6153:Methods, 6036:Conflict 5852:Facility 5773:On scope 5743:Military 5716:Business 5706:Academic 5412:65400436 5388:(2007). 5339:40336039 5313:51301095 5258:36438766 5233:(1997). 5190:(2011). 5089:21983684 5001:21792695 4950:26548229 4901:15453969 4754:18601508 4690:16060809 4624:24172899 4573:24019466 4512:18509515 4463:18509515 4414:31634734 4315:37043834 4167:11414374 4130:21973427 4053:24492631 4045:18475113 4006:July 12, 3894:22507012 3668:23171618 3619:14789591 3531:34155400 3481:16783368 3437:13098239 3429:23559254 3379:19423820 3322:17600525 3287:30780083 3265:(1994). 3249:26711881 3241:15494729 3049:24298564 2967:15654531 2959:13310704 2576:42921287 2535:37666447 2508:44775038 2484:(eds.). 2469:(2001). 2386:11251289 2378:18689053 2290:42934579 2201:32131412 1876:See also 1862:avoidant 1838:rational 1795:judgment 1779:thinking 1551:numeracy 1539:and the 1434:evidence 1290:Children 1156:feedback 885:: using 758:big data 657:Majority 584:Emotions 578:planning 545:volition 429:choice. 111:explicit 103:rational 93:Overview 64:rational 6650:V-Model 6333:Degrees 6241:Skills, 6134:Interim 5973:Records 5938:Quality 5933:Process 5903:managed 5886:Program 5874:Project 5857:Product 5836:Systems 5796:Capital 5697:By type 5080:3204264 4992:3235613 4602:Bibcode 4564:3799330 4541:Bibcode 4503:2396566 4454:2396566 4002:, Pulse 3956:2542340 3659:3980800 3489:8868406 3409:Bibcode 3401:Science 3370:2738936 3349:Bibcode 3341:Science 2865:2392145 2794:3791464 1857:people. 1803:sensing 1783:feeling 1391:puberty 1152:monitor 1148:valuate 1067:Swansea 1023:scholar 916:acronym 851:Flipism 799:utility 787:and by 719:against 605:). The 595:Emotion 573:macaque 531:(ACC), 473:removed 458:sources 159:Logical 34:Sample 6725:People 6640:System 6144:Senior 6139:Middle 6104:Skills 6046:Stress 6041:Crisis 6020:Talent 5968:Office 5801:Change 5748:Public 5596: 5559: 5524: 5442:952292 5440: 5410: 5400: 5337: 5311: 5301: 5256: 5246: 5212: 5202: 5172: 5162: 5127: 5117: 5087: 5077: 5036: 5026: 4999: 4989: 4948: 4938: 4907: 4899: 4793: 4752: 4734: 4688: 4670: 4630: 4622: 4593:Nature 4571: 4561: 4510: 4500: 4461: 4451: 4412: 4404: 4360: 4313: 4303: 4253: 4243: 4200: 4165: 4128: 4118: 4051: 4043: 3954: 3944: 3892: 3882: 3853:310601 3851: 3841: 3805: 3782: 3774: 3731: 3666: 3656: 3617: 3599: 3537: 3529: 3487: 3479: 3435: 3427: 3377: 3367: 3320: 3285: 3275: 3247: 3239: 3172: 3145: 3135: 3111: 3078: 3047: 3039: 3019:Nature 2965: 2957: 2949: 2863: 2792: 2757: 2619: 2601: 2574: 2564: 2533: 2506: 2496: 2435: 2417: 2384: 2376: 2368: 2325: 2288: 2278: 2236: 2199: 2189: 2160: 2126: 2107: 2088: 1914:about 1801:; and 1679:, the 1675:, the 1419:Biases 1405:Adults 1254:framed 1025: 1018: 1011: 1004: 996: 859:augurs 740:wrote. 523:, and 76:choice 68:values 6664:Tools 6364:Other 5955:Staff 5945:Sales 5867:Brand 5821:Legal 5728:Court 5594:S2CID 5500:(PDF) 5475:(PDF) 5460:(PDF) 5295:17–18 5265:(PDF) 5240:(PDF) 5146:. In 4905:S2CID 4875:(PDF) 4750:S2CID 4697:(PDF) 4654:(PDF) 4628:S2CID 4380:(PDF) 4299:–20. 4198:S2CID 4104:(PDF) 4049:S2CID 3780:S2CID 3615:S2CID 3535:S2CID 3507:(PDF) 3485:S2CID 3444:(PDF) 3433:S2CID 3397:(PDF) 3245:S2CID 2985:(PDF) 2963:S2CID 2861:JSTOR 2790:JSTOR 2558:33–40 2476:. In 2474:(PDF) 2446:(PDF) 2407:(PDF) 2382:S2CID 2234:S2CID 1519:(see 1168:moral 1071:Wales 1030:JSTOR 1016:books 955:Other 902:GOFER 894:Steps 855:tarot 779:Plato 638:Group 609:is a 6681:IDEF 6114:Time 6094:Land 5911:Line 5831:Risk 5557:ISSN 5522:ISSN 5438:SSRN 5408:OCLC 5398:ISBN 5335:OCLC 5309:OCLC 5299:ISBN 5254:OCLC 5244:ISBN 5210:OCLC 5200:ISBN 5170:OCLC 5160:ISBN 5125:OCLC 5115:ISBN 5085:PMID 5034:OCLC 5024:ISBN 4997:PMID 4946:OCLC 4936:ISBN 4897:PMID 4791:ISSN 4686:PMID 4620:PMID 4569:PMID 4508:PMID 4459:PMID 4410:PMID 4402:ISSN 4358:ISSN 4311:OCLC 4301:ISBN 4251:OCLC 4241:ISBN 4163:PMID 4126:OCLC 4116:ISBN 4041:PMID 4008:2012 3952:OCLC 3942:ISBN 3890:OCLC 3880:ISBN 3849:OCLC 3839:ISBN 3803:ISBN 3772:ISSN 3729:ISBN 3664:PMID 3527:PMID 3477:PMID 3425:PMID 3375:PMID 3318:PMID 3283:OCLC 3273:ISBN 3237:PMID 3170:ISSN 3166:Time 3143:OCLC 3133:ISBN 3109:ISBN 3076:ISBN 3045:PMID 3037:ISSN 2955:PMID 2947:ISSN 2906:link 2755:ISSN 2617:ISBN 2572:OCLC 2562:ISBN 2531:OCLC 2504:OCLC 2494:ISBN 2433:ISBN 2374:PMID 2366:ISSN 2323:ISBN 2286:OCLC 2276:ISBN 2197:OCLC 2187:ISBN 2158:ISBN 2124:ISBN 2105:ISBN 2086:ISBN 1867:The 1860:The 1852:The 1844:The 1836:The 1805:and 1797:and 1789:and 1781:and 1150:and 1002:news 813:and 709:and 691:and 679:and 603:Risk 507:and 456:any 454:cite 185:the 54:and 5623:doi 5586:doi 5549:doi 5512:doi 5508:328 5504:BMJ 5368:doi 5075:PMC 5067:doi 4987:PMC 4979:doi 4889:doi 4853:doi 4824:doi 4781:doi 4742:doi 4678:doi 4610:doi 4598:503 4559:PMC 4549:doi 4537:110 4498:PMC 4490:doi 4449:PMC 4441:doi 4392:doi 4388:189 4350:doi 4190:doi 4155:doi 4080:doi 4033:doi 3979:doi 3910:doi 3764:doi 3654:PMC 3646:doi 3607:doi 3564:doi 3519:doi 3469:doi 3417:doi 3405:340 3365:PMC 3357:doi 3345:324 3310:doi 3229:doi 3201:doi 3101:doi 3068:doi 3027:doi 3023:503 2997:doi 2993:103 2937:hdl 2929:doi 2888:doi 2853:doi 2782:doi 2747:doi 2609:doi 2425:doi 2358:doi 2315:doi 2272:211 2226:doi 1500:is 1442:EEG 1333:by 1260:). 1240:In 1065:in 978:to 827:or 781:'s 717:or 715:for 467:by 228:by 113:or 105:or 42:In 6893:: 5619:36 5617:. 5592:. 5582:55 5580:. 5555:. 5545:57 5543:. 5520:. 5506:. 5502:. 5468:54 5466:. 5462:. 5436:. 5414:. 5406:. 5364:57 5362:. 5356:. 5307:. 5297:. 5252:. 5222:^ 5208:. 5198:. 5168:. 5123:. 5113:. 5083:. 5073:. 5063:14 5061:. 5055:. 5032:. 5022:. 4995:. 4985:. 4975:26 4973:. 4967:. 4944:. 4934:. 4903:. 4895:. 4885:16 4883:. 4877:. 4849:27 4847:. 4820:39 4818:. 4812:. 4789:. 4775:. 4771:. 4748:. 4740:. 4728:16 4726:. 4684:. 4676:. 4664:41 4662:. 4656:. 4626:. 4618:. 4608:. 4596:. 4590:. 4567:. 4557:. 4547:. 4535:. 4529:. 4506:. 4496:. 4486:28 4484:. 4480:. 4457:. 4447:. 4437:28 4435:. 4431:. 4408:. 4400:. 4386:. 4382:. 4356:. 4346:24 4344:. 4332:^ 4309:. 4275:^ 4249:. 4227:; 4223:; 4210:^ 4196:. 4186:27 4184:. 4161:. 4151:80 4149:. 4124:. 4106:. 4076:10 4074:. 4070:. 4047:. 4039:. 4029:27 4027:. 3973:. 3950:. 3940:. 3906:24 3904:. 3888:. 3847:. 3778:. 3770:. 3760:73 3758:. 3754:. 3708:. 3689:. 3685:. 3662:. 3652:. 3640:. 3636:. 3613:. 3605:. 3593:15 3591:. 3585:. 3560:31 3558:. 3533:. 3525:. 3515:24 3513:. 3509:. 3483:. 3475:. 3463:. 3431:. 3423:. 3415:. 3403:. 3399:. 3373:. 3363:. 3355:. 3343:. 3339:. 3316:. 3306:30 3304:. 3281:. 3243:. 3235:. 3223:. 3199:, 3168:. 3164:. 3141:. 3107:, 3074:. 3066:. 3043:. 3035:. 3021:. 3017:. 2991:. 2987:. 2961:. 2953:. 2945:. 2935:. 2925:63 2923:. 2902:}} 2898:{{ 2882:. 2859:. 2849:17 2847:. 2815:. 2788:. 2778:12 2776:. 2753:. 2743:28 2741:. 2729:^ 2697:. 2668:. 2639:. 2615:. 2607:. 2570:. 2560:. 2502:. 2480:; 2431:. 2423:. 2394:^ 2380:. 2372:. 2364:. 2354:50 2352:. 2348:. 2321:. 2284:. 2274:. 2266:; 2254:; 2232:. 2222:27 2220:. 2195:. 2185:. 1793:; 1785:; 1687:. 1523:). 1512:). 1428:: 1278:. 1174:: 1069:, 989:. 861:, 841:". 760:, 653:: 622:. 511:. 294:). 157:. 89:. 70:, 46:, 6496:e 6489:t 6482:v 5926:/ 5664:e 5657:t 5650:v 5629:. 5625:: 5600:. 5588:: 5563:. 5551:: 5528:. 5514:: 5484:. 5444:. 5374:. 5370:: 5341:. 5315:. 5274:. 5216:. 5176:. 5131:. 5091:. 5069:: 5040:. 5003:. 4981:: 4952:. 4911:. 4891:: 4859:. 4855:: 4830:. 4826:: 4797:. 4783:: 4777:1 4756:. 4744:: 4706:. 4680:: 4634:. 4612:: 4604:: 4575:. 4551:: 4543:: 4514:. 4492:: 4465:. 4443:: 4416:. 4394:: 4364:. 4352:: 4317:. 4297:5 4257:. 4204:. 4192:: 4169:. 4157:: 4132:. 4088:. 4082:: 4055:. 4035:: 3985:. 3981:: 3975:1 3958:. 3916:. 3912:: 3896:. 3855:. 3811:. 3786:. 3766:: 3737:. 3712:. 3693:. 3670:. 3648:: 3642:9 3621:. 3609:: 3570:. 3566:: 3541:. 3521:: 3491:. 3471:: 3465:9 3419:: 3411:: 3381:. 3359:: 3351:: 3324:. 3312:: 3289:. 3251:. 3231:: 3225:7 3203:: 3182:. 3149:. 3103:: 3084:. 3070:: 3051:. 3029:: 3003:. 2999:: 2969:. 2939:: 2931:: 2908:) 2890:: 2884:3 2867:. 2855:: 2832:. 2796:. 2784:: 2761:. 2749:: 2708:. 2683:. 2654:. 2625:. 2611:: 2578:. 2537:. 2510:. 2455:. 2427:: 2388:. 2360:: 2331:. 2317:: 2292:. 2240:. 2228:: 2203:. 2166:. 2132:. 2113:. 2094:. 1485:. 1356:) 1350:( 1345:) 1341:( 1327:. 1146:E 1136:D 1130:I 1124:C 1120:C 1114:E 1110:E 1104:D 1052:) 1046:( 1041:) 1037:( 1027:· 1020:· 1013:· 1006:· 983:. 948:R 942:E 935:F 929:O 923:G 873:. 817:. 791:. 733:. 699:. 663:. 494:) 488:( 483:) 479:( 475:. 461:. 251:) 245:( 240:) 236:( 222:. 27:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.