160:). Since 1959, the South African government officially performed 2,949 hangings (14 of women), including 1,123 in the 1980s. Of over one hundred South Africans executed in 1988, only three were white, all sentenced for the murder of whites. Despite the obviously skewed verdicts, most capital cases ended not with execution; out of 83 black South Africans convicted of killing whites between June 1982 and June 1983, a minority of 38 were hanged, as well as one white convicted of killing a white (out of 52). One rare occurrence of whites sentenced to death for the murder of a black person was Ginny Goitsione, who was sexually assaulted and burned alive by two white offenders in 1985. These numbers show, as a whole, the vast use of the "extenuating circumstances" rule in a country deeply steeped in racial strife, with widespread incidents of violence and presumed threat making such a defence justifiable. One landmark case, concerning both race and
127: for those convicted, rather than an expected sentence of hanging. The jury system, having been set aside for serious cases by special statutes (e.g. the Rivonia Trial). Already in 1947, 75% of criminal trials had been by judge (usually assisted by two assessors), not jury, largely as result of the selection by the accused. In capital trials, the three-judge panel was mandatory if selected. Certain discretion was also granted to the
131:
to decide on trial by judge regarding interracial crimes, further eroding the likelihood of trial by jury. The layman participation was finally scrapped by the
Abolition of Juries Act of 1969, with half a percent (0,48 %) of trials in 1968 being decided by juries. Liberal writer and opposition
69:, which is largely still in force. At the same time, criminal justice saw an increased racialisation in disfavour of the non-white majority, who represented the vast majority of accused and convicted in capital cases. In part this was because of the jury system,
949:
There are other pursuits that I want to be part of, such as fighting for the death penalty and I cannot do that under the EFF because the founding manifesto says that the death penalty cannot be returned to SA and I don't agree with that", she
136:
later stated that the abolition of juries, although part of criminal reforms to bring the procedure under the control of the government, likely did increase legal security for black defendants, due to the widespread prejudice of white juries.
58:. Before this reform, vast numbers of delinquents were sentenced to death without having their sentences carried out, with only 24% of capital verdicts being carried out in the period 1925 to 1935 (including 7% of verdicts against women).
65:, who decried the draconian rates of nominal sentences, favouring greater discretion for judges which were ultimately brought into the penal code with a rule of extenuating circumstances, which largely were maintained into the
96:. At the same time, South Africa saw mounting international criticism against purposely political executions of anti-apartheid activists convicted of violent crimes; mainly blacks, but occasionally whites, the case of
176:
minor, to kill her lover's wife. Both were sentenced to death, but the sentences were vacated on appeal and
Lehnberg and Choegoe were re-sentenced to 20 and 15 years, respectively. The crux of the precedent,
363:
Devenish, G (1992). "The historical and jurisprudential evolution and background to the application of the death penalty in South Africa and its relationship with constitutional and political reform".
1444:
1323:
223:
Although the death penalty was abolished in 1995, opinion polls suggest significant public support for its reinstatement. A 2014 poll in South Africa found that 76 percent of the
204:
on June 2 the same year along with her boyfriend
Yassiem Harris, in all cases following an aggravated murder conviction. In February 1990, a moratorium was declared by President
1589:
1429:
1778:
1449:
785:
220:
in 1990 and 1991 respectively, almost universally considered parts of South Africa at the time, but with little to no intervention from South
African authorities.
1256:
815:
737:
711:
909:
1793:
980:
1773:
256:
84:), although retaining the right to vote until 1960, were removed by statute in 1954. In the case of women defendants, an all-women jury could be selected.
100:
in 1965 being exemplary. Most verdicts were for homicide, the vastly most common reason for being on death row, others under anti-terrorism legislation.
685:
883:
294:
1464:
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93:
1674:
1366:
936:
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1057:
997:
869:
643:
399:
1333:
33:
415:
Novak, Andrew (1 January 2013). "Abuse of state power: the mandatory death penalty for political crimes in
Southern Rhodesia, 1963-1970".
181:, refined was that an abundantly strong presumption for extenuating circumstances would be the case in cases involving a minor (Choegoe).
1504:
275:
77:
1604:
1409:
855:
236:
141:
128:
345:
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299:
1599:
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1549:
1534:
1489:
1424:
973:
830:
444:"Robert Turrell, White Mercy. A Study of the Death Penalty in South Africa: Westport, Praeger, 2004, 281 pp., ISBN 0 325 07132 2"
802:
1554:
1308:
322:
252:
240:
1700:
607:
54:, sometimes of several convicts at the same time. Mandatory death penalty for murder was abolished in 1935, comparable to the
1788:
1654:
1629:
1479:
1474:
1454:
1419:
1404:
92:
Hanging was maintained as the preferred method, as in most post-independence cases of criminal law, following South Africa's
1747:
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534:
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689:
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1015:
479:
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201:
185:
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267:
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There are a number of parties in South Africa that support the return of the death penalty. They are the
1352:
1148:
1136:
1010:
582:
263:
144:
and lessening of some apartheid provisions, nevertheless saw a decline in even fundamental standards of
97:
1276:
1116:
1153:
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73:
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989:
501:
244:
161:
42:, following a five-year and four-month moratorium that had been in effect since February 1990.
639:
633:
395:
124:
55:
816:"2019 ELECTIONS: The crib-sheet to the political parties contesting the 2019 polls, Part One"
608:"One of the most infamous murders in South Africa takes place | South African History Online"
17:
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announced that she supported the reinstatement of the death penalty in South Africa.
213:
173:
112:
81:
1042:
786:"From the death penalty to scrapping low pass marks: Manyi's ambitions for the ATM"
120:
208:. Two further executions were, however, carried out in the nominally independent "
196:
The last execution carried out by the South
African government was the hanging of
660:
555:
115:- explicitly iterated that the prosecution's selection of indicting the accused,
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1076:
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510:
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304:
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188:; condemned prisoners were held in a section of the prison called "The Pot".
1293:
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511:"Firing Line with William F. Buckley Jr.: What's Happening in South Africa?"
209:
169:
62:
763:
428:
870:"Let's talk about bringing back the death penalty, says IFP – the Citizen"
1298:
1210:
227:
generation South
Africans support re-introduction of the death penalty.
1220:
1215:
1163:
1158:
1047:
1005:
515:
262:
Other parties support a referendum on the death penalty, including the
51:
148:
and rapid increase in the number of executions; 164 in 1987 alone (an
958:
856:"Should SA bring back the death penalty? IFP believes it may be time"
884:"NFP echoes IFP calls for death penalty after rape victim's suicide"
460:
443:
480:"Lay participation in South Africa from apartheid to majority rule"
1261:
217:
172:
woman sentenced to death for conspiring with
Marthinus Choegoe, a
937:"Former EFF Gauteng chairperson wants to fight for death penalty"
317:
Lloyd, Vogelman (1989). "The Living Dead: Living on Death Row".
157:
101:
1348:
962:
831:"ACC launches election manifesto with focus on social justice"
556:"Sandra Smith – the last woman to be hanged in South Africa"
104:, under aggravated circumstances, was also a capital crime.
803:
New political party officially launched in the
Eastern Cape
152:
tally higher than that of any other country, including the
1324:
Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United
Nations
550:
548:
392:
White Mercy: A Study of the Death Penalty in South Africa
78:
effort to suppress the franchise for non-white citizens
346:"South Africa's Supreme Court Abolishes Death Penalty"
80:. Non-white jurors (in effect only occurring in the
50:
The standard method for carrying out executions was
1688:
1663:
1382:
1244:
1056:
996:
32:was abolished on 6 June 1995 by the ruling of the
688:. Angus Reid Global. 14 May 2006. Archived from
123:, supported his decision to issue a sentence of
56:similar act passed in the United Kingdom in 1957
281:In April 2020, former EFF Gauteng chairperson
200:in November 1989. The last woman executed was
1360:
974:
535:"Hangings Now the Routine at Pretoria Prison"
8:
910:"MK Party wants referendum on death penalty"
583:"2 South African Whites Get Death Sentences"
257:National Conservative Party of South Africa
61:The reform was supported by Prime Minister
1367:
1353:
1345:
981:
967:
959:
740:. News24. 22 February 2013. Archived from
459:
365:South African Journal of Criminal Justice
714:. SAPA. 22 February 2013. Archived from
661:"Capital punishment in the Commonwealth"
295:Category:People executed by South Africa
1329:Capital punishment for drug trafficking
738:"Youth 'want death penalty reinstated'"
712:"Youth 'want death penalty reinstated'"
336:
1779:1995 disestablishments in South Africa
686:"South Africans Support Death Penalty"
533:Battersby, John D. (1 December 1988).
417:Fundamina: A Journal of Legal History
319:South African Journal on Human Rights
7:
1334:Capital punishment for homosexuality
581:Parks, Michael (20 September 1985).
528:
526:
473:
471:
1794:Human rights abuses in South Africa
638:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 178.
484:Revue Internationale de Droit Penal
184:All executions were carried out in
1774:Capital punishment in South Africa
237:African Christian Democratic Party
94:independence as a republic in 1961
30:Capital punishment in South Africa
25:
1257:Most recent executions by country
344:French, Howard W. (7 June 1995).
300:Life imprisonment in South Africa
142:incremental constitutional change
1675:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
1445:Democratic Republic of the Congo
935:Feketha, Siviwe (2 April 2020).
442:Konaté, Dior (1 December 2005).
1309:Religion and capital punishment
805:. Retrieved on 21 January 2019.
323:University of the Witwatersrand
253:Alliance of Citizens for Change
241:African Transformation Movement
448:Crime, Histoire & Sociétés
390:Turrell, Robert Vicat (2004).
1:
1376:Capital punishment in Africa
1252:Enforcement or use by country
119:et al., for sabotage and not
18:Death penalty in South Africa
1784:Penal system in South Africa
67:Criminal Procedure Act, 1977
1179:Hanged, drawn and quartered
1810:
305:Necklacing in South Africa
154:People's Republic of China
478:Seligson, Milton (2001).
1430:Central African Republic
998:Current judicial methods
635:The Abuses of Punishment
394:. Praeger. p. 237.
192:Moratorium and abolition
560:Capitalpunishmentuk.org
270:, and former president
186:Pretoria Central Prison
140:The 1980s, a period of
71:completely dominated by
632:Adams, Robert (1998).
268:National Freedom Party
1789:Death in South Africa
1590:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1450:Republic of the Congo
665:Capital Punishment UK
264:Inkatha Freedom Party
98:Frederick John Harris
612:www.sahistory.org.za
74:White South Africans
34:Constitutional Court
1665:States with limited
1142:Republican marriage
1071:Damnatio ad bestias
939:. Johannesburg. IOL
790:www.timeslive.co.za
162:juvenile executions
129:Minister of Justice
76:because an ongoing
1314:Wrongful execution
1226:Suffocation in ash
1082:Blowing from a gun
990:Capital punishment
562:. 14 November 1989
539:The New York Times
377:20.500.12144/34298
350:The New York Times
245:Patriotic Alliance
1761:
1760:
1692:other territories
1465:Equatorial Guinea
1342:
1341:
1319:Botched execution
829:Poonah, Vanessa.
645:978-0-312-17617-4
587:Los Angeles Times
401:978-0-325-07126-8
231:Current situation
125:life imprisonment
16:(Redirected from
1801:
1753:
1752:(United Kingdom)
1748:Tristan da Cunha
1744:Ascension Island
1736:
1723:
1714:
1690:Dependencies and
1383:Sovereign states
1369:
1362:
1355:
1346:
1028:Nitrogen hypoxia
1023:Lethal injection
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818:. 21 March 2019.
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692:on 22 April 2014
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659:Clark, Richard.
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249:African Covenant
166:Marlene Lehnberg
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1304:List of methods
1289:Final statement
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916:. 31 March 2024
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36:in the case of
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1231:Upright jerker
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1097:Breaking wheel
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1060:post-classical
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454:(2): 134–135.
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164:, was that of
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109:Quartus de Wet
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39:S v Makwanyane
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1510:Ivory Coast
1272:Executioner
1112:Crucifixion
1087:Brazen bull
1077:Blood eagle
1058:Ancient and
1038:Gas chamber
266:(IFP), the
146:rule of law
132:politician
1768:Categories
1722:(Portugal)
1680:Somaliland
1600:Seychelles
1565:Mozambique
1550:Mauritania
1535:Madagascar
1490:The Gambia
1425:Cape Verde
1236:Waist chop
1200:Mazzatello
1194:Ishikozume
1189:Impalement
1184:Immurement
1174:Guillotine
1122:Decimation
770:19 January
670:18 January
617:24 January
592:24 January
566:19 January
331:References
274:'s party,
272:Jacob Zuma
225:Millennial
134:Alan Paton
1555:Mauritius
1294:Last meal
1267:Death row
1169:Gibbeting
1043:Beheading
764:"Justice"
210:homelands
170:Afrikaner
111:- of the
63:Jan Smuts
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1735:(France)
1729: /
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1703: /
1655:Zimbabwe
1630:Tanzania
1480:Ethiopia
1475:Eswatini
1455:Djibouti
1420:Cameroon
1405:Botswana
1299:Penology
1211:Scaphism
1149:Elephant
1137:Drowning
1117:Crushing
1011:Shooting
722:22 April
696:22 April
504:and the
371:: 1–31.
289:See also
255:and the
206:De Klerk
174:Coloured
150:official
1731:RĂ©union
1727:Mayotte
1718:Madeira
1713:(Spain)
1709:Melilla
1640:Tunisia
1610:Somalia
1595:Senegal
1580:Nigeria
1570:Namibia
1560:Morocco
1525:Liberia
1520:Lesotho
1470:Eritrea
1440:Comoros
1415:Burundi
1390:Algeria
1221:Stoning
1164:Garrote
1159:Flaying
1154:Falling
1107:Burning
1092:Boiling
1062:methods
1048:Stoning
1006:Hanging
943:3 April
516:YouTube
243:(ATM),
52:hanging
46:History
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1650:Zambia
1645:Uganda
1585:Rwanda
1540:Malawi
1500:Guinea
1395:Angola
1206:Sawing
1102:Burial
920:10 May
894:8 July
840:10 May
835:News24
766:. ACDP
748:9 July
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239:, the
107:Judge
88:Reform
1705:Ceuta
1625:Sudan
1575:Niger
1530:Libya
1515:Kenya
1495:Ghana
1485:Gabon
1460:Egypt
1400:Benin
1262:Crime
950:said.
218:Venda
212:" of
1635:Togo
1545:Mali
1435:Chad
1277:list
945:2020
922:2024
896:2019
842:2024
772:2016
750:2014
724:2014
698:2014
672:2011
640:ISBN
619:2024
594:2024
568:2016
396:ISBN
216:and
158:Iran
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102:Rape
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