276:
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741:— believing that an isolated random event is affected by previous isolated random events. For example, if flips of a fair coin give repeated tails, the coin still has the same probability (i.e., 0.5) of tails in future turns, though intuitively it might seems that heads becomes more likely. In the long run, heads and tails should occur equally often; people commit the gambler's fallacy when they use this heuristic to predict that a result of heads is "due" after a run of tails. Another example is that decision-makers may be biased towards preferring moderate alternatives to extreme ones. The
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If someone received a windfall of several thousand dollars, they could spend it on an expensive holiday, giving them immediate pleasure, or they could invest it in a pension scheme, giving them an income at some time in the future. What is the optimal thing to do? The answer depends partly on factors such as the expected
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operates under a mindset that the most moderate option carries the most benefit. In an incomplete information scenario, as in most daily decisions, the moderate option will look more appealing than either extreme, independent of the context, based only on the fact that it has characteristics that can
636:
Intertemporal choice is concerned with the kind of choice where different actions lead to outcomes that are realized at different stages over time. It is also described as cost-benefit decision making since it involves the choices between rewards that vary according to magnitude and time of arrival.
445:
Prescriptive decision theory is concerned with predictions about behavior that positive decision theory produces to allow for further tests of the kind of decision-making that occurs in practice. In recent decades, there has also been increasing interest in "behavioral decision theory", contributing
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are procedures for making a decision without working out the consequences of every option. Heuristics decrease the amount of evaluative thinking required for decisions, focusing on some aspects of the decision while ignoring others. While quicker than step-by-step processing, heuristic thinking is
483:
is that, when faced with a number of actions, each of which could give rise to more than one possible outcome with different probabilities, the rational procedure is to identify all possible outcomes, determine their values (positive or negative) and the probabilities that will result from each
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Some decisions are difficult because of the need to take into account how other people in the situation will respond to the decision that is taken. The analysis of such social decisions is often treated under decision theory, though it involves mathematical methods. In the emerging field of
649:, and their confidence in the pensions industry. However even with all those factors taken into account, human behavior again deviates greatly from the predictions of prescriptive decision theory, leading to alternative models in which, for example, objective interest rates are replaced by
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Other areas of decision theory are concerned with decisions that are difficult simply because of their complexity, or the complexity of the organization that has to make them. Individuals making decisions are limited in resources (i.e. time and intelligence) and are therefore
613:
with less emphasis on rationality presuppositions. It describes a way by which people make decisions when all of the outcomes carry a risk. Kahneman and
Tversky found three regularities – in actual human decision-making, "losses loom larger than gains"; people focus more on
694:; the issue is thus, more than the deviation between real and optimal behavior, the difficulty of determining the optimal behavior in the first place. Decisions are also affected by whether options are framed together or separately; this is known as the
410:
In contrast, descriptive decision theory is concerned with describing observed behaviors often under the assumption that those making decisions are behaving under some consistent rules. These rules may, for instance, have a procedural framework (e.g.
390:
Normative decision theory is concerned with identification of optimal decisions where optimality is often determined by considering an ideal decision maker who is able to calculate with perfect accuracy and is in some sense fully
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maintain that probability is only one of many alternatives and point to many examples where non-standard alternatives have been implemented with apparent success. Notably, probabilistic decision theory can sometimes be
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course of action, and multiply the two to give an "expected value", or the average expectation for an outcome; the action to be chosen should be the one that gives rise to the highest total expected value. In 1738,
852:": it focuses on expected variations, not on unforeseen events, which some argue have outsized impact and must be considered – significant events may be "outside model". This line of argument, called the
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Ignorance is Bliss: A study on how and why humans depend on recognition heuristics in social relationships, the equity markets and the brand market-place, thereby making successful decisions
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wrong. He gives an example in which a Dutch merchant is trying to decide whether to insure a cargo being sent from
Amsterdam to St Petersburg in winter. In his solution, he defines a
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engineering, the research is especially focused on the different types of distributed decision-making in human organizations, in normal and abnormal/emergency/crisis situations.
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Crozier, M. & Friedberg, E. (1995). "Organization and
Collective Action. Our Contribution to Organizational Analysis" in Bacharach S.B, Gagliardi P. & Mundell P. (Eds).
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and others, extended the scope of expected utility theory to situations where subjective probabilities can be used. At the time, von
Neumann and Morgenstern's theory of
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856:, is that there are inevitable imperfections in modeling the real world by particular models, and that unquestioning reliance on models blinds one to their limits.
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707:
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Keren GB, Wagenaar WA (1985). "On the psychology of playing blackjack: Normative and descriptive considerations with implications for decision theory".
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Miller L, Milner B (1985). "Cognitive risk-taking after frontal or temporal lobectomy--II. The synthesis of phonemic and semantic information".
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527:, are special cases of the general decision problem. Wald's paper renewed and synthesized many concepts of statistical theory, including
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1954:
Why Can't You Just Give Me the Number? An
Executive's Guide to Using Probabilistic Thinking to Manage Risk and to Make Better Decisions
275:
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Expected
Utility Hypotheses and the Allais Paradox: Contemporary Discussions of the Decisions Under Uncertainty with Allais' Rejoinder
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A general criticism of decision theory based on a fixed universe of possibilities is that it considers the "known unknowns", not the "
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Roe RM, Busemeyer JR, Townsend JT (2001). "Multialternative decision field theory: A dynamic connectionst model of decision making".
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in their utility-states than they focus on absolute utilities; and the estimation of subjective probabilities is severely biased by
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Miller L (1985). "Cognitive risk-taking after frontal or temporal lobectomy--I. The synthesis of fragmented visual information".
792:(or for the limit of a sequence of prior distributions). Thus, for every decision rule, either the rule may be reformulated as a
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an overview of the philosophical foundations of key mathematical axioms in subjective expected utility theory – mainly normative
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how people really do make decisions. Despite this, the field is extremely important to the study of real human behavior by
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A highly controversial issue is whether one can replace the use of probability in decision theory with something else.
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Hansson, Sven Ove. "Decision theory: A brief introduction". (2005) Section 1.2: A truly interdisciplinary subject.
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showed that human behavior has systematic and sometimes important departures from expected-utility maximization (
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Pfanzagl, J. in cooperation with V. Baumann and H. Huber (1968). "Events, Utility and
Subjective Probability".
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as illustrative of the theoretical difficulties that can arise from departures from the probability axioms, and
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Feduzi, A. (2014). "Uncovering unknown unknowns: Towards a
Baconian approach to management decision-making".
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1829:(September 1989). "Probabilism: A Critical Essay on the Theory of Probability and on the Value of Science".
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MacCrimmon, Kenneth R. (1968). "Descriptive and normative implications of the decision-theory postulates".
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The area of choice under uncertainty represents the heart of decision theory. Known from the 17th century (
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Schoemaker, P. J. (1982). "The
Expected Utility Model: Its Variants, Purposes, Evidence and Limitations".
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procedure (or a limit of a sequence of such), or there is a rule that is sometimes better and never worse.
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1698:"Designing Economic Agents that Act like Human Agents: A Behavioral Approach to Bounded Rationality"
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One example of a common and erroneous thought process that arises through heuristic thinking is the
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to assumptions about the probabilities of various events, whereas non-probabilistic rules, such as
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proved that expected utility maximization followed from basic postulates about rational behavior.
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ball repeatedly lands on red, it is no more likely to land on black the next time.
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are equivalent to the Bayesian decision rule for some utility function and some
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to a re-evaluation of what useful decision-making requires.
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2214:
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also more likely to involve fallacies or inaccuracies.
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Advocates for the use of probability theory point to:
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1247:"Some Principles of the Theory of Testing Hypotheses"
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1330:Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases
784:the complete class theorems, which show that all
2048:Selected Economic Writings of Oskar Morgenstern
1332:. London: Macat International Ltd. p. 13.
511:In the 20th century, interest was reignited by
3943:Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
1914:(covers both normative and descriptive theory)
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1420:Bobadilla-Suarez S, Love BC (January 2018).
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1143:Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
834:in that they do not make such assumptions.
496:to show that expected value theory must be
43:It has been suggested that this article be
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2419:Heuristics in judgment and decision-making
2320:
2306:
2298:
2255:Shafer, Glenn; Pearl, Judea, eds. (1990).
1408:Research in the Sociology of Organizations
708:Heuristics in judgment and decision-making
362:and analyze individuals in fields such as
263:
249:
100:
68:
2078:
1899:Decision Analysis for Management Judgment
1815:Decision-Making: An Experimental Approach
1672:Foundations of Rational Choice Under Risk
1592:
1551:
1448:
1264:
1218:
1118:Foundations of Rational Choice Under Risk
1099:
1780:Clemen, Robert; Reilly, Terence (2014).
1017:"Decision theory Definition and meaning"
488:published an influential paper entitled
407:) to help people make better decisions.
2169:. Princeton University Press. pp.
1921:"Decision Theory: A Brief Introduction"
1008:
415:'s elimination by aspects model) or an
318:to model how individuals should behave
232:
76:
2280:Decision Analysis: A Bayesian Approach
2095:(also about normative decision theory)
1897:Goodwin, Paul; Wright, George (2004).
1784:(3rd ed.). Stamford CT: Cengage.
508:rather than expected financial value.
1290:Theory of Games and Economic Behavior
354:, as it lays the foundations for the
7:
1845:Annales de l'Institut Henri Poincaré
1073:
1071:
1047:
1045:
27:Branch of applied probability theory
4568:Agent-based computational economics
2109:"On Small Differences in Sensation"
1901:(3rd ed.). Chichester: Wiley.
1676:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1288:Neumann Jv, Morgenstern O (1953) .
1120:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1092:10.1146/annurev.ps.28.020177.000245
3210:Industrial and applied mathematics
2810:What the Tortoise Said to Achilles
2263:. San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann.
2129:An Introduction to Decision Theory
1857:Studies in Subjective Probability,
1797:(covers normative decision theory)
1378:Hess, Thomas M.; Strough, JoNell;
801:Alternatives to probability theory
479:, published in 1670), the idea of
427:with behavioral violations of the
25:
3440:Stochastic differential equations
2093:Reprinted in Shafer & Pearl.
1303:Allais, M.; Hagen, G. M. (2013).
1252:Annals of Mathematical Statistics
1206:Annals of Mathematical Statistics
5026:neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis
3756:Supersymmetric quantum mechanics
3163:
3162:
3152:
1386:. London: Elsevier. p. 21.
233:
34:
4105:Cybernetics in the Soviet Union
3638:Stochastic variational calculus
3430:Ordinary differential equations
2259:Readings in uncertain reasoning
1946:Non-Robust Models in Statistics
1553:10.1016/j.cognition.2014.01.002
609:renewed the empirical study of
338:and concerned with identifying
3435:Partial differential equations
3308:Arbitrary-precision arithmetic
2131:. Cambridge University Press.
1171:Journal of Economic Literature
927:Multi-criteria decision making
657:Interaction of decision makers
425:Von Neumann-Morgenstern axioms
60:Proposed since September 2024.
1:
4962:Critique of political economy
3323:Interactive geometry software
1879:Optimal Statistical Decisions
1839:(translation of 1931 article)
1696:Arthur, W. Brian (May 1991).
2023:10.1016/0028-3932(85)90023-5
1986:10.1016/0028-3932(85)90022-3
1705:The American Economic Review
1649:The American Economic Review
1581:Judgment and Decision Making
746:be found at either extreme.
473:, which is contained in his
440:quasi-hyperbolic discounting
3375:Computational number theory
3338:Numerical-analysis software
2343:Expected utility hypothesis
2208:; "Truth and Probability" (
1893:(Originally published 1970)
1534:Xu J, Harvey N (May 2014).
1513:10.1037/0033-295X.108.2.370
1155:10.1037/0096-3445.114.2.133
1080:Annual Review of Psychology
519:statistical-theory, namely
517:sampling-distribution-based
461:Expected utility hypothesis
5635:
5100:Real business-cycle theory
4085:Computational neuroscience
2459:Evidential decision theory
2220:Robert, Christian (2007).
2182:. Wiley. pp. 195–220.
1881:. Wiley Classics Library.
917:Functional decision theory
912:Evidential decision theory
841:
705:
629:
458:
399:make decisions) is called
173:Relationship with sciences
5540:
3973:
3781:Algebra of physical space
3248:Automated theorem proving
3148:
2394:Principle of indifference
2127:Peterson, Martin (2009).
1819:Stanford University Press
1603:10.1017/S193029750000303X
786:admissible decision rules
651:subjective discount rates
562:theory, from the work of
537:admissible decision rules
423:axioms), reconciling the
386:Normative and descriptive
296:theory of rational choice
4258:Charles Geoffrey Vickers
4145:Second-order cybernetics
3574:Numerical linear algebra
2089:10.1109/TSSC.1968.300114
819:info-gap decision theory
668:often conduct extensive
541:antecedent distributions
455:Choice under uncertainty
405:decision support systems
5614:Epistemology of science
4740:Industrial organization
4563:Computational economics
4120:Engineering cybernetics
4050:Artificial intelligence
3313:Finite element analysis
3263:Constraint satisfaction
2729:Paradoxes of set theory
2454:Emotional choice theory
2187:Raiffa, Howard (1997).
2101:Peirce, Charles Sanders
1952:Leach, Patrick (2006).
1266:10.1214/aoms/1177729884
1220:10.1214/aoms/1177732144
977:Signal detection theory
907:Emotional choice theory
887:Constraint satisfaction
492:, in which he uses the
421:stochastic transitivity
310:that uses the tools of
4945:Modern monetary theory
4610:Experimental economics
4580:Pluralism in economics
4553:Mathematical economics
4443:Walter Bradford Cannon
4333:Ludwig von Bertalanffy
4188:Alfred Radcliffe-Brown
4135:Management cybernetics
4060:Biomedical cybernetics
4055:Biological cybernetics
3868:Mathematical economics
3542:Multivariable calculus
3425:Differential equations
3268:Constraint programming
3258:Computational geometry
2449:Causal decision theory
2414:St. Petersburg paradox
2364:Decision-matrix method
2206:Ramsey, Frank Plumpton
1859:New York: Wiley, 1964.
962:Rational choice theory
947:Preference (economics)
877:Causal decision theory
815:Dempster–Shafer theory
725:
673:
560:subjective probability
494:St. Petersburg paradox
326:. It differs from the
288:
50:Rational choice theory
5594:Statistical inference
4403:Anthony Stafford Beer
4238:Ernst von Glasersfeld
3821:Supersymmetry algebra
3806:Representation theory
3801:Renormalization group
3447:Differential geometry
3328:Optimization software
3300:Mathematical software
2429:Bayesian epistemology
2230:10.1007/0-387-71599-1
2180:Theory of Measurement
1864:Theory of Probability
1486:10.1287/mnsc.31.4.395
997:Two envelopes problem
867:Bayesian epistemology
768:Richard Threlkeld Cox
715:
664:
459:Further information:
356:rational agent models
278:
4819:Social choice theory
4575:Behavioral economics
4558:Complexity economics
4433:Valentin Braitenberg
4313:Jay Wright Forrester
3873:Mathematical finance
3858:Social choice theory
3773:Algebraic structures
3722:in quantum mechanics
3658:Analytical mechanics
3624:Stochastic processes
3596:Variational calculus
3408:Approximation theory
3333:Statistical software
3095:Kavka's toxin puzzle
2867:Income and fertility
2444:Social choice theory
2348:Intertemporal choice
2282:. Chapman and Hall.
2278:Smith, J.Q. (1988).
1668:Anand, Paul (1993).
1501:Psychological Review
1116:Anand, Paul (1993).
1054:Risk and Uncertainty
987:Stochastic dominance
632:Intertemporal choice
626:Intertemporal choice
525:parameter estimation
360:mathematically model
138:Discrete mathematics
4903:American (National)
4603:Economic statistics
4458:William Grey Walter
4398:Sergei P. Kurdyumov
4358:N. Katherine Hayles
4140:Medical cybernetics
4100:Conversation theory
3848:Operations research
3717:Perturbation theory
3515:Multilinear algebra
3486:Functional analysis
3343:Numerical libraries
3275:Computational logic
2754:Temperature paradox
2677:Free choice paradox
2541:Fitch's knowability
2379:Strategic dominance
2222:The Bayesian Choice
1919:Hansson, Sven Ove.
1862:de Finetti, Bruno.
1380:Löckenhoff, Corinna
1114:For instance, see:
937:Operations research
872:Bayesian statistics
545:Bayesian procedures
332:behavioral sciences
308:analytic philosophy
72:Part of a series on
4438:William Ross Ashby
4363:Natalia Bekhtereva
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4278:Heinz von Foerster
4203:Buckminster Fuller
4130:Information theory
4080:Catastrophe theory
3985:Mathematics portal
3882:Other applications
3606:Probability theory
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3569:Numerical analysis
3462:Geometric analysis
3452:Differential forms
3285:Information theory
3130:Prisoner's dilemma
2816:Heat death paradox
2804:Unexpected hanging
2769:Chicken or the egg
2424:Probability theory
2212:), Chapter VII in
1866:, (translation by
1626:Decision Processes
1474:Management Science
1441:10.1037/xlm0000419
982:Small-numbers game
811:possibility theory
805:The proponents of
790:prior distribution
758:Probability theory
726:
692:boundedly rational
674:
521:hypothesis testing
469:invoked it in his
450:Types of decisions
289:
281:judgement of Paris
239:Mathematics Portal
5576:
5575:
5107:New institutional
4466:
4465:
4388:Ranulph Glanville
4303:Jakob von UexkĂĽll
4283:Humberto Maturana
4243:Francis Heylighen
4001:
4000:
3835:Decision sciences
3829:
3828:
3811:Spacetime algebra
3503:Harmonic analysis
3469:Dynamical systems
3413:Clifford analysis
3390:Discrete geometry
3356:
3355:
3176:
3175:
2847:Arrow information
2467:
2466:
2289:978-0-412-27520-3
2239:978-0-387-95231-4
2198:978-0-07-052579-5
2138:978-0-521-71654-3
2057:978-0-8147-7771-8
1963:978-0-9647938-5-9
1956:. Probabilistic.
1908:978-0-470-86108-0
1827:de Finetti, Bruno
1791:978-0-538-79757-3
1764:978-0-471-92416-6
1730:978-0-387-96098-2
1683:978-0-19-823303-9
1167:For a review see
972:Secretary problem
957:Quantum cognition
932:Newcomb's paradox
743:compromise effect
738:gambler's fallacy
718:gambler's fallacy
685:Complex decisions
666:Military planners
639:rates of interest
611:economic behavior
436:utility functions
433:time-inconsistent
401:decision analysis
380:political science
376:cognitive science
352:social scientists
340:optimal decisions
279:The mythological
273:
272:
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16:(Redirected from
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4780:Natural resource
4615:Economic history
4541:Mechanism design
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4178:Alexander Lerner
4155:Sociocybernetics
4075:Neurocybernetics
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3370:Computer algebra
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2967:Service recovery
2821:Olbers's paradox
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2011:Neuropsychologia
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1974:Neuropsychologia
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1937:Khemani, Karan,
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1933:on July 5, 2006.
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850:unknown unknowns
779:Bruno de Finetti
720:: even when the
696:distinction bias
595:Ellsberg paradox
576:expected utility
568:Bruno de Finetti
506:expected utility
502:utility function
486:Daniel Bernoulli
438:(e.g. Laibson's
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4308:Jason Jixuan Hu
4293:Igor Aleksander
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4268:Gordon S. Brown
4253:Frederic Vester
4233:Erich von Holst
4193:Allenna Leonard
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3923:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3839:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3777:
3775:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3763:
3758:
3748:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3731:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3714:
3713:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3654:
3652:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3621:
3610:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3500:
3499:
3498:
3493:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3479:Control theory
3476:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3410:
3404:
3402:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3366:
3364:
3358:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3304:
3302:
3293:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3222:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3183:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3160:
3149:
3146:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3010:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2972:St. Petersburg
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2601:Rule-following
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2526:Dream argument
2523:
2518:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2505:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2474:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2404:Allais paradox
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2302:
2295:
2294:
2288:
2275:
2269:
2252:
2238:
2217:
2203:
2197:
2184:
2175:
2155:Utility Theory
2143:
2137:
2124:
2105:Joseph Jastrow
2097:
2073:(3): 200–210.
2062:
2056:
2043:
2006:
1969:
1962:
1949:
1942:
1935:
1916:
1907:
1894:
1887:
1871:
1860:
1849:
1840:
1823:
1807:Patrick Suppes
1799:
1790:
1777:
1763:
1743:
1729:
1713:
1693:
1682:
1665:
1655:(2): 137–142.
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1616:
1587:(2): 196–206.
1567:
1526:
1507:(2): 370–392.
1491:
1480:(4): 395–414.
1464:
1412:
1399:
1392:
1370:
1363:
1345:
1338:
1320:
1313:
1295:
1280:
1234:
1213:(4): 299–326.
1188:
1177:(2): 529–563.
1160:
1149:(2): 133–158.
1133:
1126:
1107:
1067:
1041:
1032:
1021:Dictionary.com
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
863:
861:
858:
842:Main article:
839:
836:
802:
799:
798:
797:
782:
771:
759:
756:
751:
748:
706:Main article:
703:
700:
686:
683:
658:
655:
630:Main article:
627:
624:
591:Allais paradox
583:Maurice Allais
572:Leonard Savage
533:risk functions
529:loss functions
513:Abraham Wald's
481:expected value
456:
453:
451:
448:
387:
384:
346:, rather than
344:rational agent
334:in that it is
271:
270:
268:
267:
260:
253:
245:
242:
241:
230:
229:
226:
225:
222:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
175:
172:
171:
168:
167:
164:
163:
154:
149:
140:
135:
126:
121:
116:
110:
105:
104:
97:
96:
95:
94:
89:
81:
80:
74:
73:
65:
64:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5631:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5539:
5531:
5528:
5525:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5503:
5501:
5497:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5434:
5431:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5153:de Mandeville
5151:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5139:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5101:
5098:
5097:
5096:
5095:New classical
5093:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5067:
5064:
5063:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5051:Malthusianism
5049:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5012:Institutional
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4946:
4943:
4942:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4923:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4816:
4815:Public choice
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4790:Participation
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4750:Institutional
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4700:Expeditionary
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4690:Environmental
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4632:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4591:
4587:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4494:
4489:
4487:
4482:
4480:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4423:Ulla Mitzdorf
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4393:Robert Trappl
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4348:Margaret Mead
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4328:Kevin Warwick
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4298:Jacque Fresco
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4173:
4171:
4167:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4090:Connectionism
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4029:
4024:
4022:
4017:
4015:
4010:
4009:
4006:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3936:Organizations
3934:
3928:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3911:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3796:Quantum group
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3753:
3752:
3751:Supersymmetry
3749:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3734:String theory
3732:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3720:
3719:
3718:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3673:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3633:Path integral
3631:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3619:
3615:
3614:Distributions
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3603:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3380:Combinatorics
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3253:Coding theory
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3218:Computational
3215:
3211:
3204:
3199:
3197:
3192:
3190:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3169:
3161:
3159:
3151:
3150:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3100:Morton's fork
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3040:Buridan's ass
3038:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3013:Apportionment
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2872:Downs–Thomson
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2789:Plato's beard
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2687:Kleene–Rosser
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2611:Theseus' ship
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2571:Mere addition
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2509:Philosophical
2507:
2503:
2495:
2490:
2488:
2483:
2481:
2476:
2475:
2472:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2434:Risk aversion
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2318:
2316:
2311:
2309:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2270:9781558601253
2266:
2261:
2260:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2218:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2166:
2160:
2159:Martin Shubik
2156:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1980:(3): 359–69.
1979:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1888:0-471-68029-X
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1811:Sidney Siegel
1808:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1685:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1632:(2): 268–283.
1631:
1627:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1546:(2): 173–80.
1545:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1495:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1395:
1393:9780124171558
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1371:
1366:
1364:9783642644993
1360:
1356:
1349:
1346:
1341:
1339:9781912303687
1335:
1331:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1314:9789048183548
1310:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1284:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1197:Wald, Abraham
1192:
1189:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1134:
1129:
1127:0-19-823303-5
1123:
1119:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1003:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
864:
859:
857:
855:
854:ludic fallacy
851:
845:
844:Ludic fallacy
838:Ludic fallacy
837:
835:
833:
829:
825:
820:
816:
812:
808:
800:
795:
791:
787:
783:
780:
777:paradoxes of
776:
772:
769:
765:
764:
763:
757:
755:
749:
747:
744:
740:
739:
733:
730:
723:
719:
714:
709:
701:
699:
697:
693:
684:
682:
680:
671:
667:
663:
656:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
633:
625:
623:
621:
617:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
553:E. L. Lehmann
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
509:
507:
504:and computes
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
482:
478:
477:
472:
468:
467:Blaise Pascal
462:
454:
449:
447:
443:
441:
437:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
385:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
286:
282:
277:
266:
261:
259:
254:
252:
247:
246:
244:
243:
240:
236:
231:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
176:
170:
169:
162:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
130:
127:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
114:Number theory
112:
111:
108:
103:
102:
99:
98:
93:
90:
88:
85:
84:
83:
82:
79:
75:
71:
70:
61:
56:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
5564:Publications
5520:Publications
5487:
5083:Neoclassical
5073:Mercantilism
4982:Evolutionary
4844:Sociological
4817: /
4715:Geographical
4695:Evolutionary
4670:Digitization
4635:Agricultural
4598:Econometrics
4526:Price theory
4520:
4448:Walter Pitts
4353:Marian Mazur
4228:Cliff Joslyn
4109:
4070:Biosemiotics
3991: /
3987: /
3977:
3853:Optimization
3834:
3816:Superalgebra
3675:Field theory
3648:Mathematical
3626: /
3474:Chaos theory
3457:Gauge theory
3385:Graph theory
3280:Cryptography
3120:Preparedness
2952:Productivity
2932:Mandeville's
2724:Opposite Day
2652:Burali-Forti
2647:Bhartrhari's
2328:
2279:
2258:
2221:
2213:
2188:
2179:
2164:
2128:
2116:
2112:
2094:
2070:
2066:
2047:
2017:(3): 371–9.
2014:
2010:
1977:
1973:
1953:
1945:
1928:the original
1913:
1898:
1878:
1863:
1856:
1853:1937 article
1844:
1834:
1830:
1814:
1796:
1781:
1754:
1720:
1708:
1704:
1689:
1671:
1652:
1648:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1543:
1539:
1529:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1435:(1): 24–33.
1432:
1428:
1415:
1407:
1402:
1383:
1373:
1354:
1348:
1329:
1323:
1304:
1298:
1289:
1283:
1256:
1250:
1237:
1210:
1204:
1191:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1146:
1142:
1136:
1117:
1110:
1083:
1079:
1053:
1035:
1024:. Retrieved
1020:
1011:
847:
804:
766:the work of
761:
753:
750:Alternatives
742:
736:
734:
727:
688:
675:
635:
615:
607:Amos Tversky
581:The work of
580:
564:Frank Ramsey
557:
510:
489:
474:
471:famous wager
464:
444:
413:Amos Tversky
409:
396:
389:
336:prescriptive
295:
291:
290:
160:
59:
48:
5358:von Neumann
5127:Supply-side
5112:Physiocracy
5056:Marginalism
4745:Information
4685:Engineering
4665:Development
4660:Demographic
4531:Game theory
4508:Theoretical
4383:Qian Xuesen
4263:Gordon Pask
4160:Synergetics
4125:Homeostasis
4065:Biorobotics
4036:cybernetics
3993:topics list
3927:Mathematics
3843:Game theory
3744:Topological
3710:Topological
3705:Statistical
3668:Hamiltonian
3050:Condorcet's
2902:Giffen good
2862:Competition
2616:White horse
2591:Omnipotence
2439:Game theory
2152:von Neumann
2148:Morgenstern
1747:Bernardo JM
1711:(2): 353–9.
1259:(1): 1–26.
1086:(1): 1–39.
967:Rationality
922:Game theory
807:fuzzy logic
670:simulations
498:normatively
372:criminology
324:uncertainty
316:probability
300:probability
204:Linguistics
194:Computation
189:Geosciences
152:Probability
78:Mathematics
5583:Categories
5515:Economists
5388:Schumacher
5293:Schumpeter
5263:von Wieser
5183:von ThĂĽnen
5143:Economists
5042:Circuitism
5007:Humanistic
5002:Historical
4977:Ecological
4967:Democratic
4940:Chartalism
4930:Behavioral
4893:Mainstream
4854:Statistics
4849:Solidarity
4770:Managerial
4735:Humanistic
4730:Historical
4675:Ecological
4640:Behavioral
3899:Psychology
3863:Statistics
3663:Lagrangian
3290:Statistics
3226:Algorithms
3125:Prevention
3115:Parrondo's
3105:Navigation
3090:Inventor's
3085:Hedgehog's
3045:Chainstore
3028:Population
3023:New states
2957:Prosperity
2937:Mayfield's
2779:Entailment
2759:Barbershop
2672:Epimenides
1831:Erkenntnis
1243:Lehmann EL
1101:1794/22385
1026:2022-04-02
1004:References
775:Dutch book
729:Heuristics
702:Heuristics
348:describing
320:rationally
214:Philosophy
157:Statistics
147:Set theory
5433:Greenspan
5398:Samuelson
5378:Galbraith
5348:Tinbergen
5288:von Mises
5283:Heckscher
5243:Edgeworth
5122:Stockholm
5117:Socialist
5017:Keynesian
4997:Happiness
4957:Classical
4918:Mutualism
4913:Anarchist
4898:Heterodox
4795:Personnel
4755:Knowledge
4720:Happiness
4710:Financial
4680:Education
4655:Democracy
4590:Empirical
4500:Economics
4115:Emergence
4043:Subfields
3904:Sociology
3894:Chemistry
3690:Effective
3685:Conformal
3680:Classical
3552:Geometric
3525:Geometric
3140:Willpower
3135:Tolerance
3110:Newcomb's
3075:Fredkin's
2962:Scitovsky
2882:Edgeworth
2877:Easterlin
2842:Antitrust
2739:Russell's
2734:Richard's
2707:Pinocchio
2662:Crocodile
2581:Newcomb's
2551:Goodman's
2546:Free will
2531:Epicurean
2502:paradoxes
2336:Decisions
2075:CiteSeerX
1868:AFM Smith
1757:. Wiley.
1589:CiteSeerX
1540:Cognition
824:sensitive
643:inflation
620:anchoring
417:axiomatic
368:economics
364:sociology
328:cognitive
304:economics
287:shown).
285:goddesses
219:Education
209:Economics
184:Chemistry
5544:Category
5524:journals
5510:Glossary
5463:Stiglitz
5428:Rothbard
5408:Buchanan
5393:Friedman
5383:Koopmans
5373:Leontief
5353:Robinson
5238:Marshall
5088:Lausanne
4992:Georgism
4987:Feminist
4935:Buddhist
4925:Austrian
4824:Regional
4800:Planning
4775:Monetary
4705:Feminist
4650:Cultural
4645:Business
3979:Category
3628:analysis
3547:Exterior
3520:Exterior
3400:Analysis
3362:Discrete
3236:analysis
3168:Category
3065:Ellsberg
2917:Leontief
2897:Gibson's
2892:European
2887:Ellsberg
2857:Braess's
2852:Bertrand
2830:Economic
2764:Catch-22
2744:Socratic
2586:Nihilism
2556:Hedonism
2516:Analysis
2500:Notable
2357:Concepts
2119:: 73–83.
2107:(1885).
2039:31082509
2002:45154180
1877:(2004).
1813:(1957).
1753:(1994).
1751:Smith AF
1719:(1985).
1562:24549140
1521:11381834
1459:28557503
1382:(2015).
1245:(1950).
1199:(1939).
860:See also
794:Bayesian
722:roulette
397:ought to
393:rational
358:used to
133:Analysis
129:Calculus
119:Geometry
5559:Outline
5530:Schools
5522: (
5483:Piketty
5478:Krugman
5343:Kuznets
5333:Kalecki
5308:Polanyi
5198:Cournot
5193:Bastiat
5178:Ricardo
5168:Malthus
5158:Quesnay
5061:Marxian
4952:Chicago
4882:history
4877:Schools
4864:Welfare
4834:Service
4625:Applied
3989:outline
3920:Related
3889:Biology
3739:Bosonic
3700:Quantum
3650:physics
3616: (
3348:Solvers
3070:Fenno's
3035:Arrow's
3018:Alabama
3008:Abilene
2987:Tullock
2942:Metzler
2784:Lottery
2774:Drinker
2717:Yablo's
2712:Quine's
2667:Curry's
2630:Logical
2606:Sorites
2596:Preface
2576:Moore's
2561:Liberal
2536:Fiction
2389:Leximin
2384:Minimax
2248:1835885
2216:(1931).
2171:237–251
2161:(ed.).
2031:4022304
1994:4022303
1941:, 2005.
1773:1274699
1739:0804611
1661:1805441
1611:9432630
1450:5708146
1275:2236552
1229:0000932
1183:2724488
828:minimax
616:changes
597:). The
549:minimax
476:Pensées
294:or the
199:Biology
179:Physics
124:Algebra
87:History
55:Discuss
5468:Thaler
5448:Ostrom
5443:Becker
5438:Sowell
5418:Baumol
5323:Myrdal
5318:Sraffa
5313:Frisch
5303:Knight
5298:Keynes
5273:Fisher
5268:Veblen
5253:Pareto
5233:Menger
5228:George
5223:Jevons
5218:Walras
5208:Gossen
5132:Thermo
4810:Public
4805:Policy
4760:Labour
4725:Health
3562:Vector
3557:Tensor
3535:Vector
3530:Tensor
3231:design
2977:Thrift
2947:Plenty
2922:Lerner
2912:Jevons
2907:Icarus
2837:Allais
2799:Ross's
2637:Barber
2621:Zeno's
2566:Meno's
2286:
2267:
2246:
2236:
2195:
2157:". In
2135:
2077:
2054:
2037:
2029:
2000:
1992:
1960:
1905:
1885:
1788:
1771:
1761:
1737:
1727:
1680:
1659:
1609:
1591:
1560:
1519:
1457:
1447:
1390:
1361:
1336:
1311:
1273:
1227:
1181:
1124:
1062:231114
1060:
992:TOTREP
832:robust
830:, are
817:, and
547:, and
378:, and
342:for a
322:under
306:, and
45:merged
5554:Lists
5549:Index
5500:Lists
5473:Hoppe
5458:Lucas
5423:Solow
5413:Arrow
5403:Simon
5368:Lange
5363:Hicks
5338:Röpke
5328:Hayek
5278:Pigou
5248:Clark
5163:Smith
5078:Mixed
5037:Post-
4859:Urban
4839:Socio
4829:Rural
3695:Gauge
3080:Green
3060:Downs
2992:Value
2927:Lucas
2794:Raven
2702:No-no
2657:Court
2642:Berry
2035:S2CID
1998:S2CID
1931:(PDF)
1924:(PDF)
1701:(PDF)
1657:JSTOR
1607:S2CID
1425:(PDF)
1271:JSTOR
1179:JSTOR
143:Logic
107:Areas
92:Index
47:with
5599:Risk
5489:more
5213:Marx
5203:Mill
5188:List
5066:Neo-
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