2657:
2083:
2106:
3209:
2127:
2181:
2934:(base 8) system can also be converted with relative ease, although not quite as trivially as with bases 2 and 4. Each octal digit corresponds to three binary digits, rather than four. Therefore, we can convert between octal and hexadecimal via an intermediate conversion to binary followed by regrouping the binary digits in groups of either three or four.
3365:: that is, any hexadecimal number with a finite number of digits also has a finite number of digits when expressed in those other bases. Conversely, only a fraction of those finitely representable in the latter bases are finitely representable in hexadecimal. For example, decimal 0.1 corresponds to the infinite recurring representation 0.1
1421:. Setting the variables *read-base* and *print-base* to 16 can also be used to switch the reader and printer of a Common Lisp system to Hexadecimal number representation for reading and printing numbers. Thus Hexadecimal numbers can be represented without the #x or #16r prefix code, when the input or output base has been changed to 16.
2786:). The advantage of using hexadecimal rather than decimal increases rapidly with the size of the number. When the number becomes large, conversion to decimal is very tedious. However, when mapping to hexadecimal, it is trivial to regard the binary string as 4-digit groups and map each to a single hexadecimal digit.
6569:
This base is used because a group of four bits can represent any one of sixteen different numbers (zero to fifteen). By assigning a symbol to each of these combinations, we arrive at a notation called sexadecimal (usually "hex" in conversation because nobody wants to abbreviate "sex"). The symbols in
2946:
for converting a representation of a number to hexadecimal by doing integer division and remainder operations in the source base. In theory, this is possible from any base, but for most humans, only decimal and for most computers, only binary (which can be converted by far more efficient methods) can
3219:
It is also possible to make the conversion by assigning each place in the source base the hexadecimal representation of its place value — before carrying out multiplication and addition to get the final representation. For example, to convert the number B3AD to decimal, one can split the hexadecimal
2176:
Others have proposed using the verbal Morse Code conventions to express four-bit hexadecimal digits, with "dit" and "dah" representing zero and one, respectively, so that "0000" is voiced as "dit-dit-dit-dit" (....), dah-dit-dit-dah (-..-) voices the digit with a value of nine, and "dah-dah-dah-dah"
2168:
programmers, Magnuson (1968) suggested a pronunciation guide that gave short names to the letters of hexadecimal – for instance, "A" was pronounced "ann", B "bet", C "chris", etc. Another naming-system was published online by Rogers (2007) that tries to make the verbal representation distinguishable
2151:
Since there were no traditional numerals to represent the quantities from ten to fifteen, alphabetic letters were re-employed as a substitute. Most
European languages lack non-decimal-based words for some of the numerals eleven to fifteen. Some people read hexadecimal numbers digit by digit, like a
5960:
With the ridiculous choice of letters A, B, C, D, E, F as hexadecimal number symbols adding to already troublesome problems of distinguishing octal (or hex) numbers from decimal numbers (or variable names), the time is overripe for reconsideration of our number symbols. This should have been done
2672:
Most computers manipulate binary data, but it is difficult for humans to work with a large number of digits for even a relatively small binary number. Although most humans are familiar with the base 10 system, it is much easier to map binary to hexadecimal than to decimal because each hexadecimal
5793:
system, there have been occasional attempts to promote hexadecimal as the preferred numeral system. These attempts often propose specific pronunciation and symbols for the individual numerals. Some proposals unify standard measures so that they are multiples of 16. An early such proposal was put
5965:
Martin's argument was that use of numerals 0 to 9 in nondecimal numbers "imply to us a base-ten place-value scheme": "Why not use entirely new symbols (and names) for the seven or fifteen nonzero digits needed in octal or hex. Even use of the letters A through P would be an improvement, but
5978:
standards (ASA X3.4-1963 and USAS X3.4-1968) "should have preserved six code table positions following the ten decimal digits -- rather than needlessly filling these with punctuation characters" (":;<=>?") that might have been placed elsewhere among the 128 available positions.
5966:
entirely new symbols could reflect the binary nature of the system". He also argued that "re-using alphabetic letters for numerical digits represents a gigantic backward step from the invention of distinct, non-alphabetic glyphs for numerals sixteen centuries ago" (as
2656:
6013:
character set. Although any 16 symbols from the ASCII character set can be used, in practice, the ASCII digits "0"–"9" and the letters "A"–"F" (or the lowercase "a"–"f") are always chosen in order to align with standard written notation for hexadecimal numbers.
2919:(base 4) is little used, it can easily be converted to and from hexadecimal or binary. Each hexadecimal digit corresponds to a pair of quaternary digits, and each quaternary digit corresponds to a pair of binary digits. In the above example 2 5 C
1086:
is not clear, hexadecimal numbers can be ambiguous and confused with numbers expressed in other bases. There are several conventions for expressing values unambiguously. A numerical subscript (itself written in decimal) can give the base explicitly:
6570:
the sexadecimal language are the ten decimal digits and on the G-15 typewriter, the letters "u", "v", "w", "x", "y", and "z". These are arbitrary markings; other computers may use different alphabet characters for these last six digits.
3002:
implementation of the above algorithm for converting any number to a hexadecimal in String representation. Its purpose is to illustrate the above algorithm. To work with data seriously, however, it is much more advisable to work with
789:
system representing numbers using ten symbols, hexadecimal uses sixteen distinct symbols, most often the symbols "0"–"9" to represent values 0 to 9 and "A"–"F" (or "a"–"f") to represent values from ten to fifteen.
6042:
Space efficiency is only 50%, since each 4-bit value from the original data will be encoded as an 8-bit byte. In contrast, Base32 and Base64 encodings have a space efficiency of 63% and 75% respectively.
2135:
In 1972, Ronald O. Whitaker of Rowco
Engineering Co. proposed a triangular font that allows "direct binary reading" to "permit both input and output from computers without respect to encoding matrices."
3294:
Alternatively, one can also perform elementary operations directly within the hex system itself — by relying on its addition/multiplication tables and its corresponding standard algorithms such as
6057:, where a character is replaced with a percent sign "%" and its Base16-encoded form. Most modern programming languages directly include support for formatting and parsing Base16-encoded numbers.
879:
There is no universal convention to use lowercase or uppercase, so each is prevalent or preferred in particular environments by community standards or convention; even mixed case is used. Some
2169:
in any case, even when the actual number does not contain numbers A–F. Examples are listed in the tables below. Yet another naming system was elaborated by Babb (2015), based on a joke in
5952:(1960) and The Pacific Data Systems 1020 (1964). The standard adopted by IBM seems to have become widely adopted by 1968, when Bruce Alan Martin in his letter to the editor of the
1546:, scripts, commands and other places. This format was common on other (and now obsolete) IBM systems as well. Occasionally quotation marks were used instead of apostrophes.
3369:
in hexadecimal. However, hexadecimal is more efficient than duodecimal and sexagesimal for representing fractions with powers of two in the denominator. For example, 0.0625
3326:
For any base, 0.1 (or "1/10") is always equivalent to one divided by the representation of that base value in its own number system. Thus, whether dividing one by two for
7018:
886:
There is some standardization of using spaces (rather than commas or another punctuation mark) to separate hex values in a long list. For instance, in the following
7415:
6202:
6836:
6598:
6367:
6703:
6554:
3279:
includes the hexadecimal digits A through F, which are active when "Hex" is selected. In hex mode, however, the
Windows Calculator supports only integers.
5948:, which (unlike earlier variants of Fortran) recognizes a standard for entering hexadecimal constants. As noted above, alternative notations were used by
5940:
The now-current notation using the letters A to F establishes itself as the de facto standard beginning in 1966, in the wake of the publication of the
6309:
6027:
The symbols 0–9 and A–F are universal in hexadecimal notation, so it is easily understood at a glance without needing to rely on a symbol lookup table.
6135:
744:
7083:
6390:
3256:
Many computer systems provide a calculator utility capable of performing conversions between the various radices frequently including hexadecimal.
6472:
6096:
2668:
from 1982 was designed for programmers. One of its key features was the conversion between different numeral systems (note hex number in display).
2082:
464:
6338:
7050:
7448:
7120:
6869:
6009:
In this case, data is broken into 4-bit sequences, and each value (between 0 and 15 inclusively) is encoded using one of 16 symbols from the
7396:
7453:
7443:
7173:
3350:
result in an infinite string of recurring digits (such as thirds and fifths). This makes hexadecimal (and binary) less convenient than
2837:
Compare this to the conversion to hexadecimal, where each group of four digits can be considered independently and converted directly:
6994:
6800:
297:
7364:
7336:
6582:
Gill, S.; Neagher, R. E.; Muller, D. E.; Nash, J. P.; Robertson, J. E.; Shapin, T.; Whesler, D. J. (1956-09-01). Nash, J. P. (ed.).
6167:
2157:
1249:. Some implementations require a leading zero when the first hexadecimal digit character is not a decimal digit, so one would write
6956:
7251:
Project of a New System of
Arithmetic, Weight, Measure and Coins: Proposed to be called the Tonal System, with Sixteen to the Base
6666:
5800:
Project of a New System of
Arithmetic, Weight, Measure and Coins: Proposed to be called the Tonal System, with Sixteen to the Base
2789:
This example shows the conversion of a binary number to decimal, mapping each digit to the decimal value, and adding the results.
5971:
5937:
in his mid-1800s work on alternative number bases, although he rejected base 16 because of its "incommodious number of digits".
88:
7354:
1519:
6862:"SN5446A, '47A, '48, SN54LS47, 'LS48, 'LS49, SN7446A, '47A, '48, SN74LS47, 'LS48, 'LS49 BCD-to-Seven-Segment Decoders/Drivers"
7010:
6865:
6280:
6081:
2115:
531:
6632:
1624:
can be expressed with six hexadecimal digits (two each for the red, green and blue components, in that order) prefixed with
793:
Software developers and system designers widely use hexadecimal numbers because they provide a convenient representation of
5882:, etc.) but others have introduced terms which substitute native words for "sixteen" (e.g. Greek δεκαεξαδικός, Icelandic
5444:
1277:
1273:
737:
312:
6584:"ILLIAC Programming – A Guide to the Preparation of Problems For Solution by the University of Illinois Digital Computer"
6439:
6248:
5850:
for base 60) is older, and sees at least occasional use from the late 19th century. It is still in use in the 1950s in
6796:
6747:
6699:
6593:(Fourth printing. Revised and corrected ed.). Urbana, Illinois, US: Digital Computer Laboratory, Graduate College,
5771:
3291:, such as the commonly used decimal system or the binary system where each hex digit corresponds to four binary digits.
3240:
being the corresponding hex digit position, counting from right to left, beginning with 0). In this case, we have that:
2524:
1324:
1297:
1139:
In linear text systems, such as those used in most computer programming environments, a variety of methods have arisen:
657:
7412:
7144:
667:
6550:
2685:
in a binary numeral can contain either a 1 or a 0, its value may be easily determined by its position from the right:
1371:
1203:
484:
6926:
6829:
6583:
6515:
6359:
1179:
is a string containing 11 characters with two embedded Esc characters. To output an integer as hexadecimal with the
7438:
6690:
6181:
2170:
1716:
1607:
1330:
544:
6537:
2105:
894:
is a 2-digit hex number, with spaces between them, while the 32-bit offset at the start is an 8-digit hex number.
6738:
6050:
5953:
5439:
5363:
3267:
utility can be set to
Programmer mode, which allows conversions between radix 16 (hexadecimal), 10 (decimal), 8 (
2916:
2636:
2504:
2119:
640:
409:
45:
3338:(4), fractions expressed in hexadecimal have an odd period much more often than decimal ones, and there are no
2618:
1144:
841:
730:
57:
5406:
5401:
3346:
not found in the radix; thus, when using hexadecimal notation, all fractions with denominators that are not a
3342:(other than trivial single digits). Recurring digits are exhibited when the denominator in lowest terms has a
6024:
Being exactly half a byte, 4-bits is easier to process than the 5 or 6 bits of Base32 and Base64 respectively
3354:
for representing rational numbers since a larger proportion lies outside its range of finite representation.
6830:"Combined display and range selector for use with digital instruments employing the binary numbering system"
6628:
5991:
2661:
2496:
720:
504:
101:
6301:
6127:
6030:
Many CPU architectures have dedicated instructions that allow access to a half-byte (otherwise known as a "
5482:
Powers of two have very simple expansions in hexadecimal. The first sixteen powers of two are shown below.
7202:
6594:
2153:
1617:
1511:
404:
320:
7075:
6464:
6387:
3327:
3287:
Elementary operations such as division can be carried out indirectly through conversion to an alternate
3272:
2142:
decoder chips (i.e., 74LS47) show unexpected output due to logic designed only to produce 0–9 correctly.
2139:
880:
522:
3357:
All rational numbers finitely representable in hexadecimal are also finitely representable in decimal,
1719:
are written as thirty-two hexadecimal digits, often in unequal hyphen-separated groupings, for example
836:. In programming, several notations denote hexadecimal numbers, usually involving a prefix. The prefix
7380:, Pharmaceutical Association, 8th Annual Session, Boston, 15 September 1859. See pages and 33 and 41.
1744:
During the 1950s, some installations, such as Bendix-14, favored using the digits 0 through 5 with an
6330:
3264:
3213:
2536:
2051:
1543:
617:
478:
471:
352:
3208:
2484:
The hexadecimal system can express negative numbers the same way as in decimal: −2A to represent −42
7039:
2682:
2520:
2516:
1584:
1293:
1265:
699:
564:
515:
327:
259:
114:
75:
7264:
Nystrom (1862), p. 33: "In expressing time, angle of a circle, or points on the compass, the unit
6429:
to prefix hexadecimal, but the ampersand alone yields a default interpretation as an octal prefix.
828:
In mathematics, a subscript is typically used to specify the base. For example, the decimal value
7389:
Alfred B. Taylor, "Octonary numeration and its application to a system of weights and measures",
6761:
6196:
5851:
2512:
1694:
1568:
612:
365:
202:
197:
144:
6644:(NB. This somewhat odd sequence was from the next six sequential numeric keyboard codes in the
7390:
7360:
7332:
7116:
7112:
6990:
6173:
6163:
5368:
5117:
5079:
3316:
3260:
3004:
1230:
694:
684:
672:
652:
607:
602:
538:
370:
342:
249:
182:
172:
159:
124:
119:
6751:
6224:
6076:
6054:
5803:
5190:
5149:
5104:
2193:
1927:
1656:
1453:
1289:
1172:
597:
491:
244:
232:
177:
167:
134:
109:
6783:
7419:
7400:
7329:
The Words of
Mathematics: An etymological dictionary of mathematical terms used in English
6546:
6410:
6394:
5967:
5795:
3312:
2189:
1885:
1780:
1621:
1285:
1126:
883:
use mixed-case 'A b C d E F' to distinguish the digits A–F from one another and from 0–9.
873:
709:
679:
622:
592:
577:
337:
305:
277:
254:
237:
96:
689:
7377:
6986:
6948:
2196:
suggested using each finger as an on/off bit, allowing finger counting from zero to 1023
1121:
introduced the use of a particular typeface to represent a particular radix in his book
872:
In most current use cases, the letters A–F or a–f represent the values 10–15, while the
6659:
6622:
6049:
Support for Base16 encoding is ubiquitous in modern computing. It is the basis for the
5945:
5862:. Many western languages since the 1960s have adopted terms equivalent in formation to
5828:
3288:
3276:
2165:
778:
704:
647:
627:
582:
455:
187:
154:
139:
65:
5893:
Terminology and notation did not become settled until the end of the 1960s. In 1969,
5786:) can be used to perform hexadecimal calculations such as additions and subtractions.
7432:
6021:
Most programming languages already have facilities to parse ASCII-encoded hexadecimal
5290:
3339:
3335:
3295:
2610:
2098:
1740:
to represent the digits above 9 was not universal in the early history of computers.
510:
399:
332:
272:
207:
149:
129:
6765:
2180:
5894:
5241:
5236:
3347:
3343:
3330:
or dividing one by sixteen for hexadecimal, both of these fractions are written as
3236:), and then get the final result by multiplying each decimal representation by 16 (
1710:
1690:
1436:
1392:
1118:
662:
587:
7249:
6045:
Possible added complexity of having to accept both uppercase and lowercase letters
5840:
3275:), the bases most commonly used by programmers. In Programmer Mode, the on-screen
2613:
binary floating-point standard and can be used for floating-point literals in the
2118:
considered the choice of A–F "ridiculous". In a 1968 letter to the editor of the
6979:
5846:
3362:
2523:
register or C045 0000 0000 0000 in a 64-bit FPU register (in the
2094:
2086:
1986:
1784:
1410:
1367:, where 8 is the number of bits in the value and FF is the hexadecimal constant.
1152:
794:
758:
632:
497:
449:
31:
6237:
3311:
As with other numeral systems, the hexadecimal system can be used to represent
2629:
conversion specifiers, this notation can be produced by implementations of the
6791:
6443:
6272:
6107:
6086:
5941:
5790:
3358:
2999:
2579:. Usually, the number is normalized so that the hexadecimal digits start with
2560:
2540:
2500:
2020:
1613:
1428:
1388:
434:
192:
7309:
in the more general sense of "relating to sixteen". An early explicit use of
7224:
5774:
were base-16. For example, one jīn (斤) in the old system equals sixteen
7136:
6227:
that reset the character set and color, and then move the cursor to line 25.
6177:
5824:
5203:
2943:
2126:
1924:
1693:
can be written as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits (sometimes called
1636:. CSS also allows 3-hexdigit abbreviations with one hexdigit per component:
1495:. Binary, quaternary (base-4), and octal numbers can be specified similarly.
1449:
1432:
1424:
1375:
856:
762:
444:
6782:
Whitaker, Ronald O. (January 1972). Written at
Indianapolis, Indiana, US.
2495:
Hexadecimal can also be used to express the exact bit patterns used in the
1218:
represents the character U+0054 (the uppercase letter "T"). If there is no
859:
is broken into two 4-bit values and represented by two hexadecimal digits.
6756:
6733:
6918:
6899:
Magnuson, Robert A. (January 1968). "A hexadecimal pronunciation guide".
6507:
6397:
6157:
6102:
6091:
5294:
5199:
5113:
1819:
1745:
1659:
encoding, character codes are written as hexadecimal pairs prefixed with
1480:
1269:
887:
7225:"A proposal for addition of the six Hexadecimal digits (A-F) to Unicode"
2122:, he proposed an entirely new set of symbols based on the bit locations.
5779:
3351:
1595:
1499:
1360:
1163:
constants. Byte values can be expressed in hexadecimal with the prefix
786:
429:
414:
17:
7076:"dprintf, fprintf, printf, snprintf, sprintf – print formatted output"
6861:
5806:, which subdivides a day by 16, so that there are 16 "hours" (or "10
6645:
6070:
6066:
6031:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5783:
2665:
2631:
1854:
1823:
1815:
1180:
802:
419:
38:
1920:=fixed-point etc.); programs were written without instruction names.
1257:. Some other implementations (such as NASM) allow C-style numbers (
7165:
7040:"Rationale for International Standard – Programming Languages – C"
6418:
6010:
5975:
5832:
3268:
3207:
2931:
2655:
2640:
2179:
2125:
2104:
2081:
1955:
1679:
1588:
1539:
1523:
1503:
1463:
1281:
1199:
1160:
1083:
782:
424:
386:
347:
5905:, a Latinate term intended to convey "grouped by 16" modelled on
2950:
Let d be the number to represent in hexadecimal, and the series h
5858:
may have been avoided because of its suggestive abbreviation to
5775:
5158:
2575:
exponent. Increasing the exponent by 1 multiplies by 2, not 16:
1682:) can be expressed as unprefixed consecutive hexadecimal pairs:
1652:
1535:
1515:
1507:
1346:
1334:
891:
806:
7313:
in the sense of "using base 16" is found also in 1895, in the
7194:
7137:"算盤 Hexadecimal Addition & Subtraction on a Chinese Abacus"
6624:
Royal
Precision Electronic Computer LGP – 30 Programming Manual
6034:"), making it more efficient in hardware than Base32 and Base64
1904:
for 1 to 15. Many machine instructions had mnemonic hex-codes (
44:"Hex format" redirects here. For hexadecimal file formats, see
37:"Hex digit" redirects here. For binary-coded hexadecimals, see
5949:
5917:, etc. According to Knuth's argument, the correct terms for
2995:"16" may be replaced with any other base that may be desired.
2614:
2017:
1564:
1560:
1195:
798:
2907:
The conversion from hexadecimal to binary is equally direct.
1888:(1956) computer, hexadecimal numbers were written as letters
7403:, Philadelphia, 1887; pages 296–366. See pages 317 and 322.
5285:
817:(0 to 255 decimal) in binary form, which can be written as
5802:, published in 1862. Nystrom among other things suggested
1498:
The most common format for hexadecimal on IBM mainframes (
2164:
system. In the wake of the adoption of hexadecimal among
7331:. The Mathematical Association of America. p. 105.
7315:
Journal of the
American Geographical Society of New York
7109:
Digital Design – With an Introduction to the Verilog HDL
2635:
family of functions following the C99 specification and
1728:
Other symbols for 10–15 and mostly different symbol sets
1337:
enclose hexadecimal numerals in based "numeric quotes":
5990:(as a proper name without a space) can also refer to a
1151:
to indicate a hex constant may have had origins in the
6795:. Vol. 18, no. 1. Barrington, Illinois, US:
5854:
documentation. Schwartzman (1994) argues that use of
2499:, so a sequence of hexadecimal digits may represent a
5897:
argued that the etymologically correct term would be
2093:
New numeric symbols and names were introduced in the
1315:
Some assembly languages (Microchip) use the notation
1233:
and Modula-2, hexadecimal is denoted with a suffixed
1147:(and the many languages influenced by C), the prefix
1125:. Hexadecimal representations are written there in a
5961:
before poor choices gelled into a de facto standard!
5078:
The table below gives the expansions of some common
2200:
on ten fingers. Another system for counting up to FF
2177:(----) voices the hexadecimal digit for decimal 15.
6894:
6892:
6890:
3244:
B3AD = (11 × 16) + (3 × 16) + (10 × 16) + (13 × 16)
2966:be the hexadecimal digits representing the number.
2192:have been devised for both binary and hexadecimal.
2130:
Ronald O. Whitaker's hexadecimal notation proposal.
1720:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1683:
1664:
1660:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1603:
1599:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1219:
1099:. Some authors prefer a text subscript, such as 159
6978:
6465:"ISO-8859-1 (ISO Latin 1) Character Encoding"
7268:should be noted as integer, and parts thereof as
6835:. Indianapolis, Indiana, US. US Patent 3974444A.
6658:Manthey, Steffen; Leibrandt, Klaus (2002-07-02).
6501:
6499:
6497:
6495:
6493:
6491:
6489:
6017:There are several advantages of Base16 encoding:
2109:Bruce Alan Martin's hexadecimal notation proposal
1822:(1952) computers (and some derived designs, e.g.
6823:
6821:
6777:
6775:
1598:standard, a character value is represented with
876:0–9 are used to represent their decimal values.
7102:
7100:
7049:. 5.10. April 2003. pp. 52, 153–154, 159.
7011:"ISO/IEC 9899:1999 – Programming languages – C"
6038:The main disadvantages of Base16 encoding are:
5958:
1701:). This, for example, is a valid IPv6 address:
1571:are written as hexadecimal pairs prefixed with
797:values. Each hexadecimal digit represents four
30:"Sexadecimal" redirects here. For base 60, see
6912:
6910:
6727:
6725:
6723:
6692:NEC Parametron Digital Computer Type NEAC-1103
6413:(without modification) since the latter takes
3204:Conversion through addition and multiplication
2535:Just as decimal numbers can be represented in
7107:Mano, M. Morris; Ciletti, Michael D. (2013).
6409:BBC BASIC programs are not fully portable to
2511:can be written as FFFF FFD6 in a 32-bit
1697:), where each group is separated by a colon (
1363:represents hexadecimal constants in the form
1202:, characters can be expressed as hexadecimal
851:Hexadecimal is used in the transfer encoding
738:
8:
6223:. These are the escape sequences used on an
1958: 100 (1967) used the uppercase letters
1787:(1956) computers used the lowercase letters
1705:or abbreviated by removing leading zeros as
1183:function family, the format conversion code
7082:(Issue 7, IEEE Std 1003.1, 2013 ed.).
6734:"Letters to the editor: On binary notation"
3298:and the traditional subtraction algorithm.
2783:
2023:computer NEAC 1103 (1960) used the letters
1577:http://www.example.com/name%20with%20spaces
1555:Sometimes the numbers are known to be Hex.
1395:and its derivatives denote hex with prefix
6273:"Modula-2 – Vocabulary and representation"
6201:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
745:
731:
81:
52:
6755:
832:would be expressed in hexadecimal as 4430
6421:values. (Microsoft BASIC primarily uses
5484:
5084:
3387:
2507:value. This way, the negative number −42
2323:
2210:
7223:Niemietz, Ricardo Cancho (2003-10-21).
6977:Clarke, Arthur; Pohl, Frederik (2008).
6903:. Vol. 14, no. 1. p. 45.
6119:
5933:, respectively. Alfred B. Taylor used
3323:) has only a single prime factor: two.
2782:in one step becomes easy (see table in
2673:digit maps to a whole number of bits (4
1703:2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
64:
7166:"Base 4^2 Hexadecimal Symbol Proposal"
6360:"*print-base* variable in Common Lisp"
6194:
5157:(the length of the diagonal of a unit
2559:) serves a similar purpose in decimal
1678:PostScript binary data (such as image
1675:in the ISO/IEC 8859-1 character set).)
7074:The IEEE and The Open Group (2013) .
6331:"*read-base* variable in Common Lisp"
5443:(the limiting difference between the
7:
6302:"An Introduction to VHDL Data Types"
3373:(one-sixteenth) is equivalent to 0.1
2947:be easily handled with this method.
2942:As with all bases there is a simple
1721:3F2504E0-4F89-41D3-9A0C-0305E82C3301
1591:code point 20 in hex, 32 in decimal.
1095:is hexadecimal 159, which equals 345
6828:Whitaker, Ronald O. (1976-08-10) .
6732:Martin, Bruce Alan (October 1968).
2991:) else increment i and go to step 2
2577:20p0 = 10p1 = 8p2 = 4p3 = 2p4 = 1p5
2539:, so too can hexadecimal numbers.
2054: 1020 (1964) used the letters
844:, which would denote this value as
805:(or nybble). For example, an 8-bit
7413:IBM System/360 FORTRAN IV Language
7080:The Open Group Base Specifications
6539:G15D Programmer's Reference Manual
6440:"Hexadecimal web colors explained"
6388:MSX is Coming — Part 2: Inside MSX
2774:With little practice, mapping 1111
2184:Hexadecimal finger-counting scheme
2147:Verbal and digital representations
1930:(1957) used the lowercase letters
25:
6514:. The Early Days of Hexadecimal.
6238:"The Unicode Standard, Version 7"
6219:specifies the character sequence
5823:is first recorded in 1952. It is
2938:Division-remainder in source base
2519:), as C228 0000 in a 32-bit
2158:Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet
1632:, for example, is represented as
801:(binary digits), also known as a
5994:belonging to the same family as
3396:Prime factors of: base, b = 10:
2531:Hexadecimal exponential notation
1713:are usually written in decimal).
1602:followed by the hex value, e.g.
1506:) running the traditional OS's (
1439:prefix hexadecimal numbers with
1155:systems. It is derived from the
781:that represents numbers using a
7355:The Art of Computer Programming
7205:from the original on 2010-09-04
7176:from the original on 2021-10-20
7147:from the original on 2019-07-06
7086:from the original on 2016-06-21
7056:from the original on 2016-06-06
7021:from the original on 2016-10-10
6959:from the original on 2020-11-11
6929:from the original on 2019-09-17
6875:from the original on 2021-10-20
6842:from the original on 2022-12-24
6806:from the original on 2022-12-05
6709:from the original on 2017-05-31
6672:from the original on 2018-10-03
6635:from the original on 2017-05-31
6604:from the original on 2017-05-31
6560:from the original on 2017-06-01
6518:from the original on 2018-07-16
6475:from the original on 2019-06-29
6400:, issue 56, January 1985, p. 52
6370:from the original on 2014-12-26
6341:from the original on 2016-02-03
6312:from the original on 2020-08-23
6283:from the original on 2015-12-13
6254:from the original on 2016-03-03
6184:from the original on 2022-01-16
6138:from the original on 2022-08-26
5053:
5045:
5008:
5000:
4957:
4949:
4906:
4898:
4857:
4849:
4777:
4769:
4726:
4718:
4675:
4667:
4632:
4624:
4587:
4579:
4542:
4534:
4497:
4453:
4445:
4408:
4400:
4365:
4357:
4314:
4306:
4263:
4221:
4213:
4176:
4168:
4129:
4121:
4049:
4041:
3998:
3990:
3955:
3947:
3910:
3902:
3865:
3857:
3818:
3774:
3766:
3700:
3692:
3655:
3647:
3608:
3531:
3519:
2208:) is illustrated on the right.
1487:to denote hexadecimal numbers:
7378:Report on Weights and Measures
7248:Nystrom, John William (1862).
6949:"How to pronounce hexadecimal"
6866:Texas Instruments Incorporated
6536:"2.1.3 Sexadecimal notation".
6162:. Duane Bibby. Reading, Mass.
6097:Bailey–Borwein–Plouffe formula
6082:IBM hexadecimal floating-point
5827:in the sense that it combines
3420:Prime factors of: base, b = 16
2609:P notation is required by the
2116:Brookhaven National Laboratory
785:(base) of sixteen. Unlike the
1:
7291:Hexadecimal Conversion Tables
6425:to prefix octal, and it uses
5838:. The all-Latin alternative
5357:3707344A4093822299F31D008...
3220:number into its digits: B (11
2677:). This example converts 1111
2488:, −B01D9 to represent −721369
1826:) used the uppercase letters
1143:Although best-known from the
809:can have values ranging from
7449:Power-of-two numeral systems
7327:Schwartzman, Steven (1994).
6797:Technical Publishing Company
6748:Associated Universities Inc.
6700:Nippon Electric Company Ltd.
6506:Savard, John J. G. (2018) .
6156:Knuth, Donald Ervin (1986).
5772:Chinese units of measurement
5082:in decimal and hexadecimal.
5066:
5061:
5040:
5037:
5029:
5016:
4987:
4984:
4976:
4965:
4938:
4935:
4927:
4914:
4887:
4884:
4876:
4865:
4836:
4833:
4825:
4818:
4801:
4798:
4790:
4785:
4764:
4761:
4753:
4734:
4699:
4696:
4688:
4683:
4672:0344827586206896551724137931
4662:
4659:
4651:
4640:
4613:
4610:
4602:
4595:
4572:
4569:
4561:
4550:
4523:
4520:
4512:
4505:
4485:
4482:
4474:
4461:
4432:
4429:
4421:
4416:
4395:
4392:
4384:
4373:
4344:
4341:
4333:
4322:
4295:
4292:
4284:
4271:
4245:
4242:
4234:
4229:
4208:
4205:
4197:
4184:
4155:
4152:
4144:
4137:
4116:
4113:
4105:
4098:
4081:
4078:
4070:
4057:
4028:
4025:
4017:
4006:
3979:
3976:
3968:
3963:
3942:
3939:
3931:
3918:
3889:
3886:
3878:
3873:
3850:
3847:
3839:
3826:
3800:
3797:
3789:
3782:
3759:
3756:
3748:
3741:
3724:
3721:
3713:
3708:
3687:
3684:
3676:
3663:
3634:
3631:
3623:
3616:
3596:
3593:
3585:
3578:
3561:
3558:
3550:
3543:
3512:
3509:
3501:
3494:
3477:
3474:
3334:. Because the radix 16 is a
3319:are common since sixteen (10
3171:"0123456789ABCDEF"
2883:
2880:
2877:
2525:IEEE floating-point standard
1707:2001:db8:85a3::8a2e:370:7334
1534:, and is used in Assembler,
1222:the number is decimal (thus
1204:numeric character references
1167:followed by two hex digits:
855:, in which each byte of the
7254:. Philadelphia: Lippincott.
7195:"Intuitor Hex Headquarters"
6551:Bendix Aviation Corporation
5972:Hindu–Arabic numeral system
5447:and the natural logarithm)
5355:3.243F6A8885A308D313198A2E0
3248:which is 45997 in base 10.
2463:twelve-hundrek-fourtek-ten
2152:phone number, or using the
1717:Globally unique identifiers
1345:. For bit vector constants
1078:Distinguishing from decimal
7470:
7454:Positional numeral systems
7444:Hexadecimal numeral system
6919:"Hexadecimal number words"
6627:. Port Chester, New York:
6073:(content encoding schemes)
5983:Base16 (transfer encoding)
5091:Positional representation
1608:inverted exclamation point
1502:) and midrange computers (
1264:Other assembly languages (
1159:prefix already in use for
465:Non-standard radices/bases
43:
36:
29:
6739:Communications of the ACM
6648:'s 6-bit character code.)
5471:0.93C467E37DB0C7A4D1B...
5433:0.6996 9669 9669 6996...
5090:
5087:
3459:Positional representation
3454:Positional representation
3417:
3393:
3390:
2987:If d = 0 (return series h
2897:
2666:HP-16C Computer Scientist
2637:Single Unix Specification
1551:Syntax that is always Hex
1378:languages use the prefix
779:positional numeral system
46:Hex file (disambiguation)
6868:. March 1988 . SDLS111.
6221:Esc [ 0 m Esc [ 2 5; 1 H
6128:"The hexadecimal system"
5974:), and that the recent
3009:
2911:Other simple conversions
2681:to base ten. Since each
2551:, for "power"), whereas
2078:for the values 10 to 15.
2013:for the values 10 to 15.
1989:(1960) used the letters
1982:for the values 10 to 15.
1881:for the values 10 to 15.
1857:(1956) used the letters
1850:for the values 10 to 15.
1811:for the values 10 to 15.
897:
27:Base-16 numerical system
7352:Knuth, Donald. (1969).
7017:. Iso.org. 2011-12-08.
6702:1960. Cat. No. 3405-C.
6629:Royal McBee Corporation
6545:. Los Angeles, CA, US:
5992:binary to text encoding
2563:. The number after the
2473:-hundrek-fourtek-three
2318:thirty-ann seventy-dot
2188:Systems of counting on
1732:The use of the letters
1226:is the same character).
721:List of numeral systems
7317:, vols. 27–28, p. 197.
7303:The Century Dictionary
7230:. ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2
6985:. Ballantine. p.
6595:University of Illinois
5963:
5395:2.B7E151628AED2A6B...
4405:0434782608695652173913
3216:
2784:written representation
2669:
2619:C programming language
2185:
2154:NATO phonetic alphabet
2131:
2110:
2089:
1145:C programming language
1082:In contexts where the
881:Seven-segment displays
868:Written representation
777:) numeral system is a
7392:Proc Amer. Phil. Soc.
6917:Rogers, S.R. (2007).
6864:. Dallas, Texas, US:
6784:"More on man/machine"
6757:10.1145/364096.364107
6508:"Computer Arithmetic"
5831:ἕξ (hex) "six" with
3283:Elementary arithmetic
3211:
2659:
2183:
2140:seven-segment display
2129:
2114:Bruce Alan Martin of
2108:
2085:
1748:to denote the values
1466:and 92 series uses a
89:Hindu–Arabic numerals
7115:. pp. 6, 8–10.
6660:"Die PERM und ALGOL"
6055:URL percent encoding
5925:arithmetic would be
3317:repeating expansions
3252:Tools for conversion
3214:multiplication table
2923:= 02 11 30
2537:exponential notation
2052:Pacific Data Systems
1684:AA213FD51B3801043FBC
1655:(e-mail extensions)
1583:is the code for the
618:Prehistoric counting
394:Common radices/bases
76:Place-value notation
6217:"\x1B[0m\x1B[25;1H"
6132:Ionos Digital Guide
5407:Thue–Morse constant
5198:(the length of the
5185:1.BB67AE8584CAA...
5144:1.6A09E667F3BCD...
5112:(the length of the
2998:The following is a
2571:and represents the
2328:
2215:
2047:) for values 10–15.
1280:, some versions of
1206:using the notation
1177:"\x1B[0m\x1B[25;1H"
1175:control character;
1127:typewriter typeface
1091:is decimal 159; 159
565:Sign-value notation
7418:2021-05-19 at the
7399:2016-06-24 at the
7376:Alfred B. Taylor,
7276:is five times and
7141:totton.idirect.com
7111:(Fifth ed.).
6947:Babb, Tim (2015).
6393:2010-11-24 at the
5844:(compare the word
5289:(pi, the ratio of
5279:1.9E3779B97F4A...
5230:2.3C6EF372FE95...
5080:irrational numbers
5074:Irrational numbers
4218:052631578947368421
3217:
2670:
2639:(IEEE Std 1003.1)
2471:one-thousek-seven-
2324:
2211:
2186:
2132:
2111:
2090:
1644:(a golden orange:
1413:uses the prefixes
1349:uses the notation
1290:GameMaker Language
1231:assembly languages
221:East Asian systems
7439:Binary arithmetic
7122:978-0-13-277420-8
7113:Pearson Education
6469:www.ic.unicamp.br
5970:, and later in a
5888:шестнадцатеричной
5763:
5762:
5475:
5474:
5369:natural logarithm
5367:(the base of the
5071:
5070:
3261:Microsoft Windows
3005:bitwise operators
2905:
2904:
2835:
2834:
2772:
2771:
2660:The programmable
2652:Binary conversion
2583:(zero is usually
2477:
2476:
2322:
2321:
1229:In Intel-derived
755:
754:
554:
553:
16:(Redirected from
7461:
7423:
7410:
7404:
7387:
7381:
7374:
7368:
7350:
7344:
7343:s.v. hexadecimal
7342:
7324:
7318:
7300:
7294:
7287:
7281:
7262:
7256:
7255:
7245:
7239:
7238:
7236:
7235:
7229:
7220:
7214:
7213:
7211:
7210:
7191:
7185:
7184:
7182:
7181:
7162:
7156:
7155:
7153:
7152:
7133:
7127:
7126:
7104:
7095:
7094:
7092:
7091:
7071:
7065:
7064:
7062:
7061:
7055:
7044:
7036:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7026:
7007:
7001:
7000:
6984:
6981:The Last Theorem
6974:
6968:
6967:
6965:
6964:
6944:
6938:
6937:
6935:
6934:
6914:
6905:
6904:
6896:
6885:
6883:
6881:
6880:
6874:
6858:
6852:
6850:
6848:
6847:
6841:
6834:
6825:
6816:
6814:
6812:
6811:
6805:
6788:
6779:
6770:
6769:
6759:
6729:
6718:
6717:
6715:
6714:
6708:
6698:. Tokyo, Japan:
6697:
6687:
6681:
6680:
6678:
6677:
6671:
6664:
6655:
6649:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6619:
6613:
6612:
6610:
6609:
6603:
6597:. pp. 3–2.
6588:
6579:
6573:
6572:
6566:
6565:
6559:
6544:
6533:
6527:
6526:
6524:
6523:
6503:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6480:
6461:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6451:
6442:. Archived from
6436:
6430:
6428:
6424:
6416:
6407:
6401:
6385:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6375:
6356:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6346:
6327:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6317:
6298:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6288:
6269:
6263:
6262:
6260:
6259:
6253:
6242:
6234:
6228:
6222:
6218:
6213:
6207:
6206:
6200:
6192:
6190:
6189:
6153:
6147:
6146:
6144:
6143:
6124:
6077:Hexadecimal time
5804:hexadecimal time
5770:The traditional
5766:Cultural history
5494:Value (Decimal)
5485:
5467:
5466:
5463:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5442:
5429:
5428:
5425:
5422:
5419:
5416:
5404:
5391:
5390:
5387:
5384:
5381:
5378:
5366:
5351:
5350:
5347:
5344:
5341:
5338:
5335:
5332:
5329:
5323:
5322:
5319:
5316:
5313:
5310:
5307:
5304:
5288:
5275:
5274:
5271:
5268:
5265:
5262:
5254:
5252:
5251:
5239:
5226:
5225:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5196:
5195:
5181:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5168:
5155:
5154:
5140:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5110:
5109:
5085:
5059:
5051:
5027:
5021:
5014:
5006:
4998:
4992:
4970:
4963:
4955:
4943:
4925:
4919:
4912:
4904:
4903:2941176470588235
4892:
4870:
4863:
4855:
4847:
4841:
4823:
4806:
4783:
4775:
4751:
4745:
4739:
4732:
4724:
4716:
4710:
4704:
4681:
4673:
4645:
4638:
4630:
4618:
4600:
4593:
4585:
4577:
4555:
4548:
4540:
4528:
4510:
4503:
4490:
4472:
4466:
4459:
4451:
4443:
4437:
4414:
4406:
4378:
4371:
4363:
4355:
4349:
4327:
4320:
4312:
4300:
4282:
4276:
4269:
4256:
4250:
4227:
4219:
4195:
4189:
4182:
4174:
4166:
4160:
4142:
4135:
4127:
4126:0588235294117647
4103:
4086:
4068:
4062:
4055:
4047:
4039:
4033:
4011:
4004:
3996:
3984:
3961:
3953:
3929:
3923:
3916:
3908:
3900:
3894:
3871:
3863:
3855:
3837:
3831:
3824:
3811:
3805:
3787:
3780:
3772:
3764:
3746:
3729:
3706:
3698:
3674:
3668:
3661:
3653:
3645:
3639:
3621:
3614:
3601:
3583:
3566:
3548:
3541:
3529:
3517:
3499:
3482:
3443:
3435:
3427:
3415:
3409:
3403:
3399:
3388:
3368:
3333:
3313:rational numbers
3307:Rational numbers
3245:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3103:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
2840:
2839:
2792:
2791:
2733:
2732:
2605:
2597:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2543:uses the letter
2517:two's complement
2329:
2302:annty christeen
2216:
2194:Arthur C. Clarke
1928:Datamatic D-1000
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1722:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1685:
1671:is the code for
1666:
1662:
1657:quoted-printable
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1614:Color references
1605:
1601:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1533:
1529:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1483:uses the prefix
1477:
1473:
1469:
1459:
1454:Locomotive BASIC
1446:
1442:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1385:
1381:
1366:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1318:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1190:
1186:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1150:
1136:
1132:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
847:
839:
831:
825:in hexadecimal.
824:
820:
816:
812:
747:
740:
733:
536:
520:
502:
492:balanced ternary
489:
476:
82:
53:
21:
7469:
7468:
7464:
7463:
7462:
7460:
7459:
7458:
7429:
7428:
7427:
7426:
7420:Wayback Machine
7411:
7407:
7401:Wayback Machine
7388:
7384:
7375:
7371:
7367:. (Chapter 17.)
7351:
7347:
7339:
7326:
7325:
7321:
7301:
7297:
7289:C. E. Fröberg,
7288:
7284:
7270:tonal fractions
7263:
7259:
7247:
7246:
7242:
7233:
7231:
7227:
7222:
7221:
7217:
7208:
7206:
7193:
7192:
7188:
7179:
7177:
7164:
7163:
7159:
7150:
7148:
7135:
7134:
7130:
7123:
7106:
7105:
7098:
7089:
7087:
7073:
7072:
7068:
7059:
7057:
7053:
7042:
7038:
7037:
7033:
7024:
7022:
7009:
7008:
7004:
6997:
6976:
6975:
6971:
6962:
6960:
6946:
6945:
6941:
6932:
6930:
6916:
6915:
6908:
6898:
6897:
6888:
6878:
6876:
6872:
6860:
6859:
6855:
6845:
6843:
6839:
6832:
6827:
6826:
6819:
6809:
6807:
6803:
6799:. p. 103.
6786:
6781:
6780:
6773:
6731:
6730:
6721:
6712:
6710:
6706:
6695:
6689:
6688:
6684:
6675:
6673:
6669:
6662:
6657:
6656:
6652:
6638:
6636:
6621:
6620:
6616:
6607:
6605:
6601:
6586:
6581:
6580:
6576:
6563:
6561:
6557:
6547:Bendix Computer
6542:
6535:
6534:
6530:
6521:
6519:
6505:
6504:
6487:
6478:
6476:
6463:
6462:
6458:
6449:
6447:
6438:
6437:
6433:
6426:
6422:
6414:
6411:Microsoft BASIC
6408:
6404:
6395:Wayback Machine
6386:
6382:
6373:
6371:
6358:
6357:
6353:
6344:
6342:
6329:
6328:
6324:
6315:
6313:
6300:
6299:
6295:
6286:
6284:
6271:
6270:
6266:
6257:
6255:
6251:
6240:
6236:
6235:
6231:
6220:
6216:
6214:
6210:
6193:
6187:
6185:
6170:
6155:
6154:
6150:
6141:
6139:
6126:
6125:
6121:
6116:
6063:
5985:
5968:Brahmi numerals
5956:complains that
5796:John W. Nystrom
5768:
5759:
5753:
5742:
5736:
5725:
5719:
5708:
5702:
5691:
5685:
5674:
5668:
5657:
5651:
5640:
5634:
5623:
5617:
5606:
5600:
5589:
5583:
5572:
5566:
5555:
5549:
5480:
5464:
5461:
5458:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5445:harmonic series
5438:
5426:
5423:
5420:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5400:
5388:
5385:
5382:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5362:
5356:
5348:
5345:
5342:
5339:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5320:
5317:
5314:
5311:
5308:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5284:
5272:
5269:
5266:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5235:
5223:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5193:
5191:
5178:
5175:
5172:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5152:
5150:
5137:
5134:
5131:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5107:
5105:
5076:
5057:
5049:
5023:
5017:
5012:
5004:
4994:
4988:
4966:
4961:
4953:
4939:
4921:
4915:
4910:
4902:
4888:
4866:
4861:
4853:
4843:
4837:
4819:
4802:
4781:
4774:032258064516129
4773:
4747:
4741:
4735:
4730:
4722:
4712:
4706:
4700:
4679:
4671:
4641:
4636:
4628:
4614:
4596:
4591:
4583:
4573:
4551:
4546:
4538:
4524:
4506:
4501:
4486:
4468:
4462:
4457:
4449:
4439:
4433:
4412:
4404:
4374:
4369:
4361:
4351:
4345:
4323:
4318:
4310:
4296:
4278:
4272:
4267:
4252:
4246:
4225:
4217:
4191:
4185:
4180:
4172:
4162:
4156:
4138:
4133:
4125:
4099:
4082:
4064:
4058:
4053:
4045:
4035:
4029:
4007:
4002:
3994:
3980:
3959:
3951:
3925:
3919:
3914:
3906:
3896:
3890:
3869:
3861:
3851:
3833:
3827:
3822:
3807:
3801:
3783:
3778:
3770:
3760:
3742:
3725:
3704:
3696:
3670:
3664:
3659:
3651:
3641:
3635:
3617:
3612:
3597:
3579:
3562:
3544:
3539:
3527:
3513:
3495:
3478:
3460:
3455:
3441:
3439:
3433:
3431:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3395:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3366:
3331:
3322:
3309:
3304:
3285:
3254:
3243:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3206:
3201:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3011:
2990:
2983:
2976:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2940:
2926:
2922:
2913:
2901:
2887:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2846:
2831:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2781:
2777:
2768:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2712:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2692:
2680:
2676:
2654:
2649:
2617:edition of the
2603:
2599:
2595:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2533:
2510:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2472:
2447:thirtek-eptwin
2326:
2213:
2212:Magnuson (1968)
2207:
2203:
2199:
2160:, or a similar
2149:
1853:The Librascope
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1730:
1670:
1667:is "España" (F1
1645:
1629:
1569:character codes
1553:
1531:
1527:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1457:
1444:
1440:
1418:
1414:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1383:
1379:
1364:
1354:
1350:
1342:
1338:
1322:
1316:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1223:
1215:
1214:, for instance
1207:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1171:represents the
1168:
1164:
1156:
1148:
1134:
1130:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
974:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
870:
865:
845:
837:
835:
829:
822:
818:
814:
810:
751:
715:
714:
637:
623:Proto-cuneiform
568:
567:
556:
555:
550:
549:
534:
518:
500:
487:
474:
461:
390:
389:
377:
376:
357:
317:
302:
293:
292:
283:
282:
264:
223:
222:
213:
212:
164:
106:
92:
91:
79:
78:
66:Numeral systems
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7467:
7465:
7457:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7431:
7430:
7425:
7424:
7422:(1966), p. 13.
7405:
7382:
7369:
7345:
7337:
7319:
7295:
7293:, Lund (1952).
7282:
7257:
7240:
7215:
7186:
7157:
7128:
7121:
7096:
7066:
7047:Open Standards
7031:
7002:
6996:978-0007289981
6995:
6969:
6939:
6906:
6886:
6853:
6817:
6771:
6719:
6682:
6650:
6631:. April 1957.
6614:
6574:
6549:, Division of
6528:
6485:
6456:
6431:
6402:
6380:
6351:
6322:
6308:. 2020-05-10.
6293:
6264:
6229:
6208:
6168:
6148:
6118:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6111:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6062:
6059:
6047:
6046:
6043:
6036:
6035:
6028:
6025:
6022:
5984:
5981:
5946:IBM System/360
5901:, or possibly
5880:хексадецимални
5810:", pronounced
5767:
5764:
5761:
5760:
5757:
5754:
5751:
5748:
5744:
5743:
5740:
5737:
5734:
5731:
5727:
5726:
5723:
5720:
5717:
5714:
5710:
5709:
5706:
5703:
5700:
5697:
5693:
5692:
5689:
5686:
5683:
5680:
5676:
5675:
5672:
5669:
5666:
5663:
5659:
5658:
5655:
5652:
5649:
5646:
5642:
5641:
5638:
5635:
5632:
5629:
5625:
5624:
5621:
5618:
5615:
5612:
5608:
5607:
5604:
5601:
5598:
5595:
5591:
5590:
5587:
5584:
5581:
5578:
5574:
5573:
5570:
5567:
5564:
5561:
5557:
5556:
5553:
5550:
5547:
5544:
5540:
5539:
5536:
5533:
5529:
5528:
5525:
5522:
5518:
5517:
5514:
5511:
5507:
5506:
5503:
5500:
5496:
5495:
5492:
5489:
5479:
5476:
5473:
5472:
5469:
5448:
5435:
5434:
5431:
5410:
5397:
5396:
5393:
5372:
5359:
5358:
5353:
5298:
5281:
5280:
5277:
5256:
5232:
5231:
5228:
5207:
5187:
5186:
5183:
5162:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5121:
5101:
5100:
5097:
5093:
5092:
5089:
5075:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5065:
5060:
5052:
5044:
5039:
5036:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5015:
5007:
4999:
4986:
4983:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4964:
4956:
4948:
4937:
4934:
4930:
4929:
4926:
4913:
4905:
4897:
4886:
4883:
4879:
4878:
4875:
4864:
4856:
4848:
4835:
4832:
4828:
4827:
4824:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4800:
4797:
4793:
4792:
4789:
4784:
4776:
4768:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4755:
4752:
4733:
4725:
4717:
4698:
4695:
4691:
4690:
4687:
4682:
4674:
4666:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4653:
4650:
4639:
4631:
4623:
4612:
4609:
4605:
4604:
4601:
4594:
4586:
4578:
4571:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4549:
4541:
4533:
4522:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4511:
4504:
4496:
4491:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4476:
4473:
4460:
4452:
4444:
4431:
4428:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4415:
4407:
4399:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4372:
4364:
4356:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4321:
4313:
4305:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4270:
4262:
4257:
4244:
4241:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4228:
4220:
4212:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4183:
4175:
4167:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4136:
4128:
4120:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4072:
4069:
4056:
4048:
4040:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4005:
3997:
3989:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3967:
3962:
3954:
3946:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3930:
3917:
3909:
3901:
3888:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3872:
3864:
3856:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3825:
3817:
3812:
3799:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3788:
3781:
3773:
3765:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3707:
3699:
3691:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3675:
3662:
3654:
3646:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3615:
3607:
3602:
3595:
3592:
3588:
3587:
3584:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3560:
3557:
3553:
3552:
3549:
3542:
3530:
3518:
3511:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3476:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3464:Prime factors
3462:
3461:(hexadecimal)
3457:
3452:
3451:Prime factors
3449:
3445:
3444:
3437:
3429:
3421:
3416:
3392:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3340:cyclic numbers
3336:perfect square
3320:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3289:numeral system
3284:
3281:
3277:numeric keypad
3253:
3250:
3233:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3212:A hexadecimal
3205:
3202:
3010:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2939:
2936:
2924:
2920:
2912:
2909:
2903:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2844:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2728:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2690:
2678:
2674:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2601:
2532:
2529:
2508:
2505:floating-point
2489:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2424:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2341:
2337:
2336:
2335:Pronunciation
2333:
2327:naming method
2320:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2310:annteen dotty
2308:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2222:Pronunciation
2220:
2214:naming method
2205:
2201:
2197:
2171:Silicon Valley
2166:IBM System/360
2148:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2136:
2124:
2123:
2103:
2102:
2080:
2079:
2048:
2043:(and possibly
2014:
1983:
1921:
1882:
1851:
1812:
1777:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1714:
1711:IPv4 addresses
1687:
1676:
1668:
1649:
1611:
1592:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1496:
1478:
1461:
1447:
1422:
1408:
1386:
1368:
1358:
1328:
1323:). Similarly,
1320:
1313:
1262:
1227:
1192:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1079:
1076:
898:
896:
869:
866:
864:
863:Representation
861:
833:
753:
752:
750:
749:
742:
735:
727:
724:
723:
717:
716:
713:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
676:
675:
670:
665:
655:
650:
644:
643:
636:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
605:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
574:
573:
572:Non-alphabetic
569:
563:
562:
561:
558:
557:
552:
551:
548:
547:
542:
529:
513:
508:
495:
482:
468:
467:
460:
459:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
396:
395:
391:
384:
383:
382:
379:
378:
375:
374:
368:
362:
361:
356:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
324:
323:
321:Post-classical
316:
315:
309:
308:
301:
300:
294:
290:
289:
288:
285:
284:
281:
280:
275:
269:
268:
263:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
241:
240:
229:
228:
224:
220:
219:
218:
215:
214:
211:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
163:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
105:
104:
102:Eastern Arabic
99:
97:Western Arabic
93:
87:
86:
85:
80:
74:
73:
72:
69:
68:
62:
61:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7466:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7436:
7434:
7421:
7417:
7414:
7409:
7406:
7402:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7386:
7383:
7379:
7373:
7370:
7366:
7365:0-201-03802-1
7362:
7358:
7356:
7349:
7346:
7340:
7338:0-88385-511-9
7334:
7330:
7323:
7320:
7316:
7312:
7308:
7304:
7299:
7296:
7292:
7286:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7267:
7261:
7258:
7253:
7252:
7244:
7241:
7226:
7219:
7216:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7190:
7187:
7175:
7171:
7167:
7161:
7158:
7146:
7142:
7138:
7132:
7129:
7124:
7118:
7114:
7110:
7103:
7101:
7097:
7085:
7081:
7077:
7070:
7067:
7052:
7048:
7041:
7035:
7032:
7020:
7016:
7012:
7006:
7003:
6998:
6992:
6988:
6983:
6982:
6973:
6970:
6958:
6954:
6950:
6943:
6940:
6928:
6924:
6920:
6913:
6911:
6907:
6902:
6895:
6893:
6891:
6887:
6871:
6867:
6863:
6857:
6854:
6838:
6831:
6824:
6822:
6818:
6802:
6798:
6794:
6793:
6785:
6778:
6776:
6772:
6767:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6740:
6735:
6728:
6726:
6724:
6720:
6705:
6701:
6694:
6693:
6686:
6683:
6668:
6665:(in German).
6661:
6654:
6651:
6647:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6625:
6618:
6615:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6591:bitsavers.org
6585:
6578:
6575:
6571:
6556:
6553:. p. 4.
6552:
6548:
6541:
6540:
6532:
6529:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6502:
6500:
6498:
6496:
6494:
6492:
6490:
6486:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6460:
6457:
6446:on 2006-04-22
6445:
6441:
6435:
6432:
6420:
6412:
6406:
6403:
6399:
6396:
6392:
6389:
6384:
6381:
6369:
6365:
6361:
6355:
6352:
6340:
6336:
6332:
6326:
6323:
6311:
6307:
6306:FPGA Tutorial
6303:
6297:
6294:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6268:
6265:
6250:
6246:
6239:
6233:
6230:
6226:
6225:ANSI terminal
6212:
6209:
6204:
6198:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6171:
6169:0-201-13447-0
6165:
6161:
6160:
6152:
6149:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6123:
6120:
6113:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6072:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6060:
6058:
6056:
6053:standard for
6052:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6039:
6033:
6029:
6026:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6018:
6015:
6012:
6007:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5973:
5969:
5962:
5957:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5938:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5891:
5889:
5885:
5884:sextándakerfi
5881:
5877:
5873:
5869:
5866:(e.g. French
5865:
5861:
5857:
5853:
5849:
5848:
5843:
5842:
5837:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5817:
5815:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5765:
5755:
5749:
5746:
5745:
5738:
5732:
5729:
5728:
5721:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5704:
5698:
5695:
5694:
5687:
5681:
5678:
5677:
5670:
5664:
5661:
5660:
5653:
5647:
5644:
5643:
5636:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5619:
5613:
5610:
5609:
5602:
5596:
5593:
5592:
5585:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5568:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5551:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5537:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5526:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5515:
5512:
5509:
5508:
5504:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5493:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5483:
5477:
5470:
5449:
5446:
5441:
5437:
5436:
5432:
5411:
5408:
5403:
5399:
5398:
5394:
5373:
5370:
5365:
5361:
5360:
5354:
5299:
5297:of a circle)
5296:
5292:
5291:circumference
5287:
5283:
5282:
5278:
5257:
5243:
5238:
5234:
5233:
5229:
5208:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5163:
5160:
5156:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5122:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5073:
5064:
5056:
5048:
5043:
5034:
5033:
5026:
5020:
5011:
5003:
4997:
4991:
4981:
4980:
4974:
4969:
4960:
4952:
4947:
4942:
4932:
4931:
4924:
4918:
4909:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4881:
4880:
4874:
4869:
4860:
4852:
4846:
4840:
4830:
4829:
4822:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4795:
4794:
4788:
4780:
4772:
4767:
4758:
4757:
4750:
4744:
4738:
4729:
4721:
4715:
4709:
4703:
4693:
4692:
4686:
4678:
4670:
4665:
4656:
4655:
4649:
4644:
4635:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4607:
4606:
4599:
4590:
4582:
4576:
4566:
4565:
4559:
4554:
4545:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4517:
4516:
4509:
4500:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4479:
4478:
4471:
4465:
4456:
4448:
4442:
4436:
4426:
4425:
4419:
4411:
4403:
4398:
4389:
4388:
4382:
4377:
4368:
4360:
4354:
4348:
4338:
4337:
4331:
4326:
4317:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4289:
4288:
4281:
4275:
4266:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4249:
4239:
4238:
4232:
4224:
4216:
4211:
4202:
4201:
4194:
4188:
4179:
4171:
4165:
4159:
4149:
4148:
4141:
4132:
4124:
4119:
4110:
4109:
4102:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4075:
4074:
4067:
4061:
4052:
4044:
4038:
4032:
4022:
4021:
4015:
4010:
4001:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3973:
3972:
3966:
3958:
3950:
3945:
3936:
3935:
3928:
3922:
3913:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3883:
3882:
3876:
3868:
3860:
3854:
3844:
3843:
3836:
3830:
3821:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3804:
3794:
3793:
3786:
3777:
3769:
3763:
3753:
3752:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3718:
3717:
3711:
3703:
3695:
3690:
3681:
3680:
3673:
3667:
3658:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3628:
3627:
3620:
3611:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3590:
3589:
3582:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3555:
3554:
3547:
3538:
3534:
3526:
3522:
3516:
3506:
3505:
3498:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3481:
3471:
3470:
3466:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3389:
3386:
3364:
3360:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3329:
3324:
3318:
3314:
3306:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3296:long division
3292:
3290:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3241:
3239:
3215:
3210:
3203:
3008:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2948:
2945:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2928:
2918:
2910:
2908:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2863:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2718:
2708:
2698:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2611:IEEE 754-2008
2607:
2592:
2590:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2493:
2479:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2325:Rogers (2007)
2317:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2209:
2195:
2191:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2100:
2099:Boby Lapointe
2096:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1747:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1727:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1623:
1622:X Window
1619:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1585:space (blank)
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1482:
1479:
1465:
1462:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1412:
1409:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1359:
1348:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1327:uses Z'ABCD'.
1326:
1314:
1304:as a prefix:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1232:
1228:
1211:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1182:
1174:
1162:
1154:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1085:
1077:
895:
893:
890:, each 8-bit
889:
884:
882:
877:
875:
867:
862:
860:
858:
854:
849:
843:
826:
808:
804:
800:
796:
791:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
748:
743:
741:
736:
734:
729:
728:
726:
725:
722:
719:
718:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
660:
659:
658:Alphasyllabic
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
645:
642:
639:
638:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
575:
571:
570:
566:
560:
559:
546:
543:
540:
533:
530:
527:
526:
517:
514:
512:
509:
506:
499:
496:
493:
486:
483:
480:
473:
470:
469:
466:
463:
462:
457:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
393:
392:
388:
381:
380:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
359:
358:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
325:
322:
319:
318:
314:
311:
310:
307:
304:
303:
299:
296:
295:
291:Other systems
287:
286:
279:
276:
274:
273:Counting rods
271:
270:
266:
265:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
239:
236:
235:
234:
231:
230:
226:
225:
217:
216:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
165:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
146:
143:
141:
138:
136:
133:
131:
128:
126:
123:
121:
118:
116:
113:
111:
108:
107:
103:
100:
98:
95:
94:
90:
84:
83:
77:
71:
70:
67:
63:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
40:
33:
19:
7408:
7391:
7385:
7372:
7353:
7348:
7328:
7322:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7305:of 1895 has
7302:
7298:
7290:
7285:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7260:
7250:
7243:
7232:. Retrieved
7218:
7207:. Retrieved
7198:
7189:
7178:. Retrieved
7169:
7160:
7149:. Retrieved
7140:
7131:
7108:
7088:. Retrieved
7079:
7069:
7058:. Retrieved
7046:
7034:
7023:. Retrieved
7014:
7005:
6980:
6972:
6961:. Retrieved
6952:
6942:
6931:. Retrieved
6922:
6900:
6877:. Retrieved
6856:
6844:. Retrieved
6808:. Retrieved
6790:
6743:
6737:
6711:. Retrieved
6691:
6685:
6674:. Retrieved
6653:
6637:. Retrieved
6623:
6617:
6606:. Retrieved
6590:
6577:
6568:
6562:. Retrieved
6538:
6531:
6520:. Retrieved
6511:
6477:. Retrieved
6468:
6459:
6448:. Retrieved
6444:the original
6434:
6405:
6383:
6372:. Retrieved
6363:
6354:
6343:. Retrieved
6334:
6325:
6314:. Retrieved
6305:
6296:
6285:. Retrieved
6276:
6267:
6256:. Retrieved
6244:
6232:
6211:
6186:. Retrieved
6158:
6151:
6140:. Retrieved
6131:
6122:
6048:
6037:
6016:
6008:
5987:
5986:
5964:
5959:
5939:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5895:Donald Knuth
5892:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5845:
5839:
5835:
5820:
5818:
5816:
5814:) in a day.
5811:
5807:
5799:
5789:As with the
5788:
5769:
5481:
5242:golden ratio
5099:Hexadecimal
5077:
5062:
5054:
5046:
5041:
5024:
5018:
5009:
5001:
4995:
4989:
4972:
4967:
4958:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4922:
4916:
4907:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4872:
4867:
4858:
4850:
4844:
4838:
4820:
4814:
4809:
4803:
4786:
4778:
4770:
4765:
4748:
4742:
4736:
4727:
4719:
4713:
4707:
4701:
4684:
4676:
4668:
4663:
4647:
4642:
4633:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4597:
4588:
4580:
4574:
4557:
4552:
4543:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4507:
4498:
4493:
4487:
4469:
4463:
4454:
4446:
4440:
4434:
4417:
4409:
4401:
4396:
4380:
4375:
4366:
4358:
4352:
4346:
4329:
4324:
4315:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4279:
4273:
4264:
4259:
4253:
4247:
4230:
4222:
4214:
4209:
4192:
4186:
4177:
4169:
4163:
4157:
4139:
4130:
4122:
4117:
4100:
4094:
4089:
4083:
4065:
4059:
4050:
4042:
4036:
4030:
4013:
4008:
3999:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3964:
3956:
3948:
3943:
3926:
3920:
3911:
3903:
3897:
3891:
3874:
3866:
3858:
3852:
3834:
3828:
3819:
3814:
3808:
3802:
3784:
3775:
3767:
3761:
3743:
3737:
3732:
3726:
3709:
3701:
3693:
3688:
3671:
3665:
3656:
3648:
3642:
3636:
3618:
3609:
3604:
3598:
3580:
3574:
3569:
3563:
3545:
3536:
3532:
3524:
3520:
3514:
3496:
3490:
3485:
3479:
3436:; b + 1 = 17
3428:; b − 1 = 15
3412:b + 1 = 11:
3381:, and 0;3,45
3356:
3348:power of two
3344:prime factor
3325:
3310:
3302:Real numbers
3293:
3286:
3258:
3255:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3218:
2997:
2994:
2949:
2941:
2929:
2914:
2906:
2843:(1001011100)
2836:
2795:(1001011100)
2788:
2773:
2729:
2671:
2664:-calculator
2630:
2626:
2622:
2621:. Using the
2608:
2593:
2588:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2534:
2513:CPU register
2494:
2483:
2187:
2175:
2161:
2150:
2097:notation by
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:whereas the
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1737:
1733:
1731:
1691:IPv6 address
1672:
1640:abbreviates
1554:
1437:Visual Basic
1393:Bourne shell
1216:T
1209:
1138:
1122:
1119:Donald Knuth
1117:
1081:
885:
878:
871:
852:
850:
827:
795:binary-coded
792:
774:
770:
766:
756:
524:
485:Signed-digit
439:
360:Contemporary
227:Contemporary
50:
7311:sexadecimal
7307:sexadecimal
6789:. Letters.
6215:The string
6159:The TeXbook
5944:manual for
5876:hexazecimal
5874:, Romanian
5872:esadecimale
5868:hexadécimal
5864:hexadecimal
5856:sexadecimal
5847:sexagesimal
5841:sexadecimal
5821:hexadecimal
5794:forward by
4413:0B21642C859
3467:Reciprocal
3448:Reciprocal
3418:Hexadecimal
3406:b − 1 = 9:
3363:sexagesimal
3315:, although
3232:) and D (13
2730:Therefore:
2598:represents
2492:and so on.
2095:Bibi-binary
2087:Bibi-binary
1987:Monrobot XI
1912:=multiply,
1785:Bendix G-15
1783:(1950) and
1587:character,
1563:(including
1411:Common Lisp
1343:16#C1F27ED#
1253:instead of
1224:T
1153:IBM Stretch
1123:The TeXbook
840:is used in
767:hexadecimal
759:mathematics
663:Akṣarapallī
633:Tally marks
532:Non-integer
32:Sexagesimal
7433:Categories
7357:, Volume 2
7272:, as 5·86
7234:2024-06-25
7209:2018-10-28
7180:2008-09-04
7151:2019-06-26
7090:2016-06-21
7060:2010-10-17
7025:2014-04-08
6963:2021-01-01
6933:2019-08-26
6901:Datamation
6884:(29 pages)
6879:2021-09-15
6846:2022-12-24
6810:2022-12-24
6792:Datamation
6713:2017-05-31
6676:2018-05-19
6639:2017-05-31
6608:2014-12-18
6564:2017-06-01
6522:2018-07-16
6479:2019-06-26
6450:2006-01-11
6417:to prefix
6374:2015-01-10
6345:2015-01-10
6316:2020-08-21
6287:2015-11-01
6258:2018-10-28
6188:2022-03-15
6142:2022-08-26
6114:References
6108:P notation
6087:Hex editor
5942:Fortran IV
5935:senidenary
5915:quaternary
5899:senidenary
5886:, Russian
5878:, Serbian
5870:, Italian
5791:duodecimal
5240:(phi, the
5116:of a unit
3535:5555... =
3523:3333... =
3456:(decimal)
3359:duodecimal
3271:), and 2 (
3265:Calculator
3000:JavaScript
2980:d ← (d − h
2977:← d mod 16
2917:quaternary
2647:Conversion
2643:standard.
2561:E notation
2541:P notation
2503:or even a
2455:eptek-one
2294:fifty-bet
2021:parametron
1892:for zero,
1532:X'C1F27ED'
1493:16rC1F27ED
1429:QuickBASIC
1405:16#C1F27ED
1389:PostScript
1355:x"C1F27ED"
1325:Fortran 95
857:plain text
773:or simply
700:Glagolitic
673:Kaṭapayādi
641:Alphabetic
545:Asymmetric
387:radix/base
328:Cistercian
313:Babylonian
260:Vietnamese
115:Devanagari
7170:Hauptmech
6851:(7 pages)
6512:quadibloc
6277:Modula −2
6197:cite book
5825:macaronic
5819:The word
5782:(Chinese
5204:rectangle
5202:of a 1×2
5058:06EB3E453
4592:097B425ED
4226:0D79435E5
2944:algorithm
2915:Although
2594:Example:
2497:processor
2423:twelftek
1925:Honeywell
1686: ...
1616:in HTML,
1476:0hC1F27ED
1450:BBC BASIC
1445:&H5A3
1433:FreeBASIC
1425:MSX BASIC
1376:Smalltalk
1319:(for ABCD
1310:$ C1F27ED
1286:Commodore
763:computing
668:Āryabhaṭa
613:Kharosthi
505:factorial
472:Bijective
373:(Iñupiaq)
203:Sundanese
198:Mongolian
145:Malayalam
7416:Archived
7397:Archived
7394:Vol XXIV
7203:Archived
7199:Intuitor
7174:Archived
7145:Archived
7084:Archived
7051:Archived
7019:Archived
6957:Archived
6927:Archived
6923:Intuitor
6870:Archived
6837:Archived
6815:(1 page)
6801:Archived
6766:28248410
6704:Archived
6667:Archived
6633:Archived
6599:Archived
6555:Archived
6516:Archived
6473:Archived
6398:Compute!
6391:Archived
6368:Archived
6339:Archived
6310:Archived
6281:Archived
6249:Archived
6182:Archived
6178:12973034
6136:Archived
6103:Hexspeak
6092:Hex dump
6061:See also
5931:octonary
5903:sedenary
5836:-decimal
5833:Latinate
5295:diameter
5200:diagonal
5114:diagonal
5096:Decimal
3228:), A (10
3144:function
3012:function
2683:position
2596:1.3DEp42
2587:with no
2439:thousek
2431:hundrek
2407:fimteek
2399:oneteek
2278:annteen
2101:in 1968.
1820:ILLIAC I
1746:overline
1736:through
1665:Espa=F1a
1481:ALGOL 68
1470:prefix:
1460:for hex.
1391:and the
1270:Motorola
1191:is used.
1107:, or 159
1053:00000030
1002:00000020
951:00000010
900:00000000
888:hex dump
874:numerals
815:11111111
811:00000000
695:Georgian
685:Cyrillic
653:Armenian
608:Etruscan
603:Egyptian
511:Negative
371:Kaktovik
366:Cherokee
343:Pentadic
267:Historic
250:Japanese
183:Javanese
173:Balinese
160:Dzongkha
125:Gurmukhi
120:Gujarati
58:a series
56:Part of
7278:metonby
6750:: 658.
6245:Unicode
5919:decimal
5911:ternary
5780:suanpan
5248:√
5192:√
5151:√
5106:√
5088:Number
4810:0.03125
4680:08D3DCB
3394:Decimal
3352:decimal
3224:), 3 (3
2569:decimal
2415:fiftek
2375:eptwin
2359:twelve
2351:eleven
2262:ernest
1916:=load,
1884:On the
1695:hextets
1642:#FFAA33
1634:#FF00FF
1630:magenta
1606:is the
1596:Unicode
1594:In the
1500:zSeries
1361:Verilog
1339:16#5A3#
1317:H'ABCD'
1208:&#x
1135:C1F27ED
1111:and 159
1103:and 159
1101:decimal
853:Base 16
787:decimal
771:base-16
598:Chuvash
516:Complex
306:Ancient
298:History
245:Hokkien
233:Chinese
178:Burmese
168:Tibetan
155:Kannada
135:Sinhala
110:Bengali
18:Dec2hex
7363:
7335:
7119:
6993:
6764:
6746:(10).
6646:LGP-30
6427:&H
6423:&O
6176:
6166:
6071:Base64
6067:Base32
6032:nibble
6004:Base64
6002:, and
6000:Base58
5996:Base32
5988:Base16
5927:denary
5907:binary
5890:etc.)
5852:Bendix
5812:tontim
5784:abacus
5778:. The
5756:65,536
5739:32,768
5722:16,384
5478:Powers
5118:square
4954:285714
4629:571428
4539:384615
4311:047619
4090:0.0625
3995:714285
3952:076923
3697:142857
3440:= 11:
3424:= 10:
3377:, 0.09
3328:binary
3273:binary
3263:, the
3186:charAt
3177:return
3147:toChar
3129:toChar
3096:return
3081:toChar
3078:return
2984:) / 16
2892:
2872:
2860:
2854:
2825:
2762:
2632:printf
2573:binary
2501:signed
2367:draze
2332:Number
2286:annty
2270:frost
2246:chris
2219:Number
2190:digits
2162:ad-hoc
2156:, the
1950:, and
1908:=add,
1855:LGP-30
1824:BRLESC
1816:ORDVAC
1680:pixels
1646:
1604:U+00A1
1579:where
1528:X'5A3'
1489:16r5a3
1441:&H
1401:16#5A3
1384:16r5A3
1351:x"5A3"
1278:Delphi
1274:Pascal
1181:printf
1169:'\x1B'
846:0x4430
830:17,456
803:nibble
769:(also
765:, the
710:Hebrew
680:Coptic
593:Brahmi
578:Aegean
535:
519:
501:
488:
475:
338:Muisca
278:Tangut
255:Korean
238:Suzhou
150:Telugu
39:Nibble
7228:(PDF)
7054:(PDF)
7043:(PDF)
6953:Bzarg
6873:(PDF)
6840:(PDF)
6833:(PDF)
6804:(PDF)
6787:(PDF)
6762:S2CID
6707:(PDF)
6696:(PDF)
6670:(PDF)
6663:(PDF)
6602:(PDF)
6587:(PDF)
6558:(PDF)
6543:(PDF)
6419:octal
6415:&
6252:(PDF)
6241:(PDF)
6099:(BBP)
6011:ASCII
5976:ASCII
5923:octal
5829:Greek
5776:taels
5750:10000
5747:2 (2)
5730:2 (2)
5713:2 (2)
5696:2 (2)
5679:2 (2)
5662:2 (2)
5645:2 (2)
5491:Value
5451:0.577
5413:0.412
5405:(the
5375:2.718
5301:3.141
5259:1.618
5210:2.236
5165:1.732
5124:1.414
5067:1/25
5038:1/37
5030:1/24
4985:1/36
4977:1/23
4936:1/35
4928:1/22
4885:1/34
4877:1/21
4862:07C1F
4834:1/33
4826:1/20
4799:1/32
4791:1/1F
4782:08421
4762:1/31
4754:1/1E
4697:1/30
4689:1/1D
4660:1/29
4652:1/1C
4611:1/28
4603:1/1B
4570:1/27
4562:1/1A
4521:1/26
4513:1/19
4502:0A3D7
4483:1/25
4475:1/18
4447:0.041
4430:1/24
4422:1/17
4393:1/23
4385:1/16
4370:BA2E8
4342:1/22
4334:1/15
4293:1/21
4285:1/14
4243:1/20
4235:1/13
4206:1/19
4198:1/12
4153:1/18
4145:1/11
4114:1/17
4106:1/10
4079:1/16
4026:1/15
3977:1/14
3940:1/13
3887:1/12
3870:1745D
3848:1/11
3798:1/10
3733:0.125
3432:= F:
3269:octal
3180:alpha
3165:alpha
3162:const
3099:toHex
3015:toHex
2970:i ← 1
2932:octal
2828:= 604
2801:= 512
2641:POSIX
2600:1.3DE
2480:Signs
2138:Some
1956:Elbit
1750:10–15
1589:ASCII
1540:COBOL
1526:) is
1524:IBM i
1504:IBM i
1472:0h5A3
1464:TI-89
1458:&
1365:8'hFF
1306:$ 5A3
1298:Forth
1294:Godot
1282:BASIC
1247:05A3H
1200:XHTML
1161:octal
783:radix
705:Greek
690:Geʽez
648:Abjad
628:Roman
588:Aztec
583:Attic
498:Mixed
456:table
348:Quipu
333:Mayan
188:Khmer
140:Tamil
7361:ISBN
7333:ISBN
7274:tims
7117:ISBN
6991:ISBN
6364:CLHS
6335:CLHS
6203:link
6174:OCLC
6164:ISBN
5954:CACM
5929:and
5921:and
5808:tims
5733:8000
5716:4000
5705:8192
5699:2000
5688:4096
5682:1000
5671:2048
5654:1024
5468:...
5430:...
5392:...
5352:...
5276:...
5227:...
5182:...
5159:cube
5141:...
5002:0.02
4815:0.08
4626:0.03
4494:0.04
4260:0.05
4071:1/F
4018:1/E
3969:1/D
3932:1/C
3904:0.08
3879:1/B
3840:1/A
3790:1/9
3757:1/9
3749:1/8
3722:1/8
3714:1/7
3685:1/7
3677:1/6
3632:1/6
3624:1/5
3594:1/5
3586:1/4
3570:0.25
3559:1/4
3551:1/3
3510:1/3
3502:1/2
3475:1/2
3434:3, 5
3361:and
2958:...h
2930:The
2864:1100
2858:0101
2852:0010
2809:+ 16
2805:+ 64
2778:to F
2765:= 15
2736:1111
2719:1000
2709:0100
2699:0010
2689:0001
2555:(or
2547:(or
2515:(in
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2436:1000
2391:tex
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2307:1AD0
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2050:The
2016:The
2009:and
1985:The
1978:and
1923:The
1900:and
1886:PERM
1877:and
1846:and
1818:and
1814:The
1807:and
1781:SWAC
1779:The
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1638:#FA3
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1565:URLs
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1417:and
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208:Thai
130:Odia
7266:tim
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6752:doi
6051:W3C
5950:NEC
5860:sex
5798:in
5758:dec
5752:hex
5741:dec
5735:hex
5724:dec
5718:hex
5707:dec
5701:hex
5690:dec
5684:hex
5673:dec
5667:hex
5665:800
5656:dec
5650:hex
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5639:dec
5637:512
5633:hex
5631:200
5622:dec
5620:256
5616:hex
5614:100
5605:dec
5603:128
5599:hex
5588:dec
5582:hex
5571:dec
5565:hex
5554:dec
5548:hex
5465:860
5462:532
5459:901
5456:664
5453:215
5427:597
5424:107
5421:640
5418:033
5415:454
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5380:828
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5349:105
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5340:169
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5331:502
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5326:383
5321:643
5318:462
5315:238
5312:793
5309:589
5306:653
5303:592
5293:to
5273:848
5270:894
5267:749
5264:988
5261:033
5253:)/2
5246:(1+
5224:696
5221:789
5218:499
5215:977
5212:067
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5176:877
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3649:0.1
3605:0.2
3575:0.4
3491:0.8
3486:0.5
3332:0.1
3259:In
3030:var
2956:i−1
2898:25C
2817:+ 4
2813:+ 8
2754:+ 1
2750:+ 2
2746:+ 4
2742:= 8
2723:= 8
2713:= 4
2703:= 2
2693:= 1
2662:RPN
2625:or
2615:C99
2604:× 2
2591:).
2567:is
2527:).
2521:FPU
2460:C4A
2428:100
2018:NEC
1896:to
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1669:hex
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1618:CSS
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1544:JCL
1530:or
1520:TPF
1516:zVM
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1173:Esc
1131:5A3
1105:hex
1087:159
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775:hex
757:In
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193:Lao
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7201:.
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3379:12
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3138:);
3120:16
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2803:10
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2767:10
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2725:10
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2675:10
2627:%A
2623:%a
2606:.
2602:16
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2509:10
2490:10
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2452:E1
2444:3E
2420:C0
2412:50
2404:1F
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2291:5B
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2275:1A
2206:10
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2001:,
1997:,
1993:,
1974:,
1970:,
1966:,
1962:,
1946:,
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1934:,
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1600:U+
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1097:10
1093:16
1089:10
1071:0a
1068:74
1065:69
1062:64
1059:65
1056:20
1050:6e
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1038:65
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999:61
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924:69
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