155:) which is non-scaling. Most higher pressure systems (higher than 650 psi (4,500 kPa)) and all systems where certain highly alloyed materials are present are now using volatile programs, as many phosphate-based treatment programs are being phased out. Volatile programs are further broken down into oxidizing or reducing programs depending whether the environment requires an oxidizing or reducing environment to reduce the incidence of flow-accelerated corrosion. Flow-accelerated corrosion related failures have caused numerous accidents in which significant loss of property and life has occurred.
124:. In the deaerator, water is heated up to close to its boiling point with a minimum pressure drop and minimum vent. Deaeration is done by spraying feedwater into a chamber to increase its surface area, and may involve flow over multiple layers of trays. This scrubbing (or stripping) steam is fed to the bottom of the deaeration section of the deaerator. When steam contacts the feedwater, it heats it up to its boiling point and dissolved gases are released from the feedwater and vented from the deaerator through the vent. The treated water falls into a storage tank below the deaerator.
303:
Again, some designs may include a vent condenser to trap and recover any water entrained in the vented gas. Also again, the vent line usually includes a valve and just enough steam is allowed to escape with the vented gases to provide a small and visible telltale plume of steam. The deaerated boiler feedwater is pumped from the bottom of the vessel to the steam generating boiler system. Silencers (optional) have been used for reducing venting noise levels in the
Deaerator equipment industry.
385:
and repairing of any weld defects. Second, maintaining a proper water chemistry to reduce deaerator deterioration. Third, minimize temperature and pressure fluctuation. Fourth, internals and accessories should be inspected for proper operation. NACE had created a
Corrosion Task Group in 1984 that studied causes of corrosion and provided recommendations; NACE still provides recommendations to improve operations of the equipment.
312:
20:
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NACE International (now known as
Association for Materials Protection and Performance (AMPP)) and CIBO (Council of Industrial Boiler Owners) have several recommendations to increase the life of the deaerator unit. First, regular inspections (and testing) of the pressure vessel for cracking of welds,
341:
In a typical design, the product is distributed as a thin layer on a high speed spinning disc via special feed system. The centrifugal force slings it through a perforated screen onto the inner wall of the vessel, which is under vacuum. Air (gas) pockets are released in the process and are drawn off
302:
to facilitate stripping out the dissolved gases in the following deaeration section. The preheated feedwater then flows into the deaeration section (F), where it is deaerated by the steam rising from the sparger system. The gases stripped out of the water exit via the vent at the top of the vessel.
280:
The deaerated water flows down into the horizontal storage vessel from where it is pumped to the steam generating boiler system. Low-pressure heating steam, which enters the horizontal vessel through a Sparge Pipe in the bottom of the vessel, is provided to keep the stored boiler feedwater warm.
130:
chemicals are very often added to the deaerated boiler feedwater to remove any last traces of oxygen that were not removed by the deaerator. The type of chemical added depends on whether the location uses a volatile or non-volatile water treatment program. Most lower pressure systems (lower than
272:
The steam strips the dissolved gas from the boiler feedwater and exits via the vent valve at the top of the domed section. If this vent valve has not be opened sufficiently, the deaerator will not work properly, resulting in feed water with a high oxygen content going to the boilers. Should the
264:
and then flows downward through the perforations. Low-pressure deaeration steam enters below the perforated trays and flows upward through the perforations. Combined action of spray valves & trays guarantees very high performance because of longer contact time between steam and water. Some
403:
In 1939, Cochrane, Darby, Elliott, Groeschel, Stearns-Rogers, Worthington, and others were competing against each other for business. In 1949 Chicago Heater was formed and became a leading deaerator manufacturer. In 1954, Allis-Chalmers, Chicago Heater, Cochrane, Elliott, Graver, Swartwout,
84:
Manufacturing of deaerators started in the 1800s.They were used to purify water used in the ice manufacturing process. Feed water heaters were used for marine applications. In 1899, George M Kleucker received a patent for an improved method of de-aerating water.
393:
Stickle, Cochrane, and
Permutit are three of the oldest Deaerator manufacturers in the USA. In 1929, a court case between Elliott Company (no longer in business) and H.S.B.W. Cochrane Corporation allowed both businesses to continue manufacturing deaerators.
293:
The typical spray-type deaerator is a horizontal vessel which has a preheating section and a deaeration section. The two sections are separated by a baffle. Low-pressure steam enters the vessel through a sparger in the bottom of the vessel. The
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The tray-type deaerator has a vertical domed deaeration section mounted above a horizontal boiler feedwater storage vessel. Boiler feedwater enters the vertical deaeration section through spray valves above the perforated
800:
119:
describes the relationship of dissolved gases and partial pressures. Thermal deaeration relies on the principle that the solubility of a gas in water decreases as the water temperature increases and approaches its
819:
273:
boiler not have an oxygen-content analyzer, a high level in the boiler chlorides may indicate the vent valve not being far enough open. Some designs may include a vent condenser to trap and recover any water
622:
65:
Vacuum deaerators are used to remove dissolved gases from products such as food, personal care products, cosmetic products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals to increase the dosing accuracy in the
319:
Deaerators are also used to remove dissolved gases from products such as food, personal care products, cosmetic products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals to increase the dosing accuracy in the
298:
is sprayed into section where it is preheated by the rising steam from the sparger. The purpose of the feedwater spray nozzle and the preheat section is to heat the boiler feedwater to its
1074:
342:
by the vacuum. A discharge pump carries the deaerated product to the next process in the production line. For high viscous products the rotating disc is replaced with static one.
277:
in the vented gas. The vent line usually includes a valve and just enough steam is allowed to escape with the vented gases to provide a small visible telltale plume of steam.
535:
370:, and HEI (Heat Exchange Institute) have recommendations on the type of testing required. Older fabrication techniques also used cast iron for the shell and heads.
98:
Between 1921 and 1933, George Gibson, Percy Lyon, and Victor Rohlin of
Cochrane received deaerator / degasification patents for bubbling steam through liquid.
330:
In 1921 a tank with vacuum pump for removing gases was used in
Pittsburgh. In 1934 and 1940 a tank with vacuum pump for removing gases were used in Indiana.
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363:
323:, to increase product shelf stability, to prevent oxidative effects (e.g. discolouration, changes of smell or taste, rancidity), to alter
131:
650 psi (4,500 kPa)) use non-volatile treatment programs. The most commonly used oxygen scavenger for lower pressure systems is
69:, to increase product shelf stability, to prevent oxidative effects (e.g. discolouration, changes of smell or taste, rancidity), to alter
907:
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223:
in feedwater will cause serious corrosion damage in a boiler by attaching to the walls of metal piping and other equipment forming
46:
in feedwater will cause serious corrosion damage in a boiler by attaching to the walls of metal piping and other equipment forming
1238:
Betz
Handbook of Industrial Water Conditioning, Chapter 9 boiler feedwater deaeration. 8th Edition, copyright 1980, LOC 79-56368.
661:
180:
539:
1301:
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by weight or less, as well as essentially eliminating carbon dioxide. The deaerators in the steam generating systems of most
376:
is sometimes required after fabrication or after installation at the project site. Insulation is used to reduce heat loses.
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412:
Deaerators are used in many industries such as co-generation plants, hospitals, larger laundry facilities, oil fields,
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464:"U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, Advanced Manufacturing, Energy Tips: STEAM"
274:
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1008:
463:
269:, rather than perforated trays, to provide good contact and mixing between the steam and the boiler feed water.
359:
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Vacuum deaerators can be rubber lined on the inside to protect the steel heads and shell from corrosion.
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that may cause further corrosion. Most deaerators are designed to remove oxygen down to levels of 7
58:
that may cause further corrosion. Most deaerators are designed to remove oxygen down to levels of 7
1085:
240:
1272:
National Board "System Design, Specifications, Operation, and
Inspection of Deaerators" April 1988
311:
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1031:
The
National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors, April 1988. Retrieved April 22, 2021
373:
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92:(1912), had contact feed heaters on board. In 1934 the US Navy purchased an atomizing deaerator.
66:
167:) is an oxygen scavenger commonly used in volatile treatment programs. Other scavengers include
327:, and to reduce packaging volume. Vacuum deaerators are also used in the petrochemical field.
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Welding of the steel pressure vessels during the manufacturing process sometimes requires
101:
1926 Brown
Stanley received a patent for reducing oxygen and nitrogen gases (deaeration).
1241:
NEA (National Environmental Agency) Paper, "Energy Best Practice Guide for Oil Refining
1053:
Proceedings of the American Power Conference paper, Otakar Jonas. Retrieved Jun 3, 2022
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In 1937 Samuel B Applebaum of Permutit received a water deaerator and purifier patent.
51:
31:
is a device that is used for the removal of dissolved gases like oxygen from a liquid.
662:"10 of the Best Boiler Feed Water Treatment Equipment Supply and Technology Companies"
1280:
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863:, Applebaum, Samuel B., "Water deaerator and purifier", issued 1940-06-11
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760:, Rohlin, Victor A., "Apparatus for treating liquids", issued 1933-06-13
19:
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436: – Chemical additive that reduces and hinders the formation of foam in liquids
248:
184:
76:
Manufacturing of deaerators started in the 1800s and continues to the present day.
625:, Kleucker, George M., "Method of deaerating water", issued 1900-12-25
247:
system. However, the steam generators in many large industrial facilities such as
115:
Oxygen and Nitrogen are two non-condensable gases that are removed by deaeration.
1199:
1009:
US Dept of Energy, Deaerators in Industrial Steam Systems. Retrieved Mar 18, 2023
518:
397:
In 1909 Weir was manufacturing contact feed heaters (for de-aerating) in Europe.
779:, Gibson, George H., "Water-deaerating apparatus", issued 1926-08-17
203:
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Sound waves using ultrasonic equipment can be used to assist deaerating water.
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AMPP, NACE RFP050-96, Standard Recommended Practice. Retrieved April 22, 2021
362:, XRAY, Dye Penetration, Ultrasonic, and other type non-destructive testing.
212:
156:
35:
798:, Lyon, Percy S., "Deaerating water heater", issued 1932-09-13
195:
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143:). It is very effective and rapidly reacts with traces of oxygen to form
95:
During the 1920s the feedwater heaters and deaerators designs improved.
954:
Paterson Evening News, Paterson, NJ, Sep 12, 1956.Retrieved Jun 4, 2023
932:
Palladium-Item, Richmond, Indiana, Sep 24, 1934. Retrieved Jan 25, 2022
281:
Stainless steel material is recommended for the sparger pipe. External
89:
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US Dept of Energy, CIBO paper dated Nov 1997. Retrieved April 23, 2021
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Public Opinion, Chambersburg, PA, Feb 11, 1921. Retrieved Jan 25, 2022
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by weight or less, as well as essentially eliminating carbon dioxide.
220:
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42:. The deaerator is part of the feedwater heating system. Dissolved
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use low pressure steam obtained from an extraction point in their
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Thermal deaerators are commonly used to remove dissolved gases in
202:
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47:
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Thermal deaerators are commonly used to remove dissolved gases in
18:
943:
Union City Times-Gazette, Jul 23, 1940. Retrieved Jan 25, 2022
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Handbook, Chapter 14 Degasification. Retrieved April 23, 2021
894:
Standards and Typical Specifications for Tray Type Deaerators
1130:
Intellingencer Journal, Feb 13, 1958. Retrieved Mar 18, 2023
817:, Stanley, Brown, "Deaerator", issued 1930-03-11
107:
Deaerators continue to be used today for many applications.
1141:
Alliance Times-Herald, Mar 31, 1939. Retrieved Mar 18, 2023
1119:
Perthshire Advertiser, Feb 27, 1909. Retrieved Mar 18, 2023
324:
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of the vessel is typically provided to minimize heat loss.
70:
1267:
US Dept of Energy, Deaerators in Industrial Steam Systems
1198:
Elliott, Thomas C.; Chen, Kao; Swanekamp, Robert (1998).
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896:(10th ed.). Heat Exchange Institute. November 2016.
444:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
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1152:
Chicago Tribune, Jul 15, 1949. Retrieved Mar 18, 2023
1224:
Kents' Mechanical Engineers' Handbook in two volumes
207:
Schematic diagram of a typical spray-type deaerator
998:Vancouver Sun, Apr 14, 1962. Retrieved Jun 4, 2023
251:may use whatever low-pressure steam is available.
199:Schematic diagram of a typical tray-type deaerator
1097:The Guardian, Nov 2, 1951. Retrieved Mar 18, 2023
1163:News-Record, Aug 2, 1954. Retrieved Mar 18, 2023
16:Device that removes dissolved gases from liquids
1108:Daily Mail, Feb 9, 1925. Retrieved Mar 18, 2023
442: – Removal of dissolved gases from liquids
400:By 1937 Permutit was manufacturing deaerators.
1262:Petrochemical and Chemical Plants", June 2021
855:
853:
8:
834:"Intelligencer Journal 13 Feb 1958, page 42"
315:Schematic diagram of rotating disc deaerator
1201:Standard Handbook of Powerplant Engineering
1086:Court Case, 1929. Retrieved April 23, 2021
599:"Iowa County Democrat 04 Mar 1881, page 2"
513:
511:
509:
404:Worthington, and others were in business.
1064:Stickle History, Retrieved April 23, 2021
987:Deaerator history. Retrieved Apr 24, 2021
908:"The Feedtank and Feedwater Conditioning"
1226:(11th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
563:OSTI abstract. Retrieved April 23, 2021
530:
528:
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686:"Montclair Times 01 Dec 1926, page 14"
575:"The Wichita Star 26 May 1887, page 1"
558:
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734:"Vermont Tribune 13 Apr 1900, page 1"
7:
364:ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
965:STS Canada. Retrieved Mar 18, 2023
73:, and to reduce packaging volume.
14:
1252:Association of Water Technologies
1179:Babcock & Wilcox Co. (2005).
976:Hielscher. Retrieved Mar 18, 2023
181:ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
1297:Nuclear power plant components
710:"The News 16 May 1928, page 7"
88:Two sister ships, Olympic and
1:
1204:(2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
1181:Steam: Its Generation and Use
880:"Deaerator working principle"
641:Carey, Stephen (2018-01-01).
521:. Sterling Deaerator Company.
424:, and many other industries.
265:designs use various types of
493:"Water Treatment Deaerators"
231:combines with water to form
54:combines with water to form
643:"Cold Starting the Titanic"
1323:
1307:Industrial water treatment
519:"The Deaerating Principle"
380:Inspection and maintenance
420:, power plants, prisons,
1287:Power station technology
360:Post weld heat treatment
538:. Stork. Archived from
416:, off-shore platforms,
227:(like rust). Dissolved
50:(like rust). Dissolved
660:D, Ryan (2016-08-26).
495:. Newterra. 2023-01-05
316:
300:saturation temperature
208:
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1302:Gas-liquid separation
1220:Kent, Robert Thurston
647:Encyclopedia Titanica
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215:for steam-generating
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177:nitrilotriacetic acid
38:for steam-generating
22:
249:petroleum refineries
241:thermal power plants
173:diethylhydroxylamine
1292:Chemical equipment
666:SAMCO Technologies
374:Thermal insulation
368:NACE International
317:
209:
201:
191:Thermal deaerators
25:
1211:978-0-07-019435-9
1183:(41st ed.).
473:. January 2, 2012
307:Vacuum deaerators
237:parts per billion
128:Oxygen scavenging
60:parts per billion
23:A deaerator plant
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1257:Deaerator design
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1281:Categories
861:US2204062A
843:2023-08-17
815:US1750035A
796:US1877412A
777:US1596423A
758:US1914166A
743:2023-08-17
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671:2023-08-17
608:2023-08-17
584:2023-08-17
546:2016-09-30
499:2023-08-17
477:August 17,
471:Energy.gov
450:References
354:Production
289:Spray-type
283:insulation
111:Principles
623:US664763A
275:entrained
255:Tray-type
213:feedwater
157:Hydrazine
36:feedwater
29:deaerator
434:Defoamer
428:See also
1172:Sources
217:boilers
90:Titanic
80:History
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183:, and
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467:(PDF)
262:trays
1206:ISBN
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479:2023
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