Amanita phalloides - Knowledge (XXG)

1035: 1059: 5709: 5969: 1047: 1885: 319: 294: 73: 214: 7408: 887: 895: 338: 51: 355: 1636:, thereby protecting undamaged liver tissue; it also stimulates DNA-dependent RNA polymerases, leading to an increase in RNA synthesis. According to one report based on a treatment of 60 patients with silibinin, patients who started the drug within 96 hours of ingesting the mushroom and who still had intact kidney function all survived. As of February 2014 supporting research has not yet been published. 276: 1391: 249: 5604: 254: 1601:; due to the delay between ingestion and the first symptoms of poisoning, it is common for patients to arrive for treatment many hours after ingestion, potentially reducing the efficacy of these interventions. Supportive measures are directed towards treating the dehydration which results from fluid loss during the gastrointestinal phase of intoxication and correction of 1720:, for determining at what point a transplant becomes necessary for survival. Evidence suggests, although survival rates have improved with modern medical treatment, in patients with moderate to severe poisoning, up to half of those who did recover suffered permanent liver damage. A follow-up study has shown most survivors recover completely without any 229: 1014:'s student and son-in-law, and Ulrich Wieland of the University of Munich. Though phallotoxins are highly toxic to liver cells, they have since been found to add little to the death cap's toxicity, as they are not absorbed through the gut. Furthermore, phalloidin is also found in the edible (and sought-after) 1577:

Mushroom poisoning is more common in Europe than in North America. Up to the mid-20th century, the mortality rate was around 60–70%, but this has been greatly reduced with advances in medical care. A review of death cap poisoning throughout Europe from 1971 to 1980 found the overall mortality rate to

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does occur in the United States, apparently having been introduced from Europe alongside chestnuts, with populations on the West and East Coasts. A 2006 historical review concluded the East Coast populations were inadvertently introduced, likely on the roots of other purposely imported plants such as

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worldwide. Its biochemistry has been researched intensively for decades, and 30 grams (1.1 ounces), or half a cap, of this mushroom is estimated to be enough to kill a human. On average, one person dies a year in North America from death cap ingestion. The toxins of the death cap mushrooms primarily

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inches) across, initially rounded and hemispherical, but flattening with age. The color of the cap can be pale-green, yellowish-green, olive-green, bronze, or (in one form) white; it is often paler toward the margins, which can have darker streaks; it is also often paler after rain. The cap surface

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is the most poisonous of all known mushrooms. It is estimated that as little as half a mushroom contains enough toxin to kill an adult human. It is also the deadliest mushroom worldwide, responsible for 90% of mushroom-related fatalities every year. It has been involved in the majority of human

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Panaro, Fabrizio; Enzo Andorno; Nicola Morelli; Marco Casaccia; Giuliano Bottino; Ferruccio Ravazzoni; Monica Centanaro; Sara Ornis; Umberto Valente; et al. (April 2006). "Letter to the editor: Liver transplantation represents the optimal treatment for fulminant hepatic failure from

1842:, are unanimous about poison having been added to the mushroom dish, rather than the dish having been prepared from poisonous mushrooms. Wasson speculated the poison used to kill Claudius was derived from death caps, with a fatal dose of an unknown poison (possibly a variety of 1573:

It is noticed that after up to 24 hours have passed, the symptoms seem to disappear and the person might feel fine for up to 72 hours. Symptoms of liver and kidney damage start 3 to 6 days after the mushrooms were eaten, with the considerable increase of the transaminases.

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The death cap is native to Europe, where it is widespread. It is found from the southern coastal regions of Scandinavia in the north, to Ireland in the west, east to Poland and western Russia, and south throughout the Balkans, in Greece, Italy, Spain, and Portugal in the

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chestnuts. The origins of the West Coast populations remained unclear, due to scant historical records, but a 2009 genetic study provided strong evidence for the introduced status of the fungus on the west coast of North America. Observations of various collections of

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target the liver, but other organs, such as the kidneys, are also affected. Symptoms of death cap mushroom toxicity usually occur 6 to 12 hours after ingestion. Symptoms of ingestion of the death cap mushroom may include nausea and vomiting, which is then followed by

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were conveyed to new countries across the Southern Hemisphere with the importation of hardwoods and conifers in the late twentieth century. Introduced oaks appear to have been the vector to Australia and South America; populations under oaks have been recorded from

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In patients developing liver failure, a liver transplant is often the only option to prevent death. Liver transplants have become a well-established option in amatoxin poisoning. This is a complicated issue, however, as transplants themselves may have significant

1231:, from conifers rather than native forests, have led to the hypothesis that the species was introduced to North America multiple times. It is hypothesized that the various introductions led to multiple genotypes which are adapted to either oaks or conifers. 1676:, and only anecdotal support is available. Silibinin and N-acetylcysteine appear to be the therapies with the most potential benefit. Repeated doses of activated carbon may be helpful by absorbing any toxins returned to the gastrointestinal tract following 1473:

Death caps have been reported to taste pleasant. This, coupled with the delay in the appearance of symptoms—during which time internal organs are being severely, sometimes irreparably, damaged—makes them particularly dangerous. Initially, symptoms are

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The smell has been described as initially faint and honey-sweet, but strengthening over time to become overpowering, sickly-sweet and objectionable. Young specimens first emerge from the ground resembling a white egg covered by a

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Jahn, W. (1980). "Pharmacokinetics of {3H}-methyl-dehydroxymethyl-amanitin in the isolated perfused rat liver, and the influence of several drugs". In Helmuth Faulstich, B. Kommerell & Theodore Wieland (ed.).

1022:). Another group of minor active peptides are the virotoxins, which consist of six similar monocyclic heptapeptides. Like the phallotoxins, they do not induce any acute toxicity after ingestion in humans. 3709:

Pringle, Anne; Adams, Rachel I.; Cross, Hugh B.; Burns, Thomas D. (2009). "The ectomycorrhizal fungus Amanita phalloides was introduced and is expanding its range on the west coast of North America".

2456:" I found not very far from Norwich, large and very fetid......I have a part of one dried still by me. Letter dated August 18th 1668 in Vol 3. The Works of Sir Thomas Browne ed. Simon Wilkins 1834 1193:, and in Morocco and Algeria in north Africa. In west Asia, it has been reported from forests of northern Iran. There are records from further east in Asia but these have yet to be confirmed as 1632:), may be beneficial in reducing the effects of death cap poisoning. A long-term clinical trial of intravenous silibinin began in the US in 2010. Silibinin prevents the uptake of amatoxins by 5432:

Giannini L, Vannacci A, Missanelli A, Mastroianni R, Mannaioni PF, Moroni F, Masini E (2007). "Amatoxin poisoning: A 15-year retrospective analysis and follow-up evaluation of 105 patients".

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Montanini S, Sinardi D, Praticò C, Sinardi A, Trimarchi G (1999). "Use of acetylcysteine as the life-saving antidote in Amanita phalloides (death cap) poisoning. Case report on 11 patients".

1672:; N-acetylcysteine serves as a glutathione precursor and may therefore prevent reduced glutathione levels and subsequent liver damage. None of the antidotes used have undergone prospective, 1414:

Some authorities strongly advise against putting suspected death caps in the same basket with fungi collected for the table and to avoid even touching them. Furthermore, the toxicity is not

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Garcia, J.; Costa, V.M.; Carvalho, A.; Baptista, P.; Guedes de Pinho, P.; de Lourdes Bastos, M.; Carvalho, F. (2015). "Amanita phalloides poisoning: Mechanisms of toxicity and treatment".

3852: 3806: 699:, though its status has been unclear. It is often found growing amid normally colored death caps. It has been described, in 2004, as a distinct variety and includes what was termed 3876: 1590:

requiring hospitalization. The four main categories of therapy for poisoning are preliminary medical care, supportive measures, specific treatments, and liver transplantation.

1342:. In countries where it has been introduced, it has been restricted to those exotic trees with which it would associate in its natural range. There is, however, evidence of 1058: 1465:

and other Asian dishes) were served for dinner in Canberra; all the victims required hospital treatment and two of them died, with a third requiring a liver transplant.

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at times, but "death cap" is by far the most common vernacular name used in English. Other common names also listed include "stinking amanita" and "deadly amanita".

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O'grady, John G.; Graeme J.M. Alexander; Karen M. Hayllar; Roger Williams; et al. (August 1989). "Early indicators of prognosis in fulminant hepatic failure".

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and two were from China. In January 2012, four people were accidentally poisoned when death caps (reportedly misidentified as straw mushrooms, which are popular in

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is the principal organ affected, as it is the organ which is first encountered after absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, though other organs, especially the

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Pinson CW, Daya MR, Benner KG, Norton RL, Deveney KE, Ascher NL, Roberts JP, Lake JR, Kurkchubasche AG, Ragsdale JW (May 1990). "Liver transplantation for severe

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Pringle, Anne; Else C. Vellinga (July 2006). "Last chance to know? Using literature to explore the biogeography of and invasion biology of the death cap mushroom

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Busi C, Fiume L, Costantino D, Langer M, Vesconi F (1979). "Amanita toxins in gastroduodenal fluid of patients poisoned by the mushroom, Amanita phalloides".

8736: 8506: 5736: 5594: 4570:): prognostische faktoren und therapeutische massnahmen (Clinical death-cap (Amanita phalloides) poisoning: prognostic factors and therapeutic measures.)". 3176:

Horgen, Paul A.; Vaisius, Allan C.; Ammirati, Joseph F. (1978). "The insensitivity of mushroom nuclear RNA polymerase activity to inhibition by amatoxins".

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Demoulin, V. (November 1974). "Invalidity of Names Published in Secretan's Mycographie Suisse and Some Remarks on the Problem of Publication by Reference".

3814: 5636: 846:, is a distinctive and diagnostic feature, it is important to remove some debris to check for it. Spores: 7-12 x 6-9 μm. Smooth, ellipsoid, amyloid. 532:

in 1740. It has also been the subject of much research and many of its biologically active agents have been isolated. The principal toxic constituent is

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Langer M, Vesconi S, Iapichino G, Costantino D, Radrizzani D (1980). "The early removal of amatoxins in the treatment of amanita phalloides poisoning".

3573:. Travaux de l'Institut scientifique chérifien et de la Faculté des sciences. Série botanique et biologie végétale (32). Rabat: Faculté des Sciences. 1834:. Following his death, many sources have attributed it to his being fed a meal of death caps instead of Caesar's mushrooms. Ancient authors, such as 8775: 8581: 4615:

Enjalbert F; Rapior S; Nouguier-Soulé J; Guillon S; Amouroux N; Cabot C (2002). "Treatment of amatoxin poisoning: 20-year retrospective analysis".

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poisoning. In the case of Clement VII, the illness that led to his death lasted five months, making the case inconsistent with amatoxin poisoning.

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Jander S, Bischoff J, Woodcock BG (2000). "Plasmapheresis in the treatment of Amanita phalloides poisoning: II. A review and recommendations".

1514:. These first symptoms resolve two to three days after the ingestion. A more serious deterioration signifying liver involvement may then occur— 956: 466:

with various broadleaved trees. In some cases, the death cap has been introduced to new regions with the cultivation of non-native species of

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No definitive antidote is available, but some specific treatments have been shown to improve survivability. High-dose continuous intravenous

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in New Zealand, suggesting that the species may have invasive potential. It may have also been anthropogenically introduced to the island of

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has been identified as the human hepatic uptake transporter for amatoxins; moreover, substrates and inhibitors of that protein—among others

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mushrooms. This led to an illness from which he died 10 days later—symptomatology consistent with amatoxin poisoning. His death led to the

3336:"Expansion and diversification of the MSDIN family of cyclic peptide genes in the poisonous agarics Amanita phalloides and A. bisporigera" 1411:, seizures, and coma which will lead to death. The mortality rate of ingestion of the death cap mushroom is believed to be around 10–30%. 1578:

be 22.4% (51.3% in children under ten and 16.5% in those older than ten). This was revised to around 10–15% in surveys reviewed in 1995.

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Amatoxins consist of at least eight compounds with a similar structure, that of eight amino-acid rings; they were isolated in 1941 by

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In Europe, other similarly green-capped species collected by mushroom hunters include various green-hued brittlegills of the genus

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Chyka P, Butler A, Holliman B, Herman M (2000). "Utility of acetylcysteine in treating poisonings and adverse drug reactions".

1846:) being administered later during his illness. Other historians have speculated that Claudius may have died of natural causes. 754:

is sticky when wet and easily peeled—a troublesome feature, as that is allegedly a feature of edible fungi. The remains of the

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Escudié L, Francoz C, Vinel JP, Moucari R, Cournot M, Paradis V, Sauvanet A, Belghiti J, Valla D, Bernuau J, Durand F (2007).

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in North America. In 1918, samples from the eastern United States were identified as being a distinct though similar species,

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Floerscheim, G.L.; O. Weber; P. Tschumi; M. Ulbrich; et al. (August 1982). "Die klinische knollenblatterpilzvergiftung (

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Sabeel AI, Kurkus J, Lindholm T (1995). "Intensive hemodialysis and hemoperfusion treatment of Amanita mushroom poisoning".

2135:"The ectomycorrhizal fungus Amanita phalloides was introduced and is expanding its range on the west coast of North America" 4772:

Hruby K, Csomos G, Fuhrmann M, Thaler H (1983). "Chemotherapy of Amanita phalloides poisoning with intravenous silibinin".

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Neftel, K.; et al. (January 1988). "(Are cephalosporins more active than penicillin G in poisoning with the deadly

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Poisoning incidents usually result from errors in identification. Recent cases highlight the issue of the similarity of

5628: 8480: 5722: 5384:"Amanita phalloides poisoning: reassessment of prognostic factors and indications for emergency liver transplantation" 4658:

Vesconi S, Langer M, Iapichino G, Costantino D, Busi C, Fiume L (1985). "Therapy of cytotoxic mushroom intoxication".

4130:(Agaricales) in Cyprus, with a review of previous records and poisoning incidents. Documents Mycologiques 37, 201–218. 1330:

may also be associated with these trees or with only some species and not others. In coastal California, for example,

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Ganzert M, Felgenhauer N, Zilker T (2005). "Indication of liver transplantation following amatoxin intoxication".

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Fineschi V, Di Paolo M, Centini F (1996). "Histological criteria for diagnosis of amanita phalloides poisoning".

4139: 1677: 1673: 1247: 1164:, can be distinguished by their brittle flesh and the lack of both volva and ring. Other similar species include 1127:, especially the young fruitbodies whose unexpanded caps conceal the telltale white gills; all mature species of 1007: 610: 72: 8849: 8844: 8158: 7249: 4508: 4126:

Loizides M, Bellanger JM, Yiangou Y, Moreau PA. (2018). Preliminary phylogenetic investigations into the genus

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to maintain the transplant. That being the case, the criteria have been reassessed, such as onset of symptoms,

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UK Telegraph Newspaper (September 2008) - One woman dead, another critically ill after eating Death Cap fungi

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Cai, Qing; Tulloss, Rodham E; Tang, Li P; Tolgor, Bau; Zhang, Ping; Chen, Zuo H; Yang, Zhu L (21 June 2014).

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has shown promise in combination with other therapies. Animal studies indicate the amatoxins deplete hepatic

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prior to her death. It is unclear whether the mushrooms themselves were poisonous or if she succumbed to

8859: 8854: 7914: 7904: 7874: 7834: 7730: 7540: 6975: 6921: 6771: 6474: 6208: 5904: 5844: 5657: 1866: 1551: 1453:("white Caesar"), a popular mushroom in their native countries. Of the 9 people poisoned in Australia's 1166: 1146:, now regarded as hazardous owing to a series of restaurant poisonings in France. Brittlegills, such as 952: 867: 626: 167: 2134: 569: 184: 8700: 6480: 1402:

As the common name suggests, the fungus is highly toxic, and is responsible for the majority of fatal

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predates Link's, it has been rejected for nomenclatural purposes because Secretan's works did not use

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The phallotoxins consist of at least seven compounds, all of which have seven similar peptide rings.

984: 502: 30:"Death cap" redirects here. For the cap formerly worn by British judges during death sentencing, see 6540: 2232: 8388: 8328: 8248: 8148: 8014: 7974: 7864: 7710: 7640: 7580: 7530: 7436: 7339: 7005: 6861: 6691: 6374: 6364: 6067: 3653: 2014: 1915: – Paris hospital founded as Maison Dubois, known for expertise in treating mushroom poisoning 1693: 1210: 1201: 1190: 1142: 712: 662: 565: 561: 8638: 5968: 4249: 3692:"The Death Cap mushroom (Amanita phalloides) moves to a native tree in Victoria, British Columbia" 3334:

Pulman, Jane A.; Childs, Kevin L.; Sgambelluri, R. Michael; Walton, Jonathan D. (1 January 2016).

8408: 8268: 8258: 8238: 8128: 8044: 7964: 7630: 7359: 7299: 7179: 6821: 6621: 6400: 6354: 6336: 6316: 6306: 5864: 5784: 5457: 5364: 5246: 5119: 5041: 4957: 4797: 4683: 4640: 4283: 3779: 3744: 3635: 3266: 3209: 2716: 2678: 2636: 2628: 2593: 2435: 2189: 1790: 1772: 1680:. Other methods of enhancing the elimination of the toxins have been trialed; techniques such as 1602: 1403: 1219: 783: 759: 594: 506: 491: 361: 304: 235: 188: 67: 5692: 8793: 8612: 6321: 6311: 8749: 8682: 8529: 8318: 8308: 8298: 8288: 8278: 8168: 8138: 8074: 8064: 8034: 7954: 7924: 7844: 7620: 7560: 7550: 7476: 7456: 7309: 7229: 7199: 7129: 7119: 7035: 7015: 6945: 6881: 6841: 6731: 6681: 6661: 6567: 6510: 6444: 6369: 6359: 6331: 6158: 6077: 6058: 5874: 5814: 5794: 5557: 5538: 5519: 5449: 5405: 5356: 5316: 5281: 5238: 5203: 5168: 5111: 5076: 5033: 4998: 4949: 4914: 4852: 4828: 4789: 4723: 4675: 4632: 4579: 4490: 4455: 4428: 4384: 4340: 4275: 4225: 4202: 4076: 4049: 4000: 3961: 3952:

de la IX Region de Chile: taxonomia, toxinas, metodos de dedection, intoxicacion faloidiana".

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Friesen, M.S.; Pringle, A.; Callan, B.; Leather, A. (2005). "Amanita phalloides heads north".

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is likely responsible for the toxic effects. Their major toxic mechanism is the inhibition of

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has been reported to be of benefit, though the exact mechanism is unknown, and trials with

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means "phallus-shaped", it is unclear whether it is named for its resemblance to a literal

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associated with several tree species and is symbiotic with them. In Europe, these include

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Mushrooms: Poisons and Panaceas—A Handbook for Naturalists, Mycologists and Physicians

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Pringle, Anne; Adams, Rachel I.; Cross, Hugh B.; Bruns, Thomas D. (18 February 2009).

2035: 517:: they resist changes due to heat, so their toxic effects are not reduced by cooking. 8833: 8741: 8511: 7760: 7209: 7045: 6955: 6711: 6251: 6107: 5927: 5352: 5312: 5029: 4977:"In vitro toxicity test of poisonous mushroom extracts with isolated rat hepatocytes" 4893:"Molecular characterization and inhibition of amanitin uptake into human hepatocytes" 4671: 4424: 3732: 3253: 3228: 3068: 2529: 2318: 2275: 2201: 2158: 1760: 1685: 1617: 1479: 1339: 1109: 972: 964: 960: 875: 732: 675: 557: 537: 533: 458:, but later introduced to other parts of the world since the late twentieth century, 442: 104: 5461: 5368: 5250: 5123: 5045: 4961: 4801: 4687: 4644: 4287: 3748: 3270: 3213: 2640: 2439: 1180:

Colombia north at least as far as central Mexico, both of which are also poisonous.

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is insensitive to the effects of amatoxins, so the mushroom does not poison itself.

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Tanghe, L.J.; Simons, D.M. (1973). "Amanita phalloides in eastern United States".

1865:. Three of the four guests subsequently died, and one survived, later receiving a 1830:'s poisoning is more complex. Claudius was known to have been very fond of eating 1390: 8727: 5592: 3691: 3047:

Köppel C (1993). "Clinical symptomatology and management of mushroom poisoning".

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have occasionally yielded success, but overall do not appear to improve outcome.

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Klein AS, Hart J, Brems JJ, Goldstein L, Lewin K, Busuttil RW (February 1989). "

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Conference Proceedings of the North American Congress of Clinical Toxicologists

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may appear during this stage. Life-threatening complications include increased

6390: 6346: 6326: 5714: 5445: 4188: 3631: 3442:. New Zealand Institute for Crop & Food Research Limited. pp. 131–3. 3352: 1880: 1843: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1633: 1555: 1538:

caused by the accumulation of normally liver-removed substances in the blood.

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was created from a revision of this article dated 14 September 2007

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species thus far identified. Most notable of these are the species known as

601:, but included all white amanitas within its description. Finally, in 1833, 84: 31: 5453: 5409: 5360: 5285: 5207: 5037: 4953: 4945: 4918: 4636: 4279: 4206: 4053: 3740: 3667: 3379: 3153: 2475: 2362:"The world's most poisonous mushroom, Amanita phalloides, is growing in BC" 2174: 1985: 1441:. Many North American incidents of death cap poisoning have occurred among 790:

is white with a scattering of grayish-olive scales and is 8 to 15 cm (

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consistently; some taxonomists have, however, disagreed with this opinion.

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Carducci, R.; et al. (May 1996). "Silibinin and acute poisoning with

4793: 4727: 4679: 4628: 4583: 4534:"Santa Cruz doctor helps save lives of family who ate poisonous mushrooms" 4494: 4459: 4432: 4388: 3923:. Kew Bulletin Additional Series (6). London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 3791: 3578: 3320: 3262: 3124:

Karlson-Stiber C, Persson H (2003). "Cytotoxic fungi — an overview".

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Nicholls DW, Hyne BE, Buchanan P (1995). "Death cap mushroom poisoning".

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Elisa Black, AdelaideNow.com.au, 7 January 2012, accessed 8 January 2012

8780: 8586: 6591: 5747: 5234: 5139:"Amanita phalloides poisoning treated by early charcoal haemoperfusion" 5107: 4993: 4976: 4197: 4018:

Verma, N.; Bhalla, A.; Kumar, S.; Dhiman, R. K.; Chawla, Y. K. (2014).

3783: 3197: 2720: 2682: 2632: 2597: 1835: 1639: 1291: 1267: 1251: 1246:(where two people died in January 2012, of four who were poisoned) and 1136: 1015: 915: 874:. The gills, in contrast, stain pallid lilac or pink with concentrated 862:. The transparent spores are globular to egg-shaped, measure 8–10 584: 450: 144: 4975:

Kawaji A, Sone T, Natsuki R, Isobe M, Takabatake E, Yamaura Y (1990).

4743:"Dominican doctors pioneering research on mushroom poisoning antidote" 4486: 4113: 4071:

Mushrooms demystified : a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi

3591:

Asef, M.R. 2009. Poisonous mushrooms of Iran. Iran-shenasi publishing.

8806: 8625: 8599: 8493: 6283: 2916:. Timber Press Field Guides. Portland, OR: Timber Press. p. 87. 2422: 1487: 1434: 1373: 1368: 1323: 992: 871: 455: 445: 94: 8427: 5698: 3775: 2712: 2674: 2624: 2589: 910:

The species is now known to contain two main groups of toxins, both

497:

These toxic mushrooms resemble several edible species (most notably

8560: 1570:. Death generally occurs six to sixteen days after the poisoning. 6559: 4337:

Toadstools and mushrooms and other larger fungi of South Australia

3539:

Lange, Lene (1974). "The distribution of macromycetes in Europe".

1429:), with East- and Southeast-Asian immigrants in Australia and the 1389: 1347: 1311: 1299: 1271: 1177: 988: 980: 899: 893: 885: 553: 475: 2470:(in Latin). Leide & Amsterdam: J. H. Verbeek and B. Lakeman. 1593:

Preliminary care consists of gastric decontamination with either

987:

and hence cell metabolism grind to a halt and the cell dies. The

505:) commonly consumed by humans, increasing the risk of accidental 8547: 1785:

recounted the details of these deaths, noting the likelihood of

1527: 1458: 1259: 8431: 6563: 5718: 5494:"Australia mushroom deaths: Memorial for couple draws hundreds" 646:

Phalloideae, a group that contains all of the deadly poisonous

4164:. British Columbia: The BC Drug and Poison Information Centre. 3979:

Reid, D.A.; A. Eicker (1991). "South African fungi: the genus

1662:—may be useful for the treatment of human amatoxin poisoning. 1295: 1064:

Young "death cap" mushrooms in Poland, with matchbox for scale

467: 426: 420: 4411:

poisoning: treatment and the role of liver transplantation".

3828:

Reid, D.A. (1980). "A monograph of the Australian species of

5590: 2518:. Haude und Spenerschen Buchhandlung (S.J. Joseephy), Berlin 556:

as such in the correspondence between the English physician

4254:("deathcap") mushrooms in the Australian Capital Territory" 3438:

Hall IR, Stephenson SE, Buchanan PK, Yn W, Cole AL (2003).

1262:

plantations are associated with the fungus in Tanzania and

1113:, so some authorities recommend avoiding the collecting of 687:

A rarely appearing, all-white form was initially described

574:

Fungus phalloides, annulatus, sordide virescens, et patulus

411: 403: 397: 388: 4891:

Letschert K, Faulstich H, Keller D, Keppler D (May 2006).

3094:. Philadelphia: Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1719–35. 1823:, "this mushroom dish has changed the destiny of Europe." 1274:. A number of deaths in India have been attributed to it. 2012:

Litten, W. (March 1975). "The most poisonous mushrooms".

1763:

plots. Alleged victims of this kind of poisoning include

1338:, but not with the various coastal pine species, such as 854:, which then breaks, leaving the volva as a remnant. The 382: 3412:"Death-Cap Mushrooms Are Spreading Across North America" 3405: 3403: 3401: 1735:

Ce plat de champignons a changé la destinée de l'Europe.

838: in) thick, with a swollen, ragged, sac-like white 3690:

Berch, Shannon; Kroeger, Paul; Finston, Terrie (2016).

1254:. It has been recorded under other introduced trees in 576:"—a recognizable name for the fungus today. Though the 3893:

Herter, W.G. (1934). "La aparición del hongo venenoso

2576:

Donk, M.A. (June 1962). "On Secretan's Fungus Names".

2360:

Moor-Smith, Maxwell; Li, Raymond; Ahmad, Omar (2019).

1869:. The woman who cooked the meal, Erin Patterson, was 1759:

species). These were either accidental poisonings or

429: 408: 394: 2319:"Plasmapheresis in Acute Intoxication and Poisoning" 2233:"Plasmapheresis in Acute Intoxication and Poisoning" 1117:

species for the table altogether. The white form of

513:, the class of toxins found in these mushrooms, are 423: 417: 400: 8711: 8440: 8361: 8345: 8117: 7803: 7509: 7425: 7415: 7098: 6934: 6610: 6600: 6533: 6502: 6493: 6467: 6426: 6417: 6383: 6345: 6297: 6232: 6225: 6140: 6057: 6050: 6041: 6023: 6002: 5987: 5976: 5917: 5776: 5767: 5756: 2661:(June 1962). "Are Secretan's Fungus Names Valid?". 2406:"The death of Claudius, or mushrooms for murderers" 524:deaths from mushroom poisoning, possibly including 414: 391: 385: 352: 335: 315: 291: 273: 246: 226: 207: 4068: 2831:. Fungi Europaei (9). Alassio: Edizioni Candusso. 1724:if treated within 36 hours of mushroom ingestion. 1620:show promise. Some evidence indicates intravenous 1052:A young death cap emerging from its universal veil 680:. The term "destroying angel" has been applied to 4096:Ridley, G.S. (1991). "The New Zealand Species of 3834:Australian Journal of Botany Supplementary Series 3119: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3111: 4248:Trim Geoffrey M.; et al. (September 1999). 3944:Valenzuella, E.; Moreno, G.; Jeria, M. (1992). " 3807:"Death cap mushroom in season; do not pick them" 2190:"MUSHROOMS AND TRUFFLES | Use of Wild Mushrooms" 1099:Some may mistake juvenile death caps for edible 1025:The genome of the death cap has been sequenced. 5642:AmericanMushrooms.com - The Death Cap Mushroom 4024:Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hepatology 3662:. Albany: University of the State of New York. 2998:The Encyclopedia of Fungi of Britain and Europe 2097: 2095: 1731: 1376:, where it has been documented to fruit within 5603: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3391: 3389: 2493:(in Latin). Gryphiswaldiae: Ernesti Mauritii. 2381: 2379: 1751:Several historical figures may have died from 1457:region between 1988 and 2011, three were from 486:are generally greenish in colour with a white 6575: 5730: 2410:Botanical Museum Leaflets, Harvard University 2055: 2053: 1793:is said to have consumed a large quantity of 1546:or caused by direct toxic kidney damage) and 1449:immigrants, since it is easily confused with 842:(base). As the volva, which may be hidden by 8: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4140:Death Cap Mushroom Soup Claims Fourth Victim 2880: 2878: 2811: 2809: 1733: 4851:. Baden-Baden: Witzstrock. pp. 80–85. 3571:Flore des Champignons Supérieurs du Maroc I 3564: 3562: 3440:Edible and poisonous mushrooms of the world 2194:Encyclopedia of Food Sciences and Nutrition 2188:Rajarathnam, S.; Shashirekha, M.N. (2003), 1437:, four members of a Korean family required 782: in) below the cap. The crowded white 8428: 8358: 7422: 6607: 6582: 6568: 6560: 6499: 6423: 6229: 6054: 6047: 5999: 5984: 5773: 5764: 5737: 5723: 5715: 5707: 4617:Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology 4561: 4559: 4310:"Two die after eating death cap mushrooms" 3480:Mushrooms and Other Fungi of North America 2982: 2980: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2732: 2730: 2531:Tentamen Dispositionis Methodicae Fungorum 2317:Madore, François; Bouchard, Josée (2019), 2231:Madore, François; Bouchard, Josée (2019), 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1704:and mortality; patients require long-term 572:in 1727, who gave a succinct phrase name " 49: 38: 5399: 5162: 5137:Wauters JP, Rossel C, Farquet JJ (1978). 4992: 4908: 4716:Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift 4572:Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift 4358: 4356: 4354: 4243: 4241: 4196: 4075:. Berkeley, California: Ten Speed Press. 4043: 3921:A preliminary agaric flora of East Africa 3369: 3351: 3287:Vetter, János (January 1998). "Toxins of 3282: 3280: 3252: 2960:"Amanita phalloides (MushroomExpert.Com)" 2935: 2933: 2816:Neville, Pierre; Poumarat, Serge (2004). 2421: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2391: 1975: 1957: 1857:were taken to hospital after consuming a 1498:if left untreated, and, in severe cases, 1222:. By the 1970s, it had become clear that 995:, are susceptible. The RNA polymerase of 902:of the α-Amanitin has been replaced by a 5620:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 4402: 4400: 4398: 3914: 3912: 3874:Death cap mushrooms growing in the hills 3853:"Death cap tragedy: bistro still closed" 1294:species. It appears most commonly under 5554:Wild Mushrooms: An Illustrated Handbook 5533:Jordan, Peter; Wheeler, Steven (2001). 4339:. South Australian Government Printer. 3569:Malençon, Georges; R. Bertault (1970). 3507:. Australian National Botanic Gardens. 3505:"Deathcap Mushroom: Amanita phalloides" 2699:(August 1984). "Leave the Code Alone". 1924: 1030: 727:The death cap has a large and imposing 711:fruits in spring and turns yellow with 5693:On the Trail of the Death Cap Mushroom 3482:. Buffalo: Firefly books. p. 14. 3022:"California Fungi: Amanita phalloides" 2910:Trudell, Steve; Ammirati, Joe (2009). 1609:imbalances, and impaired coagulation. 1266:, and it is also found under oaks and 1121:may be mistaken for edible species of 963:is the chief component and along with 204: 5688:Death cap in Australia - ANBG website 4981:The Journal of Toxicological Sciences 1103:or mature specimens for other edible 971:, a vital enzyme in the synthesis of 938:(red blood cell–destroying) activity 739:(cap) from 5 to 15 centimetres (2 to 7: 8817:a17e02fd-637f-4e9e-96c2-1887ade40743 8675:6a2c82ec-13d4-45fc-9d2f-751349dfdefb 5556:. Hertfordshire: Garden City Press. 5518:. New York: WH Freeman and Company. 5200:10.1046/j.1526-0968.2000.004004303.x 3000:. David & Charles. p. 198. 2557:(in Latin). Göttingen: H. Dietrich. 1871:charged with murder in November 2023 1425:to the edible paddy straw mushroom ( 1096:, commonly known as "white Caesar". 5683:California Fungi—Amanita phalloides 4272:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1999.tb123631.x 3659:Annual report of the state botanist 2889:. Wolfe Publishing. pp. 26–9. 2739:Poisonous plants and fungi in color 2553:Persoon, Christian Hendrik (1801). 2528:Persoon, Christian Hendrik (1797). 2078:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1993.tb137675.x 1755:poisoning (or other similar, toxic 1040:Death caps in French deciduous wood 818: in) long and 1 to 2 cm ( 482:) appear in summer and autumn; the 4224:. London: Quadrille. p. 224. 2913:Mushrooms of the Pacific Northwest 2331:10.1016/b978-0-323-44942-7.00100-x 2288:10.1016/b978-0-12-824315-2.01020-4 2245:10.1016/b978-0-323-44942-7.00100-x 1586:Consumption of the death cap is a 25: 5674:from North and Central America - 3410:Childs, Craig (1 February 2019). 2887:A Colour Atlas of Poisonous Fungi 2325:, Elsevier, pp. 595–600.e3, 2239:, Elsevier, pp. 595–600.e3, 2036:10.1038/scientificamerican0375-90 1433:falling victim. In an episode in 918:, spread throughout the mushroom 672:, as well as the fool's mushroom 7406: 5967: 5602: 5353:10.1111/j.1432-2277.2006.00275.x 5030:10.2165/00002018-200022020-00005 4672:10.1097/00003246-198505000-00007 3899:Revista Sudamericana de Botánica 3733:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.04030.x 3511:from the original on 19 May 2007 3028:from the original on 1 June 2007 2534:(in Latin). Lipsiae: P.P. Wolf. 2366:British Columbia Medical Journal 2196:, Elsevier, pp. 4048–4054, 2159:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2008.04030.x 1883: 1200:By the end of the 19th century, 1057: 1045: 1033: 762:usually about 1 to 1.5 cm ( 758:are seen as a skirtlike, floppy 378: 353: 336: 317: 292: 274: 252: 247: 227: 212: 71: 8409: 8399: 8389: 8379: 8329: 8319: 8309: 8299: 8289: 8279: 8269: 8259: 8249: 8239: 8229: 8219: 8209: 8199: 8189: 8179: 8169: 8159: 8149: 8139: 8129: 8105: 8095: 8085: 8075: 8065: 8055: 8045: 8035: 8025: 8015: 8005: 7995: 7985: 7975: 7965: 7955: 7945: 7935: 7925: 7915: 7905: 7895: 7885: 7875: 7865: 7855: 7845: 7835: 7825: 7815: 7791: 7781: 7771: 7761: 7751: 7741: 7731: 7721: 7711: 7701: 7691: 7681: 7671: 7661: 7651: 7641: 7631: 7621: 7611: 7601: 7591: 7581: 7571: 7561: 7551: 7541: 7531: 7521: 7497: 7487: 7477: 7467: 7457: 7447: 7437: 7390: 7380: 7370: 7360: 7350: 7340: 7330: 7320: 7310: 7300: 7290: 7280: 7270: 7260: 7250: 7240: 7230: 7220: 7210: 7200: 7190: 7180: 7170: 7160: 7150: 7140: 7130: 7120: 7110: 7086: 7076: 7066: 7056: 7046: 7036: 7026: 7016: 7006: 6996: 6986: 6976: 6966: 6956: 6946: 6922: 6912: 6902: 6892: 6882: 6872: 6862: 6852: 6842: 6832: 6822: 6812: 6802: 6792: 6782: 6772: 6762: 6752: 6742: 6732: 6722: 6712: 6702: 6692: 6682: 6672: 6662: 6652: 6642: 6632: 6622: 6520: 6511: 6455: 6445: 6435: 6209: 6199: 6189: 6179: 6169: 6159: 6149: 6128: 6118: 6108: 6098: 6088: 6078: 6068: 6011: 5905: 5895: 5885: 5875: 5865: 5855: 5845: 5835: 5825: 5815: 5805: 5795: 5785: 5061:New England Journal of Medicine 4872:Adams, Cat (10 February 2014). 4448:The New Zealand Medical Journal 4160:Kent, D.R.; Willis, G. (1997). 3859:. Fairfax Media. Archived from 3851:Hall, Bianca (7 January 2012). 3813:. Fairfax Media. Archived from 3805:Westcott, Ben (18 March 2014). 3227:Wieland T, Govindan VM (1974). 6477:(2-amino-4,5-hexadienoic acid) 4335:Cleland, John Burton (1976) . 3503:Heino, Lepp (9 October 2006). 3090:Dart, RC (2004). "Mushrooms". 2737:North, Pamela Mildred (1967). 2516:Grundriss der Kraeuterkunde IV 2404:Wasson, Robert Gordon (1972). 2282:, Elsevier, pp. 549–553, 2202:10.1016/b0-12-227055-x/00813-0 1817:War of the Austrian Succession 955:and Rudolf Hallermayer of the 858:is white, a common feature of 735:(basidiocarp), usually with a 603:Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link 27:Poisonous mushroom (death cap) 1: 4381:10.1016/S0002-9610(05)81254-1 4308:Gardiner S (4 January 2012). 3997:10.1016/S0953-7562(09)81364-6 3313:10.1016/S0041-0101(97)00074-3 3229:"Phallotoxins bind to actins" 3146:10.1016/S0041-0101(03)00238-1 1849:In July 2023, four people in 1777:Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI 1360:in Tanzania and Algeria, and 530:Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI 478:. The large fruiting bodies ( 5313:10.1016/0016-5085(89)90081-4 4849:Amanita toxins and poisoning 4425:10.1016/0002-9343(89)90267-2 4413:American Journal of Medicine 4259:Medical Journal of Australia 4102:Australian Systematic Botany 3254:10.1016/0014-5793(74)80404-7 3069:10.1016/0041-0101(93)90337-I 2885:Bresinsky A, Besl H (1990). 2803:Jordan & Wheeler, p. 109 2489:Fries, Elias Magnus (1821). 2466:Vaillant, Sébastien (1727). 2274:Wiegand, Timothy J. (2024), 2106:en las Sierras de Córdoba". 2066:Medical Journal of Australia 1861:suspected to have contained 1542:(either secondary to severe 1482:abdominal pain, with watery 1073:Similarity to edible species 870:) long, and stain blue with 5661:: Invasion of the Death Cap 5514:Benjamin, Denis R. (1995). 5073:10.1056/NEJM197904053001418 4741:Gumz, Jomdi (10 May 2010). 4369:American Journal of Surgery 3610:(Vaill. Ex Fr. :Fr) Link". 2948:Jordan & Wheeler, p.108 2741:. London: Blandford Press. 2555:Synopsis Methodica Fungorum 983:). Without mRNA, essential 617:30 years earlier. Although 587:or the stinkhorn mushrooms 448:, one of many in the genus 220:Mycological characteristics 8886: 5695:from National Public Radio 5535:The Ultimate Mushroom Book 5401:10.1016/j.jhep.2006.10.013 5278:10.1016/j.jhep.2004.10.023 4786:10.1177/096032718300200203 4222:The Complete Mushroom Book 4036:10.1016/j.jceh.2014.09.004 2939:Jordan & Wheeler, p.99 2862:Studies in the Amanitaceae 2784:Studies in the Amanitaceae 2280:Encyclopedia of Toxicology 1674:randomized clinical trials 948:, has also been isolated. 552:The death cap is named in 29: 7404: 5965: 5552:Zeitlmayr, Linus (1976). 5446:10.1080/15563650701365834 4189:10.1016/j.fct.2015.09.008 3632:10.1007/s10530-005-3804-2 3353:10.1186/s12864-016-3378-7 2276:"Mushrooms, cyclopeptide" 2102:Hunzinker, A.T. (1983). " 2060:Cole, F.M. (June 1993). " 1678:enterohepatic circulation 1646:, penicillin, silibinin, 1140:and the formerly popular 1131:have dark-colored gills. 979:, and small nuclear RNA ( 944:. An unrelated compound, 437:), commonly known as the 173: 166: 68:Scientific classification 66: 57: 48: 41: 8212:. excelsa v. spissa 5537:. London: Hermes House. 5341:Transplant International 4162:Poison Management Manual 3832:Pers. ex Hook (Fungi)". 3478:Phillips, Roger (2005). 3178:Archives of Microbiology 2996:Jordan, Michael (1995). 2323:Critical Care Nephrology 2237:Critical Care Nephrology 1959:10.1186/1471-2148-14-143 1938:BMC Evolutionary Biology 1184:Distribution and habitat 1006:was isolated in 1937 by 441:, is a deadly poisonous 8865:Fungi described in 1821 8162:. brunneolocularis 7253:. lividopallescens 5223:Klinische Wochenschrift 5155:10.1136/bmj.2.6150.1465 5143:British Medical Journal 4821:Minerva Anestesiologica 1811:after eating a dish of 1771:, the Russian tsaritsa 1560:pancreatic inflammation 1532:fulminant liver failure 1418:, freezing, or drying. 1350:and with genera of the 1216:George Francis Atkinson 934:, which has shown some 7988:. ochrophylloides 7794:. volvarielloides 7744:. subpallidorosea 7694:. pseudoporphyria 6835:. parvipantherina 5598: 5578:Listen to this article 4946:10.1055/s-0031-1300549 4934:Arzneimittel-Forschung 4660:Critical Care Medicine 4100:(Fungi: Agaricales)". 2964:www.mushroomexpert.com 1765:Roman Emperor Claudius 1749: 1734: 1624:, an extract from the 1536:hepatic encephalopathy 1512:acid–base disturbances 1478:in nature and include 1431:West Coast of the U.S. 1399: 1290:and, less frequently, 1084:paddy straw mushroom ( 907: 891: 786:(gills) are free. The 526:Roman Emperor Claudius 8098:. strobiliformis 8088:. sphaerobulbosa 7948:. magniverrucata 7674:. parviexitialis 7353:. submembranacea 7283:. olivaceogrisea 7193:. fuligineodisca 6969:. calyptratoides 6805:. orientigemmata 6523:. amerirubescens 6458:. sphaerobulbosa 5898:. strobiliformis 5597: 5266:Journal of Hepatology 5188:Therapeutic Apheresis 4910:10.1093/toxsci/kfj141 4629:10.1081/CLT-120014646 4509:"Death Cap Mushrooms" 4367:mushroom poisoning". 4314:Sydney Morning Herald 4067:Arora, David (1986). 3919:Pegler, D.N. (1977). 2491:Systema Mycologicum I 2372:(1) – via BMCJ. 1913:Hôpital Fernand-Widal 1552:intracranial pressure 1393: 1167:A. subjunquillea 898:β-Amanitin, where an 897: 889: 627:binomial nomenclature 7918:. kotohiraensis 7908:. echinocephala 7878:. cinereovelata 7838:. austroviridis 7734:. subjunquillea 7544:. elliptosperma 6979:. calyptroderma 6925:. xanthocephala 6775:. multisquamosa 6212:. subjunquillea 6172:. fuligineoides 5908:. xanthocephala 5848:. multisquamosa 5704:Encyclopedia of Life 5699:"Amanita phalloides" 5629:More spoken articles 5422:Benjamin, pp.231–232 4220:Carluccio A (2003). 3985:Mycological Research 3879:18 June 2012 at the 3612:Biological Invasions 3541:Dansk Botanisk Arkiv 3395:Benjamin, pp.198–199 2958:M., Kuo (May 2013). 2468:Botanicon Parisiense 2416:(3): 101–128 (110). 1908:List of deadly fungi 1626:blessed milk thistle 1564:acute kidney failure 1494:, which may lead to 1427:Volvariella volvacea 1176:, which ranges from 1170:in eastern Asia and 1149:Russula heterophylla 1087:Volvariella volvacea 959:. Of the amatoxins, 957:University of Munich 866:(0.3–0.4 605:settled on the name 8713:Agaricus phalloides 8028:. pyramidifera 7858:. carneiphylla 7828:. atkinsoniana 7784:. virosiformis 7724:. subfuliginea 7664:. pallidorosea 7614:. magnivelaris 7604:. hygroscopica 7373:. umbrinolutea 7293:. orientifulva 7223:. groenlandica 7029:. kitamagotake 6999:. caesareoides 6905:. viscidolutea 6895:. virgineoides 6875:. rubrovolvata 6815:. parcivolvata 6765:. ibotengutake 6182:. pallidorosea 6131:. virosiformis 6091:. magnivelaris 5838:. ibotengutake 5434:Clinical Toxicology 4747:Santa Cruz Sentinel 4538:Santa Cruz Sentinel 3863:on 17 January 2012. 3725:2009MolEc..18..817P 3624:2006BiInv...8.1131P 3305:1998Txcn...36...13V 3245:1974FEBSL..46..351W 3190:1978ArMic.118..317H 3138:2003Txcn...42..339K 3061:1993Txcn...31.1513K 2852:Tulloss, Rodham E. 2774:Tulloss, Rodham E. 2151:2009MolEc..18..817P 2028:1975SciAm.232c..90L 2015:Scientific American 1950:2014BMCEE..14..143C 1694:peritoneal dialysis 1404:mushroom poisonings 1334:is associated with 1211:A. brunnescens 1202:Charles Horton Peck 1191:Mediterranean basin 1143:Tricholoma equestre 953:Heinrich O. Wieland 930:. Another toxin is 906:(lower left corner) 663:A. bisporigera 621:'s use of the name 599:Agaricus phalloides 568:by French botanist 562:Christopher Merrett 8499:amanita-phalloides 8472:Amanita phalloides 8442:Amanita phalloides 8392:. prairiicola 8332:. solaniolens 8252:. flavorubens 8152:. brunnescens 8018:. polypyramis 7978:. ochrophylla 7868:. chlorinosma 7714:. suballiacea 7644:. molliuscula 7584:. griseorosea 7534:. bisporigera 7440:. chepangiana 7343:. sinicoflava 7009:. chepangiana 6865:. roseotincta 6695:. chrysoblema 6475:Allenic norleucine 6071:. bisporigera 5666:Key to species of 5659:Amanita phalloides 5651:Amanita phalloides 5644:Amanita phalloides 5599: 5483:Benjamin, pp.33–34 5337:Amanita phalloides 5235:10.1007/BF01477268 5108:10.1007/BF01102888 4994:10.2131/jts.15.145 4817:Amanita phalloides 4753:on 26 January 2012 4568:Amanita Phalloides 4544:on 13 January 2012 4365:Amanita phalloides 4252:Amanita phalloides 3954:Boletín Micológico 3946:Amanita phalloides 3895:Amanita phalloides 3857:The Canberra Times 3811:The Canberra Times 3608:Amanita phalloides 3289:Amanita phalloides 3198:10.1007/BF00429124 3092:Medical toxicology 2778:Amanita phalloidea 2104:Amanita phalloides 2062:Amanita phalloides 1791:Natalya Naryshkina 1773:Natalia Naryshkina 1753:A. phalloides 1716:, and presence of 1603:metabolic acidosis 1469:Signs and symptoms 1423:A. phalloides 1416:reduced by cooking 1400: 1344:A. phalloides 1332:A. phalloides 1328:A. phalloides 1326:. In other areas, 1229:A. phalloides 1224:A. phalloides 1220:Cornell University 1206:A. phalloides 1195:A. phalloides 1119:A. phalloides 1080:is similar to the 1078:A. phalloides 997:Amanita phalloides 908: 892: 717:A. phalloides 715:solution, whereas 689:A. phalloides 682:A. phalloides 633:Amanita phalloides 623:A. phalloides 607:Amanita phalloides 595:Elias Magnus Fries 570:Sébastien Vaillant 521:Amanita phalloides 460:A. phalloides 373:Amanita phalloides 209:Amanita phalloides 177:Amanita phalloides 159:A. phalloides 43:Amanita phalloides 8827: 8826: 8683:Open Tree of Life 8434:Taxon identifiers 8425: 8424: 8421: 8420: 8412:. vittadinii 8341: 8340: 8272:. luteofusca 8262:. franchetii 8242:. flavoconia 8132:. aestivalis 8048:. rhopalopus 7968:. neoovoidea 7684:. phalloides 7634:. manginiana 7402: 7401: 7363:. subnudipes 7303:. pachycolea 7183:. flavescens 6825:. pantherina 6625:. albocreata 6557: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6549: 6548: 6489: 6488: 6413: 6412: 6409: 6408: 6221: 6220: 6192:. phalloides 6059:Destroying angels 6037: 6036: 5963: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5868:. pantherina 5788:. albocreata 5595: 5563:978-0-584-10324-3 5544:978-1-85967-092-7 5525:978-0-7167-2600-5 5500:. 31 August 2023. 4858:978-3-87921-132-6 4578:(34): 1164–1177. 4487:10.1520/JFS13929J 4231:978-1-84400-040-1 4114:10.1071/SB9910325 4082:978-0-89815-170-1 3930:978-0-11-241101-7 3817:on 27 April 2014. 3712:Molecular Ecology 3489:978-1-55407-115-9 3449:978-0-478-10835-4 3101:978-0-7817-2845-4 3007:978-0-7153-0129-6 2923:978-0-88192-935-5 2896:978-0-7234-1576-3 2838:978-88-901057-3-9 2697:Machol, Robert E. 2340:978-0-323-44942-7 2297:978-0-323-85434-4 2254:978-0-323-44942-7 2211:978-0-12-227055-0 2139:Molecular Ecology 1832:Caesar's mushroom 1795:pickled mushrooms 1706:immunosuppression 1614:penicillin G 1588:medical emergency 1439:liver transplants 1346:associating with 1298:, but also under 1284:ectomycorrhizally 1161:R. virescens 1155:R. aeruginea 1107:species, such as 1020:A. rubescens 985:protein synthesis 969:RNA polymerase II 652:destroying angels 499:Caesar's mushroom 454:. Originating in 369: 368: 202:Species of fungus 200: 199: 16:(Redirected from 8877: 8820: 8819: 8810: 8809: 8797: 8796: 8784: 8783: 8771: 8770: 8758: 8757: 8745: 8744: 8732: 8731: 8730: 8704: 8703: 8691: 8690: 8678: 8677: 8668: 8667: 8655: 8654: 8652:NHMSYS0001474469 8642: 8641: 8629: 8628: 8616: 8615: 8603: 8602: 8590: 8589: 8577: 8576: 8564: 8563: 8551: 8550: 8538: 8537: 8525: 8524: 8515: 8514: 8502: 8501: 8489: 8488: 8476: 8475: 8474: 8461: 8460: 8459: 8429: 8411: 8401: 8391: 8381: 8359: 8331: 8322:. silvicola 8321: 8312:. rubescens 8311: 8302:. porphyria 8301: 8292:. novinupta 8291: 8282:. nothofagi 8281: 8271: 8261: 8251: 8241: 8231: 8221: 8211: 8201: 8191: 8181: 8172:. canescens 8171: 8161: 8151: 8142:. australis 8141: 8131: 8107: 8097: 8087: 8078:. solitaria 8077: 8068:. smithiana 8067: 8057: 8047: 8038:. ravenelii 8037: 8027: 8017: 8007: 7997: 7987: 7977: 7967: 7958:. mutabilis 7957: 7947: 7937: 7928:. lesueurii 7927: 7917: 7907: 7897: 7887: 7877: 7867: 7857: 7848:. ananiceps 7847: 7837: 7827: 7817: 7793: 7783: 7773: 7763: 7753: 7743: 7733: 7723: 7713: 7703: 7693: 7683: 7673: 7663: 7653: 7643: 7633: 7624:. marmorata 7623: 7613: 7603: 7593: 7583: 7573: 7564:. fuliginea 7563: 7554:. exitialis 7553: 7543: 7533: 7523: 7499: 7489: 7480:. ponderosa 7479: 7469: 7460:. gilbertii 7459: 7449: 7439: 7423: 7410: 7392: 7382: 7372: 7362: 7352: 7342: 7332: 7322: 7313:. pekeoides 7312: 7302: 7292: 7282: 7272: 7262: 7252: 7242: 7233:. islandica 7232: 7222: 7212: 7203:. friabilis 7202: 7192: 7182: 7172: 7162: 7152: 7142: 7133:. battarrae 7132: 7123:. arenicola 7122: 7112: 7088: 7078: 7068: 7058: 7048: 7039:. jacksonii 7038: 7028: 7019:. hemibapha 7018: 7008: 6998: 6988: 6978: 6968: 6958: 6949:. arkansana 6948: 6924: 6914: 6904: 6894: 6885:. velatipes 6884: 6874: 6864: 6854: 6845:. persicina 6844: 6834: 6824: 6814: 6804: 6794: 6784: 6774: 6764: 6754: 6744: 6735:. frostiana 6734: 6724: 6714: 6704: 6694: 6685:. breckonii 6684: 6674: 6665:. armeniaca 6664: 6654: 6644: 6634: 6624: 6608: 6584: 6577: 6570: 6561: 6522: 6514:. rubescens 6513: 6500: 6481:Propargylglycine 6457: 6448:. smithiana 6447: 6437: 6424: 6274:Amanullinic acid 6230: 6211: 6201: 6191: 6181: 6171: 6162:. fuliginea 6161: 6151: 6130: 6120: 6110: 6100: 6090: 6081:. exitialis 6080: 6070: 6055: 6048: 6013: 6000: 5985: 5971: 5938:Other compounds: 5907: 5897: 5887: 5878:. porphyria 5877: 5867: 5857: 5847: 5837: 5827: 5818:. frostiana 5817: 5807: 5798:. crenulata 5797: 5787: 5774: 5765: 5739: 5732: 5725: 5716: 5711: 5619: 5617: 5606: 5605: 5596: 5586: 5584: 5579: 5567: 5548: 5529: 5502: 5501: 5490: 5484: 5481: 5475: 5472: 5466: 5465: 5429: 5423: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5403: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5301:Gastroenterology 5296: 5290: 5289: 5261: 5255: 5254: 5218: 5212: 5211: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5166: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5056: 5050: 5049: 5013: 5007: 5006: 4996: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4912: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4843: 4837: 4836: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4774:Human Toxicology 4769: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4749:. Archived from 4738: 4732: 4731: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4655: 4649: 4648: 4612: 4597: 4594: 4588: 4587: 4563: 4554: 4553: 4551: 4549: 4540:. Archived from 4530: 4524: 4523: 4521: 4519: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4404: 4393: 4392: 4360: 4349: 4348: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4305: 4299: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4245: 4236: 4235: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4200: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4157: 4151: 4148: 4142: 4137: 4131: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4074: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4047: 4015: 4009: 4008: 3976: 3970: 3969: 3941: 3935: 3934: 3916: 3907: 3906: 3897:en Sudamérica". 3890: 3884: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3802: 3796: 3795: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3687: 3681: 3678: 3672: 3671: 3654:Peck, Charles H. 3650: 3644: 3643: 3618:(5): 1131–1144. 3603: 3592: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3566: 3557: 3556: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3516: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3435: 3429: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3407: 3396: 3393: 3384: 3383: 3373: 3355: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3284: 3275: 3274: 3256: 3224: 3218: 3217: 3173: 3167: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3121: 3106: 3105: 3087: 3081: 3080: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3018: 3012: 3011: 2993: 2987: 2984: 2975: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2955: 2949: 2946: 2940: 2937: 2928: 2927: 2907: 2901: 2900: 2882: 2873: 2872: 2870: 2868: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2813: 2804: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2771: 2760: 2757: 2751: 2750: 2734: 2725: 2724: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2669:(2/3): 251–255. 2659:Robert E. Machol 2651: 2645: 2644: 2619:(5/6): 836–843. 2608: 2602: 2601: 2573: 2567: 2566: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2525: 2519: 2514:Link JHF (1833) 2513: 2509: 2503: 2502: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2463: 2457: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2425: 2423:10.5962/p.168556 2401: 2386: 2385:Benjamin, p.200. 2383: 2374: 2373: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2349: 2347: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2306: 2304: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2263: 2261: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2185: 2179: 2178: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2099: 2090: 2089: 2057: 2048: 2047: 2009: 1990: 1989: 1979: 1961: 1929: 1893: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1867:liver transplant 1783:R. Gordon Wasson 1769:Pope Clement VII 1747: 1737: 1710:prothrombin time 1666:N-Acetylcysteine 1630:Silybum marianum 1605:, hypoglycemia, 1595:activated carbon 1476:gastrointestinal 1451:A. princeps 1394:Warning sign in 1379:Corylus avellana 1173:A. arocheae 1093:A. princeps 1061: 1049: 1037: 1012:Heinrich Wieland 837: 836: 832: 827: 826: 822: 817: 816: 812: 809: 803: 802: 798: 795: 781: 780: 776: 771: 770: 766: 752: 751: 747: 744: 597:described it as 436: 435: 432: 431: 428: 425: 422: 419: 416: 413: 410: 406: 405: 402: 399: 396: 393: 390: 387: 384: 357: 356: 340: 339: 321: 320: 296: 295: 278: 277: 256: 255: 251: 250: 231: 230: 216: 205: 179: 76: 75: 53: 39: 21: 8885: 8884: 8880: 8879: 8878: 8876: 8875: 8874: 8850:Fungi of Europe 8845:Fungi of Africa 8830: 8829: 8828: 8823: 8815: 8813: 8805: 8800: 8792: 8787: 8779: 8774: 8766: 8761: 8753: 8748: 8740: 8735: 8726: 8725: 8720: 8707: 8699: 8694: 8686: 8681: 8673: 8671: 8663: 8658: 8650: 8645: 8637: 8632: 8624: 8619: 8611: 8606: 8598: 8593: 8585: 8580: 8572: 8567: 8559: 8554: 8546: 8541: 8533: 8528: 8520: 8518: 8510: 8505: 8497: 8492: 8484: 8479: 8470: 8469: 8464: 8455: 8454: 8449: 8436: 8426: 8417: 8402:. thiersii 8382:. nauseosa 8366: 8350: 8337: 8232:. flavipes 8222:. flavella 8192:. elongata 8113: 7938:. longipes 7898:. daucipes 7799: 7524:. arocheae 7505: 7450:. curtipes 7411: 7398: 7383:. vaginata 7333:. rhacopus 7323:. protecta 7163:. ceciliae 7094: 7089:. zambiana 7059:. princeps 6989:. caesarea 6930: 6785:. muscaria 6725:. farinosa 6596: 6588: 6558: 6545: 6529: 6485: 6463: 6405: 6384:Other compounds 6379: 6341: 6293: 6217: 6152:. arocheae 6136: 6033: 6019: 6014:. thiersii 5991: 5978: 5972: 5955: 5913: 5858:. muscaria 5808:. farinosa 5758: 5752: 5743: 5678:studies website 5653:: the death cap 5633: 5632: 5621: 5615: 5613: 5610:This audio file 5607: 5600: 5591: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5577: 5574: 5564: 5551: 5545: 5532: 5526: 5513: 5510: 5505: 5492: 5491: 5487: 5482: 5478: 5473: 5469: 5431: 5430: 5426: 5421: 5417: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5333: 5332: 5328: 5298: 5297: 5293: 5263: 5262: 5258: 5220: 5219: 5215: 5185: 5184: 5180: 5136: 5135: 5131: 5093: 5092: 5088: 5058: 5057: 5053: 5015: 5014: 5010: 4974: 4973: 4969: 4940:(12): 1044–47. 4931: 4930: 4926: 4890: 4889: 4885: 4871: 4870: 4866: 4859: 4845: 4844: 4840: 4814: 4813: 4809: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4756: 4754: 4740: 4739: 4735: 4709: 4708: 4704: 4700:Benjamin, p.227 4699: 4695: 4657: 4656: 4652: 4614: 4613: 4600: 4596:Benjamin, p.215 4595: 4591: 4565: 4564: 4557: 4547: 4545: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4517: 4515: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4475:J. Forensic Sci 4472: 4471: 4467: 4445: 4444: 4440: 4406: 4405: 4396: 4362: 4361: 4352: 4334: 4333: 4329: 4319: 4317: 4316:. Fairfax Media 4307: 4306: 4302: 4292: 4290: 4247: 4246: 4239: 4232: 4219: 4218: 4214: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4159: 4158: 4154: 4150:Benjamin, p.211 4149: 4145: 4138: 4134: 4125: 4121: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4083: 4066: 4065: 4061: 4017: 4016: 4012: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3931: 3918: 3917: 3910: 3892: 3891: 3887: 3881:Wayback Machine 3872: 3868: 3850: 3849: 3845: 3827: 3826: 3822: 3804: 3803: 3799: 3776:10.2307/3757790 3761: 3760: 3756: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3680:Benjamin, p.204 3679: 3675: 3652: 3651: 3647: 3605: 3604: 3595: 3590: 3586: 3568: 3567: 3560: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3529:Zeitlmayr, p.62 3528: 3524: 3514: 3512: 3502: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3450: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3422: 3420: 3409: 3408: 3399: 3394: 3387: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3286: 3285: 3278: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3166:Benjamin, p.217 3165: 3161: 3123: 3122: 3109: 3102: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3055:(12): 1513–40. 3046: 3045: 3041: 3031: 3029: 3024:. MykoWeb.com. 3020: 3019: 3015: 3008: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2986:Zeitlmayr, p.61 2985: 2978: 2968: 2966: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2931: 2924: 2909: 2908: 2904: 2897: 2884: 2883: 2876: 2866: 2864: 2851: 2850: 2846: 2839: 2815: 2814: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2788: 2786: 2773: 2772: 2763: 2759:Benjamin, p.203 2758: 2754: 2736: 2735: 2728: 2713:10.2307/1221006 2695: 2694: 2690: 2675:10.2307/1220563 2653: 2652: 2648: 2625:10.2307/1218449 2610: 2609: 2605: 2590:10.2307/1216724 2575: 2574: 2570: 2552: 2551: 2547: 2527: 2526: 2522: 2511: 2510: 2506: 2488: 2487: 2483: 2465: 2464: 2460: 2451: 2447: 2403: 2402: 2389: 2384: 2377: 2359: 2358: 2354: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2316: 2315: 2311: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2216: 2214: 2212: 2187: 2186: 2182: 2132: 2131: 2127: 2101: 2100: 2093: 2072:(12): 849–850. 2059: 2058: 2051: 2011: 2010: 1993: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1859:Beef Wellington 1748: 1742: 1738: 1730: 1728:Notable victims 1584: 1554:, intracranial 1471: 1388: 1308:horse-chestnuts 1280: 1186: 1075: 1070: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1053: 1050: 1041: 1038: 904:carboxylic acid 884: 834: 830: 829: 824: 820: 819: 814: 810: 807: 805: 800: 796: 793: 791: 778: 774: 773: 768: 764: 763: 749: 745: 742: 740: 725: 697:Max Britzelmayr 669:A. ocreata 615:Amanita viridis 578:scientific name 564:. Also, it was 550: 536:, which causes 464:ectomycorrhizas 407: 381: 377: 354: 337: 322: 318: 293: 275: 253: 248: 228: 222: 217: 203: 196: 181: 175: 162: 70: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8883: 8881: 8873: 8872: 8870:Fungus species 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8832: 8831: 8825: 8824: 8822: 8821: 8811: 8798: 8785: 8772: 8759: 8746: 8733: 8717: 8715: 8709: 8708: 8706: 8705: 8692: 8679: 8669: 8656: 8643: 8630: 8617: 8604: 8591: 8578: 8565: 8552: 8539: 8526: 8516: 8503: 8490: 8477: 8462: 8446: 8444: 8438: 8437: 8432: 8423: 8422: 8419: 8418: 8416: 8415: 8405: 8395: 8385: 8374: 8372: 8356: 8343: 8342: 8339: 8338: 8336: 8335: 8325: 8315: 8305: 8295: 8285: 8275: 8265: 8255: 8245: 8235: 8225: 8215: 8205: 8202:. excelsa 8195: 8185: 8182:. citrina 8175: 8165: 8155: 8145: 8135: 8124: 8122: 8115: 8114: 8112: 8111: 8101: 8091: 8081: 8071: 8061: 8058:. sculpta 8051: 8041: 8031: 8021: 8011: 8008:. ovoidea 8001: 7991: 7981: 7971: 7961: 7951: 7941: 7931: 7921: 7911: 7901: 7891: 7881: 7871: 7861: 7851: 7841: 7831: 7821: 7818:. abrupta 7810: 7808: 7801: 7800: 7798: 7797: 7787: 7777: 7767: 7757: 7754:. veldiei 7747: 7737: 7727: 7717: 7707: 7697: 7687: 7677: 7667: 7657: 7654:. ocreata 7647: 7637: 7627: 7617: 7607: 7597: 7594:. hesleri 7587: 7577: 7567: 7557: 7547: 7537: 7527: 7516: 7514: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7503: 7500:. volvata 7493: 7490:. proxima 7483: 7473: 7470:. ovoidea 7463: 7453: 7443: 7432: 7430: 7420: 7413: 7412: 7405: 7403: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7396: 7386: 7376: 7366: 7356: 7346: 7336: 7326: 7316: 7306: 7296: 7286: 7276: 7273:. nivalis 7266: 7256: 7246: 7236: 7226: 7216: 7206: 7196: 7186: 7176: 7166: 7156: 7153:. betulae 7146: 7143:. beckeri 7136: 7126: 7116: 7113:. arctica 7105: 7103: 7096: 7095: 7093: 7092: 7082: 7072: 7062: 7052: 7042: 7032: 7022: 7012: 7002: 6992: 6982: 6972: 6962: 6952: 6941: 6939: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6928: 6918: 6915:. wellsii 6908: 6898: 6888: 6878: 6868: 6858: 6855:. regalis 6848: 6838: 6828: 6818: 6808: 6798: 6788: 6778: 6768: 6758: 6755:. gioiosa 6748: 6745:. gemmata 6738: 6728: 6718: 6708: 6698: 6688: 6678: 6675:. augusta 6668: 6658: 6648: 6645:. altipes 6638: 6628: 6617: 6615: 6605: 6598: 6597: 6589: 6587: 6586: 6579: 6572: 6564: 6555: 6554: 6551: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6543: 6541:Rubescenslysin 6537: 6535: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6527: 6506: 6504: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6483: 6478: 6471: 6469: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6461: 6451: 6441: 6438:. proxima 6430: 6428: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6387: 6385: 6381: 6380: 6378: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6351: 6349: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6303: 6301: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6291: 6286: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6265: 6264: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6238: 6236: 6227: 6223: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6215: 6205: 6195: 6185: 6175: 6165: 6155: 6144: 6142: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6134: 6124: 6114: 6104: 6101:. ocreata 6094: 6084: 6074: 6063: 6061: 6052: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6035: 6034: 6032: 6031: 6027: 6025: 6021: 6020: 6018: 6017: 6006: 6004: 5997: 5982: 5974: 5973: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5954: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5935: 5930: 5921: 5919: 5915: 5914: 5912: 5911: 5901: 5891: 5888:. regalis 5881: 5871: 5861: 5851: 5841: 5831: 5828:. gemmata 5821: 5811: 5801: 5791: 5780: 5778: 5771: 5762: 5754: 5753: 5744: 5742: 5741: 5734: 5727: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5696: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5663: 5655: 5647: 5639: 5622: 5608: 5601: 5589: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5572:External links 5570: 5569: 5568: 5562: 5549: 5543: 5530: 5524: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5503: 5485: 5476: 5474:Benjamin, p.35 5467: 5424: 5415: 5374: 5326: 5307:(2): 439–445. 5291: 5256: 5213: 5178: 5149:(6150): 1465. 5129: 5096:Mycopathologia 5086: 5051: 5008: 4967: 4924: 4883: 4864: 4857: 4838: 4823:(in Italian). 4807: 4764: 4733: 4702: 4693: 4650: 4598: 4589: 4555: 4525: 4500: 4465: 4438: 4394: 4350: 4327: 4300: 4266:(5): 247–249. 4250:"Poisoning by 4237: 4230: 4212: 4167: 4152: 4143: 4132: 4119: 4108:(2): 325–354. 4088: 4081: 4059: 4030:(4): 361–365. 4010: 3971: 3948:en bosques de 3936: 3929: 3908: 3901:(in Spanish). 3885: 3866: 3843: 3820: 3797: 3754: 3719:(5): 817–833. 3701: 3682: 3673: 3645: 3593: 3584: 3558: 3531: 3522: 3495: 3488: 3470: 3455: 3448: 3430: 3397: 3385: 3326: 3276: 3219: 3168: 3159: 3107: 3100: 3082: 3039: 3013: 3006: 2988: 2976: 2950: 2941: 2929: 2922: 2902: 2895: 2874: 2844: 2837: 2805: 2796: 2761: 2752: 2726: 2707:(3): 532–533. 2688: 2646: 2603: 2584:(5): 170–173. 2568: 2545: 2520: 2504: 2481: 2458: 2445: 2387: 2375: 2352: 2339: 2309: 2296: 2266: 2253: 2223: 2210: 2180: 2145:(5): 817–833. 2125: 2110:(in Spanish). 2091: 2064:in Victoria". 2049: 1991: 1923: 1921: 1918: 1917: 1916: 1910: 1905: 1895: 1894: 1878: 1875: 1799:food poisoning 1740: 1729: 1726: 1718:encephalopathy 1690:plasmapheresis 1618:cephalosporins 1599:gastric lavage 1583: 1580: 1568:cardiac arrest 1540:Kidney failure 1534:and attendant 1470: 1467: 1387: 1384: 1336:coast live oak 1279: 1276: 1185: 1182: 1074: 1071: 1067: 1066: 1063: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1044: 1042: 1039: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1027: 914:(ring-shaped) 883: 880: 852:universal veil 731:(aboveground) 724: 721: 657:A. virosa 619:Louis Secretan 549: 546: 542:kidney failure 503:straw mushroom 367: 366: 358: 350: 349: 341: 333: 332: 323: 316: 313: 312: 297: 289: 288: 279: 271: 270: 257: 244: 243: 232: 224: 223: 218: 211: 201: 198: 197: 182: 171: 170: 164: 163: 156: 154: 150: 149: 142: 138: 137: 132: 128: 127: 122: 118: 117: 115:Agaricomycetes 112: 108: 107: 102: 98: 97: 92: 88: 87: 82: 78: 77: 64: 63: 55: 54: 46: 45: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8882: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8837: 8835: 8818: 8812: 8808: 8803: 8799: 8795: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8777: 8773: 8769: 8764: 8760: 8756: 8751: 8747: 8743: 8738: 8734: 8729: 8723: 8719: 8718: 8716: 8714: 8710: 8702: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8670: 8666: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8635: 8631: 8627: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8609: 8605: 8601: 8596: 8592: 8588: 8583: 8579: 8575: 8570: 8566: 8562: 8557: 8553: 8549: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8531: 8527: 8523: 8517: 8513: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8482: 8478: 8473: 8467: 8463: 8458: 8452: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8443: 8439: 8435: 8430: 8414: 8413: 8406: 8404: 8403: 8396: 8394: 8393: 8386: 8384: 8383: 8376: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8357: 8354: 8349: 8344: 8334: 8333: 8326: 8324: 8323: 8316: 8314: 8313: 8306: 8304: 8303: 8296: 8294: 8293: 8286: 8284: 8283: 8276: 8274: 8273: 8266: 8264: 8263: 8256: 8254: 8253: 8246: 8244: 8243: 8236: 8234: 8233: 8226: 8224: 8223: 8216: 8214: 8213: 8206: 8204: 8203: 8196: 8194: 8193: 8186: 8184: 8183: 8176: 8174: 8173: 8166: 8164: 8163: 8156: 8154: 8153: 8146: 8144: 8143: 8136: 8134: 8133: 8126: 8125: 8123: 8121: 8116: 8110: 8109: 8108:. westii 8102: 8100: 8099: 8092: 8090: 8089: 8082: 8080: 8079: 8072: 8070: 8069: 8062: 8060: 8059: 8052: 8050: 8049: 8042: 8040: 8039: 8032: 8030: 8029: 8022: 8020: 8019: 8012: 8010: 8009: 8002: 8000: 7999: 7998:. onusta 7992: 7990: 7989: 7982: 7980: 7979: 7972: 7970: 7969: 7962: 7960: 7959: 7952: 7950: 7949: 7942: 7940: 7939: 7932: 7930: 7929: 7922: 7920: 7919: 7912: 7910: 7909: 7902: 7900: 7899: 7892: 7890: 7889: 7888:. cokeri 7882: 7880: 7879: 7872: 7870: 7869: 7862: 7860: 7859: 7852: 7850: 7849: 7842: 7840: 7839: 7832: 7830: 7829: 7822: 7820: 7819: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7807: 7802: 7796: 7795: 7788: 7786: 7785: 7778: 7776: 7775: 7774:. virosa 7768: 7766: 7765: 7758: 7756: 7755: 7748: 7746: 7745: 7738: 7736: 7735: 7728: 7726: 7725: 7718: 7716: 7715: 7708: 7706: 7705: 7704:. rimosa 7698: 7696: 7695: 7688: 7686: 7685: 7678: 7676: 7675: 7668: 7666: 7665: 7658: 7656: 7655: 7648: 7646: 7645: 7638: 7636: 7635: 7628: 7626: 7625: 7618: 7616: 7615: 7608: 7606: 7605: 7598: 7596: 7595: 7588: 7586: 7585: 7578: 7576: 7575: 7574:. gayana 7568: 7566: 7565: 7558: 7556: 7555: 7548: 7546: 7545: 7538: 7536: 7535: 7528: 7526: 7525: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7513: 7508: 7502: 7501: 7494: 7492: 7491: 7484: 7482: 7481: 7474: 7472: 7471: 7464: 7462: 7461: 7454: 7452: 7451: 7444: 7442: 7441: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7429: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7395: 7394: 7393:. velosa 7387: 7385: 7384: 7377: 7375: 7374: 7367: 7365: 7364: 7357: 7355: 7354: 7347: 7345: 7344: 7337: 7335: 7334: 7327: 7325: 7324: 7317: 7315: 7314: 7307: 7305: 7304: 7297: 7295: 7294: 7287: 7285: 7284: 7277: 7275: 7274: 7267: 7265: 7264: 7263:. mairei 7257: 7255: 7254: 7247: 7245: 7244: 7243:. liquii 7237: 7235: 7234: 7227: 7225: 7224: 7217: 7215: 7214: 7207: 7205: 7204: 7197: 7195: 7194: 7187: 7185: 7184: 7177: 7175: 7174: 7173:. crocea 7167: 7165: 7164: 7157: 7155: 7154: 7147: 7145: 7144: 7137: 7135: 7134: 7127: 7125: 7124: 7117: 7115: 7114: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7097: 7091: 7090: 7083: 7081: 7080: 7073: 7071: 7070: 7069:. spreta 7063: 7061: 7060: 7053: 7051: 7050: 7043: 7041: 7040: 7033: 7031: 7030: 7023: 7021: 7020: 7013: 7011: 7010: 7003: 7001: 7000: 6993: 6991: 6990: 6983: 6981: 6980: 6973: 6971: 6970: 6963: 6961: 6960: 6953: 6951: 6950: 6943: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6933: 6927: 6926: 6919: 6917: 6916: 6909: 6907: 6906: 6899: 6897: 6896: 6889: 6887: 6886: 6879: 6877: 6876: 6869: 6867: 6866: 6859: 6857: 6856: 6849: 6847: 6846: 6839: 6837: 6836: 6829: 6827: 6826: 6819: 6817: 6816: 6809: 6807: 6806: 6799: 6797: 6796: 6795:. nehuta 6789: 6787: 6786: 6779: 6777: 6776: 6769: 6767: 6766: 6759: 6757: 6756: 6749: 6747: 6746: 6739: 6737: 6736: 6729: 6727: 6726: 6719: 6717: 6716: 6709: 6707: 6706: 6705:. diemii 6699: 6697: 6696: 6689: 6687: 6686: 6679: 6677: 6676: 6669: 6667: 6666: 6659: 6657: 6656: 6655:. aprica 6649: 6647: 6646: 6639: 6637: 6636: 6635:. aliena 6629: 6627: 6626: 6619: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6593: 6585: 6580: 6578: 6573: 6571: 6566: 6565: 6562: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6532: 6525: 6524: 6516: 6515: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6492: 6482: 6479: 6476: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6452: 6450: 6449: 6442: 6440: 6439: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6416: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6388: 6386: 6382: 6376: 6375:Deoxoviroidin 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6365:Deoxoviroisin 6363: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6344: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6296: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6244: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6231: 6228: 6224: 6214: 6213: 6206: 6204: 6203: 6202:. rimosa 6196: 6194: 6193: 6186: 6184: 6183: 6176: 6174: 6173: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6156: 6154: 6153: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6141:Other members 6139: 6133: 6132: 6125: 6123: 6122: 6121:. virosa 6115: 6113: 6112: 6105: 6103: 6102: 6095: 6093: 6092: 6085: 6083: 6082: 6075: 6073: 6072: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6060: 6056: 6053: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6040: 6030:unknown toxin 6029: 6028: 6026: 6022: 6016: 6015: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6001: 5998: 5995: 5990: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5975: 5970: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5928:Ibotenic Acid 5926: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5916: 5910: 5909: 5902: 5900: 5899: 5892: 5890: 5889: 5882: 5880: 5879: 5872: 5870: 5869: 5862: 5860: 5859: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5842: 5840: 5839: 5832: 5830: 5829: 5822: 5820: 5819: 5812: 5810: 5809: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5792: 5790: 5789: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5755: 5750: 5749: 5740: 5735: 5733: 5728: 5726: 5721: 5720: 5717: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5700: 5697: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5656: 5654: 5652: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5611: 5571: 5565: 5559: 5555: 5550: 5546: 5540: 5536: 5531: 5527: 5521: 5517: 5512: 5511: 5507: 5499: 5495: 5489: 5486: 5480: 5477: 5471: 5468: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5440:(5): 539–42. 5439: 5435: 5428: 5425: 5419: 5416: 5411: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5394:(3): 466–73. 5393: 5389: 5385: 5378: 5375: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5330: 5327: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5295: 5292: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5260: 5257: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5229:(3): 117–23. 5228: 5225:(in German). 5224: 5217: 5214: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5194:(4): 308–12. 5193: 5189: 5182: 5179: 5174: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5133: 5130: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5102:(2): 107–14. 5101: 5097: 5090: 5087: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5055: 5052: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5024:(2): 123–48. 5023: 5019: 5012: 5009: 5004: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4987:(3): 145–56. 4986: 4982: 4978: 4971: 4968: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4928: 4925: 4920: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4903:(1): 140–49. 4902: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4884: 4879: 4875: 4868: 4865: 4860: 4854: 4850: 4842: 4839: 4834: 4830: 4827:(5): 187–93. 4826: 4822: 4818: 4811: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4780:(2): 183–95. 4779: 4775: 4768: 4765: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4737: 4734: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4718:(in German). 4717: 4713: 4706: 4703: 4697: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4661: 4654: 4651: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4623:(6): 715–57. 4622: 4618: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4593: 4590: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4574:(in German). 4573: 4569: 4562: 4560: 4556: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4529: 4526: 4514: 4510: 4504: 4501: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4484: 4481:(3): 429–32. 4480: 4476: 4469: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4454:(1001): 234. 4453: 4449: 4442: 4439: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4419:(2): 187–93. 4418: 4414: 4410: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4395: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4331: 4328: 4315: 4311: 4304: 4301: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4260: 4255: 4253: 4244: 4242: 4238: 4233: 4227: 4223: 4216: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4171: 4168: 4163: 4156: 4153: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4136: 4133: 4129: 4123: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4089: 4084: 4078: 4073: 4072: 4063: 4060: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4014: 4011: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3975: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3950:Pinus radiata 3947: 3940: 3937: 3932: 3926: 3922: 3915: 3913: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3875: 3870: 3867: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3824: 3821: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3801: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3770:(1): 99–108. 3769: 3765: 3758: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3713: 3705: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3686: 3683: 3677: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3660: 3655: 3649: 3646: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3594: 3588: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3532: 3526: 3523: 3510: 3506: 3499: 3496: 3491: 3485: 3481: 3474: 3471: 3467:(Case Study). 3466: 3459: 3456: 3451: 3445: 3441: 3434: 3431: 3419: 3418: 3413: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3392: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3330: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3283: 3281: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3223: 3220: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3172: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3132:(4): 339–49. 3131: 3127: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3103: 3097: 3093: 3086: 3083: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3043: 3040: 3027: 3023: 3017: 3014: 3009: 3003: 2999: 2992: 2989: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2951: 2945: 2942: 2936: 2934: 2930: 2925: 2919: 2915: 2914: 2906: 2903: 2898: 2892: 2888: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2863: 2859: 2857: 2856:Amanita verna 2848: 2845: 2840: 2834: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2812: 2810: 2806: 2800: 2797: 2785: 2781: 2779: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2756: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2733: 2731: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2692: 2689: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2650: 2647: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2607: 2604: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2572: 2569: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2549: 2546: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2532: 2524: 2521: 2517: 2508: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2485: 2482: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2462: 2459: 2455: 2449: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2356: 2353: 2342: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2313: 2310: 2299: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2270: 2267: 2256: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2227: 2224: 2213: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2184: 2181: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2129: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2056: 2054: 2050: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2022:(3): 90–101. 2021: 2017: 2016: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1928: 1925: 1919: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1897: 1896: 1892: 1881: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1863:A. phalloides 1860: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1824: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1761:assassination 1758: 1754: 1746: 1739: 1736: 1727: 1725: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1702:complications 1697: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1686:hemoperfusion 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1589: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1468: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1417: 1412: 1410: 1405: 1397: 1392: 1385: 1383: 1382:plantations. 1381: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1370: 1365: 1364: 1359: 1358: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1340:Monterey pine 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1322:, pines, and 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1277: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1250:, as well as 1249: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1235:A. phalloides 1232: 1230: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1212: 1207: 1204:had reported 1203: 1198: 1196: 1192: 1183: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1174: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1162: 1157: 1156: 1151: 1150: 1145: 1144: 1139: 1138: 1132: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1111: 1110:A. lanei 1106: 1102: 1097: 1095: 1094: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1079: 1072: 1060: 1055: 1048: 1043: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 973:messenger RNA 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 949: 947: 943: 942: 941:in vitro 937: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 905: 901: 896: 888: 881: 879: 877: 876:sulfuric acid 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 847: 845: 841: 789: 785: 761: 757: 738: 734: 733:fruiting body 730: 722: 720: 718: 714: 710: 709:A. verna 706: 702: 701:A. verna 698: 694: 690: 685: 683: 679: 677: 676:A. verna 671: 670: 665: 664: 659: 658: 653: 649: 645: 642: 638: 634: 630: 628: 624: 620: 616: 613:had named it 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 591: 586: 582: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 558:Thomas Browne 555: 547: 545: 543: 539: 535: 531: 528:in AD 54 and 527: 522: 518: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 495: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 453: 452: 447: 444: 443:basidiomycete 440: 434: 375: 374: 365: 364: 360:Edibility is 359: 351: 348: 347: 342: 334: 331: 327: 324: 314: 311: 310: 306: 301: 298: 290: 287: 283: 280: 272: 269: 265: 261: 258: 245: 242: 238: 237: 233: 225: 221: 215: 210: 206: 194: 190: 186: 180: 178: 172: 169: 168:Binomial name 165: 161: 160: 155: 152: 151: 148: 147: 143: 140: 139: 136: 133: 130: 129: 126: 123: 120: 119: 116: 113: 110: 109: 106: 105:Basidiomycota 103: 100: 99: 96: 93: 90: 89: 86: 83: 80: 79: 74: 69: 65: 61: 56: 52: 47: 44: 40: 37: 33: 19: 8860:Hepatotoxins 8855:Deadly fungi 8712: 8441: 8407: 8397: 8387: 8377: 8369:Saproamanita 8363: 8353:Saproamanita 8347: 8327: 8317: 8307: 8297: 8287: 8277: 8267: 8257: 8247: 8237: 8227: 8217: 8207: 8197: 8187: 8177: 8167: 8157: 8147: 8137: 8127: 8119: 8103: 8093: 8083: 8073: 8063: 8053: 8043: 8033: 8023: 8013: 8003: 7993: 7983: 7973: 7963: 7953: 7943: 7933: 7923: 7913: 7903: 7893: 7883: 7873: 7863: 7853: 7843: 7833: 7823: 7813: 7805: 7789: 7779: 7769: 7764:. verna 7759: 7749: 7739: 7729: 7719: 7709: 7699: 7689: 7680: 7679: 7669: 7659: 7649: 7639: 7629: 7619: 7609: 7599: 7589: 7579: 7569: 7559: 7549: 7539: 7529: 7519: 7511: 7495: 7485: 7475: 7465: 7455: 7445: 7435: 7427: 7417: 7388: 7378: 7368: 7358: 7348: 7338: 7328: 7318: 7308: 7298: 7288: 7278: 7268: 7258: 7248: 7238: 7228: 7218: 7213:. fulva 7208: 7198: 7188: 7178: 7168: 7158: 7148: 7138: 7128: 7118: 7108: 7100: 7084: 7074: 7064: 7054: 7049:. lanei 7044: 7034: 7024: 7014: 7004: 6994: 6984: 6974: 6964: 6959:. basii 6954: 6944: 6936: 6920: 6910: 6900: 6890: 6880: 6870: 6860: 6850: 6840: 6830: 6820: 6810: 6800: 6790: 6780: 6770: 6760: 6750: 6740: 6730: 6720: 6715:. eliae 6710: 6700: 6690: 6680: 6670: 6660: 6650: 6640: 6630: 6620: 6612: 6602: 6590: 6518: 6509: 6494: 6453: 6443: 6433: 6418: 6299:Phallotoxins 6289:Proamanullin 6207: 6197: 6188: 6187: 6177: 6167: 6157: 6147: 6126: 6116: 6111:. verna 6106: 6096: 6086: 6076: 6066: 6042: 6009: 5994:Saproamanita 5988: 5979: 5937: 5924: 5903: 5893: 5883: 5873: 5863: 5853: 5843: 5833: 5823: 5813: 5803: 5793: 5783: 5768: 5759: 5746: 5702: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5658: 5650: 5643: 5553: 5534: 5515: 5497: 5488: 5479: 5470: 5437: 5433: 5427: 5418: 5391: 5387: 5377: 5347:(4): 344–5. 5344: 5340: 5339:poisoning". 5336: 5329: 5304: 5300: 5294: 5272:(2): 202–9. 5269: 5265: 5259: 5226: 5222: 5216: 5191: 5187: 5181: 5146: 5142: 5132: 5099: 5095: 5089: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5021: 5017: 5011: 4984: 4980: 4970: 4937: 4933: 4927: 4900: 4897:Toxicol. Sci 4896: 4886: 4877: 4867: 4848: 4841: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4810: 4777: 4773: 4767: 4755:. Retrieved 4751:the original 4746: 4736: 4722:(2): 49–51. 4719: 4715: 4711: 4705: 4696: 4666:(5): 402–6. 4663: 4659: 4653: 4620: 4616: 4592: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4546:. Retrieved 4542:the original 4537: 4528: 4516:. Retrieved 4513:www.bccdc.ca 4512: 4503: 4478: 4474: 4468: 4451: 4447: 4441: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4375:(5): 493–9. 4372: 4368: 4364: 4336: 4330: 4318:. Retrieved 4313: 4303: 4291:. Retrieved 4263: 4257: 4251: 4221: 4215: 4180: 4176: 4170: 4161: 4155: 4146: 4135: 4127: 4122: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4091: 4070: 4062: 4027: 4023: 4013: 3991:(1): 80–95. 3988: 3984: 3980: 3974: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3939: 3920: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3888: 3869: 3861:the original 3856: 3846: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3823: 3815:the original 3810: 3800: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3695: 3685: 3676: 3658: 3648: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3587: 3570: 3544: 3540: 3534: 3525: 3513:. Retrieved 3498: 3479: 3473: 3464: 3458: 3439: 3433: 3421:. Retrieved 3417:The Atlantic 3415: 3343: 3340:BMC Genomics 3339: 3329: 3299:(1): 13–24. 3296: 3292: 3288: 3239:(1): 351–3. 3236: 3232: 3222: 3184:(3): 317–9. 3181: 3177: 3171: 3162: 3129: 3125: 3091: 3085: 3052: 3048: 3042: 3030:. Retrieved 3016: 2997: 2991: 2967:. Retrieved 2963: 2953: 2944: 2912: 2905: 2886: 2865:. Retrieved 2861: 2855: 2847: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2799: 2787:. Retrieved 2783: 2777: 2755: 2738: 2704: 2700: 2691: 2666: 2662: 2655:Singer, Rolf 2649: 2616: 2612: 2606: 2581: 2577: 2571: 2554: 2548: 2530: 2523: 2515: 2507: 2490: 2484: 2467: 2461: 2453: 2448: 2413: 2409: 2369: 2365: 2355: 2344:, retrieved 2322: 2312: 2301:, retrieved 2279: 2269: 2258:, retrieved 2236: 2226: 2215:, retrieved 2193: 2183: 2142: 2138: 2128: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2019: 2013: 1941: 1937: 1927: 1900: 1891:Fungi portal 1862: 1848: 1826:The case of 1825: 1807:experienced 1803: 1786: 1781: 1756: 1752: 1750: 1744: 1732: 1712:(PT), serum 1698: 1682:hemodialysis 1664: 1660:prednisolone 1638: 1629: 1611: 1592: 1585: 1576: 1572: 1548:coagulopathy 1518:, diarrhea, 1508:hypoglycemia 1472: 1450: 1426: 1422: 1420: 1413: 1401: 1377: 1367: 1363:Leptospermum 1361: 1355: 1343: 1331: 1327: 1281: 1264:South Africa 1234: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1209: 1205: 1199: 1194: 1187: 1171: 1165: 1159: 1153: 1147: 1141: 1135: 1133: 1128: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1108: 1104: 1098: 1091: 1085: 1077: 1076: 1024: 1019: 1008:Feodor Lynen 1001: 996: 950: 939: 928:phallotoxins 909: 882:Biochemistry 859: 848: 756:partial veil 726: 719:never does. 716: 708: 704: 700: 692: 688: 686: 681: 673: 667: 661: 655: 647: 640: 637:type species 632: 631: 622: 614: 606: 598: 588: 580: 573: 551: 520: 519: 515:thermostable 496: 459: 449: 438: 372: 371: 370: 362: 344: 329: 303: 285: 267: 263: 234: 208: 176: 174: 158: 157: 145: 42: 36: 8634:NatureServe 8595:iNaturalist 8466:Wikispecies 7806:Roanokenses 7512:Phalloideae 7079:. yema 6526:nom. prov.) 6419:Roanokenses 6401:Toxophallin 6396:Phallolysin 6355:Alaviroidin 6337:Prophalloin 6317:Phallisacin 6307:Phallacidin 6279:Amaninamide 6043:Phalloideae 5672:Phalloideae 5508:Cited texts 5067:(14): 800. 5018:Drug Safety 4518:29 November 4198:10198/17717 3346:(1): 1038. 2818:Amaniteae: 2512:(in German) 2452:The "fungi 2114:: 157–160. 1809:indigestion 1670:glutathione 1656:ciclosporin 1634:liver cells 1607:electrolyte 1504:tachycardia 1500:hypotension 1496:dehydration 1398:, Australia 932:phallolysin 912:multicyclic 856:spore print 844:leaf litter 723:Description 707:. The true 593:. In 1821, 346:mycorrhizal 343:Ecology is 326:Spore print 135:Amanitaceae 8834:Categories 6391:Antamanide 6347:Virotoxins 6327:Phalloidin 5745:Poisonous 5625:Audio help 5616:2007-09-14 5388:J. Hepatol 4757:1 November 4177:Toxicology 3905:: 111–119. 3423:5 February 2454:Phalloides 1944:(1): 143. 1920:References 1844:nightshade 1805:Charles VI 1743:Voltaire, 1652:paclitaxel 1648:antamanide 1644:rifampicin 1357:Eucalyptus 1004:Phalloidin 965:β-amanitin 961:α-Amanitin 946:antamanide 890:α-Amanitin 581:phalloides 534:α-Amanitin 125:Agaricales 101:Division: 8728:Q61962642 8364:Lepidella 8348:Lepidella 8346:Subgenus 7418:Amanitina 7416:Subgenus 7101:Vaginatae 6937:Caesareae 6601:Subgenus 6534:Compounds 6468:Compounds 6322:Phallisin 6312:Phallacin 6269:Amanullin 6242:Amanitins 6234:Amatoxins 6226:Compounds 6024:Compounds 5989:Lepidella 5980:Amanitina 5951:Amavadine 5946:Muscazone 5941:Muscarine 5918:Compounds 5751:mushrooms 4548:6 January 4320:4 January 4183:: 41–55. 4005:0953-7562 3966:0716-114X 3960:: 17–21. 3764:Mycologia 3553:0011-6211 3547:: 5–105. 3362:1471-2164 3233:FEBS Lett 2969:16 August 2828:Torrendia 2824:Limacella 2432:0006-8098 2167:0962-1083 2120:0075-7314 2108:Kurtziana 1968:1471-2148 1855:Australia 1851:Leongatha 1840:Suetonius 1714:bilirubin 1622:silibinin 1582:Treatment 1544:hepatitis 1352:Myrtaceae 1320:hornbeams 1304:chestnuts 1256:Argentina 1240:Melbourne 1101:puffballs 936:hemolytic 924:amatoxins 654:, namely 566:described 511:Amatoxins 507:poisoning 480:mushrooms 439:death cap 153:Species: 91:Kingdom: 85:Eukaryota 32:black cap 18:Death cap 8802:MycoBank 8794:11389981 8763:Fungorum 8742:60022908 8737:AusFungi 8722:Wikidata 8639:2.903125 8621:MycoBank 8613:10382520 8569:Fungorum 8519:BioLib: 8512:60022907 8507:AusFungi 8451:Wikidata 8362:Section 8118:Section 7804:Section 7510:Section 7428:Amidella 7426:Section 7099:Section 6935:Section 6611:Section 6370:Viroidin 6360:Viroisin 6332:Phalloin 6262:epsilon- 5977:Subgenus 5933:Muscimol 5757:Subgenus 5670:Section 5627: · 5462:37788880 5454:17503263 5410:17188393 5369:39474194 5361:16573553 5286:15664245 5251:39522161 5208:10975479 5124:23001126 5046:25061940 5038:10672895 4962:40666108 4954:10635453 4919:16495352 4802:19805371 4688:23016936 4645:22919515 4637:12475187 4345:15150059 4288:39222950 4280:10495756 4207:26375431 4054:25755582 3877:Archived 3749:20554586 3741:19207260 3656:(1897). 3509:Archived 3380:27978833 3271:39255487 3214:37127957 3154:14505933 3026:Archived 2641:88436479 2563:28329773 2540:19300194 2499:10717479 2440:87008723 2175:19207260 1986:24950598 1899:List of 1877:See also 1828:Claudius 1821:Voltaire 1819:. Noted 1745:Mémoires 1741:— 1722:sequelae 1556:bleeding 1524:seizures 1520:delirium 1516:jaundice 1492:vomiting 1484:diarrhea 1455:Canberra 1409:jaundice 1396:Canberra 1386:Toxicity 1316:filberts 1288:hardwood 1248:Adelaide 1244:Canberra 1129:Agaricus 1124:Agaricus 977:microRNA 975:(mRNA), 926:and the 916:peptides 784:lamellae 729:epigeous 609:, after 548:Taxonomy 501:and the 472:chestnut 282:Hymenium 241:hymenium 131:Family: 81:Domain: 62:, Italy 60:Piacenza 8840:Amanita 8781:2526235 8701:1456973 8587:5240325 8548:1009706 8457:Q188643 8120:Validae 6613:Amanita 6603:Amanita 6595:species 6592:Amanita 6503:Species 6495:Validae 6427:Species 6051:Species 6003:Species 5925:Toxins: 5777:Species 5769:Amanita 5760:Amanita 5748:Amanita 5701:at the 5676:Amanita 5668:Amanita 5614: ( 5321:2490426 5243:7366125 5164:1608737 5116:8532053 5003:2243367 4833:8937042 4794:6862461 4728:3278370 4712:Amanita 4680:3987318 4584:6291147 4495:8656182 4460:7603660 4433:2643869 4409:Amanita 4389:2334013 4128:Amanita 4098:Amanita 4045:4298634 3981:Amanita 3840:: 1–96. 3830:Amanita 3792:4734427 3784:3757790 3721:Bibcode 3668:1185748 3640:5273858 3620:Bibcode 3515:12 June 3371:5159998 3321:9604278 3301:Bibcode 3293:Toxicon 3263:4429639 3241:Bibcode 3186:Bibcode 3134:Bibcode 3126:Toxicon 3077:8146866 3057:Bibcode 3049:Toxicon 2820:Amanita 2721:1221006 2683:1220563 2633:1218449 2598:1216724 2476:5146641 2260:25 July 2147:Bibcode 2086:8326898 2044:1114308 2024:Bibcode 1977:4094918 1946:Bibcode 1903:species 1901:Amanita 1836:Tacitus 1813:sautéed 1787:Amanita 1757:Amanita 1640:SLCO1B3 1530:due to 1480:colicky 1463:Chinese 1443:Laotian 1348:hemlock 1324:spruces 1312:birches 1300:beeches 1292:conifer 1278:Ecology 1268:poplars 1252:Uruguay 1137:Russula 1115:Amanita 1105:Amanita 1016:blusher 993:kidneys 860:Amanita 833:⁄ 823:⁄ 813:⁄ 799:⁄ 777:⁄ 767:⁄ 760:annulus 748:⁄ 648:Amanita 644:section 641:Amanita 635:is the 611:Persoon 590:Phallus 585:phallus 451:Amanita 146:Amanita 141:Genus: 121:Order: 111:Class: 8814:NZOR: 8807:452913 8768:452913 8688:545199 8672:NZOR: 8626:178962 8574:178962 8561:AMANPH 8494:ARKive 8486:133337 6284:Amanin 6257:gamma- 6247:alpha- 5585:minute 5560: 5541: 5522: 5460: 5452: 5408: 5367: 5359: 5319: 5284: 5249: 5241: 5206: 5173:719466 5171: 5161: 5122: 5114: 5081:423916 5079: 5044: 5036: 5001: 4960: 4952: 4917: 4855: 4831: 4800: 4792: 4726: 4686: 4678: 4643: 4635: 4582: 4493: 4458: 4431: 4387: 4343: 4293:22 May 4286: 4278: 4228: 4205: 4079: 4052: 4042: 4003: 3964: 3927: 3790: 3782: 3747: 3739: 3696:Botany 3666: 3638: 3579:915096 3577: 3551: 3486: 3446: 3378: 3368: 3360: 3319: 3269: 3261: 3212: 3206:567964 3204: 3152: 3098: 3075: 3032:1 June 3004: 2920: 2893: 2867:22 May 2835: 2789:22 May 2747:955264 2745: 2719: 2681: 2639: 2631: 2596: 2561: 2538: 2497: 2474: 2438: 2430: 2346:3 June 2337: 2303:3 June 2294: 2251: 2217:3 June 2208: 2173: 2165: 2118: 2084: 2042: 1984: 1974: 1966: 1775:, and 1692:, and 1566:, and 1526:, and 1510:, and 1490:, and 1488:nausea 1435:Oregon 1374:Cyprus 1369:Kunzea 1282:It is 1178:Andean 1158:, and 1090:) and 1082:edible 922:: the 920:tissue 872:iodine 737:pileus 474:, and 462:forms 456:Europe 446:fungus 363:deadly 302:has a 264:convex 195:(1833) 185:Vaill. 8789:IRMNG 8755:65P3C 8696:WoRMS 8665:67723 8608:IRMNG 8600:52135 8535:65ZB2 8522:60473 6252:beta- 5458:S2CID 5365:S2CID 5247:S2CID 5120:S2CID 5042:S2CID 4958:S2CID 4878:Slate 4798:S2CID 4714:?)". 4684:S2CID 4641:S2CID 4284:S2CID 3780:JSTOR 3745:S2CID 3636:S2CID 3267:S2CID 3210:S2CID 2717:JSTOR 2701:Taxon 2679:JSTOR 2663:Taxon 2637:S2CID 2629:JSTOR 2613:Taxon 2594:JSTOR 2578:Taxon 2436:S2CID 1447:Hmong 1272:Chile 1214:, by 989:liver 981:snRNA 900:amide 840:volva 788:stipe 705:tarda 703:var. 554:Latin 538:liver 492:gills 488:stipe 330:white 309:volva 300:Stipe 236:Gills 95:Fungi 8776:GBIF 8660:NCBI 8582:GBIF 8556:EPPO 8481:APNI 5558:ISBN 5539:ISBN 5520:ISBN 5450:PMID 5406:PMID 5357:PMID 5317:PMID 5282:PMID 5239:PMID 5204:PMID 5169:PMID 5112:PMID 5077:PMID 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