Death of Ayrton Senna - Knowledge (XXG)

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was very poor. However, all the evidence suggests the car did not go off the track as a result of steering column failure... If you look at the camera shots, especially from Michael Schumacher's following car, the car didn't understeer off the track. It oversteered which is not consistent with a steering column failure. The rear of the car stepped out and all the data suggests that happened. Ayrton then corrected that by going to 50% throttle which would be consistent with trying to reduce the rear stepping out and then, half-a-second later, he went hard on the brakes. The question then is why did the rear step out? The car bottomed much harder on that second lap which again appears to be unusual because the tyre pressure should have come up by then – which leaves you expecting that the right rear tyre probably picked up a puncture from debris on the track. If I was pushed into picking out a single most likely cause that would be it.

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In a 381-page ruling, Judge Antonio Costanzo concluded that steering column failure was the probable cause of Senna's crash; however, there was no proof of negligence on the part of Head or Newey, or that they had designed the modifications in the first place. On 22 November 1999, an appeals court upheld the acquittals, rejecting a request from prosecutors to give one-year suspended sentences to Head and Newey. In April 2002, Senna's FW16 chassis number 02 was returned to the Williams team. Although an initial report by Autosport stated the car had been destroyed by the team (as it was in an advanced state of deterioration), a spokesman stated otherwise, but also stated that the car's ultimate fate would be a 'private matter'. Senna's helmet was returned to Bell, and was incinerated. The car's engine was returned to Renault, where its fate is unknown.

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and entered the cockpit, striking the right frontal area of his helmet. The violence of the wheel's impact shoved his head back against the headrest (which was already far forward from the car's impact with the wall) causing fatal skull fractures. In addition, a piece of suspension attached to the wheel had also partially penetrated his Bell M3 helmet and caused trauma to his head. Also, it appeared that a jagged piece of the upright assembly had penetrated the helmet visor just above his right eye. Senna was using a medium-sized (58 cm) M3 helmet with a new "thin" Bell visor. Any one of the three injuries would probably have killed him.

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heart is still beating, have only two courses of action: One is to ensure that the patient's respiratory passages remain free, which means that he can breathe. They had to carry out an emergency tracheotomy. With oxygen and the heart beating, there is another concern, which is the loss of blood. These are the steps to be followed in any case involving serious injury, whether on the street or on a racetrack. The rescue team can think of nothing else at that moment except to assist the patient, particularly by immobilising the cervical area. Then the injured person must be taken immediately to the intensive care unit of the nearest hospital.

110: 908: 1054:, which means that a person has been kept alive improperly after biological death has taken place because of brain injuries so serious that the patient would never have been able to remain alive without mechanical means of support. There would have been no prospect of normal life and relationships. Whether or not Ayrton was removed from the car while his heart was beating or whether his supply of blood had halted or was still flowing, is irrelevant to the determination of when he died. 1124:

survivors suffering irreversible brain damage. This is a result of the effects on the brain of sudden deceleration, which causes structural damage to the brain tissues. Estimates of the forces involved in Ayrton's crash suggest a rate of deceleration equivalent to a 30-metre vertical drop, landing head-first. Evidence offered at the autopsy revealed that the impact of this 208 km/h crash caused multiple injuries at the base of the cranium, resulting in respiratory insufficiency.

386: 526: 3236: 3474: 1195:, which tracked the movement of the steering wheel during the race. Having rotated in a fixed arc during the previous laps, during the final seconds a yellow button on the wheel moved several centimetres away from its normal trajectory, with the steering wheel tilting in its own plane, indicating a breaking steering column. Williams introduced its own video to prove the movement was normal in which 692: 3512: 3524: 3500: 669:

around 43 minutes after the crash, the helicopter landed in front of the Maggiore Hospital. Doctors rushed Senna into intensive care; a brain scan confirmed the diagnosis made on the track. At 15:10, Senna's heart stopped beating, doctors restarted his heart, and he was placed on a life-support machine. Senna's brother Leonardo arranged for a priest to perform the

430: 3135: 1108:. The neurosurgeon who examined Ayrton Senna at the hospital mentioned that the circumstances did not call for surgery because the wound was generalised in the cranium. At 6:05 pm Dr. Fiandri read another communiqué, her voice shaking, announcing that Senna was dead. At that stage he was still connected to the equipment that maintained his heartbeat. 570:

be driven slowly, lest it cause another crash itself. One of the theories explaining the accident suggests that this slow running caused the cars to suffer a drop in tyre temperature and pressure. Before the start of the sixth lap, David Brown told Senna via pit-to-car radio that the safety car was pulling off, and Senna acknowledged the message.

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done in a hurry but I can't say how long before the race. Someone had tried to smooth over the joint following the welding. I have never seen anything like it. I believe the rod was faulty and probably cracked even during the warm-up. Moments before the crash only a tiny piece was left connected and therefore the car didn't respond in the bend."

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photographer and a friend of Senna, took photographs of Senna in the car after his helmet was removed and Senna being treated before marshals blocked his view. Despite receiving numerous offers, the photographs have only been seen by Orsi and the Senna family, who insisted that Orsi not publish the photographs.

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failure. This failure was caused by badly designed and badly executed modifications. The responsibility for this falls on Patrick Head, culpable of omitted control". However, Head was not arrested since the Italian statute of limitations for culpable homicide was 7 years and 6 months, and the verdict

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The Williams team was entangled for many years in Italian criminal court proceedings after prosecutors instigated manslaughter charges against key team officials. On 16 December 1997, Frank Williams and five others were acquitted of the charges, ending the threat of a boycott of Formula One in Italy.

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Grand Prix due to a miscommunication with his crew. The race marshals waved frantically at Comas as he approached Tamburello, since he was apparently unaware of what was taking place, and he slammed on his brakes in time to stop the Larrousse and avoid a collision with the medical helicopter. When he

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data recovered from the wreckage shows he entered the corner at 309 km/h (192 mph) and then braked hard, downshifting twice to slow down before impacting the wall at 211 km/h (131 mph). The car hit the wall at a shallow angle, tearing off the right front wheel and nose cone before

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so not particularly fast; Senna pulled alongside the Vectra to gesture to its driver to speed up because his tyres were getting cold and were losing grip. A subsequent investigation showed that the Vectra was inadequate for the role of safety car, because its brakes overheated and it therefore had to

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to discuss but decide not to take disciplinary action against him. On the following day, however, race stewards called Senna out of his motor home to discuss his having commandeered a course car to visit Ratzenberger's crash site. A row ensued and Senna stormed off in disgust. The stewards decided to

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already asking for more room. Going back to when we raced at Estoril last September, it feels much more difficult. Some of that is down to the lack of electronic change. Also, the car has its own characteristics which I'm not fully confident in yet. It makes you a lot more tense and that stresses you.

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In January 2003, the Italian Supreme Court reopened the case, ruling that "material errors" had been made in the Bologna court of appeal. On 27 May 2005, the court gave a full acquittal to Adrian Newey, while the case against Head was "timed out" under a statute of limitations. A retrial was ordered

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with haemorrhage in the respiratory passages. It is possible to resuscitate a dead person immediately after the heart stops through cardio-respiratory processes. The procedure is known as putting the patient on the machine. From the medical-legal viewpoint, in Ayrton's case, there is a subtle point:

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After Senna's car stopped, he was initially motionless in the cockpit. After about ten seconds, as recorded by the close-up aerial footage, his head was seen to lift to the left before returning to its original position. Thereafter he did not move again. The right front wheel had shot up upon impact

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had developed through most of the steering column at the point where it had broken. Lorenzini stated: "It had been badly welded together about a third of the way down and couldn't stand the strain of the race. We discovered scratches on the crack in the steering rod. It seemed like the job had been

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Senna's death was considered by many of his Brazilian fans to be a national tragedy, and the Brazilian government declared three days of national mourning. In an exception to airline policy, Senna's coffin was allowed to be flown back to his home country not as cargo but in the passenger cabin of a

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that Ratzenberger had died from injuries sustained in the accident. When the two left the centre together, Watkins told Senna that he did not have to race ever again and suggested that he withdraw from the race and go fishing with him. Senna responded by telling Watkins he could not stop racing and

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struck the concrete wall on the outside of the Villeneuve curve at 314 km/h (195 mph), as a result of a suspected front wing failure. After the impact with a concrete barrier, the car bounced off and rested in the middle of that section of the track. Senna saw the replays of the collision

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The honest truth is that no one will ever know exactly what happened. There's no doubt the steering column failed and the big question was whether it failed in the accident or did it cause the accident? It had fatigue cracks and would have failed at some point. There is no question that its design

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Medical experts are unable to state whether or not Ayrton Senna died instantaneously. Nevertheless, they were well aware that his chances of survival were slight. Had he remained alive, the brain damage would have left him severely handicapped. Collisions such as this are almost always fatal, with

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The people who conducted the autopsy stated that, on the evidence of his injuries, Senna was dead. They could not say that. He had injuries which led to his death, but at that point, the heart may still have been functioning. Medical personnel attending an injured person, and who perceive that the

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There is an ongoing debate as to why Senna was not declared dead at the track. Under Italian law, collisions resulting in a fatality must be investigated for any criminal culpability. The activities that cause the fatality, such as a sporting event, must be suspended forthwith and the scene of the

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was conducted alongside the track to establish a secure airway through which the medical personnel could artificially maintain his breathing. The race was stopped one minute and nine seconds after Senna's crash. Williams team manager Ian Harrison went up to race control, finding a scene where many

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Fire marshals arrived at the car and were unable to touch Senna before qualified medical personnel arrived. Senna was pulled out of the car within minutes. Television coverage from an overhead helicopter was seen around the world, as rescue workers gave Senna medical attention. Close inspection of

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After the session concluded, he left his car and went to the Williams motor home to attend pre-arranged interviews for the press and told the attending journalists to wait one hour while he was checking car problems with his engineer, David Brown. Following the interviews, Senna continued his work

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In Brazil, the country's television networks spent the rest of the day interrupting their normal programming schedules to announce Senna's death and replay his last interview, given to the media on the day before the crash. Many motor racing fans gathered outside of Maggiore Hospital to pay their

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I have a very negative feeling about driving the car and driving it on the limit and so on. Therefore I didn't have a single run or a single lap that I felt comfortable or reasonably confident. I am uncomfortable in the car. It all feels wrong. We changed the seat and the wheel, but even so I was

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There are two opposing theories on the issue of whether the drivers were still alive when they were put in the helicopters that carried them to hospital. Assuming both Ratzenberger and Senna had died instantaneously, the race organisers might have delayed any announcement in order to avoid being

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The relevant Italian legislation stipulates that when a death takes place during a sporting event, it should be immediately halted and the area sealed off for examination. In the case of Ratzenberger, this would have meant the cancellation of both Saturday's qualifying session and the San Marino

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From the ethical point of view, this might well be condemned because the measures were not intended to be of strictly medical benefit to the patient but rather because they suited the commercial interest of the organisation. Resuscitation did, in fact, take place, with the tracheotomy performed,

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which occurred at 18:15. Senna's heart stopped beating again at 18:37, and it was decided not to restart it. Doctor Maria Teresa Fiandri, the emergency department head physician at the hospital who was off-duty and had been watching the race live from home with her sons, immediately left for the

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Senna's car was eventually lifted onto a truck and returned to the pit lane where officials impounded it. However, an unidentified person insisted that the black-box data carried on the car be removed. It was suspected to be a member of the Williams racing team who took the black box. At 15:00,

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Some time after the race, Williams team manager Ian Harrison was called by an Italian lawyer informing Harrison of Senna's death and that it was being treated as a "road traffic accident". Early in the morning of 2 May, Harrison was called by another lawyer, who took him to a mortuary. Harrison

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was pronounced 13 years after the crash. The Williams team conceded to this failure but only as caused by the crash impact. In the weeks preceding the San Marino Grand Prix, Senna reportedly had asked his team to alter the steering column in order to give him more room in the cockpit. Head and

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The release by the Italian authorities of the results of Ayrton Senna's autopsy, revealing that the driver had died instantaneously during the race at Imola, ignited still more controversy. Now there were questions about the reactions of the race director and the medical authorities. Although

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On 8 May, it was reported that Federico Bendinelli, an official who worked at Imola, said Senna had inspected the Tamburello corner and declared it was "O.K." Williams ran tests on one of their rigs attempting to replicate Senna's accident from the data retrieved. They attempted to simulate a

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After the crash, it was immediately evident that Senna had suffered some form of injury, because his helmet was seen to be motionless and leaning slightly to the right. The subtle movement of his head in the seconds that followed raised false hopes. Moments after the crash, Angelo Orsi, a

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while the activity of the heart was restored with the assistance of cardio-respiratory devices. The attitude in question was certainly controversial. Any physician would know there was no possibility whatsoever of successfully restoring life in the condition in which Senna had been found.

495:. Since he was unwilling to speak out due to the earlier row with race officials that had left him still fraught with emotions, Senna asked Berger to raise his concerns about the pace car's presence during formation lap, which had no role other than to promote the then latest 1176:'s existing shaft cut and extended with a smaller-diameter piece of tubing that was welded together with reinforcing plates. The modification was carried out in this manner as there was insufficient time to instead manufacture a new steering shaft in time for the race. 718:

The funeral, which took place on 5 May 1994, was broadcast live on Brazilian television and an estimated three million people lined the streets of his hometown of São Paulo. Motor racing figures who attended Senna's state funeral included Alain Prost, Gerhard Berger,

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On Saturday morning, Senna set a personal best time of 1m 22.03 seconds and agreed with teammate Damon Hill that the car had improved. Having been released from the Medical Centre, Barrichello told Senna he was flying back to England to watch the race on television.

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and that, apart from his head injuries, Senna appeared serene and the rest of the body was intact. Fiandri became responsible for providing medical updates to the media and public that had amassed at the hospital and, at 18:40, she announced that Senna had died.

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He looked serene. I raised his eyelids and it was clear from his pupils that he had a massive brain injury. We lifted him from the cockpit and laid him on the ground. As we did, he sighed and, although I am not religious, I felt his spirit depart at that

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team, clipped a curb and crashed heavily at 225 km/h (140 mph) at the Variante Bassa chicane. Senna got out of his Williams car and went to the scene of the collision. Barrichello's tongue blocked his airway and emergency work performed by

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Watkins cleared the respiratory passages, stemmed the blood flow, replaced lost blood and immobilised the cervical area. Watkins radioed for a medical helicopter and asked the intensive care anaesthetist, Giovanni Gordini, to escort Senna to

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The problems continued as the season commenced. Senna had his worst ever start to a Formula One season, failing to finish or score points in the first two races (the Brazilian and Pacific Grands Prix), despite having taken pole in both.

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During legal proceedings before the Italian courts on 3 March 1997, based on the expert testimony and evidence of the pathologist, Dr Cipolla, Senna's official time of death was recorded as 2:17 pm on 1 May 1994, coinciding with

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and rushed into the pitlane to get inside a course car. When he arrived, with Ratzenberger taken into an ambulance, Senna inspected the damaged Simtek. He then attended the circuit's Medical Centre where he learnt from neurosurgeon

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According to the first clinical bulletin read by Dr. Maria Teresa Fiandri at 4:30 pm Ayrton Senna had brain damage with haemorrhaged shock and deep coma. However, the medical staff did not note any chest or abdomen wound. The

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Other changes included improved crash barriers, redesigned tracks and tyre barriers, higher crash safety standards, higher sills on the driver cockpit and a limit on 3-litre engines. The FIA immediately investigated the

780:, where McLaren-Honda cars were typically displayed after each race, so many floral tributes were received after Senna's death that they overwhelmed the large exhibit lobby, even though Senna was no longer driving for a 2024: 929:

A draw would be arranged to determine the scheduled order in which cars make pit stops. Stops made out of the designated order will be limited to emergencies only and cars would not be allowed to take on fuel or new

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the area in which the medical staff treated Senna revealed a considerable amount of blood on the ground, probably from the pieces of suspension and upright assembly penetrating his helmet, which had ruptured his

488:, where he greeted Prost now working as a commentator for that channel: "A special hello to our dear friend Alain. We all miss you, Alain." Prost said that he was amazed and very touched by the comment. 1009:

In February 1995, a 500-page report by a team of judicial investigators was handed over to Italian prosecutors which attributed Senna's crash to steering column failure caused by a pre-race adjustment.

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On 3 May, the FIA called a meeting at the request of the Italian Automobile Club to review the events of the weekend. Later on, the governing body announced new safety measures for the next round in

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and Italian motorsport authorities still maintain that Senna was not killed instantly, but rather died in the hospital, where he had been rushed by helicopter after an emergency tracheotomy and

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The Italian and Brazilian press were critical of the FIA for the rule changes that were enacted for 1994. Benetton driver Schumacher called for improvements in safety. BBC Sport commentator

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respects to Senna, causing major traffic jams. Fans also gathered in the Williams F1 factory in Didcot where around 200 people attended with flowers laid on the front gates of the factory.

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saved his life. Barrichello regained consciousness and found Senna looking over him. After learning Barrichello had survived, Senna returned to his car and continued his practice session.

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Back at the track, in the shattered remains of Senna's car, they discovered a furled Austrian flag Senna had intended to dedicate his 42nd grand prix victory to Ratzenberger's memory.

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testified that the steering wheel movement was abnormal, stating that the video "proves that something was broken in Senna's Williams. No steering wheel moves a few centimetres."

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sitting at a table. They talked together for 30 minutes, with Senna lobbying for Prost's help to improve the sport's safety, both agreeing to meet before the Monaco Grand Prix.

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hospital and arrived at the same time as Senna's helicopter landed. In her interview after 20 years, she confirmed that the blood loss suffered by Senna was due to a damaged

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Had the meeting been cancelled, Sagis – the organisation which administers the Imola circuit – stood to lose an estimated US$ 6.5 million ($ 13.4 million in 2023).

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On lap 7, the second lap at racing speed, Senna's car left the racing line at Tamburello, ran in a straight line off the track and struck an unprotected concrete barrier.

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was watching the race from his home in Balcarce, Argentina. He turned the television off almost immediately after the accident, remembering later; "I knew he was dead".

712: 1787: 506:) in an attempt to increase safety in Formula One. As the most senior driver, Senna offered to take the role of leader, starting with the next race event in Monaco. 3188: 294:. This became a turning point in the safety of Formula One, prompting the implementation of new safety measures in both Formula One and the circuit, as well as the 2812: 1920: 237: 2145: 573:

On lap 6, the race resumed and Senna immediately set a quick pace with the third-quickest lap of the race, followed by Schumacher. At the flat-out left-hander

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in the cockpit of his car. It was later inferred that Senna intended to raise the flag in memory of Ratzenberger (who was Austrian), if Senna won the race.

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had died when his car crashed during qualification for the race. Several other collisions took place that weekend, including a serious one involving

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at the tri-oval led to the second yellow flag of the race. As the field was getting set to resume the event on lap 112, ESPN lead race announcer

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Neurosurgeon Sid Watkins, the head of Formula One's on-track medical team, performed the on-site tracheotomy on Senna. Watkins later reported:

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Reportedly, Senna retired to his motor home where he broke down in tears and collapsed onto the floor. This had concerned Williams, who asked

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No team personnel would be allowed onto the pit lane surface except those directly involved with working on a car during a scheduled pit stop

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on the first lap. Shortly after the helicopter landed on the racing surface, Comas left the pit area and attempted to rejoin the now

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with Brown for another two hours. Once he arrived back at his hotel in Castel San Pietro, Senna reportedly telephoned his girlfriend

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On Sunday morning, Senna was the fastest in the warm-up session by nine-tenths of a second. Afterwards he saw former McLaren rival

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suggested that Senna lead the group because of his strong personality and standing in the sport, relative to the other drivers.

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were involved in a serious collision, spraying debris into the crowd and injuring bystanders. Track officials deployed the

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the airboxes from the engines would be removed to reduce the airflow to the engines and thus decrease the power available.

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the lateral protection of the drivers' heads would be improved by increasing the height of the sides of the cockpit;

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was killed after colliding with a concrete wall at the Villeneuve Curve. The picture is from earlier the same day.

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delivered its own verdict (number 15050) stating that: "It has been determined that the accident was caused by a

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the minimum weight of a Formula One car would be increased by 25 kg (changed to 15 kg by Canadian GP);

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manhandled an FW16B steering wheel, the effort required to deflect the wheel termed as "quite considerable".

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Entry to and exit from the pit lane would be controlled by a curve to force cars to run at a reduced speed

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under Professor of Engineering Enrico Lorenzini and his team of specialists. The report concluded that

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would be strengthened to reduce the possibility of a front wheel coming loose and striking the driver;

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the cockpit would be lengthened to prevent drivers striking their head on the front of the cockpit;

942:. The representatives elected were Lauda and active drivers Michael Schumacher, Gerhard Berger and 896: 756: 574: 445: 433: 267: 1082:, a neurosurgeon and Head of the Medical Staff at the Portuguese GP, offered a different opinion: 385: 342:, albeit with cars that no longer had electronic aids, which had been banned for the 1994 season. 3088: 2782: 1184: 838: 817: 728: 398: 368: 271: 3454: 371:

was the championship leader entering the third race at Imola, with Senna trailing by 20 points.

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At the next race in Monaco, retired world champion Niki Lauda announced the reformation of the

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Monument to Ayrton Senna, Melinda Garcia's work, installed at the entrance of the tunnel under

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David Tremayne; Mark Skewis; Stuart Williams; Paul Fearnley (5 April 1994). "Track Topics".

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Senna then met with fellow drivers to discuss the re-establishment of a drivers' group (the

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There was crushing of the brain (which was forced against the wall of the cranium causing

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From the ethical viewpoint, the procedure used for Ayrton's body was wrong. It involved

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went silent for the lap 112 restart. During his postrace interview in victory lane with

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informed the audience of the tragedy at Imola; as a tribute, the ESPN booth of Jenkins,

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In May 2011, Williams FW16 designer Adrian Newey expressed his views about the crash:

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spokespersons for the hospital had stated that Senna was still breathing on arrival in

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Rogério Morais Martins, creative director of Ayrton Senna Promotions (which became the

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In the afternoon, the second qualifying session began and 18 minutes into the session,

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The layout of the circuit was changed after the two fatal crashes at the 1994 event.

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called Senna's death the "blackest day for Grand Prix racing that I can remember".

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was killed after his car crashed into a concrete barrier while he was leading the

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and broke down into tears while recounting Barrichello's crash earlier that day.

314:, which he had joined in 1988 and won three World Drivers' Championships with in 3185: 1711: 1132: 1101: 1051: 1020: 858: 850: 846: 612: 554: 496: 478: 450: 411: 331: 251: 3255: 3078: 789: 752: 732: 691: 550: 542: 507: 335: 1298: 648:-Ford to the pit lane to correct a vibration issue caused by contact under a 2537: 1719: 1666: 1281: 827: 739:

did not attend as they were so grief-stricken. Senna's family did not allow

662: 645: 581: 1558:"History of the F1 Safety Car and it's [sic] impact on Formula One" 345:

On debut for his new team during the traditional pre-season testing at the

3499: 3134: 1842:"'Senna would have beaten Schumacher in equal cars' – Motor Racing, Sport" 1633: 1002:, and the track's signature Tamburello turn was changed into a left–right 429: 3327: 1689: 1514:[Remembering Senna. That day in Imola, with death on the track]. 1139:

forced to cancel the meeting, thus protecting their financial interests.

760: 546: 203: 484:

Next, Senna filmed an in-car lap of Imola for French television channel

3260: 3250: 3083: 1784:"Ayrton Senna, il racconto della dottoressa: "Così mi morì in braccio"" 1113: 1058: 1003: 311: 1368: 1192: 1128: 1079: 1043: 963:

All together this would reduce the amount of downforce by about 15%.

441: 173: 2900:"Motor Racing: Williams official claimed 'Senna made mistake': Team" 1078:

Professor José Pratas Vital, Director of the Egas Moniz Hospital in

1061:

showed that the crash caused multiple fractures at the base of the

3310: 999: 899:, the Brazilian squad dedicated their World Cup victory to Senna. 792:

that year). Senna had a special relationship with company founder

777: 705: 690: 524: 428: 384: 70: 3018:"Ayrton Senna's death 'changed me physically', says Adrian Newey" 2844:"Ayrton Senna's death 'changed me physically', says Adrian Newey" 616:

race officials were sensing that Senna's crash had been serious.

3049:"Why Adrian Newey just cannot bear to watch the new Senna movie" 823: 3149: 3145: 2523:

Tom Rubython, "Life of Senna", chapter 33, "The Trial", p. 473.

1131:

and haemorrhage, increasing intra-cranial pressure and causing

2541: 1512:"Ricordando Senna. Quel giorno a Imola, con la morte in pista" 485: 470: 407: 2390:"The Senna Files: Ayrton Senna trial news etc: NewSfile No.2" 2705:"Image processing on Senna's camera car video | Cineca" 393:) suffered a high-speed crash at the Variante Bassa chicane. 2108:"Harsh criticism Formula I board ripped after Senna death" 873:, offered his condolences to Senna's family and friends. 302:

ruled that mechanical failure was the cause of the crash.

1539: 1537: 1243:) was seen to be spinning before even leaving the track. 1191:

An analysis of the onboard camera video was submitted by

454:

then went back to the Williams garage, where he summoned

278:

to occur during a Formula One race meeting since that of

2987:"Tire Puncture Might Have Caused Senna's Death – Newey" 2757:"WebRAISport – 17 settembre '97 – Auto: Processo Senna" 1392:"A racer through and through - Ratzenberger remembered" 3488: 2874:"Tornano i tormenti di Newey su Senna (senza verità)" 2200:"The Dangers in Sport: Governing body calls a summit" 1716:

Life at the Limit: Triumph and Tragedy in Formula One

620:

later arrived in race control to calm the situation.

2455: 2453: 2361:. Ayrton Senna – The Senna files. 25 February 1995. 2325:

Andrew Gumbel and Derick Allsop (25 February 1995).

1447:"Suddenly, Death Returns to Formula One Auto Racing" 935:

mechanical failure which had not proven conclusive.

491:

At the drivers' briefing, Senna attended along with

3402: 3351: 3320: 3274: 3243: 3208: 513:In preparation for the race, Senna placed a furled 89: 81: 66: 56: 44: 26: 3079:"Patrese 1992 Tamburello right rear tire puncture" 274:. Ratzenberger and Senna's crashes were the first 2930:"Hill: Senna made fatal mistake – F1 – Autosport" 1964:"MOTORSPORT: Why Ayrton Senna is a Japanese hero" 1179:A 600-page technical report was submitted by the 2327:"Senna crash 'caused by adjustment to steering'" 768: 727:, Rubens Barrichello (Ayrton's new protégé) and 397:On the Friday before the race, Senna's protégé, 3379:Autódromo Internacional Ayrton Senna (Londrina) 1664:James, Matt (2010). "Senna: The Untold Story". 1630:"The death of Ayrton Senna: His last 100 hours" 1208: 1097: 1084: 1048: 683:declined to see Senna's body upon being asked. 625: 355: 3374:Autódromo Internacional Ayrton Senna (Goiânia) 3369:Autódromo Internacional Ayrton Senna (Caruaru) 2416:"6 acquitted of charges in Ayrton Senna death" 1761:Slightly different footage of Senna's crash... 1027:, upon Senna hitting the Tamburello wall. The 661:— covering the events as an analyst for 657:spotted Comas approaching the accident scene, 3161: 2707:. Cineca.it. 16 December 1997. Archived from 2169:"Senna's death inspired Brazil's 1994 WC run" 1913:"Hamilton visits grave of F1 superstar Senna" 1889:. f1racing.net. 23 April 2004. Archived from 231: 8: 2384: 2382: 2380: 1624: 1622: 959:the size of the front wing would be reduced. 919:which included the following three changes: 735:. Watkins and then McLaren team coordinator 266:in Italy. The previous day, Austrian driver 21: 2060:"Formula One circuit faces tough questions" 773:(Nothing can separate me from God's love). 3168: 3154: 3146: 1065:, crushing the forehead and rupturing the 956:the front wing end plates would be raised; 767:in São Paulo. His grave bears the epitaph 238: 224: 100: 20: 1440: 1438: 1070:resuscitation measures were implemented. 749:Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile 713:São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport 2626: 2444: 1764:, United Kingdom: Pistonheads, p. 8 1659: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1613: 1543: 1358: 1172:satisfied Senna's request by having the 986:the use of pump petrol would be imposed; 906: 3495: 1356: 1354: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1342: 1340: 1338: 1271: 953:the size of diffusers would be reduced; 887:Two and a half months later, following 286:, and were also the last until that of 103: 3091:from the original on 13 December 2021. 2880:from the original on 24 September 2015 2685:from the original on 27 September 2011 2339:from the original on 26 September 2019 2210:from the original on 25 September 2015 2148:from the original on 23 September 2006 1488:from the original on 15 September 2019 940:Grand Prix Drivers' Association (GPDA) 310:In 1994, Senna left his longtime team 117:This article is part of a series about 16:Death of the Brazilian race car driver 3059:from the original on 22 November 2016 3028:from the original on 22 November 2016 2997:from the original on 22 November 2016 2966:from the original on 22 November 2016 2940:from the original on 22 November 2016 2910:from the original on 22 November 2016 2854:from the original on 22 November 2016 2793:from the original on 20 December 2016 2600:[Senna, Head "responsible"]. 2578:from the original on 28 November 2015 2491:"Senna's Car Not Destroyed, Say [ 2471:from the original on 28 November 2015 2088:from the original on 17 November 2020 2054: 2052: 1822:from the original on 10 November 2012 7: 2737:from the original on 7 February 2021 2673:Tremayne, David (17 December 1995). 2426:from the original on 3 February 2021 2270:from the original on 7 February 2021 2240:from the original on 1 February 2021 2230:"Formula One makes 3 safety changes" 2138:"Race ace Senna killed in car crash" 2118:from the original on 11 October 2021 1923:from the original on 10 October 2021 1782:Lorenzini, Tommaso (23 April 2014). 1522:from the original on 8 February 2021 1398:from the original on 16 January 2022 1323:from the original on 2 December 2010 770:Nada pode me separar do amor de Deus 389:Rubens Barrichello (pictured at the 2960:"'Driver error caused Senna death'" 2422:. 17 December 1997. p. C7-C8. 2396:from the original on 21 August 2007 2298:Henderson, Charlie (5 March 2001). 1743:Watson, John (Commentator) (1994). 1686:"The last 96 hours of Ayrton Senna" 1365:"The last 96 hours of Ayrton Senna" 1095:after Senna's death), stated that: 759:which took place on 7 May 1994, in 300:Supreme Court of Cassation of Italy 2759:. .raisport.rai.it. Archived from 2568:"Top designers acquitted on Senna" 2461:"Top designers acquitted on Senna" 2260:"Sports Digest: From Wire Reports" 1852:from the original on 20 April 2020 1790:from the original on 28 April 2014 1632:. 25 February 2008. Archived from 1568:from the original on 26 April 2012 1510:Ciccarone, Paolo (27 April 2018). 1476:Longer, Andrew (31 October 1994). 1457:from the original on 22 March 2011 1156:by Italy's highest court in 2005. 841:, later the same day. On lap 103, 14: 3283:Ayrton Senna's Super Monaco GP II 2654:from the original on 4 March 2016 2548:from the original on 1 March 2004 2365:from the original on 6 March 2014 2306:from the original on 1 March 2009 2288:Official 1994 season review video 2179:from the original on 22 July 2018 2037:from the original on 1 March 2014 1974:from the original on 25 July 2020 1595:from the original on 7 April 2015 1104:was caused by the rupture of the 211:Ayrton Senna's Super Monaco GP II 3522: 3510: 3498: 3473: 3472: 3450:1993 Masters Karting Paris Bercy 3234: 3133: 2985:Panzariu, Ovidiu (17 May 2011). 2534:"Senna death case back in court" 2167:Brazeau, Jonathan (1 May 2014). 788:remained in the sport to supply 755:instead attended the funeral of 602:Extrication and trip to hospital 330:, replacing his former teammate 108: 2813:"Williams counters crash claim" 2501:. 18 April 2002. Archived from 2300:"F1's pressing safety question" 1994:"1994 Monaco Grand Prix Report" 1556:Wilson, James (21 April 2009). 504:Grand Prix Drivers' Association 296:Grand Prix Drivers' Association 3560:20th century in Emilia-Romagna 2675:"Williams fear Senna fall-out" 2359:"Secrets of Senna's black box" 1962:Silverio, Ricky (1 May 2014). 1887:"Max went to Roland's funeral" 1478:"Ayrton Senna: The Last Hours" 1363:Jones, Dylan (22 April 2011). 1253:List of Formula One fatalities 1159:On 13 April 2007, the Italian 640:During the safety car period, 1: 3364:Jardim São Paulo-Ayrton Senna 3047:McRae, Donald (16 May 2011). 3016:McRae, Donald (16 May 2011). 2842:McRae, Donald (16 May 2011). 2198:Allspop, Derek (3 May 1994). 1947:(in Japanese). Archived from 1587:Hassall, David (1 May 2014). 1035:were performed on the track. 996:Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari 966:For the Canadian Grand Prix: 776:At the Tokyo headquarters of 61:Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari 3545:1994 in Brazilian motorsport 2604:(in Italian). Archived from 2598:"Senna, Head "responsabile"" 2000:. 8 May 1994. Archived from 949:For the Spanish Grand Prix: 3580:Filmed deaths in motorsport 1445:Thomsen, Ian (2 May 1994). 1042:The former Director of the 796:and was revered in Japan. 676:superficial temporal artery 609:superficial temporal artery 589:Cause of death after impact 334:. There he was paired with 3616: 3565:Accidental deaths in Italy 3555:1994 in Italian motorsport 3445:1994 San Marino Grand Prix 2266:. 8 May 1994. p. C3. 2236:. 5 May 1994. p. D6. 2114:. 3 May 1994. p. 23. 2084:. 2 May 1994. p. B5. 2023:Turner, Rik (2 May 1994). 1421:. Macmillan. p. 234. 1417:Hamilton, Maurice (1998). 1161:Supreme Court of Cassation 541:At the start of the race, 381:1994 San Marino Grand Prix 378: 375:1994 San Marino Grand Prix 260:1994 San Marino Grand Prix 3595:May 1994 events in Europe 3585:Formula One controversies 3575:Deaths by person in Italy 3468: 3232: 3183: 3110:The Death of Ayrton Senna 2066:. 3 May 1994. p. C2. 1745:Eurosport Live Grand Prix 1367:. 8wforix. Archived from 816:Five-time World Champion 529:A map of the circuit per 298:to be reestablished. The 250:On 1 May 1994, Brazilian 2731:"PIU RISPETTO PER SENNA" 1943: 1875:. News Publications Ltd. 1747:(Television). Eurosport. 1589:"Senna 20th anniversary" 1291:Haymarket Consumer Media 292:2014 Japanese Grand Prix 284:1982 Canadian Grand Prix 1758:Spensley, Paul (2017), 1293:: 28. 24 January 1994. 835:Talladega Superspeedway 711:commercial jetliner to 709:McDonnell Douglas MD-11 144:Brazilian racing driver 3430:1983 British F3 season 3221:Instituto Ayrton Senna 2783:"Key Moments in Trial" 2640:"Williamsdispute [ 1968:Japanese Nostalgic Car 1818:. London. 6 May 1994. 1672:Haymarket Publications 1216:Alternative hypotheses 1213: 1144: 1120:Grand Prix on Sunday. 1093:Ayrton Senna Institute 1089: 1076: 912: 769: 741:Formula One Management 700: 630: 538: 437: 394: 391:1995 French Grand Prix 360: 166:Instituto Ayrton Senna 32:; 30 years ago 3600:Sport deaths in Italy 3440:1984 Nürburgring race 3435:1983 Macau Grand Prix 3389:Circuito Ayrton Senna 3140:Death of Ayrton Senna 2817:www.chinadaily.com.cn 2644:] Senna findings" 2064:The Milwaukee Journal 1848:. UK. 22 April 2004. 1786:. Libero Quotidiano. 1313:"Senna retrospective" 1181:University of Bologna 910: 799:For the next race at 694: 528: 432: 388: 22:Death of Ayrton Senna 3359:Rodovia Ayrton Senna 3142:at Wikimedia Commons 2602:Gazzetta dello Sport 2544:). 28 January 2003. 1692:on 24 September 2015 843:a seven-car incident 585:spinning to a halt. 349:, Senna said of the 3550:1994 in Formula One 3226:Prost–Senna rivalry 2302:. BBC Sport (BBC). 1919:. 17 October 2009. 1893:on 17 February 2005 1636:on 25 February 2008 1279:"Senna Interview". 1147:Italian prosecution 903:Safety improvements 897:1994 FIFA World Cup 757:Roland Ratzenberger 731:who were among the 699:, São Paulo, Brazil 446:Roland Ratzenberger 434:Roland Ratzenberger 268:Roland Ratzenberger 161:Prost–Senna rivalry 23: 3590:Funerals in Brazil 3321:In popular culture 2763:on 19 October 2013 2264:The Spokane Review 1451:The New York Times 1371:on 31 October 2012 913: 869:in a crash at the 865:, who would later 839:Talladega, Alabama 818:Juan Manuel Fangio 729:Emerson Fittipaldi 701: 539: 438: 401:, driving for the 399:Rubens Barrichello 395: 369:Michael Schumacher 272:Rubens Barrichello 3486: 3485: 3244:Formula One teams 3138:Media related to 3106:Williams, Richard 2991:autoevolution.com 2962:. 22 April 2004. 2904:independent.co.uk 2650:. 29 March 1996. 2608:on 2 January 2014 2420:Bangor Daily News 2004:on 31 August 2020 1319:. 21 April 2004. 1033:IV administration 867:lose his own life 831:NASCAR Cup Series 786:Mugen Motorsports 745:Bernie Ecclestone 635:Maggiore Hospital 618:Bernie Ecclestone 575:Tamburello corner 533:layout, with the 248: 247: 135: 134: 99: 98: 3607: 3527: 3526: 3525: 3515: 3514: 3513: 3503: 3502: 3494: 3476: 3475: 3238: 3209:Related articles 3170: 3163: 3156: 3147: 3137: 3123: 3093: 3092: 3087:. 14 July 2009. 3075: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3013: 3007: 3006: 3004: 3002: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2896: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2876:. 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Penguin UK. 3100: 3097: 3095: 3094: 3070: 3039: 3008: 2977: 2951: 2921: 2906:. 4 May 1994. 2891: 2865: 2834: 2804: 2787:irishtimes.com 2774: 2748: 2722: 2696: 2665: 2631: 2629:, p. 154. 2619: 2589: 2559: 2525: 2516: 2482: 2449: 2437: 2407: 2376: 2350: 2317: 2290: 2281: 2251: 2221: 2190: 2159: 2144:. 1 May 1994. 2129: 2099: 2069: 2048: 2015: 1998:Motorsport.com 1985: 1954: 1934: 1904: 1878: 1863: 1833: 1801: 1774: 1750: 1735: 1728: 1722:. p. 10. 1703: 1677: 1647: 1618: 1606: 1579: 1548: 1546:, p. 143. 1533: 1518:(in Italian). 1502: 1484:. p. 30. 1468: 1434: 1427: 1419:Frank Williams 1409: 1390:Sam Tremayne. 1382: 1334: 1304: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1255: 1248: 1245: 1233: 1230: 1222: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1185:fatigue cracks 1148: 1145: 1021:cerebral death 1015: 1012: 991: 990: 987: 984: 981: 974: 971: 961: 960: 957: 954: 944:Martin Brundle 932: 931: 927: 924: 904: 901: 863:Dale Earnhardt 861:, race winner 813: 810: 808: 805: 794:Soichiro Honda 723:, Damon Hill, 721:Jackie Stewart 688: 685: 603: 600: 590: 587: 522: 519: 493:Gerhard Berger 460:Frank Williams 379:Main article: 376: 373: 307: 304: 246: 245: 243: 242: 235: 228: 220: 217: 216: 215: 214: 207: 200: 186: 185: 169: 168: 163: 158: 153: 137: 136: 133: 132: 113: 97: 96: 91: 87: 86: 83: 79: 78: 75:Emilia-Romagna 68: 64: 63: 58: 54: 53: 46: 42: 41: 28: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3612: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3542: 3540: 3530: 3520: 3518: 3508: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3479: 3471: 3470: 3467: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3401: 3395: 3394:McLaren Senna 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3354: 3350: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3308: 3306: 3305: 3301: 3299: 3298: 3294: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3279: 3277: 3273: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3171: 3166: 3164: 3159: 3157: 3152: 3151: 3148: 3141: 3136: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3121: 3119:9780141963914 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3090: 3086: 3085: 3080: 3074: 3071: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3043: 3040: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3012: 3009: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2981: 2978: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2952: 2939: 2935: 2934:autosport.com 2931: 2925: 2922: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2895: 2892: 2879: 2875: 2869: 2866: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2838: 2835: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2808: 2805: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2778: 2775: 2762: 2758: 2752: 2749: 2736: 2732: 2726: 2723: 2710: 2706: 2700: 2697: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2669: 2666: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2643: 2635: 2632: 2628: 2627:Williams 2010 2623: 2620: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2593: 2590: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2563: 2560: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2529: 2526: 2520: 2517: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2494: 2486: 2483: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2445:Williams 2010 2441: 2438: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2411: 2408: 2395: 2391: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2364: 2360: 2354: 2351: 2338: 2334: 2333: 2328: 2321: 2318: 2305: 2301: 2294: 2291: 2285: 2282: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2255: 2252: 2239: 2235: 2234:Reading Eagle 2231: 2225: 2222: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2194: 2191: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2163: 2160: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2133: 2130: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2103: 2100: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2073: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2055: 2053: 2049: 2036: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2019: 2016: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1989: 1986: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1958: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1944:アイルトン・セナの去った夜 1938: 1935: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1908: 1905: 1892: 1888: 1882: 1879: 1874: 1873:Motoring News 1867: 1864: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1837: 1834: 1821: 1817: 1816: 1811: 1805: 1802: 1789: 1785: 1778: 1775: 1763: 1762: 1754: 1751: 1746: 1739: 1736: 1731: 1729:0-330-35139-7 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1707: 1704: 1691: 1687: 1681: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1668: 1660: 1658: 1656: 1654: 1652: 1648: 1635: 1631: 1625: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1614:Williams 2010 1610: 1607: 1594: 1590: 1583: 1580: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1544:Williams 2010 1540: 1538: 1534: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1472: 1469: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1441: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1428:0-333-71716-3 1424: 1420: 1413: 1410: 1397: 1394:. 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