135:
51:
issue a declaration of incompatibility under section 4 of the Human Rights Act 1998. However, the declaration of incompatibility is often seen as a last resort as the judiciary will attempt to interpret primary legislation as being compatible. Such a declaration will only be issued if such a reading is not possible.
1272:
The
Supreme Court held that the provisions were incompatible with the right to respect for private and family life, guaranteed by article 8 of the convention, insofar as they prohibited abortion in cases of rape, incest and fatal foetal abnormality. However, the court also held that the claimant did
425:
The Anti-terrorism, Crime and
Security Act 2001 s 23 was incompatible with Articles 5 and 14. It was held to be disproportionate by permitting the detention of suspected international terrorists in a way that discriminated on the ground of nationality or immigration status. The Human Rights Act 1998
58:
removes the incompatibility. The courts must still apply the legislation as it is and the parties to the actual case are unaffected by the declaration. Hence, the declaration has no actual legal effect and the parties neither gain nor lose by it. A declaration of incompatibility is only the start of
627:
The
Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 and Police Act 1997 issue of Criminal Record Certificates required for working with children or vulnerable adults. Disclosure of spent cautions and minor convictions (e.g. a caution age 11 for stealing two bicycles) breached the right to private life under
50:
reads as follows: "So far as it is possible to do so, primary legislation and subordinate legislation must be read and given effect in a way which is compatible with the
Convention rights". Where the court determines a piece of legislation is inconsistent with the Convention rights, the court can
602:
The previous scheme established under the
Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 which automatically prohibited those placed on lists established under the scheme from working with children and/or vulnerable adults was unlawful: the absence of a right to make representations breached their
940:
1128:
scheme is incompatible with article 14 of ECHR taken in conjunction with article 8 and 14 of the convention. Any rollout of the scheme to
Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland without further evaluation would be a breach of s 149 of the Equality Act 2010.
247:
The
Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 Part II violated ECHR art 6 by fixing penalties, rather than letting a penalty be determined by an independent tribunal. It also violated Article 1 of Protocol 1 as it imposed an excessive burden on the carriers.
200:
Sections 72 and 73 of the Mental Health Act 1983 ss 72–73, where a Mental Health Review
Tribunal was not required to discharge a patient after it was shown there was no disorder to warrant detention, was found incompatible with ECHR art 5.
541:
The Parole Board (Transfer of
Functions) Order 1998 provisions on early release discriminates against prisoners on long sentences compared to both those on shorter and on life sentences, in breach of ECHR art 14 in conjunction with art 5.
519:
Procedures under the Care
Standards Act 2000 Part VII found incompatible with arts 6 and 8, in that a provisional listing immediately damaged the care worker's career prospects without any hearing or opportunity to make representations.
269:
The Crime (Sentences) Act 1997 s 29, which empowered the Secretary of State to set minimum terms of imprisonment for life sentences, violated ECHR art 6, which requires a sentence to be imposed by an independent and impartial tribunal.
818:
Sections 1 and 3 of the Civil Partnership Act 2004 (to the extent that they preclude a different sex couple from entering into a civil partnership) are incompatible with ECHR article 14 taken in conjunction with article 8.
823:
472:
Section 185(4) of the Housing Act 1996 is incompatible with ECHR art 14 in that prioritising need of households for housing disregards a pregnant woman from abroad who is ineligible for housing assistance.
1249:
had been declared, and the issue was already being considered by the UK Parliament. A declaration was a discretionary remedy, and there was no point in making any further declaration of incompatibility.
450:
s 185(4) violated Article 14 to the extent that it requires a dependent child under immigration control to be disregarded when determining whether a British citizen has priority need for accommodation.
1237:
elections was incompatible with Protocol 1 article 3 of the convention, but the Supreme Court declined to make a declaration of incompatibility as the same issue had been raised (in relation to local,
354:
The Mental Health Act 1983 ss 26 and 29 were incompatible with Article 8, as the claimant had no choice over the appointment or legal means of challenging the appointment of her nearest relative.
291:
The Mental Health Act 1983 s 74 violated ECHR art 5(4) by making continued detention of discretionary life prisoners depend upon discretion of the executive to have access to a court.
1105:
The Offences against the Person Act 1861 ss 57–58, and the Criminal Justice Act (NI) 1945 s 25, banning abortion in Northern Ireland, were incompatible with ECHR arts 3, 8 and 14.
312:
The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 s 28(6)(b) violated ECHR art 8 and 14 for not allowing a deceased father's name to be given on the birth certificate of his child.
1502:
375:
The Taxes Act 1988 was incompatible with Article 14 when read with Article 1 of Protocol 1 for discriminating against widowers in the provision of Widows Bereavement Allowance.
397:
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Disclosure of previous convictions to be used as evidence in trial was held to be incompatible with Article 8, since they infringe upon the respondent's private life.
1332:
238:
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to bring the proceedings and accordingly the court had no jurisdiction to make a declaration of incompatibility to reflect its view on the compatibility issues.
333:
The Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 s 11(c) was incompatible with Articles 8 and 12 in so far as it makes no provision for the recognition of gender reassignment.
582:
Sex offenders' indefinite placement on a register and obligations thereby to report movements etc to police are disproportionate and in breach of ECHR art 8.
110:
1526:
648:
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1227:
1424:
Responding to Human Rights judgments: Report to the Joint Committee on Human Rights on the Government's response to human rights judgments 2021–2022
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The Offences Against the Person Act 1861 s 62, creating an offence for attempted buggery in Northern Ireland, was incompatible with ECHR art 8.
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was incompatible with their rights under ECHR Article 6 (right to a fair trial) and Article 1 of the First Protocol (protection of property).
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1494:, 2016. Includes a list of all declarations of incompatibility since the Act came into force in 2000 and the government's response to them.
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Court of Appeal itself reinterpreted the Act to require an opportunity to make representations unless it would lead to unacceptable delay.
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The following cases involved the court finding that a statute was incompatible but not making a formal declaration of incompatibility:
303:
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55:
1079:
510:
1487:
1422:
213:
1022:
345:
191:
1506:
1439:
The Attorney General for Northern Ireland & Anor v The Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission [2017] NICA 42
1336:
463:
404:
109:) can be used by the ministers to amend non-compliant legislation which has been declared incompatible (except if it is a
59:
a remedy to a Human Rights Act 1998 claim. Section 8 of the Act enables the court to make any further remedy it sees fit.
593:
719:
1259:
In the matter of an application by the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission for Judicial Review (Northern Ireland)
400:
ss 36–37 violated ECHR art 14 and art 8, and article 1, Protocol 1 for providing benefits to widows but not widowers.
260:
79:
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19(3) is incompatible with ECHR arts 12 and 14, in that dealing with sham marriages infringes on the right to marry.
983:
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95:
1358:
226:
118:
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There have been 47 declarations of incompatibility by April 2024, with 10 having been overturned on appeal.
1383:
324:
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39:. Very few declarations of incompatibility have been issued, in comparison to the number of challenges.
36:
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426:(Designated derogation) Order 2001 was a disproportionate means to achieve protection from terrorism.
106:
1491:
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553:
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HRA 1998 s 10 remedial order made: Mental Health Act 1983 (Remedial) Order 2001 (SI 2001 No.3712).
941:
R (Alconbury Developments Ltd) v Secretary of State for the Environment, Transport and the Regions
1313:
728:
A statutory scheme for the disclosure of spent criminal records was incompatible with Article 8.
105:
By section 10 of the Human Rights Act 1998, a "fast track" option of a remedial order (a type of
1498:
Law Reports -- Is there still a grey area in the operation of sections 3 & 4 HRA 1998 ?
94:
are also able to issue declarations of incompatibility. In Northern Ireland, the Northern Irish
378:
Already repealed by the time of the case by Finance Act 1999 sections 34(1), 139, Schedule 20.
1467:
914:
The following cases involved declarations of incompatibility that were overturned on appeal:
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87:
1041:
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Once the court has issued a declaration of incompatibility, the law remains the same until
67:
27:
is a declaration issued by a United Kingdom judge that a statute is incompatible with the
148:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1274:
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of the Church of England). As of 2016 this option has been used twice: in 2001 for the
1308:
273:
Repealed by Criminal Justice Act 2003, sections 303(b)(I), 332 and Schedule 37, Pt 8.
1515:
1125:
251:
Amended by Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002, section 125 and Schedule 8.
1437:
562:
A blanket ban on prisoners voting breaches Art 3 of the First Protocol to the ECHR.
501:
Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants, etc) Act 2004 (Remedial Order) 2011
1233:
The Supreme Court held that a blanket prohibition on convicted prisoners voting in
102:
can issue a statement of incompatibility for Acts of the Northern Irish Assembly.
811:
R (Steinfeld and Keidan) v Secretary of State for the International Development
885:
In the matter of application by 'JR111' for judicial review (ruling on remedy)
239:
International Transport Roth GmbH v Secretary of State for the Home Department
1361:(Report). Joint Committee on Human Rights, Parliament of the United Kingdom.
1117:
R (Joint Council of Immigrants) v Secretary of State for the Home Department
902:
Secretary of State for Business and Trade (Respondent) v Mercer (Appellant)
315:
Amended by Human Fertilisation and Embryology (Deceased Fathers) Act 2003.
82:
can issue declarations of incompatibility. In Scotland, in addition to the
777:
Consent Order in R (Bangs) v Secretary of State for the Home Department
429:
Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 changed the regime to control orders.
751:
The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008 (Remedial) Order 2018
824:
Civil Partnerships, Marriages and Deaths (Registration etc) Act 2019
1220:
R (on the application of Chester) v Secretary of State for Justice
1137:
The following cases remain subject to appeal, as of July 2022:
868:
Jackson and Simpson v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
128:
1163:
In the matter of an application by JR123 for judicial review
496:
Asylum and Immigration (Treatment of Claimants etc) Act 2004
662:
Benkharbouche v Embassy of the Republic of Sudan, and Libya
640:
R (Reilly (no 2) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
680:
David Miranda v Secretary of State for the Home Department
851:
Siobhan McLaughlin, Re Judicial Review (Northern Ireland)
261:
R (Anderson) v Secretary of State for the Home Department
834:
K (A Child) v Secretary of State for the Home Department
760:
R (Johnson) v Secretary of State for the Home Department
700:
R (P and A) v Secretary of State for the Home Department
439:
R (Sylviane Pierrette Morris) v Westminster City Council
1004:
R (Uttley) v Secretary of State for the Home Department
1505:- Report presented to Parliament in September 2011 by
1245:
CSIH 9, where the incompatibility of section 3 of the
1098:
Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission’s Application
533:
R (Clift) v Secretary of State for the Home Department
476:
Amended by Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 Sch 15.
454:
Amended by Housing and Regeneration Act 2008 Sch 15.
388:
R (Hooper) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions
16:
Form of constitutional declaration by UK court of law
1061:
Nasseri v Secretary of State for the Home Department
688:Terrorism Act 2000 Sch 7, stopping and questioning
574:
R (F and Thompson) v Secretary of State for Justice
398:
Social Security Contributions and Benefits Act 1992
1488:Responding to human rights judgments: 2014 to 2016
294:Amended by Criminal Justice Act 2003 section 295.
283:R (D) v Secretary of State for the Home Department
748:Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008 s 54
304:Blood and Tarbuck v Secretary of State for Health
1427:. Ministry of Justice (December 2022). Annex A.
1333:"An Introduction to the Human Rights Acts 1998"
1290:Sections 4 and 10 of the Human Rights Act 1998
417:A v Secretary of State for the Home Department
1335:. Alexander Harris Solicitors. Archived from
1108:Reversed by Northern Ireland Court of Appeal
619:R (T) v Chief Constable of Greater Manchester
229:, sections 139, 140, Sch 6 para 4 and Sch 7.
8:
357:Amended by Mental Health Act 2007 ss 23–26
1196:
1139:
1080:R (Black) v Secretary of State for Justice
916:
649:Jobseekers (Back to Work Schemes) Act 2013
511:R (Wright) v Secretary of State for Health
167:
1228:European Parliamentary Elections Act 2002
48:Section 3(1) of the Human Rights Act 1998
336:Amended by Gender Recognition Act 2004.
1300:
76:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
1503:"Responding to Human Rights Judgments"
1373:"A Guide to the Human Rights Act 1998"
1309:"Human Rights Act 1998: Section 4"
1023:R (MH) v Secretary of State for Health
964:Wilson v First County Trust Ltd (No.2)
794:Smith v Secretary of State for Justice
1462:Holland, James; Webb, Julian (2006).
1380:Department for Constitutional Affairs
1247:Representation of the People Act 1983
346:R (M) v Secretary of State for Health
214:McR's Application for Judicial Review
192:R (H) v Secretary of State for Health
35:section 4. This is a central part of
7:
1267:Offences Against the Person Act 1861
464:R (Gabaj) v First Secretary of State
405:Welfare Reform and Pensions Act 1999
1410:Judicial Review in Northern Ireland
1357:"Declarations of incompatibility".
1180:R v Marks, Morgan, Lynch and Heaney
594:R (Royal College of Nursing) v SSHD
29:European Convention of Human Rights
1527:Human rights in the United Kingdom
972:Consumer Credit Act 1974 s 127(3)
950:Town and Country Planning Act 1990
720:R (G) v Constable of Surrey Police
43:Human rights in the United Kingdom
14:
1241:and UK Parliament elections) in
992:Crown Proceedings Act 1947 s 10
133:
1382:. October 2006. Archived from
984:Matthews v Ministry of Defence
21:declaration of incompatibility
1:
1412:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Hart.
1466:. Oxford University Press.
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115:Mental Health Act 1983
1319:The National Archives
605:right to a fair trial
325:Bellinger v Bellinger
225:Offences repealed by
37:UK constitutional law
33:Human Rights Act 1998
25:UK constitutional law
1464:Learning Legal Rules
1408:Anthony, G. (2014).
107:statutory instrument
1507:Ministry of Justice
1492:Ministry of Justice
1239:Scottish Parliament
1235:European Parliament
403:Already amended by
367:R (Wilkinson) v IRC
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125:List of cases
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1522:Human rights
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1444:, retrieved
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1391:. Retrieved
1384:the original
1367:
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1341:. Retrieved
1337:the original
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1208:Description
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1151:Description
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928:Description
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867:
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810:
793:
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738:
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666:EWCA Civ 33
661:
638:
628:ECHR Art 8.
624:EWCA Civ 25
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179:Description
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104:
61:
53:
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20:
18:
685:EWCA Civ 6
469:Unreported
309:Unreported
1516:Categories
1456:References
1446:2018-06-27
1393:19 October
1343:2008-01-24
838:EWHC 1834
745:EWHC 1191
599:EWHC 2761
351:EWHC 1094
288:EWHC 2805
96:High Court
78:, and the
64:High Court
56:Parliament
31:under the
1273:not have
1269:ss 58–59
1205:Citation
1148:Citation
1121:EWHC 452
1102:NIQB 102
952:ss 77–79
925:Citation
407:s 54(1).
176:Citation
1284:See also
1275:standing
1263:UKSC 27
1224:UKSC 63
1184:NICA 67
1167:NIQB 97
1066:UKHL 23
1047:UKHL 46
1028:UKHL 60
1009:UKHL 38
969:UKHL 40
946:UKHL 23
906:UKSC 12
889:NIQB 48
855:UKSC 48
815:UKSC 32
764:UKSC 56
538:UKHL 54
491:UKHL 53
422:UKHL 56
330:UKHL 21
266:UKHL 46
90:and the
1211:Result
1154:Result
1085:UKHL 1
989:UKHL 4
931:Result
559:CSIH 9
516:UKHL 3
182:Result
144:updated
111:measure
1470:
86:, the
1387:(PDF)
1376:(PDF)
1296:Notes
1202:Case
1145:Case
1042:Re MB
922:Case
219:NI 1
173:Case
1468:ISBN
1395:2023
1124:The
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898:35.
881:34.
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