Decision-making - Knowledge (XXG)

1751:"Unlike the combinational player, the positional player is occupied, first and foremost, with the elaboration of the position that will allow him to develop in the unknown future. In playing the positional style, the player must evaluate relational and material parameters as independent variables. ... The positional style gives the player the opportunity to develop a position until it becomes pregnant with a combination. However, the combination is not the final goal of the positional player – it helps him to achieve the desirable, keeping in mind a predisposition for the future development. The 1306:

decision-making behavior is somewhat present for children, ages 11–12 and older, but decreases in presence the younger they are. The reason children are not as fluid in their decision making is because they lack the ability to weigh the cost and effort needed to gather information in the decision-making process. Some possibilities that explain this inability are knowledge deficits and lack of utilization skills. Children lack the metacognitive knowledge necessary to know when to use any strategies they do possess to change their approach to decision-making.

1412:. Teens can become addicted to risky behavior because they are in a high state of arousal and are rewarded for it not only by their own internal functions but also by their peers around them. A recent study suggests that adolescents have difficulties adequately adjusting beliefs in response to bad news (such as reading that smoking poses a greater risk to health than they thought), but do not differ from adults in their ability to alter beliefs in response to good news. This creates biased beliefs, which may lead to greater risk taking. 413:

Armitage Miller suggests that humans' decision making becomes inhibited because human brains can only hold a limited amount of information. Crystal C. Hall and colleagues described an "illusion of knowledge", which means that as individuals encounter too much knowledge, it can interfere with their ability to make rational decisions. Other names for information overload are information anxiety, information explosion, infobesity, and infoxication.

1820:. She claimed that a person's decision-making style correlates well with how they score on these four dimensions. For example, someone who scored near the thinking, extroversion, sensing, and judgment ends of the dimensions would tend to have a logical, analytical, objective, critical, and empirical decision-making style. However, some psychologists say that the MBTI lacks reliability and validity and is poorly constructed. 6469: 1737:

sequence of moves aimed at reaching the set goal. As a rule, this sequence leaves no options for the opponent. Finding a combinational objective allows the player to focus all his energies on efficient execution, that is, the player's analysis may be limited to the pieces directly partaking in the combination. This approach is the crux of the combination and the combinational style of play.

1324: 454: 219: 976: 42: 1259:. Rational choice theory says that a person consistently makes choices that lead to the best situation for themselves, taking into account all available considerations including costs and benefits; the rationality of these considerations is from the point of view of the person themselves, so a decision is not irrational just because someone else finds it questionable. 1389:. In the past, researchers have thought that adolescent behavior was simply due to incompetency regarding decision-making. Currently, researchers have concluded that adults and adolescents are both competent decision-makers, not just adults. However, adolescents' competent decision-making skills decrease when psychosocial capacities become present. 275:, or problem analysis, and decision-making. Problem solving is the process of investigating the given information and finding all possible solutions through invention or discovery. Traditionally, it is argued that problem solving is a step towards decision making, so that the information gathered in that process may be used towards decision-making. 1895: 1404:. However, the socioemotional network changes quickly and abruptly, while the cognitive-control network changes more gradually. Because of this difference in change, the cognitive-control network, which usually regulates the socioemotional network, struggles to control the socioemotional network when psychosocial capacities are present. 1909: 164:(MCDA). This area of decision-making, although long established, has attracted the interest of many researchers and practitioners and is still highly debated as there are many MCDA methods which may yield very different results when they are applied to exactly the same data. This leads to the formulation of a 1842:

In the general decision-making style (GDMS) test developed by Suzanne Scott and Reginald Bruce, there are five decision-making styles: rational, intuitive, dependent, avoidant, and spontaneous. These five different decision-making styles change depending on the context and situation, and one style is

1736:

In defining the combinational style in chess, Katsenelinboigen wrote: "The combinational style features a clearly formulated limited objective, namely the capture of material (the main constituent element of a chess position). The objective is implemented via a well-defined, and in some cases, unique

1579:

involves the idea that when faced with a decision-making event, an individual is more likely to take on a risk when evaluating potential losses, and are more likely to avoid risks when evaluating potential gains. This can influence one's decision-making depending if the situation entails a threat, or

581:

not only represent the formation of a decision but also signal the degree of certainty (or "confidence") associated with the decision. A 2012 study found that rats and humans can optimally accumulate incoming sensory evidence, to make statistically optimal decisions. Another study found that lesions

439:

is when a person evades the situation entirely by not ever making a decision. Decision avoidance is different from analysis paralysis because this sensation is about avoiding the situation entirely, while analysis paralysis is continually looking at the decisions to be made but still unable to make a

1851:

style is an in-depth search for, and a strong consideration of, other options and/or information prior to making a decision. In this style, the individual would research the new job being offered, review their current job, and look at the pros and cons of taking the new job versus staying with their

1570:

is a specific type of framing effect that affects decision-making. It involves an individual making a decision about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation. An example of this would be an individual that is refraining from dropping a class that they are most

1376:

During their adolescent years, teens are known for their high-risk behaviors and rash decisions. Research has shown that there are differences in cognitive processes between adolescents and adults during decision-making. Researchers have concluded that differences in decision-making are not due to a

586:

resulted in impaired decision-making in the long run of reinforcement guided tasks suggesting that the ACC may be involved in evaluating past reinforcement information and guiding future action. It has recently been argued that the development of formal frameworks will allow neuroscientists to study

195:

The decision-maker's environment can play a part in the decision-making process. For example, environmental complexity is a factor that influences cognitive function. A complex environment is an environment with a large number of different possible states which come and go over time. Studies done at

159:

A major part of decision-making involves the analysis of a finite set of alternatives described in terms of evaluative criteria. Then the task might be to rank these alternatives in terms of how attractive they are to the decision-maker(s) when all the criteria are considered simultaneously. Another

1859:

style is confidence in one's initial feelings and gut reactions. In this style, if the individual initially prefers the new job because they have a feeling that the work environment is better suited for them, then they would decide to take the new job. The individual might not make this decision as

1651:

simply try to find a solution that is "good enough". Maximizers tend to take longer making decisions due to the need to maximize performance across all variables and make tradeoffs carefully; they also tend to more often regret their decisions (perhaps because they are more able than satisficers to

1586:

is a tendency to overestimate the likelihood of positive events occurring in the future and underestimate the likelihood of negative life events. Such biased expectations are generated and maintained in the face of counter-evidence through a tendency to discount undesirable information. An optimism

1420:

Adults are generally better able to control their risk-taking because their cognitive-control system has matured enough to the point where it can control the socioemotional network, even in the context of high arousal or when psychosocial capacities are present. Also, adults are less likely to find

1274:

Rational decision making is a multi-step process for making choices between alternatives. The process of rational decision making favors logic, objectivity, and analysis over subjectivity and insight. Irrational decision is more counter to logic. The decisions are made in haste and outcomes are not

397:

Groupthink is another occurrence that falls under the idea of extinction by instinct. Groupthink is when members in a group become more involved in the “value of the group (and their being part of it) higher than anything else”; thus, creating a habit of making decisions quickly and unanimously. In

371:

is the state that a person enters where they are unable to make a decision, in effect paralyzing the outcome. Some of the main causes for analysis paralysis is the overwhelming flood of incoming data or the tendency to overanalyze the situation at hand. There are said to be three different types of

1309:

When it comes to the idea of fairness in decision making, children and adults differ much less. Children are able to understand the concept of fairness in decision making from an early age. Toddlers and infants, ranging from 9–21 months, understand basic principles of equality. The main difference

1305:

It has been found that, unlike adults, children are less likely to have research strategy behaviors. One such behavior is adaptive decision-making, which is described as funneling and then analyzing the more promising information provided if the number of options to choose from increases. Adaptive

1608:

In groups, people generate decisions through active and complex processes. One method consists of three steps: initial preferences are expressed by members; the members of the group then gather and share information concerning those preferences; finally, the members combine their views and make a

1407:

When adolescents are exposed to social and emotional stimuli, their socioemotional network is activated as well as areas of the brain involved in reward processing. Because teens often gain a sense of reward from risk-taking behaviors, their repetition becomes ever more probable due to the reward

412:

Information overload is "a gap between the volume of information and the tools we have to assimilate" it. Information used in decision-making is to reduce or eliminate the uncertainty. Excessive information affects problem processing and tasking, which affects decision-making. Psychologist George

380:

The second is decision precision paralysis. This paralysis is cyclical, just like the first one, but instead of going over the same information, the decision-maker will find new questions and information from their analysis and that will lead them to explore into further possibilities rather than

657:

tries to avoid "winners" and "losers". Consensus requires that a majority approve a given course of action, but that the minority agree to go along with the course of action. In other words, if the minority opposes the course of action, consensus requires that the course of action be modified to

1242:

Conflicts in socialization are divided in to functional and dysfunctional types. Functional conflicts are mostly the questioning the managers assumptions in their decision making and dysfunctional conflicts are like personal attacks and every action which decrease team effectiveness. Functional

434:

needed to analyze all possible solutions. Impulsive decision-making and decision avoidance are two possible paths that extend from decision fatigue. Impulse decisions are made more often when a person is tired of analysis situations or solutions; the solution they make is to act and not think.

1717:

Katsenelinboigen states that apart from the methods (reactive and selective) and sub-methods (randomization, predispositioning, programming), there are two major styles: positional and combinational. Both styles are utilized in the game of chess. The two styles reflect two basic approaches to

624:

theory of how decisions are made in the face of uncertain outcomes. This theory holds that such decisions are aided by emotions, in the form of bodily states, that are elicited during the deliberation of future consequences and that mark different options for behavior as being advantageous or

393:

On the opposite side of analysis paralysis is the phenomenon called extinction by instinct. Extinction by instinct is the state that a person is in when they make careless decisions without detailed planning or thorough systematic processes. Extinction by instinct can possibly be fixed by

200:

have shown that more complex environments correlate with higher cognitive function, which means that a decision can be influenced by the location. One experiment measured complexity in a room by the number of small objects and appliances present; a simple room had less of those things.

1678:: an automatic intuitive system (called "System 1") and an effortful rational system (called "System 2"). System 1 is a bottom-up, fast, and implicit system of decision-making, while system 2 is a top-down, slow, and explicit system of decision-making. System 1 includes simple 160:

task might be to find the best alternative or to determine the relative total priority of each alternative (for instance, if alternatives represent projects competing for funds) when all the criteria are considered simultaneously. Solving such problems is the focus of

1451:): People tend to be willing to gather facts that support certain conclusions but disregard other facts that support different conclusions. Individuals who are highly defensive in this manner show significantly greater left prefrontal cortex activity as measured by 1714:. In his analysis on styles and methods, Katsenelinboigen referred to the game of chess, saying that "chess does disclose various methods of operation, notably the creation of predisposition-methods which may be applicable to other, more complex systems." 625:

disadvantageous. This process involves an interplay between neural systems that elicit emotional/bodily states and neural systems that map these emotional/bodily states. A recent lesion mapping study of 152 patients with focal brain lesions conducted by

1635:" to express the idea that human decision-making is limited by available information, available time and the mind's information-processing ability. Further psychological research has identified individual differences between two cognitive styles: 1540:: People tend to attribute their own success to internal factors, including abilities and talents, but explain their failures in terms of external factors such as bad luck. The reverse bias is shown when people explain others' success or failure. 1518:

Source credibility bias is a tendency to reject a person's statement on the basis of a bias against the person, organization, or group to which the person belongs. People preferentially accept statements by others that they like (see also

1609:

single choice about how to face the problem. Although these steps are relatively ordinary, judgements are often distorted by cognitive and motivational biases, include "sins of commission", "sins of omission", and "sins of imprecision".

376:

The first is analysis process paralysis. This type of paralysis is often spoken of as a cyclical process. One is unable to make a decision because they get stuck going over the information again and again for fear of making the wrong

394:

implementing a structural system, like checks and balances into a group or one's life. Analysis paralysis is the exact opposite where a group's schedule could be saturated by too much of a structural checks and balance system.

750:

is a facilitation method that relies on the use of special forms called Dotmocracy. They are sheets that allows large groups to collectively brainstorm and recognize agreements on an unlimited number of ideas they have each

1262:

In reality, however, there are some factors that affect decision-making abilities and cause people to make irrational decisions – for example, to make contradictory choices when faced with the same problem

1421:

themselves in situations that push them to do risky things. For example, teens are more likely to be around peers who peer pressure them into doing things, while adults are not as exposed to this sort of social setting.

1867:

style is asking for other people's input and instructions on what decision should be made. In this style, the individual could ask friends, family, coworkers, etc., but the individual might not ask all of these

128:

and beliefs. Tacit knowledge is often used to fill the gaps in complex decision-making processes. Usually, both of these types of knowledge, tacit and explicit, are used together in the decision-making process.

1189:

Establishing community: Create and nurture the relationships, norms, and procedures that will influence how problems are understood and communicated. This stage takes place prior to and during a moral dilemma.

384:

The third is risk uncertainty paralysis. This paralysis occurs when the decision-maker wants to eliminate any uncertainty but the examination of provided information is unable to get rid of all uncertainty.

335:

The decisive actions are taken, and additional actions are taken to prevent any adverse consequences from becoming problems and starting both systems (problem analysis and decision-making) all over again

6314: 1526:

Incremental decision-making and escalating commitment: People look at a decision as a small step in a process, and this tends to perpetuate a series of similar decisions. This can be contrasted with

1201:

Motivation: Examine the competing commitments which may distract from a more moral course of action and then prioritize and commit to moral values over other personal, institutional or social values.

1471:). In one demonstration of this effect, discounting of arguments with which one disagrees (by judging them as untrue or irrelevant) was decreased by selective activation of right prefrontal cortex. 3563:

Reimann, Martin; Bechara, Antoine (October 2010). "The somatic marker framework as a neurological theory of decision-making: review, conceptual comparisons, and future neuroeconomics research".

1282:(SEU) theory, which describes the rational behavior of the decision maker. The decision maker assesses different alternatives by their utilities and the subjective probability of occurrence. 1285:

Rational decision-making is often grounded on experience and theories that are able to put this approach on solid mathematical grounds so that subjectivity is reduced to a minimum, see e.g.

1882:

style is a need to make a decision as soon as possible rather than waiting to make a decision. In this style, the individual would either reject or accept the job as soon as it is offered.

3468:

Kennerley, Steven W.; Walton, Mark E.; Behrens, Timothy E. J.; Buckley, Mark J.; Rushworth, Matthew F. S. (July 2006). "Optimal decision making and the anterior cingulate cortex".

3513:

Hunt, L. T.; Daw, N. D.; Kaanders, P.; MacIver, M. A.; Mugan, U.; Procyk, E.; Redish, A. D.; Russo, E.; Scholl, J.; Stachenfeld, K.; Wilson, C. R. E.; Kolling, N. (21 June 2021).

1875:

style is averting the responsibility of making a decision. In this style, the individual would not make a decision. Therefore, the individual would stick with their current job.

5369: 3514: 3228:

Walton, Mark E.; Devlin, Joseph T.; Rushworth, Matthew F. S. (November 2004). "Interactions between decision making and performance monitoring within prefrontal cortex".

3172: 2916: 4542: 3980:

Mann, Leon; Harmoni, Ros; Power, Colin; Beswick, Gery; Ormond, Cheryl (July 1988). "Effectiveness of the GOFER course in decision making for high school students".

3716: 1436: 1381:

capacities that influence decision-making. Examples of their undeveloped capacities which influence decision-making would be impulse control, emotion regulation,

917:

In the 1980s, psychologist Leon Mann and colleagues developed a decision-making process called GOFER, which they taught to adolescents, as summarized in the book

6505: 1824: 430:

is when a sizable amount of decision-making leads to a decline in decision-making skills. People who make decisions in an extended period of time begin to lose

4852:

Drake, R. A. (1993). "Processing persuasive arguments: 2. Discounting of truth and relevance as a function of agreement and manipulated activation asymmetry".

4294:

Crozier, W. Ray; Ranyard, Rob (1997). "Cognitive process models and explanations of decision making". In Ranyard, Rob; Crozier, W. Ray; Svenson, Ola (eds.).

4156: 1784:, a person's decision-making process depends to a significant degree on their cognitive style. Myers developed a set of four bi-polar dimensions, called the 4733: 4661: 3598: 3404: 1432:

usually affect decision-making processes. They appear more when decision task has time pressure, is done under high stress and/or task is highly complex.

1310:

found is that more complex principles of fairness in decision making such as contextual and intentional information do not come until children get older.

1239:

It is said that establishing critical norms in a group improves the quality of decisions, while the majority of opinions (called consensus norms) do not.

6927: 1679: 5587: 5467: 1843:

not necessarily better than any other. In the examples below, the individual is working for a company and is offered a job from a different company.

1477:

is a tendency to want to see things in a certain – usually positive – light, which can distort perception and thinking.

6548: 554:

study found distinctive patterns of neural activation in these regions depending on whether decisions were made on the basis of perceived personal

205:

was greatly affected by the higher measure of environmental complexity, making it easier to think about the situation and make a better decision.

1722:: deterministic (combinational style) and indeterministic (positional style). Katsenelinboigen's definition of the two styles are the following. 1392:

Research has shown that risk-taking behaviors in adolescents may be the product of interactions between the socioemotional brain network and its

2647: 1226:

Conflict. Once group members become familiar with each other, disputes, little fights and arguments occur. Group members eventually work it out.

6917: 5624: 4825: 2067: 5673: 4980: 4279: 1922: 5245: 1554:: People tend to underestimate future uncertainty because of a tendency to believe they have more control over events than they really do. 6350: 161: 1400:. The cognitive-control network assists in planning and self-regulation. Both of these sections of the brain change over the course of 6451: 5412: 5313: 5301: 5258: 5214: 5174: 5129: 5038: 4950: 4854: 4669: 4315: 4255: 4130: 3956: 3894: 3853: 3817: 3743: 3287: 3147: 3123: 3090: 2631: 2576: 2508: 2447: 2337: 2290: 2227: 2201: 2172: 2138: 2119: 1243:

conflicts are the better ones to gain higher quality decision making caused by the increased team knowledge and shared understanding.

78: 2676: 694:

information. The option with the highest total or average is chosen. This method has experimentally been shown to produce the lowest

6498: 6365: 6355: 6094: 6074: 4890: 2705: 2100: 1363: 1059: 501: 258: 997: 990: 900:

when faced with highly complex decisions or when considering many stakeholders, categories, or other factors that affect decisions.

4821:"Individual differences in anterior EEG asymmetry between high and low defensive individuals during a rumination/distraction task" 2414: 1486:

Recency: People tend to place more attention on more recent information and either ignore or forget more distant information (see

740:

is a structured communication technique for groups, originally developed for collaborative forecasting but has also been used for

645:

techniques and individual decision-making techniques. Individual decision-making techniques can also often be applied by a group.

6005: 5938: 2930:

Miller, George A. (1956). "The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information".

1341: 670:

requires support from more than 50% of the members of the group. Thus, the bar for action is lower than with consensus. See also

475: 301:

Most likely cause of a problem is the one that exactly explains all the facts, while having the fewest (or weakest) assumptions (

236: 112:

activity yielding a solution deemed to be optimal, or at least satisfactory. It is therefore a process which can be more or less

4388:"Outcomes versus intentions in fairness-related decision making: School-aged children's decisions are just like those of adults" 1785: 4883:"Dissociating confidence and accuracy: Functional magnetic resonance imaging shows origins of the subjective memory experience" 4662:"Peer influence on risk taking, risk preference, and risky decision making in adolescence and adulthood: an experimental study" 4536:

Moutsiana, Christina; Garrett, Neil; Clarke, Richard C.; Lotto, R. Beau; Blakemore, Sarah-Jayne; Sharot, Tali (October 2013).

1499:

Repetition bias is a willingness to believe what one has been told most often and by the greatest number of different sources.

1040: 6665: 6558: 6533: 6329: 5943: 5247:

The concept of indeterminism and its applications: economics, social systems, ethics, artificial intelligence, and aesthetics

3565: 1831:

has found that American, Japanese and Chinese business leaders each exhibit a distinctive national style of decision-making.

1345: 559: 547: 479: 240: 4034:

Guo, Kristina L. (June 2008). "DECIDE: a decision-making model for more effective decision making by health care managers".

2823: 1012: 73:

resulting in the selection of a belief or a course of action among several possible alternative options. It could be either

864:

e.g. flipping a coin, cutting a deck of playing cards, and other random or coincidence methods – or prayer,

6624: 6538: 5748: 5439:

Martinsons, Maris G. (December 2006). "Comparing the decision styles of American, Chinese and Japanese business leaders".

4235: 754: 570: 566: 4882: 1483:

occurs when people distort their memories of chosen and rejected options to make the chosen options seem more attractive.

6886: 6491: 5698: 5585:

Scott, Susanne G.; Bruce, Reginald A. (1995). "Decision-making style: the development and assessment of a new measure".

1695: 1458:

Premature termination of search for evidence: People tend to accept the first alternative that looks like it might work.

181: 1195:

Interpretation: Identify competing explanations for the problem, and evaluate the drivers behind those interpretations.

1019: 6701: 6614: 6334: 6197: 5831: 5404: 5396: 3886: 2500: 2193: 1590: 1279: 1255:, it is thought that if humans are rational and free to make their own decisions, then they would behave according to 805: 600: 189: 184:

research shows that in situations with higher time pressure, higher stakes, or increased ambiguities, experts may use

139:: examining individual decisions in the context of a set of needs, preferences and values the individual has or seeks. 4387: 4351:

Gregan-Paxton, Jennifer; John, Deborah Roedder (June 1997). "The Emergence of Adaptive Decision Making in Children".

3720: 464: 338:

There are steps that are generally followed that result in a decision model that can be used to determine an optimal

145:: the decision-making process is regarded as a continuous process integrated in the interaction with the environment. 1396:. The socioemotional part of the brain processes social and emotional stimuli and has been shown to be important in 6563: 6324: 6079: 5206: 5121: 2605: 2564: 2321: 2278: 1962: 1674:

and Richard West, has theorized that a person's decision-making is the result of an interplay between two kinds of

887: 1334: 986: 587:

richer and more naturalistic paradigms than simple 2AFC decision tasks; in particular, such decisions may involve

483: 468: 229: 6711: 6696: 6192: 6084: 5816: 2047: 2002: 1972: 1637: 1623: 1557: 1264: 1026: 835: 654: 617: 539: 185: 152: 4704: 3451: 6907: 6726: 6604: 6599: 6543: 6446: 6202: 5666: 2022: 1711: 1502: 897: 788:: listing the advantages and disadvantages (benefits and costs, pros and cons) of each option, as suggested by 785: 519: 3693: 757:

occurs when an authority opens up the decision-making process to a group of people for a collaborative effort.

1292:

Rational decision is generally seen as the best or most likely decision to achieve the set goals or outcome.

6573: 6568: 6381: 6227: 6187: 6025: 5889: 5753: 5726: 5716: 4942: 4008: 2889:

Kutty, Ambalika D.; Kumar Shee, Himanshu; Pathak, R. D. (November 2007). "Decision-making: too much info!".

2600:

Armstrong, Jon Scott (2001). "Role playing: a method to forecast decisions". In Armstrong, Jon Scott (ed.).

2274: 2037: 1997: 1571:

likely to fail, due to the fact that they feel as though they have done so much work in the course thus far.

1008: 893: 845: 677: 165: 5482: 2992: 2225:

Brockmann, Erich N.; Anthony, William P. (December 2016). "Tacit knowledge and strategic decision making".

1467:

Selective perception: People actively screen out information that they do not think is important (see also

569:

task (2AFC), in which a subject has to choose between two alternatives within a certain time. A study of a

6848: 6553: 6473: 6416: 6411: 6396: 6232: 6182: 6089: 6010: 5836: 5721: 4742: 4678: 3948: 3701: 3607: 2609: 2425: 2072: 2042: 1687: 1480: 1452: 1256: 1174: 630: 535: 197: 97: 5427:

Most personality psychologists regard the MBTI as little more than an elaborate Chinese fortune cookie...

6782: 6752: 6528: 6436: 6401: 6222: 6119: 6020: 5973: 5934: 5826: 5801: 5763: 5758: 5743: 5731: 5693: 5442: 5241: 4280:

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-management/chapter/rational-and-nonrational-decision-making/

3845: 2910: 1834:

The Myers–Briggs typology has been the subject of criticism regarding its poor psychometric properties.

1707: 1691: 1603: 1505:: Decisions are unduly influenced by initial information that shapes our view of subsequent information. 1382: 1286: 909:

A variety of researchers have formulated similar prescriptive steps aimed at improving decision-making.

855: 794: 642: 555: 35: 2854:

Duncan (1972). "Characteristics of organizational environments and perceived environment uncertainty".

398:

other words, a group stuck in groupthink is participating in the phenomenon of extinction by instinct.

6873: 6843: 6431: 6406: 6391: 6298: 6177: 6109: 6099: 5929: 5821: 5791: 4612: 4551: 3761: 3419: 3359: 2655: 2027: 2007: 1992: 1987: 1952: 1198:

Judgment: Sift through various possible actions or responses and determine which is more justifiable.

760: 543: 531: 407: 172:

decision-making is an important part of all science-based professions, where specialists apply their

4747: 4683: 4154:

Postmes, T; Spears, Russell; Cihangir, Sezgin (2001). "Quality of decision making and group norms".

3612: 2614: 6922: 6853: 6838: 6807: 6514: 6293: 6066: 6046: 5862: 5659: 5337: 5113: 5068: 3470: 3230: 2477: 2430: 2032: 1977: 1781: 1661: 1632: 1587:

bias can alter risk perception and decision-making in many domains, ranging from finance to health.

1551: 1393: 1173:

In 2009, professor John Pijanowski described how the Arkansas Program, an ethics curriculum at the

339: 6468: 4338:

Djulbegovic, B. (2017) Rational decision making in medicine: Implications for Overuse and Underuse

2604:. International series in operations research & management science. Vol. 30. Boston, MA: 176:

in a given area to make informed decisions. For example, medical decision-making often involves a

6863: 6858: 6609: 6578: 6456: 6242: 6144: 5983: 5948: 5896: 5884: 5867: 5846: 5806: 5604: 4915: 4760: 4728: 4657: 4638: 4208: 4059: 3790: 3625: 3545: 3495: 3443: 3255: 2973: 2871: 2800: 2392: 2315: 2244: 1537: 1073: 368: 358: 295:

Something can always be used to distinguish between what has and has not been affected by a cause

121: 4731:(April 2007). "Risk taking in adolescence: new perspectives from brain and behavioral science". 4386:

Jaroslawska, Agnieszka J.; McCormack, Teresa; Burns, Patrick; Caruso, Eugene M. (January 2020).

5272: 1564:

and presenting data in several formats (for example, using both absolute and relative scales).

30:

This article is about decision-making as analyzed in psychology. For a broader discipline, see

6912: 6817: 6757: 6426: 6360: 6154: 6149: 6114: 6056: 6051: 6030: 5978: 5872: 5811: 5567: 5532: 5448: 5418: 5408: 5345: 5342:

Introduction to type: a guide to understanding your results on the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator

5319: 5309: 5264: 5254: 5220: 5210: 5180: 5170: 5166: 5154: 5135: 5125: 5095: 5044: 5034: 5007: 4956: 4946: 4907: 4801: 4696: 4630: 4579: 4518: 4469: 4420: 4412: 4368: 4321: 4311: 4307: 4261: 4251: 4173: 4136: 4126: 4051: 3962: 3952: 3900: 3890: 3859: 3849: 3833: 3813: 3782: 3739: 3674: 3537: 3487: 3435: 3385: 3328: 3293: 3283: 3247: 3180: 3153: 3143: 3119: 3086: 3055: 3047: 2965: 2957: 2765: 2627: 2582: 2572: 2541: 2514: 2504: 2443: 2384: 2376: 2333: 2296: 2286: 2282: 2207: 2197: 2168: 2134: 2115: 2096: 1957: 1914: 1900: 1675: 1567: 1461: 1448: 821: 799: 515: 177: 5550:

Pittenger, David J. (2005). "Cautionary comments regarding the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator".

5452: 5344:. Introduction to type series (6th ed.). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press. 5305: 3878: 2568: 1033: 608:

appears able to aid the decision-making process. Decision-making often occurs in the face of

6822: 6792: 6721: 6716: 6655: 6640: 6207: 5965: 5955: 5877: 5738: 5633: 5596: 5559: 5522: 5378: 5085: 5077: 4997: 4989: 4899: 4863: 4834: 4791: 4752: 4688: 4620: 4603: 4569: 4559: 4508: 4500: 4459: 4451: 4402: 4360: 4295: 4200: 4165: 4090: 4043: 3989: 3920: 3774: 3664: 3656: 3617: 3574: 3529: 3479: 3427: 3375: 3367: 3320: 3239: 3211: 3111: 3078: 3037: 3007: 2993:"The illusion of knowledge: when more information reduces accuracy and increases confidence" 2947: 2939: 2898: 2863: 2792: 2757: 2648:"analysis paralysis | Definition of analysis paralysis in US English by Oxford Dictionaries" 2619: 2492: 2488: 2435: 2368: 2325: 2236: 2062: 2017: 2012: 1982: 1828: 1683: 1642: 1628: 1487: 1474: 817: 772: 713: 671: 436: 427: 422: 302: 192:

that fits their experience, and arrive at a course of action without weighing alternatives.

3348:"Representation of confidence associated with a decision by neurons in the parietal cortex" 3324: 3207:

Stopping Analysis Paralysis And Decision Avoidance In Business Analysis And Solution Design

6868: 6767: 6762: 6706: 6645: 6319: 6217: 6212: 6124: 6104: 5921: 5841: 5198: 4231: 3273: 2952: 2828: 2684: 2533: 2262: 2077: 2057: 1752: 1671: 1667: 1576: 1464:

is the unwillingness to change existing thought patterns in the face of new circumstances.

1110:

In 2008, Kristina Guo published the DECIDE model of decision-making, which has six parts:

849: 825: 764: 707: 695: 578: 364: 272: 202: 125: 109: 93: 77:

or irrational. The decision-making process is a reasoning process based on assumptions of

31: 4780:"Biases and heuristics in judgment and decision making: The dark side of tacit knowledge" 3942: 5507: 4881:

Chua, E. F.; Rand-Giovannetti, E.; Schacter, D. L.; Albert, M.; Sperling, R. A. (2004).

4616: 4555: 3423: 3363: 514:

Evaluation and analysis of past decisions is complementary to decision-making. See also

6797: 6787: 6742: 6686: 6583: 6421: 5158: 5090: 5063: 5030: 5002: 4975: 4935: 4574: 4537: 4513: 4488: 4464: 4047: 3669: 3644: 3380: 3347: 2481: 2453: 1531: 1492: 1268: 834:: examining alternatives only until the first acceptable one is found. The opposite is 732:

decision). As in score voting, it addresses issues of voting paradox and majority rule.

699: 626: 151:: the analysis of individual decisions concerned with the logic of decision-making, or 5637: 3837: 3115: 1936: 1219:

There are four stages or phases that should be involved in all group decision-making:

298:

Causes of problems can be deduced from relevant changes found in analyzing the problem

6901: 6777: 6772: 6747: 6619: 6441: 6386: 6288: 6237: 5608: 5364: 5298:

A concept of dramatic genre and the comedy of a new type: chess, literature, and film

4919: 4820: 4756: 4642: 4296: 4239: 4212: 3794: 3621: 3593: 3549: 3277: 3205: 2761: 2248: 1583: 1512: 1397: 1386: 1232: 881: 813: 741: 737: 703: 680:, where the largest faction in a group decides, even if it falls short of a majority. 574: 431: 367:

step on the way to making a decision, they could be experiencing analysis paralysis.

132:

Human performance has been the subject of active research from several perspectives:

117: 4764: 4191:

Brockmann, E.; Anthony, W. (2002). "Tacit knowledge and strategic decision making".

4063: 3629: 3447: 3311:

Gold, Joshua I.; Shadlen, Michael N. (2007). "The neural basis of decision making".

3259: 2977: 2396: 698:

among common voting methods, even when voters are strategic. It addresses issues of

329:

The alternative that is able to achieve all the objectives is the tentative decision

6812: 3938: 3778: 3499: 2266: 1967: 1378: 922: 858:: taking the most opposite action compared to the advice of mistrusted authorities. 683: 621: 551: 345: 1543:

Role fulfillment is a tendency to conform to others' decision-making expectations.

921:. The process was based on extensive earlier research conducted with psychologist 842:, in which many or all alternatives are examined in order to find the best option. 85:

and beliefs of the decision-maker. Every decision-making process produces a final

4779: 4244: 3645:"Distributed neural system for emotional intelligence revealed by lesion mapping" 2833: 2439: 2162: 1747:

a formation of semi-complete linkages between the initial step and final outcome.

1223:

Orientation. Members meet for the first time and start to get to know each other.

6265: 5600: 4439: 4122: 3215: 3011: 2623: 1947: 1719: 1547: 1323: 1162: 1150: 975: 831: 609: 453: 218: 113: 74: 5563: 5382: 4838: 4692: 4407: 4169: 3578: 3533: 1490:). The opposite effect in the first set of data or other information is termed 49:

representing a decision process when confronted with a lamp that fails to light

6802: 6270: 5682: 5622:

Thunholm, Peter (March 2004). "Decision-making style: habit, style or both?".

5527: 4993: 4111: 3924: 3594:"The role of emotion in decision making: a cognitive neuroscience perspective" 2817: 2355: 2329: 1890: 1647: 1508: 1182: 1155: 877: 873: 839: 747: 136: 82: 54: 17: 5571: 5536: 5224: 5184: 5139: 5048: 4903: 4805: 4504: 4455: 4416: 4372: 4265: 4204: 3944:

Decision making: a psychological analysis of conflict, choice, and commitment

3786: 3515:"Formalizing planning and information search in naturalistic decision-making" 3184: 3157: 3051: 2961: 2769: 2380: 2372: 2240: 2093:

Thinking: The New Science of Decision-Making, Problem-Solving, and Prediction

1229:

Emergence. The group begins to clear up vague opinions by talking about them.

1204:

Action: Follow through with action that supports the more justified decision.

686:

lets each member score one or more of the available options, specifying both

6172: 6015: 5422: 5349: 5323: 5268: 4960: 4564: 4325: 4303: 4140: 4079:"The role of learning theory in building effective college ethics curricula" 3904: 3431: 3371: 3297: 2586: 2545: 2518: 2300: 2211: 2052: 1520: 1468: 1409: 1252: 961:

eview and implementation: Plan how to review the options and implement them.

173: 148: 142: 70: 46: 5099: 5011: 4911: 4867: 4700: 4634: 4583: 4522: 4473: 4424: 4278:

Boundless. (n.d.). Boundless Management. Retrieved December 11, 2020, from

4177: 4095: 4078: 4055: 3993: 3966: 3678: 3541: 3491: 3439: 3389: 3332: 3251: 3059: 2969: 2561:

Management decision making: spreadsheet modeling, analysis, and application

2388: 629:

and colleagues provided evidence to help discover the neural mechanisms of

41: 4976:"Doctors and patients' susceptibility to framing bias: a randomized trial" 3863: 3660: 3403:

Brunton, Bingni W.; Botvinick, Matthew M.; Brody, Carlos D. (April 2013).

3082: 1593:

was developed to eliminate or reduce cognitive biases in decision-making.

1561: 1444: 1178: 1166: 768: 667: 588: 4625: 4598: 2706:"Avoid Analysis Paralysis—Use Data to Enable Decision-Making and Growth" 2415:"Environmental complexity: information for human–environment well-being" 565:

A common laboratory paradigm for studying neural decision-making is the

6660: 3405:"Rats and humans can optimally accumulate evidence for decision-making" 2875: 2804: 2602:

Principles of forecasting: a handbook for researchers and practitioners

1401: 1348: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1077: 926: 861: 809: 641:

Decision-making techniques can be separated into two broad categories:

605: 583: 558:

or following directions from someone else. Patients with damage to the

243: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6483: 3717:"Scientists complete 1st map of 'emotional intelligence' in the brain" 2361:

Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society

348:

may be helpful for predicting decisions to be made by involved parties

6650: 2943: 2902: 2110:

Kahneman, Daniel; Lovallo, Dan; Sibony, Olivier; Charan, Ram (2013).

869: 661: 86: 5081: 5062:

Sharot, Tali; Korn, Christoph W.; Dolan, Raymond J. (October 2011).

3842:

The papers of Benjamin Franklin: January 1 through December 31, 1772

3042: 3025: 2867: 2796: 2783:

Hart, Paul't (June 1991). "Irving L. Janis' Victims of Groupthink".

955:

ffects: Weigh the positive and negative consequences of the options.

4364: 3483: 3243: 1235:. Members finally make a decision and provide justification for it. 767:

and can be automated through a decision modeling tool, integrating

612:

about whether one's choices will lead to benefit or harm (see also

1762:

create a predisposition to the future development of the position;

1081: 865: 789: 332:

The tentative decision is evaluated for more possible consequences

169: 40: 4796: 4112:"Interact system model of decision emergence of B. Aubrey Fisher" 808:: choosing the alternative with the highest probability-weighted 92:

Research about decision-making is also published under the label

6691: 3173:"Mind over Mind? Decision Fatigue Saps Willpower — if We Let It" 3106:"Richard Saul Wurman: Information, Mapping, and Understanding", 2748:"Between 'Paralysis by analysis' and 'Extinction by instinct'". 1429: 942:

ptions generation: Consider a wide range of alternative actions.

613: 591:

and information search across temporally extended environments.

6487: 5655: 5365:"Cautionary comments regarding the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator" 5064:"How unrealistic optimism is maintained in the face of reality" 3643:

Barbey, Aron K.; Colom, Roberto; Grafman, Jordan (March 2014).

2991:

Hall, Crystal C.; Ariss, Lynn; Todorov, Alexander (July 2007).

1755:

is the best example of one's inability to think positionally."

320:

Objectives must be classified and placed in order of importance

6315:

Association of Technology, Management, and Applied Engineering

2320:. Applied optimization. Vol. 44. Dordrecht, Netherlands: 1377:

lack of logic or reasoning, but more due to the immaturity of

1317: 969: 530:

Decision-making is a region of intense study in the fields of

447: 212: 5651: 4489:"A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking" 4440:"A social neuroscience perspective on adolescent risk-taking" 2540:(Updated ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton Research Press. 326:

The alternatives must be evaluated against all the objectives

5027:

The optimism bias: a tour of the irrationally positive brain

3911:

Mann, Leon (July 1989). "Becoming a better decision maker".

3738:. New Delhi: Global India Publications Pvt Ltd. p. 43. 2538:

The new rational manager: an updated edition for a new world

1729:

a very narrow, clearly defined, primarily material goal; and

550:

are believed to be involved in decision-making processes. A

363:

When a group or individual is unable to make it through the

5236: 5234: 3592:

Naqvi, Nasir; Shiv, Baba; Bechara, Antoine (October 2006).

2317:

Multi-criteria decision making methods: a comparative study

1732:

a program that links the initial position with the outcome.

3762:"Current validity of the Delphi method in social sciences" 1670:, adopting terms originally proposed by the psychologists 763:

uses a visual map of the decision-making process based on

292:

Problems are caused by a change from a distinctive feature

286:

Problems are merely deviations from performance standards.

4538:"Human development of the ability to learn from bad news" 2732:

Analysis paralysis: a case of terminological inexactitude

2482:"Environmental complexity and the evolution of cognition" 1706:

Styles and methods of decision-making were elaborated by

1652:

recognize that a decision turned out to be sub-optimal).

1278:

One of the most prominent theories of decision making is

4974:

Perneger, Thomas V.; Agoritsas, Thomas (December 2011).

3073:

Chamorro-Premuzic, Tomas; Furnham, Adrian (2014-04-08).

1084:, divided the decision-making process into seven steps: 27:

Cognitive process to choose a course of action or belief

4599:"Psychology: Good and bad news on the adolescent brain" 2677:"Analysis Paralysis | Definition of Analysis Paralysis" 4784:

Issues in Informing Science and Information Technology

3279:

Descartes' error: emotion, reason, and the human brain

1604:

Group decision-making § Group discussion pitfalls

3736:

DECISION MAKING STYLE: Social and Creative Dimensions

3694:"Researchers map emotional intelligence in the brain" 1788:(MBTI). The terminal points on these dimensions are: 188:

rather than structured approaches. They may follow a

5552:

Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research

5370:

Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research

4302:. Frontiers of cognitive science. London; New York: 3000:

Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes

6831: 6735: 6674: 6633: 6592: 6521: 6374: 6343: 6307: 6279: 6251: 6163: 6137: 6065: 6039: 5996: 5964: 5920: 5909: 5855: 5790: 5783: 5772: 5707: 5506:Schuwirth, Lambert; Cantillon, Peter (2004-05-22). 289:

Problems must be precisely identified and described

4934: 4298:Decision making: cognitive models and explanations 4243: 3760: 2354: 1771:avoid the negative aspects of unexpected outcomes. 2190:Complex problem solving: the European perspective 936:oals clarification: Survey values and objectives. 5340:; Kirby, Linda K.; Myers, Katharine D. (1998) . 3346:Kiani, Roozbeh; Shadlen, Michael N. (May 2009). 2424:. Berlin; New York: Springer. pp. 157–168. 2188:Frensch, Peter A.; Funke, Joachim, eds. (1995). 1768:absorb an unexpected outcome in one's favor; and 180:and the selection of appropriate treatment. But 4543:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4226: 4224: 4222: 3877:Mann, Leon; Harmoni, Ros; Power, Colin (1991). 2413:Davidson, Alice Ware; Bar-Yam, Yaneer (2006) . 562:have difficulty making advantageous decisions. 4937:The psychology of judgment and decision making 890:: setting up criteria for automated decisions. 6499: 5667: 2112:HBR's 10 Must Reads on Making Smart Decisions 1825:cross-cultural differences in decision-making 1823:Other studies suggest that these national or 1725:The combinational style is characterized by: 1515:to conform to the opinions held by the group. 8: 5468:"Measuring the MBTI ... And Coming Up Short" 4250:(2nd ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. 4157:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 3881:. In Baron, Jonathan; Brown, Rex V. (eds.). 2915:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 ( 1827:exist across entire societies. For example, 1192:Perception: Recognize that a problem exists. 4734:Current Directions in Psychological Science 3767:Technological Forecasting and Social Change 3649:Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 3599:Current Directions in Psychological Science 2408: 2406: 1094:Develop alternatives (i.e., brainstorming). 482:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 6506: 6492: 6484: 5917: 5787: 5780: 5674: 5660: 5652: 4778:T, Maqsood; A, Finegan; D, Walker (2004). 4289: 4287: 1740:The positional style is distinguished by: 1680:heuristics in judgment and decision-making 1408:experienced. In this, the process mirrors 724:for each decision (as opposed to a simple 538:. Several brain structures, including the 5588:Educational and Psychological Measurement 5526: 5475:Journal of Career Planning and Employment 5401:Personality and the fate of organizations 5089: 5001: 4795: 4746: 4682: 4624: 4573: 4563: 4512: 4463: 4406: 4094: 3668: 3611: 3379: 3041: 2951: 2613: 2429: 2420:. In Bar-Yam, Yaneer; Minai, Ali (eds.). 1364:Learn how and when to remove this message 1060:Learn how and when to remove this message 502:Learn how and when to remove this message 271:It is important to differentiate between 259:Learn how and when to remove this message 6549:Earth systems engineering and management 4395:Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 3110:, The MIT Press, 2017, pp. 77–106, 1765:induce the environment in a certain way; 1103:Immediately take action to implement it. 4819:Blackhart, G. C.; Kline, J. P. (2005). 3883:Teaching decision making to adolescents 3075:Personality and Intellectual Competence 2153: 1127:numerate all the criteria (constraints) 1106:Learn from and reflect on the decision. 1097:List pros and cons of each alternative. 919:Teaching Decision Making To Adolescents 812:, possibly with some consideration for 155:, and the invariant choice it leads to. 5625:Personality and Individual Differences 4826:Personality and Individual Differences 3840:. In Willcox, William Bradford (ed.). 3325:10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113038 2908: 2164:The New Science of Management Decision 1437:biases in judgment and decision-making 996:Please improve this section by adding 775:, and expert knowledge as appropriate. 89:, which may or may not prompt action. 5445:Meetings, Washington, DC, August 2001 4346: 4344: 3982:Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 3879:"The GOFER course in decision making" 2743: 2741: 1560:: This is best avoided by increasing 1181:decision-making based on the work of 948:acts-finding: Search for information. 323:Alternative actions must be developed 108:Decision-making can be regarded as a 34:. For decision-making in groups, see 7: 4981:Journal of General Internal Medicine 4119:A first look at communication theory 1838:General decision-making style (GDMS) 1346:adding citations to reliable sources 820:of different alternatives. See also 480:adding citations to reliable sources 317:Objectives must first be established 241:adding citations to reliable sources 6351:Bachelor of Business Administration 4597:Reyna, Valerie F. (November 2013). 4193:Group & Organization Management 2734:. Defense AT&L. pp. 21–22. 2228:Group & Organization Management 1455:than do less defensive individuals. 1435:Here is a list of commonly debated 816:. This may involve considering the 344:In a situation featuring conflict, 209:Problem solving vs. decision making 162:multiple-criteria decision analysis 6452:Organizational behavior management 5302:Southern Illinois University Press 4855:Journal of Research in Personality 4487:Steinberg, Laurence (March 2008). 4438:Steinberg, Laurence (March 2008). 4077:Pijanowski, John (February 2009). 4048:10.1097/01.HCM.0000285046.27290.90 3698:University of Illinois News Bureau 2422:Unifying themes in complex systems 2314:Triantaphyllou, Evangelos (2000). 2131:Wait: The Art and Science of Delay 846:Acquiesce to a person in authority 716:allows participants to cast their 310:Characteristics of decision-making 279:Characteristics of problem solving 25: 6928:Unsolved problems in neuroscience 6584:Sociocultural Systems Engineering 6366:Doctor of Business Administration 6356:Master of Business Administration 5163:Encyclopedia of social psychology 4891:Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 2114:. Harvard Business Review Press. 1296:Children, adolescents, and adults 6467: 4757:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00475.x 4083:Journal of College and Character 4007:Brown, Pam (November 29, 2007), 3622:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00448.x 2856:Administrative Science Quarterly 2824:"Managing information: infoglut" 2161:Herbert Alexander Simon (1977). 1907: 1893: 1758:The positional style serves to: 1322: 1267:in two different ways (see also 974: 929:for five decision-making steps: 452: 217: 5508:"What the educators are saying" 3812:. Jason Diceman. pp. 1–2. 3116:10.7551/mitpress/10971.003.0004 2822:Foley, John (30 October 1995). 1598:Cognitive limitations in groups 1333:needs additional citations for 228:needs additional citations for 6666:Systems development life cycle 6559:Enterprise systems engineering 6534:Biological systems engineering 6330:Chartered Management Institute 3779:10.1016/j.techfore.2005.09.002 3566:Journal of Economic Psychology 3204:McSweeney, Alan (2019-05-21), 3171:Szalavitz, Maia (2011-08-23). 2953:11858/00-001M-0000-002C-4646-B 2356:"Naturalistic Decision Making" 1776:Influence of Myers–Briggs type 684:Score voting (or range voting) 658:remove objectionable features. 560:ventromedial prefrontal cortex 548:ventromedial prefrontal cortex 1: 6918:Neuropsychological assessment 6625:System of systems engineering 6539:Cognitive systems engineering 5638:10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00162-4 5120:(6th ed.). Belmont, CA: 4010:Career coach: decision-making 3313:Annual Review of Neuroscience 2681:Lexico Dictionaries | English 2652:Oxford Dictionaries | English 2497:The evolution of intelligence 1425:Cognitive and personal biases 1088:Outline the goal and outcome. 998:secondary or tertiary sources 755:Participative decision-making 571:two-alternative forced choice 567:two-alternative forced choice 5699:Index of management articles 5363:Pittenger, David J. (2005). 5161:; Vohs, Kathleen D. (eds.). 4353:Journal of Consumer Research 3721:U.S. News & World Report 3142:. Cambridge, Massachusetts. 3036:(7477): 438. November 2013. 2762:10.1016/0024-6301(95)94294-9 2440:10.1007/978-3-540-35866-4_16 1702:Combinatorial vs. positional 1696:representativeness heuristic 1143:dentify the best alternative 182:naturalistic decision-making 6702:Quality function deployment 6615:Verification and validation 6335:Critical management studies 6198:Full range leadership model 5601:10.1177/0013164495055005017 5405:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 3887:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 3844:. Vol. 19. New Haven: 3759:Landeta, Jon (2006-06-01). 3216:10.13140/RG.2.2.21841.38243 3012:10.1016/j.obhdp.2007.01.003 2624:10.1007/978-0-306-47630-3_2 2563:. Cambridge, UK; New York: 2559:Monahan, George E. (2000). 2501:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 2273:. New York; Cambridge, UK: 2271:Choices, values, and frames 2194:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 1860:soon as the job is offered. 1786:Myers–Briggs Type Indicator 1591:Reference class forecasting 1280:subjective expected utility 1137:ollect all the alternatives 806:Expected-value optimization 601:Emotions in decision-making 190:recognition-primed decision 96:, particularly in European 6944: 6564:Health systems engineering 6325:Certified Business Manager 5564:10.1037/1065-9293.57.3.210 5481:(1): 48–52. Archived from 5441:Best Paper Proceedings of 5383:10.1037/1065-9293.57.3.210 5207:Farrar, Straus, and Giroux 5122:Wadsworth Cengage Learning 5029:(1st ed.). New York: 4839:10.1016/j.paid.2005.01.027 4693:10.1037/0012-1649.41.4.625 4408:10.1016/j.jecp.2019.104704 4170:10.1037/0022-3514.80.6.918 4121:(1st ed.). New York: 4110:Griffin, Emory A. (1991). 3579:10.1016/j.joep.2010.03.002 3534:10.1038/s41593-021-00866-w 3108:Architectural Intelligence 2606:Kluwer Academic Publishers 2565:Cambridge University Press 2322:Kluwer Academic Publishers 2279:Cambridge University Press 1963:Analytic hierarchy process 1659: 1621: 1618:Optimizing vs. satisficing 1601: 1528:zero-based decision-making 888:Automated decision support 637:Decision-making techniques 598: 577:found that neurons in the 420: 405: 356: 29: 6882: 6712:Systems Modeling Language 6465: 6193:Evidence-based management 5689: 5528:10.1136/bmj.328.7450.1244 5466:Pittenger, David (1993). 5253:. Westport, CT: Praeger. 4994:10.1007/s11606-011-1810-x 3925:10.1080/00050068908259558 2532:Kepner, Charles Higgins; 2330:10.1007/978-1-4757-3157-6 2048:Framing (social sciences) 2003:Ordinal Priority Approach 1973:Business decision mapping 1937:Resources in your library 1624:Maximization (psychology) 1394:cognitive-control network 1165:the solution and examine 655:Consensus decision-making 618:somatic marker hypothesis 540:anterior cingulate cortex 186:intuitive decision-making 153:communicative rationality 6727:Work breakdown structure 6605:Functional specification 6600:Requirements engineering 6544:Configuration management 6447:Organization development 6203:Management by objectives 4904:10.1162/0898929041920568 4670:Developmental Psychology 4505:10.1016/j.dr.2007.08.002 4456:10.1016/j.dr.2007.08.002 4205:10.1177/1059601102238356 3715:HealthDay (2013-01-28). 2373:10.1518/001872008x288385 2241:10.1177/1059601102238356 2023:Decision-making software 1712:predispositioning theory 1503:Anchoring and adjustment 898:decision-making software 894:Decision support systems 786:Decisional balance sheet 520:Postmortem documentation 6574:Reliability engineering 6569:Performance engineering 6228:Social entrepreneurship 6188:Earned value management 5203:Thinking, fast and slow 4943:Temple University Press 4565:10.1073/pnas.1305631110 4036:The Health Care Manager 4023:(subscription required) 3913:Australian Psychologist 3808:Diceman, Jason (2010). 3432:10.1126/science.1233912 3372:10.1126/science.1169405 3140:Information and society 2756:(4): 127. August 1995. 2275:Russell Sage Foundation 2129:Partnoy, Frank (2013). 2091:Brockman, John (2013). 2038:Emotional choice theory 1998:Concept driven strategy 1247:Rational and irrational 1177:, used eight stages of 1149:evelop and implement a 722:intensity of preference 692:intensity of preference 166:decision-making paradox 6849:Industrial engineering 6554:Electrical engineering 6474:Systems science portal 6417:Management development 6412:Management cybernetics 6397:Executive compensation 6233:Sustainable management 6095:Information technology 6075:Environmental resource 5242:Katsenelinboigen, Aron 4868:10.1006/jrpe.1993.1013 4096:10.2202/1940-1639.1088 3994:10.1002/bdm.3960010304 3702:University of Illinois 2905:(inactive 2024-06-22). 2891:Monash Business Review 2073:Rational choice theory 2043:Foresight (psychology) 1744:a positional goal; and 1688:availability heuristic 1656:Intuitive vs. rational 1481:Choice-supportive bias 1257:rational choice theory 1175:University of Arkansas 1072:In 2007, Pam Brown of 985:relies excessively on 631:emotional intelligence 546:, and the overlapping 536:cognitive neuroscience 444:Post-decision analysis 389:Extinction by instinct 198:University of Colorado 98:psychological research 50: 6783:Arthur David Hall III 6753:Benjamin S. Blanchard 6529:Aerospace engineering 6437:Managerial psychology 6402:Management consulting 6223:Scientific management 6006:Customer relationship 5694:Outline of management 5443:Academy of Management 5165:. Thousand Oaks, CA: 5153:Sparks, Erin (2007). 5025:Sharot, Tali (2011). 4933:Plous, Scott (1993). 3941:; Mann, Leon (1977). 3846:Yale University Press 3838:"To Joseph Priestley" 3083:10.4324/9781410612649 2730:Roberts, Lon (2010). 1708:Aron Katsenelinboigen 1692:familiarity heuristic 1538:Attribution asymmetry 1443:Selective search for 1383:delayed gratification 1287:scenario optimization 1210:Reflection on action. 1207:Reflection in action. 856:Anti-authoritarianism 850:just following orders 643:group decision-making 69:) is regarded as the 44: 36:Group decision-making 6874:Software engineering 6844:Computer engineering 6432:Managerial economics 6392:Corporate governance 6299:Oliver E. Williamson 6178:Collaborative method 5338:Myers, Isabel Briggs 5169:. pp. 776–778. 5114:Forsyth, Donelson R. 4493:Developmental Review 4444:Developmental Review 4236:Gilbert, Daniel Todd 4125:. pp. 253–262. 3848:. pp. 299–300. 3282:. New York: Putnam. 2932:Psychological Review 2785:Political Psychology 2503:. pp. 223–250. 2489:Sternberg, Robert J. 2478:Godfrey-Smith, Peter 2353:Klein, Gary (2008). 2095:. Harper Perennial. 2068:Public participation 2028:Decision-making unit 2008:Decision downloading 1993:Communicative assent 1988:Cognitive impairment 1953:Adaptive performance 1342:improve this article 876:, or other forms of 761:Decision engineering 662:Voting-based methods 544:orbitofrontal cortex 532:systems neuroscience 476:improve this section 408:Information overload 402:Information overload 372:analysis paralysis. 237:improve this article 120:and can be based on 6854:Operations research 6839:Control engineering 6808:Joseph Francis Shea 6515:Systems engineering 6294:Eliyahu M. Goldratt 5296:Ulea, Vera (2002). 5069:Nature Neuroscience 4729:Steinberg, Laurence 4658:Steinberg, Laurence 4626:10.1038/nature12704 4617:2013Natur.503...48R 4556:2013PNAS..11016396M 4550:(41): 16396–16401. 4232:Schacter, Daniel L. 3810:Dotmocracy Handbook 3734:Verma, Dem (2009). 3661:10.1093/scan/nss124 3522:Nature Neuroscience 3471:Nature Neuroscience 3424:2013Sci...340...95B 3364:2009Sci...324..759K 3274:Damasio, Antonio R. 3231:Nature Neuroscience 3138:Buckland, Michael. 3026:"Enemy of the good" 2750:Long Range Planning 2534:Tregoe, Benjamin B. 2033:Decision management 1978:Choice architecture 1782:Isabel Briggs Myers 1676:cognitive processes 1662:Dual process theory 1633:bounded rationality 1631:coined the phrase " 1552:illusion of control 6864:Quality management 6859:Project management 6687:Function modelling 6610:System integration 6579:Safety engineering 6457:Pointy-haired Boss 6407:Management control 6243:Virtual management 5159:Baumeister, Roy F. 3889:. pp. 61–78. 3834:Franklin, Benjamin 2658:on January 7, 2018 2608:. pp. 15–30. 1385:and resistance to 1100:Make the decision. 1074:Singleton Hospital 880:, superstition or 868:cards, astrology, 582:to the ACC in the 437:Decision avoidance 381:making a decision. 369:Analysis paralysis 359:Analysis paralysis 353:Analysis paralysis 203:Cognitive function 51: 6895: 6894: 6818:Manuela M. Veloso 6758:Wernher von Braun 6481: 6480: 6427:Management system 6361:PhD in management 6133: 6132: 5992: 5991: 5905: 5904: 5873:Product lifecycle 5167:SAGE Publications 5076:(11): 1475–1479. 4988:(12): 1411–1417. 4240:Wegner, Daniel M. 3885:. Hillsdale, NJ: 3358:(5928): 759–764. 3238:(11): 1259–1265. 2493:Kaufman, James C. 2192:. Hillsdale, NJ: 2167:. Prentice-Hall. 2133:. PublicAffairs. 1958:Agent (economics) 1923:Library resources 1915:Psychology portal 1901:Philosophy portal 1710:, the founder of 1666:The psychologist 1568:Sunk-cost fallacy 1462:Cognitive inertia 1449:confirmation bias 1398:reward processing 1374: 1373: 1366: 1117:efine the problem 1070: 1069: 1062: 1044: 1009:"Decision-making" 951:Consideration of 848:or an "expert"; " 822:Decision analysis 800:Benjamin Franklin 516:mental accounting 512: 511: 504: 269: 268: 261: 71:cognitive process 16:(Redirected from 6935: 6823:John N. Warfield 6793:Robert E. Machol 6722:Systems modeling 6717:Systems analysis 6656:System lifecycle 6641:Business process 6508: 6501: 6494: 6485: 6471: 6208:Management style 5918: 5788: 5781: 5676: 5669: 5662: 5653: 5642: 5641: 5619: 5613: 5612: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5530: 5512: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5493: 5487: 5472: 5463: 5457: 5456: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5283: 5277: 5271:. Archived from 5252: 5238: 5229: 5228: 5199:Kahneman, Daniel 5195: 5189: 5188: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5093: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5005: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4941:. Philadelphia: 4940: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4898:(7): 1131–1142. 4887: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4816: 4810: 4809: 4799: 4775: 4769: 4768: 4750: 4725: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4709: 4703:. Archived from 4686: 4666: 4656:Gardner, Margo; 4653: 4647: 4646: 4628: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4577: 4567: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4516: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4467: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4410: 4392: 4383: 4377: 4376: 4348: 4339: 4336: 4330: 4329: 4301: 4291: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4269: 4249: 4228: 4217: 4216: 4188: 4182: 4181: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4116: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3939:Janis, Irving L. 3935: 3929: 3928: 3908: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3764: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3672: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3615: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3528:(8): 1051–1064. 3519: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3450:. Archived from 3409: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3383: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3225: 3219: 3218: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3192: 3191: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3045: 3022: 3016: 3015: 2997: 2988: 2982: 2981: 2955: 2944:10.1037/h0043158 2927: 2921: 2920: 2914: 2906: 2903:10.2104/mbr07056 2886: 2880: 2879: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2841: 2832:. Archived from 2815: 2809: 2808: 2780: 2774: 2773: 2745: 2736: 2735: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2718: 2717: 2702: 2696: 2695: 2693: 2692: 2687:on July 29, 2020 2683:. Archived from 2673: 2667: 2666: 2664: 2663: 2654:. Archived from 2644: 2638: 2637: 2617: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2529: 2523: 2522: 2486: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2465: 2464: 2458: 2452:. Archived from 2433: 2419: 2410: 2401: 2400: 2358: 2350: 2344: 2343: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2263:Kahneman, Daniel 2259: 2253: 2252: 2222: 2216: 2215: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2158: 2144: 2125: 2106: 2063:Let Simon Decide 2018:Decision quality 2013:Decision fatigue 1983:Choice modelling 1917: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1903: 1898: 1897: 1896: 1852:current company. 1829:Maris Martinsons 1684:affect heuristic 1643:optimal decision 1629:Herbert A. Simon 1613:Cognitive styles 1546:Underestimating 1488:Semantic priming 1475:Wishful thinking 1369: 1362: 1358: 1355: 1349: 1326: 1318: 1065: 1058: 1054: 1051: 1045: 1043: 1002: 978: 970: 818:opportunity cost 773:machine learning 714:Quadratic voting 672:Condorcet method 507: 500: 496: 493: 487: 456: 448: 428:Decision fatigue 423:Decision fatigue 417:Decision fatigue 264: 257: 253: 250: 244: 221: 213: 21: 6943: 6942: 6938: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6933: 6932: 6908:Decision-making 6898: 6897: 6896: 6891: 6878: 6869:Risk management 6827: 6768:Harold Chestnut 6763:Kathleen Carley 6731: 6707:System dynamics 6682:Decision-making 6670: 6646:Fault tolerance 6629: 6588: 6517: 6512: 6482: 6477: 6461: 6370: 6339: 6320:Business school 6303: 6281: 6275: 6261:Decision-making 6253: 6247: 6218:Micromanagement 6213:Macromanagement 6165: 6159: 6129: 6085:Human resources 6080:Field inventory 6061: 6035: 5998: 5988: 5960: 5913: 5911: 5901: 5851: 5794: 5776: 5774: 5768: 5710:of organization 5709: 5703: 5685: 5680: 5650: 5645: 5621: 5620: 5616: 5584: 5583: 5579: 5549: 5548: 5544: 5510: 5505: 5504: 5500: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5470: 5465: 5464: 5460: 5438: 5437: 5433: 5415: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5362: 5361: 5357: 5336: 5335: 5331: 5316: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5281: 5279: 5275: 5261: 5250: 5240: 5239: 5232: 5217: 5197: 5196: 5192: 5177: 5152: 5151: 5147: 5132: 5112: 5111: 5107: 5082:10.1038/nn.2949 5061: 5060: 5056: 5041: 5024: 5023: 5019: 4973: 4972: 4968: 4953: 4932: 4931: 4927: 4885: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4818: 4817: 4813: 4777: 4776: 4772: 4748:10.1.1.519.7099 4727: 4726: 4722: 4713: 4711: 4707: 4684:10.1.1.556.4973 4664: 4655: 4654: 4650: 4611:(7474): 48–49. 4596: 4595: 4591: 4535: 4534: 4530: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4390: 4385: 4384: 4380: 4350: 4349: 4342: 4337: 4333: 4318: 4293: 4292: 4285: 4277: 4273: 4258: 4230: 4229: 4220: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4153: 4152: 4148: 4133: 4114: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4076: 4075: 4071: 4033: 4032: 4028: 4022: 4016: 4014: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3979: 3978: 3974: 3959: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3910: 3897: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3856: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3820: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3758: 3757: 3753: 3746: 3733: 3732: 3728: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3691: 3690: 3686: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3613:10.1.1.137.4677 3591: 3590: 3586: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3517: 3512: 3511: 3507: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3454: 3418:(6128): 95–98. 3407: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3310: 3309: 3305: 3290: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3227: 3226: 3222: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3189: 3187: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3150: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3126: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3093: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3043:10.1038/503438a 3024: 3023: 3019: 2995: 2990: 2989: 2985: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2907: 2888: 2887: 2883: 2868:10.2307/2392145 2853: 2852: 2848: 2839: 2837: 2829:InformationWeek 2821: 2816: 2812: 2797:10.2307/3791464 2782: 2781: 2777: 2747: 2746: 2739: 2729: 2728: 2724: 2715: 2713: 2704: 2703: 2699: 2690: 2688: 2675: 2674: 2670: 2661: 2659: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2634: 2615:10.1.1.464.5677 2599: 2598: 2594: 2579: 2558: 2557: 2553: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2511: 2484: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2450: 2417: 2412: 2411: 2404: 2352: 2351: 2347: 2340: 2324:. p. 320. 2313: 2312: 2308: 2293: 2269:, eds. (2000). 2261: 2260: 2256: 2224: 2223: 2219: 2204: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2175: 2160: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2141: 2128: 2122: 2109: 2103: 2090: 2087: 2085:Further reading 2082: 2078:Robust decision 2058:Idea networking 1943: 1942: 1941: 1931: 1930: 1928:Decision-making 1926: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1840: 1778: 1753:pyrrhic victory 1704: 1672:Keith Stanovich 1668:Daniel Kahneman 1664: 1658: 1641:try to make an 1626: 1620: 1615: 1606: 1600: 1577:Prospect theory 1447:(also known as 1427: 1418: 1370: 1359: 1353: 1350: 1339: 1327: 1316: 1303: 1298: 1249: 1217: 1066: 1055: 1049: 1046: 1003: 1001: 995: 991:primary sources 979: 968: 915: 907: 826:Decision theory 782: 765:system dynamics 708:approval voting 696:Bayesian regret 651: 639: 622:neurobiological 603: 597: 579:parietal cortex 573:task involving 528: 508: 497: 491: 488: 473: 457: 446: 425: 419: 410: 404: 391: 365:problem-solving 361: 355: 340:production plan 273:problem solving 265: 254: 248: 245: 234: 222: 211: 126:tacit knowledge 110:problem-solving 106: 94:problem solving 63:decision making 59:decision-making 39: 32:Decision theory 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6941: 6939: 6931: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6900: 6899: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6889: 6883: 6880: 6879: 6877: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6835: 6833: 6832:Related fields 6829: 6828: 6826: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6798:Radhika Nagpal 6795: 6790: 6788:Derek Hitchins 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6743:James S. Albus 6739: 6737: 6733: 6732: 6730: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6678: 6676: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6637: 6635: 6631: 6630: 6628: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6596: 6594: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6525: 6523: 6519: 6518: 6513: 6511: 6510: 6503: 6496: 6488: 6479: 6478: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6422:Management fad 6419: 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6382:Administration 6378: 6376: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6347: 6345: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6311: 6309: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6285: 6283: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6257: 6255: 6249: 6248: 6246: 6245: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6169: 6167: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6141: 6139: 6135: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6071: 6069: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6043: 6041: 6037: 6036: 6034: 6033: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6002: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5970: 5968: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5958: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5946: 5932: 5926: 5924: 5915: 5910:On activity or 5907: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5899: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5882: 5881: 5880: 5875: 5865: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5798: 5796: 5785: 5778: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5735: 5734: 5724: 5719: 5713: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5702: 5701: 5696: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5679: 5678: 5671: 5664: 5656: 5649: 5648:External links 5646: 5644: 5643: 5632:(4): 931–944. 5614: 5595:(5): 818–831. 5577: 5558:(3): 210–221. 5542: 5521:(7450): 1244. 5498: 5458: 5431: 5414:978-0805841428 5413: 5407:. p. 28. 5403:. Mahwah, NJ: 5388: 5377:(3): 210–221. 5355: 5329: 5315:978-0809324521 5314: 5300:. Carbondale: 5288: 5260:978-0275957889 5259: 5230: 5216:978-0374275631 5215: 5190: 5176:978-1412916707 5175: 5145: 5131:978-1133956532 5130: 5118:Group dynamics 5105: 5054: 5040:978-0307378484 5039: 5031:Pantheon Books 5017: 4966: 4952:978-0877229131 4951: 4925: 4873: 4862:(2): 184–196. 4844: 4833:(2): 427–437. 4811: 4770: 4720: 4677:(4): 625–635. 4648: 4589: 4528: 4479: 4430: 4378: 4365:10.1086/209492 4340: 4331: 4317:978-0415158183 4316: 4283: 4271: 4257:978-1429237192 4256: 4218: 4199:(4): 436–455. 4183: 4164:(6): 918–930. 4146: 4132:978-0070227781 4131: 4102: 4069: 4042:(2): 118–127. 4026: 3999: 3988:(3): 159–168. 3972: 3958:978-0029161609 3957: 3930: 3919:(2): 141–155. 3896:978-0805804973 3895: 3869: 3855:978-0300018653 3854: 3825: 3819:978-1451527087 3818: 3800: 3773:(5): 467–482. 3751: 3745:978-9380228303 3744: 3726: 3707: 3692:Yates, Diana. 3684: 3655:(3): 265–272. 3635: 3606:(5): 260–264. 3584: 3573:(5): 767–776. 3555: 3505: 3484:10.1038/nn1724 3478:(7): 940–947. 3460: 3457:on 2016-03-05. 3395: 3338: 3303: 3289:978-0399138942 3288: 3265: 3244:10.1038/nn1339 3220: 3196: 3163: 3149:978-0262339544 3148: 3130: 3125:978-0262343428 3124: 3098: 3092:978-1410612649 3091: 3065: 3017: 3006:(2): 277–290. 2983: 2922: 2881: 2846: 2810: 2791:(2): 247–278. 2775: 2737: 2722: 2697: 2668: 2639: 2633:978-0792379300 2632: 2592: 2578:978-0521781183 2577: 2551: 2524: 2510:978-0805832679 2509: 2499:. Mahwah, NJ: 2469: 2449:978-3540358640 2448: 2431:10.1.1.33.7118 2402: 2367:(3): 456–460. 2345: 2339:978-0792366072 2338: 2306: 2292:978-0521621724 2291: 2254: 2235:(4): 436–455. 2217: 2203:978-0805813364 2202: 2180: 2174:978-0136161448 2173: 2152: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2145: 2140:978-1610392471 2139: 2126: 2121:978-1422189894 2120: 2107: 2101: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2080: 2075: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1944: 1940: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1921: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1904: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1883: 1876: 1869: 1861: 1853: 1839: 1836: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1734: 1733: 1730: 1703: 1700: 1660:Main article: 1657: 1654: 1622:Main article: 1619: 1616: 1614: 1611: 1602:Main article: 1599: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1588: 1581: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1555: 1544: 1541: 1535: 1532:Slippery slope 1524: 1516: 1506: 1500: 1497: 1493:primacy effect 1484: 1478: 1472: 1465: 1459: 1456: 1426: 1423: 1417: 1414: 1372: 1371: 1330: 1328: 1321: 1315: 1312: 1302: 1299: 1297: 1294: 1269:Allais paradox 1248: 1245: 1237: 1236: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1196: 1193: 1190: 1171: 1170: 1169:when necessary 1153: 1151:plan of action 1144: 1138: 1128: 1118: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1068: 1067: 982: 980: 973: 967: 964: 963: 962: 956: 949: 943: 937: 925:. GOFER is an 914: 911: 906: 903: 902: 901: 891: 885: 859: 853: 843: 829: 803: 781: 778: 777: 776: 758: 752: 745: 735: 734: 733: 711: 700:voting paradox 681: 675: 659: 650: 647: 638: 635: 627:Aron K. Barbey 599:Main article: 596: 593: 575:rhesus monkeys 527: 524: 510: 509: 460: 458: 451: 445: 442: 421:Main article: 418: 415: 406:Main article: 403: 400: 390: 387: 386: 385: 382: 378: 357:Main article: 354: 351: 350: 349: 342: 336: 333: 330: 327: 324: 321: 318: 314: 313: 311: 307: 306: 299: 296: 293: 290: 287: 283: 282: 280: 267: 266: 225: 223: 216: 210: 207: 157: 156: 146: 140: 105: 102: 67:decisionmaking 61:(also spelled 26: 24: 18:Decision maker 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6940: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6881: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6836: 6834: 6830: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6778:Barbara Grosz 6776: 6774: 6773:Wolt Fabrycky 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6748:Ruzena Bajcsy 6746: 6744: 6741: 6740: 6738: 6734: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6673: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6632: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6620:Design review 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6591: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6509: 6504: 6502: 6497: 6495: 6490: 6489: 6486: 6476: 6475: 6470: 6464: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6442:Managerialism 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6387:Collaboration 6385: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6373: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6348: 6346: 6342: 6336: 6333: 6331: 6328: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6312: 6310: 6306: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6289:Peter Drucker 6287: 6286: 6284: 6278: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6250: 6244: 6241: 6239: 6238:Team building 6236: 6234: 6231: 6229: 6226: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6170: 6168: 6162: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6136: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6064: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6044: 6042: 6038: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6003: 6001: 5995: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5969: 5967: 5963: 5957: 5954: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5919: 5916: 5908: 5898: 5895: 5891: 5888: 5887: 5886: 5883: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5828: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5817:Communication 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5786: 5782: 5779: 5771: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5733: 5730: 5729: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5706: 5700: 5697: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5688: 5684: 5677: 5672: 5670: 5665: 5663: 5658: 5657: 5654: 5647: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5626: 5618: 5615: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5589: 5581: 5578: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5546: 5543: 5538: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5509: 5502: 5499: 5488:on 2006-12-06 5484: 5480: 5476: 5469: 5462: 5459: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5444: 5435: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5397:Hogan, Robert 5392: 5389: 5384: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5371: 5366: 5359: 5356: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5333: 5330: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5292: 5289: 5278:on 2011-07-23 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5249: 5248: 5243: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5194: 5191: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5155:"Satisficing" 5149: 5146: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5109: 5106: 5101: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5070: 5065: 5058: 5055: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5021: 5018: 5013: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4982: 4977: 4970: 4967: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4938: 4929: 4926: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4892: 4884: 4877: 4874: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4856: 4848: 4845: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4827: 4822: 4815: 4812: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4790:: 0295–0301. 4789: 4785: 4781: 4774: 4771: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4735: 4730: 4724: 4721: 4710:on 2013-09-03 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4671: 4663: 4660:(July 2005). 4659: 4652: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4605: 4600: 4593: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4544: 4539: 4532: 4529: 4524: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4499:(1): 78–106. 4498: 4494: 4490: 4483: 4480: 4475: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4450:(1): 78–106. 4449: 4445: 4441: 4434: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4389: 4382: 4379: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4347: 4345: 4341: 4335: 4332: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4299: 4290: 4288: 4284: 4281: 4275: 4272: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4248: 4247: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4219: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4187: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4158: 4150: 4147: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4113: 4106: 4103: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4073: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4030: 4027: 4012: 4011: 4003: 4000: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3976: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3945: 3940: 3934: 3931: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3873: 3870: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3829: 3826: 3821: 3815: 3811: 3804: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3755: 3752: 3747: 3741: 3737: 3730: 3727: 3722: 3718: 3711: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3688: 3685: 3680: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3639: 3636: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3600: 3595: 3588: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3567: 3559: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3516: 3509: 3506: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3472: 3464: 3461: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3406: 3399: 3396: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3342: 3339: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3307: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3281: 3280: 3275: 3269: 3266: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3232: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3208: 3200: 3197: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3167: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3141: 3134: 3131: 3127: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3099: 3094: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3069: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3021: 3018: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2994: 2987: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2926: 2923: 2918: 2912: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2885: 2882: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2862:(3): 313–27. 2861: 2857: 2850: 2847: 2836:on 2001-02-22 2835: 2831: 2830: 2825: 2819: 2814: 2811: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2779: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2726: 2723: 2711: 2707: 2701: 2698: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2672: 2669: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2643: 2640: 2635: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2596: 2593: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2555: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2528: 2525: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2483: 2479: 2473: 2470: 2459:on 2017-09-22 2455: 2451: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2416: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2357: 2349: 2346: 2341: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2318: 2310: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2267:Tversky, Amos 2264: 2258: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2229: 2221: 2218: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2184: 2181: 2176: 2170: 2166: 2165: 2157: 2154: 2148: 2142: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2123: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2104: 2102:9780062258540 2098: 2094: 2089: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1916: 1905: 1902: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1877: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1837: 1835: 1832: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1780:According to 1775: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1741: 1738: 1731: 1728: 1727: 1726: 1723: 1721: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1663: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1644: 1640: 1639: 1634: 1630: 1625: 1617: 1612: 1610: 1605: 1597: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1584:Optimism bias 1582: 1578: 1575: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1542: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1522: 1517: 1514: 1513:peer pressure 1510: 1507: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1495: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1466: 1463: 1460: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1424: 1422: 1415: 1413: 1411: 1405: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1390: 1388: 1387:peer pressure 1384: 1380: 1368: 1365: 1357: 1354:November 2021 1347: 1343: 1337: 1336: 1331:This section 1329: 1325: 1320: 1319: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1300: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1283: 1281: 1276: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1260: 1258: 1254: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1234: 1233:Reinforcement 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1214: 1209: 1206: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1132: 1129: 1126: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1111: 1105: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1064: 1061: 1053: 1042: 1039: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1018: 1014: 1011: – 1010: 1006: 1005:Find sources: 999: 993: 992: 988: 983:This section 981: 977: 972: 971: 965: 960: 957: 954: 950: 947: 944: 941: 938: 935: 932: 931: 930: 928: 924: 920: 912: 910: 904: 899: 895: 892: 889: 886: 883: 882:pseudoscience 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 860: 857: 854: 851: 847: 844: 841: 837: 833: 830: 827: 823: 819: 815: 814:risk aversion 811: 807: 804: 801: 797: 796: 791: 787: 784: 783: 779: 774: 770: 766: 762: 759: 756: 753: 749: 746: 743: 742:policy making 739: 738:Delphi method 736: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 712: 709: 705: 704:majority rule 701: 697: 693: 689: 685: 682: 679: 676: 673: 669: 666: 665: 663: 660: 656: 653: 652: 648: 646: 644: 636: 634: 632: 628: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 602: 594: 592: 590: 585: 580: 576: 572: 568: 563: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 525: 523: 521: 517: 506: 503: 495: 485: 481: 477: 471: 470: 466: 461:This section 459: 455: 450: 449: 443: 441: 438: 433: 432:mental energy 429: 424: 416: 414: 409: 401: 399: 395: 388: 383: 379: 375: 374: 373: 370: 366: 360: 352: 347: 343: 341: 337: 334: 331: 328: 325: 322: 319: 316: 315: 312: 309: 308: 304: 303:Occam's razor 300: 297: 294: 291: 288: 285: 284: 281: 278: 277: 276: 274: 263: 260: 252: 242: 238: 232: 231: 226:This section 224: 220: 215: 214: 208: 206: 204: 199: 193: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 154: 150: 147: 144: 141: 138: 137:Psychological 135: 134: 133: 130: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 103: 101: 99: 95: 90: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 6813:Katia Sycara 6697:Optimization 6681: 6472: 6260: 6026:Supply chain 5999:relationship 5997:On aspect or 5890:Construction 5856:On component 5777:organization 5749:Intelligence 5629: 5623: 5617: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5555: 5551: 5545: 5518: 5514: 5501: 5490:. Retrieved 5483:the original 5478: 5474: 5461: 5440: 5434: 5426: 5400: 5391: 5374: 5368: 5358: 5341: 5332: 5297: 5291: 5280:. Retrieved 5273:the original 5246: 5205:. New York: 5202: 5193: 5162: 5148: 5117: 5108: 5073: 5067: 5057: 5026: 5020: 4985: 4979: 4969: 4936: 4928: 4895: 4889: 4876: 4859: 4853: 4847: 4830: 4824: 4814: 4797:10.28945/740 4787: 4783: 4773: 4741:(2): 55–59. 4738: 4732: 4723: 4712:. Retrieved 4705:the original 4674: 4668: 4651: 4608: 4602: 4592: 4547: 4541: 4531: 4496: 4492: 4482: 4447: 4443: 4433: 4398: 4394: 4381: 4359:(1): 43–56. 4356: 4352: 4334: 4297: 4274: 4245: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4161: 4155: 4149: 4118: 4105: 4086: 4082: 4072: 4039: 4035: 4029: 4015:, retrieved 4009: 4002: 3985: 3981: 3975: 3947:. New York: 3943: 3933: 3916: 3912: 3882: 3872: 3841: 3828: 3809: 3803: 3770: 3766: 3754: 3735: 3729: 3710: 3697: 3687: 3652: 3648: 3638: 3603: 3597: 3587: 3570: 3564: 3558: 3525: 3521: 3508: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3452:the original 3415: 3411: 3398: 3355: 3351: 3341: 3316: 3312: 3306: 3278: 3268: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3206: 3199: 3188:. Retrieved 3176: 3166: 3139: 3133: 3107: 3101: 3074: 3068: 3033: 3029: 3020: 3003: 2999: 2986: 2938:(2): 81–97. 2935: 2931: 2925: 2911:cite journal 2894: 2890: 2884: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2838:. Retrieved 2834:the original 2827: 2813: 2788: 2784: 2778: 2753: 2749: 2731: 2725: 2714:. Retrieved 2712:. 2019-03-06 2709: 2700: 2689:. Retrieved 2685:the original 2680: 2671: 2660:. Retrieved 2656:the original 2651: 2642: 2601: 2595: 2560: 2554: 2537: 2527: 2496: 2472: 2461:. Retrieved 2454:the original 2421: 2364: 2360: 2348: 2316: 2309: 2270: 2257: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2189: 2183: 2163: 2156: 2130: 2111: 2092: 1968:Argument map 1927: 1879: 1872: 1864: 1856: 1848: 1841: 1833: 1822: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1802:introversion 1801: 1798:extroversion 1797: 1793: 1789: 1779: 1757: 1750: 1739: 1735: 1724: 1716: 1705: 1682:such as the 1665: 1646: 1636: 1627: 1607: 1580:opportunity. 1558:Framing bias 1527: 1491: 1434: 1428: 1419: 1406: 1391: 1379:psychosocial 1375: 1360: 1351: 1340:Please help 1335:verification 1332: 1308: 1304: 1291: 1284: 1277: 1275:considered. 1273: 1261: 1250: 1241: 1238: 1218: 1215:Group stages 1172: 1156: 1146: 1140: 1134: 1130: 1124: 1123:stablish or 1120: 1114: 1109: 1091:Gather data. 1071: 1056: 1050:October 2022 1047: 1037: 1030: 1023: 1016: 1004: 984: 958: 952: 945: 939: 933: 923:Irving Janis 918: 916: 908: 793: 729: 725: 721: 717: 691: 687: 640: 604: 564: 552:neuroimaging 529: 526:Neuroscience 513: 498: 489: 474:Please help 462: 426: 411: 396: 392: 362: 346:role-playing 270: 255: 246: 235:Please help 230:verification 227: 194: 158: 131: 107: 91: 66: 62: 58: 52: 6266:Forecasting 6183:Distributed 6090:Information 6067:On resource 6011:Engineering 5837:Performance 5795:(top-level) 5722:Association 5304:. pp. 4306:. pp. 4123:McGraw-Hill 4089:(3): 1–13. 3319:: 535–574. 2820:quoted in: 2567:. pp. 1948:Aboulomania 1880:spontaneous 1720:uncertainty 1648:satisficers 1548:uncertainty 1314:Adolescents 1133:onsider or 832:Satisficing 706:. See also 610:uncertainty 83:preferences 6923:Prediction 6902:Categories 6803:Simon Ramo 6271:Leadership 6254:activities 6166:approaches 6120:Technology 6040:On problem 6021:Perception 5974:Accounting 5939:production 5935:Operations 5912:department 5827:Innovation 5802:Capability 5764:Reputation 5744:Healthcare 5732:Restaurant 5683:Management 5492:2020-03-06 5282:2015-07-27 4714:2015-07-27 4401:: 104704. 4246:Psychology 3949:Free Press 3909:See also: 3190:2020-04-09 2897:(3): 8–9. 2840:2015-07-26 2818:Paul Saffo 2716:2020-04-09 2710:TechNative 2691:2020-04-09 2662:2018-11-10 2463:2014-11-28 2281:. p. 2149:References 1810:perception 1694:, and the 1645:, whereas 1638:maximizers 1509:Groupthink 1183:James Rest 1020:newspapers 987:references 878:divination 874:revelation 840:optimizing 836:maximizing 795:Protagoras 780:Individual 748:Dotmocracy 718:preference 688:preference 118:irrational 55:psychology 6593:Processes 6522:Subfields 6308:Education 6280:Pioneers, 6173:Adhocracy 6138:Positions 6110:Materials 6100:Knowledge 6016:Logistics 5930:Marketing 5822:Financial 5792:Strategic 5775:within an 5773:By focus, 5609:143479230 5572:1939-0149 5537:0959-8138 5225:706020998 5185:123119782 5140:826872491 5116:(2014) . 5049:667609433 4920:215728618 4806:1547-5840 4743:CiteSeerX 4679:CiteSeerX 4643:205236138 4417:0022-0965 4373:0093-5301 4304:Routledge 4266:755079969 4242:(2011) . 4213:145110719 3836:(1975) . 3795:143757211 3787:0040-1625 3608:CiteSeerX 3550:235596957 3185:0040-781X 3158:978295031 3052:0028-0836 2962:1939-1471 2770:0024-6301 2610:CiteSeerX 2536:(1997) . 2426:CiteSeerX 2381:0018-7208 2249:145110719 2053:Free will 1865:dependent 1857:intuitive 1818:intuition 1521:Prejudice 1469:Prejudice 1410:addiction 1253:economics 678:Plurality 492:June 2023 463:does not 377:decision. 249:July 2015 178:diagnosis 174:knowledge 149:Normative 143:Cognitive 47:flowchart 6913:Analysis 6887:Category 6634:Concepts 6282:scholars 6164:Methods, 6047:Conflict 5863:Facility 5784:On scope 5754:Military 5727:Business 5717:Academic 5423:65400436 5399:(2007). 5350:40336039 5324:51301095 5269:36438766 5244:(1997). 5201:(2011). 5100:21983684 5012:21792695 4961:26548229 4912:15453969 4765:18601508 4701:16060809 4635:24172899 4584:24019466 4523:18509515 4474:18509515 4425:31634734 4326:37043834 4178:11414374 4141:21973427 4064:24492631 4056:18475113 4017:July 12, 3905:22507012 3679:23171618 3630:14789591 3542:34155400 3492:16783368 3448:13098239 3440:23559254 3390:19423820 3333:17600525 3298:30780083 3276:(1994). 3260:26711881 3252:15494729 3060:24298564 2978:15654531 2970:13310704 2587:42921287 2546:37666447 2519:44775038 2495:(eds.). 2480:(2001). 2397:11251289 2389:18689053 2301:42934579 2212:32131412 1887:See also 1873:avoidant 1849:rational 1806:judgment 1790:thinking 1562:numeracy 1550:and the 1445:evidence 1301:Children 1167:feedback 896:: using 769:big data 668:Majority 595:Emotions 589:planning 556:volition 440:choice. 122:explicit 114:rational 104:Overview 75:rational 6661:V-Model 6344:Degrees 6252:Skills, 6145:Interim 5984:Records 5949:Quality 5944:Process 5914:managed 5897:Program 5885:Project 5868:Product 5847:Systems 5807:Capital 5708:By type 5091:3204264 5003:3235613 4613:Bibcode 4575:3799330 4552:Bibcode 4514:2396566 4465:2396566 4013:, Pulse 3967:2542340 3670:3980800 3500:8868406 3420:Bibcode 3412:Science 3381:2738936 3360:Bibcode 3352:Science 2876:2392145 2805:3791464 1868:people. 1814:sensing 1794:feeling 1402:puberty 1163:monitor 1159:valuate 1078:Swansea 1034:scholar 927:acronym 862:Flipism 810:utility 798:and by 730:against 616:). The 606:Emotion 584:macaque 542:(ACC), 484:removed 469:sources 170:Logical 45:Sample 6736:People 6651:System 6155:Senior 6150:Middle 6115:Skills 6057:Stress 6052:Crisis 6031:Talent 5979:Office 5812:Change 5759:Public 5607: 5570: 5535: 5453:952292 5451: 5421: 5411: 5348: 5322: 5312: 5267: 5257: 5223: 5213: 5183: 5173: 5138: 5128: 5098: 5088: 5047: 5037: 5010: 5000: 4959: 4949: 4918: 4910: 4804: 4763: 4745: 4699: 4681: 4641: 4633: 4604:Nature 4582: 4572: 4521: 4511: 4472: 4462: 4423: 4415: 4371: 4324: 4314: 4264: 4254: 4211: 4176: 4139: 4129: 4062: 4054: 3965: 3955: 3903: 3893: 3864:310601 3862: 3852: 3816: 3793: 3785: 3742: 3677: 3667: 3628: 3610: 3548: 3540: 3498: 3490: 3446: 3438: 3388: 3378: 3331: 3296: 3286: 3258: 3250: 3183: 3156: 3146: 3122: 3089: 3058: 3050: 3030:Nature 2976: 2968: 2960: 2874: 2803: 2768: 2630: 2612: 2585: 2575: 2544: 2517: 2507: 2446: 2428: 2395: 2387: 2379: 2336: 2299: 2289: 2247: 2210: 2200: 2171: 2137: 2118: 2099: 1925:about 1812:; and 1690:, the 1686:, the 1430:Biases 1416:Adults 1265:framed 1036: 1029: 1022: 1015: 1007: 870:augurs 751:wrote. 534:, and 87:choice 79:values 6675:Tools 6375:Other 5966:Staff 5956:Sales 5878:Brand 5832:Legal 5739:Court 5605:S2CID 5511:(PDF) 5486:(PDF) 5471:(PDF) 5306:17–18 5276:(PDF) 5251:(PDF) 5157:. In 4916:S2CID 4886:(PDF) 4761:S2CID 4708:(PDF) 4665:(PDF) 4639:S2CID 4391:(PDF) 4310:–20. 4209:S2CID 4115:(PDF) 4060:S2CID 3791:S2CID 3626:S2CID 3546:S2CID 3518:(PDF) 3496:S2CID 3455:(PDF) 3444:S2CID 3408:(PDF) 3256:S2CID 2996:(PDF) 2974:S2CID 2872:JSTOR 2801:JSTOR 2569:33–40 2487:. In 2485:(PDF) 2457:(PDF) 2418:(PDF) 2393:S2CID 2245:S2CID 1530:(see 1179:moral 1082:Wales 1041:JSTOR 1027:books 966:Other 913:GOFER 905:Steps 866:tarot 790:Plato 649:Group 620:is a 6692:IDEF 6125:Time 6105:Land 5922:Line 5842:Risk 5568:ISSN 5533:ISSN 5449:SSRN 5419:OCLC 5409:ISBN 5346:OCLC 5320:OCLC 5310:ISBN 5265:OCLC 5255:ISBN 5221:OCLC 5211:ISBN 5181:OCLC 5171:ISBN 5136:OCLC 5126:ISBN 5096:PMID 5045:OCLC 5035:ISBN 5008:PMID 4957:OCLC 4947:ISBN 4908:PMID 4802:ISSN 4697:PMID 4631:PMID 4580:PMID 4519:PMID 4470:PMID 4421:PMID 4413:ISSN 4369:ISSN 4322:OCLC 4312:ISBN 4262:OCLC 4252:ISBN 4174:PMID 4137:OCLC 4127:ISBN 4052:PMID 4019:2012 3963:OCLC 3953:ISBN 3901:OCLC 3891:ISBN 3860:OCLC 3850:ISBN 3814:ISBN 3783:ISSN 3740:ISBN 3675:PMID 3538:PMID 3488:PMID 3436:PMID 3386:PMID 3329:PMID 3294:OCLC 3284:ISBN 3248:PMID 3181:ISSN 3177:Time 3154:OCLC 3144:ISBN 3120:ISBN 3087:ISBN 3056:PMID 3048:ISSN 2966:PMID 2958:ISSN 2917:link 2766:ISSN 2628:ISBN 2583:OCLC 2573:ISBN 2542:OCLC 2515:OCLC 2505:ISBN 2444:ISBN 2385:PMID 2377:ISSN 2334:ISBN 2297:OCLC 2287:ISBN 2208:OCLC 2198:ISBN 2169:ISBN 2135:ISBN 2116:ISBN 2097:ISBN 1878:The 1871:The 1863:The 1855:The 1847:The 1816:and 1808:and 1800:and 1792:and 1161:and 1013:news 824:and 720:and 702:and 690:and 614:Risk 518:and 467:any 465:cite 196:the 65:and 5634:doi 5597:doi 5560:doi 5523:doi 5519:328 5515:BMJ 5379:doi 5086:PMC 5078:doi 4998:PMC 4990:doi 4900:doi 4864:doi 4835:doi 4792:doi 4753:doi 4689:doi 4621:doi 4609:503 4570:PMC 4560:doi 4548:110 4509:PMC 4501:doi 4460:PMC 4452:doi 4403:doi 4399:189 4361:doi 4201:doi 4166:doi 4091:doi 4044:doi 3990:doi 3921:doi 3775:doi 3665:PMC 3657:doi 3618:doi 3575:doi 3530:doi 3480:doi 3428:doi 3416:340 3376:PMC 3368:doi 3356:324 3321:doi 3240:doi 3212:doi 3112:doi 3079:doi 3038:doi 3034:503 3008:doi 3004:103 2948:hdl 2940:doi 2899:doi 2864:doi 2793:doi 2758:doi 2620:doi 2436:doi 2369:doi 2326:doi 2283:211 2237:doi 1511:is 1453:EEG 1344:by 1271:). 1251:In 1076:in 989:to 838:or 792:'s 728:or 726:for 478:by 239:by 124:or 116:or 53:In 6904:: 5630:36 5628:. 5603:. 5593:55 5591:. 5566:. 5556:57 5554:. 5531:. 5517:. 5513:. 5479:54 5477:. 5473:. 5447:. 5425:. 5417:. 5375:57 5373:. 5367:. 5318:. 5308:. 5263:. 5233:^ 5219:. 5209:. 5179:. 5134:. 5124:. 5094:. 5084:. 5074:14 5072:. 5066:. 5043:. 5033:. 5006:. 4996:. 4986:26 4984:. 4978:. 4955:. 4945:. 4914:. 4906:. 4896:16 4894:. 4888:. 4860:27 4858:. 4831:39 4829:. 4823:. 4800:. 4786:. 4782:. 4759:. 4751:. 4739:16 4737:. 4695:. 4687:. 4675:41 4673:. 4667:. 4637:. 4629:. 4619:. 4607:. 4601:. 4578:. 4568:. 4558:. 4546:. 4540:. 4517:. 4507:. 4497:28 4495:. 4491:. 4468:. 4458:. 4448:28 4446:. 4442:. 4419:. 4411:. 4397:. 4393:. 4367:. 4357:24 4355:. 4343:^ 4320:. 4286:^ 4260:. 4238:; 4234:; 4221:^ 4207:. 4197:27 4195:. 4172:. 4162:80 4160:. 4135:. 4117:. 4087:10 4085:. 4081:. 4058:. 4050:. 4040:27 4038:. 3984:. 3961:. 3951:. 3917:24 3915:. 3899:. 3858:. 3789:. 3781:. 3771:73 3769:. 3765:. 3719:. 3700:. 3696:. 3673:. 3663:. 3651:. 3647:. 3624:. 3616:. 3604:15 3602:. 3596:. 3571:31 3569:. 3544:. 3536:. 3526:24 3524:. 3520:. 3494:. 3486:. 3474:. 3442:. 3434:. 3426:. 3414:. 3410:. 3384:. 3374:. 3366:. 3354:. 3350:. 3327:. 3317:30 3315:. 3292:. 3254:. 3246:. 3234:. 3210:, 3179:. 3175:. 3152:. 3118:, 3085:. 3077:. 3054:. 3046:. 3032:. 3028:. 3002:. 2998:. 2972:. 2964:. 2956:. 2946:. 2936:63 2934:. 2913:}} 2909:{{ 2893:. 2870:. 2860:17 2858:. 2826:. 2799:. 2789:12 2787:. 2764:. 2754:28 2752:. 2740:^ 2708:. 2679:. 2650:. 2626:. 2618:. 2581:. 2571:. 2513:. 2491:; 2442:. 2434:. 2405:^ 2391:. 2383:. 2375:. 2365:50 2363:. 2359:. 2332:. 2295:. 2285:. 2277:; 2265:; 2243:. 2233:27 2231:. 2206:. 2196:. 1804:; 1796:; 1698:. 1534:). 1523:). 1439:: 1289:. 1185:: 1080:, 1000:. 872:, 852:". 771:, 664:: 633:. 522:. 305:). 168:. 100:. 81:, 57:, 6507:e 6500:t 6493:v 5937:/ 5675:e 5668:t 5661:v 5640:. 5636:: 5611:. 5599:: 5574:. 5562:: 5539:. 5525:: 5495:. 5455:. 5385:. 5381:: 5352:. 5326:. 5285:. 5227:. 5187:. 5142:. 5102:. 5080:: 5051:. 5014:. 4992:: 4963:. 4922:. 4902:: 4870:. 4866:: 4841:. 4837:: 4808:. 4794:: 4788:1 4767:. 4755:: 4717:. 4691:: 4645:. 4623:: 4615:: 4586:. 4562:: 4554:: 4525:. 4503:: 4476:. 4454:: 4427:. 4405:: 4375:. 4363:: 4328:. 4308:5 4268:. 4215:. 4203:: 4180:. 4168:: 4143:. 4099:. 4093:: 4066:. 4046:: 3996:. 3992:: 3986:1 3969:. 3927:. 3923:: 3907:. 3866:. 3822:. 3797:. 3777:: 3748:. 3723:. 3704:. 3681:. 3659:: 3653:9 3632:. 3620:: 3581:. 3577:: 3552:. 3532:: 3502:. 3482:: 3476:9 3430:: 3422:: 3392:. 3370:: 3362:: 3335:. 3323:: 3300:. 3262:. 3242:: 3236:7 3214:: 3193:. 3160:. 3114:: 3095:. 3081:: 3062:. 3040:: 3014:. 3010:: 2980:. 2950:: 2942:: 2919:) 2901:: 2895:3 2878:. 2866:: 2843:. 2807:. 2795:: 2772:. 2760:: 2719:. 2694:. 2665:. 2636:. 2622:: 2589:. 2548:. 2521:. 2466:. 2438:: 2399:. 2371:: 2342:. 2328:: 2303:. 2251:. 2239:: 2214:. 2177:. 2143:. 2124:. 2105:. 1496:. 1367:) 1361:( 1356:) 1352:( 1338:. 1157:E 1147:D 1141:I 1135:C 1131:C 1125:E 1121:E 1115:D 1063:) 1057:( 1052:) 1048:( 1038:· 1031:· 1024:· 1017:· 994:. 959:R 953:E 946:F 940:O 934:G 884:. 828:. 802:. 744:. 710:. 674:. 505:) 499:( 494:) 490:( 486:. 472:. 262:) 256:( 251:) 247:( 233:. 38:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.