444:
397:
417:
1657:
484:
22:
381:
361:
308:
eggs or larvae, another possible advantage is that larger offspring, with greater initial stored food reserves, can drift for greater distances. As an example of adaptations to this situation, giant isopods gorge on food when available, distending their bodies to the point of compromising ability to
348:
The proposed theory behind this trend is that deep-sea gigantism could be an adaptive trait to combat asphyxiation in ocean waters. Larger organisms are able to intake more dissolved oxygen within the ocean, allowing for sufficient respiration. However, this increased absorption of oxygen runs the
49:
is the tendency for species of deep-sea dwelling animals to be larger than their shallower-water relatives across a large taxonomic range. Proposed explanations for this type of gigantism include necessary adaptation to colder temperature, food scarcity, reduced predation pressure and increased
344:
crustaceans found that maximum potential organism size directly correlates with increased dissolved oxygen levels of deeper waters. The solubility of dissolved oxygen in the oceans is known to increase with depth because of increasing pressure, decreasing salinity levels and temperature.
253:): both trends involve increasing size with decreasing temperature. The trend with latitude has been observed in some of the same groups, both in comparisons of related species, as well as within widely distributed species. Decreasing temperature is thought to result in increased
118:
Other attain under them gigantic proportions. It is especially certain crustacea which exhibit this latter peculiarity, but not all crustacea, for the crayfish like forms in the deep sea are of ordinary size. I have already referred to a gigantic
483:
466:
396:
443:
416:
962:
261:(the latter also being associated with delayed sexual maturity), both of which lead to an increase in maximum body size (continued growth throughout life is characteristic of crustaceans). In
827:
Gad, G. (2005). "Giant
Higgins-larvae with paedogenetic reproduction from the deep sea of the Angola Basin? Evidence for a new life cycle and for abyssal gigantism in Loricifera?".
360:
380:
465:
304:
Food scarcity at depths greater than 400 m is also thought to be a factor, since larger body size can improve ability to forage for widely scattered resources. In organisms with
1329:
911:
Lutz, R. A.; Shank, T. M.; Fornari, D. J.; Haymon, R. M.; Lilley, M. D.; Von Damm, K. L.; Desbruyeres, D. (1994). "Rapid growth at deep-sea vents".
296:. The former, however, has rapid growth rates and short life spans of about 2 years, while the latter is slow growing and may live over 250 years.
269:
seas where there is a reduced vertical temperature gradient, there is also a reduced trend towards increased body size with depth, arguing against
1708:
595:"The relationship between dissolved oxygen concentration and maximum size in deep-sea turrid gastropods: an application of quantile regression"
245:
In crustaceans, it has been proposed that the explanation for the increase in size with depth is similar to that for the increase in size with
1039:
880:
1061:
320:
scales to roughly the ¾ power of its mass. Under conditions of limited food supply, this may provide additional benefit to large size.
955:
855:
1402:
1228:"Why polar gigantism and Palaeozoic gigantism are not equivalent: effects of oxygen and temperature on the body size of ectotherms"
649:
1506:
Genes increase in frequency when relatedness of recipient to actor times benefit to recipient exceeds reproductive cost to actor
1631:
1322:
430:
349:
risk of toxicity poisoning where an organism can have oxygen levels that are so high that they become harmful and poisonous.
1001:
1718:
1121:
232:(organisms that pass through a 1 mm mesh), which actually exhibit the reverse trend of decreasing size with depth.
806:
332:
found that predation was nearly an order of magnitude less frequent at the greatest depths than in shallow waters.
1531:
1713:
1671:
1536:
The correlation between the size of an animal and its diet quality; larger animals can consume lower quality diet
1315:
493:, which can reach up to 2.7 m × 1.5 m (8 ft 10 in × 4 ft 11 in) in size.
1641:
1576:
Sexual size dimorphism increases with size when males are larger, decreases with size when females are larger
288:
197:
138:
59:
451:
403:
1596:
A population at limit of tolerance in one aspect is vulnerable to small differences in any other aspect
1586:
Groups evolve from character variation in primitive species to a fixed character state in advanced ones
682:
340:
Dissolved oxygen levels are also thought to play a role in deep-sea gigantism. A 1999 study of benthic
286:
communities at ambient temperatures of 2–30 °C, reaches lengths of 2.7 m, comparable to those of
1703:
1432:
1239:
1181:
1137:
920:
754:
606:
387:
317:
270:
214:
210:
172:
133:
1551:
864:
708:
1302:
1281:
1273:
1205:
1020:
936:
630:
575:
490:
180:
67:
1656:
1561:
1491:
1372:
276:
Temperature does not appear to have a similar role in influencing the size of giant tube worms.
250:
558:
Timofeev, S. F. (2001). "Bergmann's
Principle and Deep-Water Gigantism in Marine Crustaceans".
1611:
1591:
1526:
In cladistics, the most primitive species are found in earliest, central, part of group's area
1481:
1446:
1412:
1362:
1265:
1197:
1100:
876:
780:
622:
524:
283:
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184:
51:
1571:
1541:
1511:
1471:
1450:
1442:
1338:
1255:
1247:
1189:
1145:
1092:
1010:
928:
868:
836:
770:
762:
614:
567:
519:
514:
328:
An additional possible influence is reduced predation pressure in deeper waters. A study of
313:
1621:
966:
886:
504:
316:, the larger an animal gets, the more efficient its metabolism becomes; i.e., an animal's
1422:
1352:
1243:
1185:
1141:
924:
758:
610:
1601:
1581:
1461:
1382:
775:
738:
734:
254:
206:
202:
188:
111:
1697:
1679:
1501:
423:
176:
160:
124:
634:
579:
21:
1521:
1285:
1209:
940:
473:
367:
218:
164:
156:
151:
120:
63:
1096:
594:
1636:
Embryos start from a common form and develop into increasingly specialised forms
456:
192:
26:
16:
Tendency for deep-sea species to be larger than their shallower-water relatives
997:
A. Milne
Edwards, 1879 (Flabellifera: Cirolanidae), off the Yucatan Peninsula"
840:
571:
434:
329:
103:
87:
79:
1546:
Inverse relationship between water temperature and no. of fin rays, vertebrae
1269:
1201:
626:
1251:
529:
406:, whose mantle reaches 2 m (6 ft 7 in) in length, caught off
341:
293:
266:
258:
229:
146:
1104:
784:
127:
dredged a gigantic Isopod 11 inches in length. We also dredged a gigantic
872:
618:
1646:
Parts in an organism become reduced in number and specialized in function
1456:
Small species get larger, large species smaller, after colonizing islands
802:
509:
305:
246:
168:
128:
107:
99:
91:
55:
1683:
Large ectothermic animals more easily maintain constant body temperature
1277:
1227:
1260:
1169:
1024:
426:
131:. For over 125 years, scientists have contemplated the extreme size of
38:
1150:
1125:
766:
932:
407:
262:
95:
30:
1015:
992:
863:. Oceanography and Marine Biology - an Annual Review. Vol. 48.
1616:
No. of eggs of benthic marine invertebrates decreases with latitude
1307:
956:"Stability and Change in Gulf of Mexico Chemosynthetic Communities"
309:
locomote; they can also survive 5 years without food in captivity.
102:. Non-arthropods in which deep-sea gigantism has been observed are
1193:
83:
20:
477:
jellyfish, which can grow up to 10 m (33 ft) in length.
390:
whose outstretched legs measured 3.7 m (12 ft) across.
1486:
Hybrid sexes that are absent, rare, or sterile, are heterogamic
1311:
82:, the trend of increasing size with depth has been observed in
1427:
Insect social parasites are often in same genus as their hosts
1126:"Latitudinal and depth gradients in marine predation pressure"
374:) may reach up to 0.76 m (2 ft 6 in) in length.
145:
Notable organisms that exhibit deep-sea gigantism include the
1040:"Aquarium's deep-sea isopod hasn't eaten for over four years"
991:
Briones-Fourzán, Patricia; Lozano-Alvarez, Enrique (1991).
1626:
Probability of extinction of a group is constant over time
1606:
The top of an animals coloration is darker than the bottom
650:"Deep Sea Gigantism: Curious Cases of Mystery Giant Eels"
1556:
Birds lay only as many eggs as they can provide food for
29:, the second largest cephalopod, that washed ashore in
1062:"I Won't Eat, You Can't Make Me! (And They Couldn't)"
1083:
Kleiber, M. (1947). "Body Size and
Metabolic Rate".
228:
Deep-sea gigantism is not generally observed in the
1664:
1345:
560:
Biology
Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences
62:in general, as well as the inaccessibility of the
1516:An animals metabolic rate decreases with its size
1303:Science Daily: Midgets and giants in the deep sea
1226:Verberk, Wilco C. E. P.; Atkinson, David (2013).
1170:"Polar gigantism dictated by oxygen availability"
803:"Amazing specimen of world's largest squid in NZ"
58:. The harsh conditions and inhospitality of the
116:
1675:Where genetics opposes environment as a factor
1437:Host and parasite phylogenies become congruent
1323:
1116:
1114:
676:
674:
672:
670:
8:
1476:Lighter coloration in colder, drier climates
993:"Aspects of the biology of the giant isopod
1168:Chapelle, Gauthier; Peck, Lloyd S. (1999).
1496:Parasites co-vary in size with their hosts
1330:
1316:
1308:
796:
794:
553:
551:
549:
547:
545:
1566:Latitudinal range increases with latitude
1259:
1149:
1014:
822:
820:
818:
816:
774:
70:, have hindered the study of this topic.
857:The biology of vestimentiferan tubeworms
593:C., McClain; M., Rex (1 October 2001).
541:
356:
25:Examination of a 9 m (30 ft)
1407:Loss of complex traits is irreversible
1357:Shorter appendages in colder climates
1221:
1219:
1163:
1161:
187:, and a number of squid species: the
7:
1038:Gallagher, Jack (26 February 2013).
683:"Why isn't the Giant Isopod larger?"
1466:Complete competitors cannot coexist
1367:Extra limbs mirror their neighbours
854:Bright, M.; Lallier, F. H. (2010).
829:Organisms Diversity & Evolution
1417:Parasites co-vary with their hosts
801:Anderton, Jim (22 February 2007).
681:McClain, Craig (14 January 2015).
14:
1397:Larger bodies in deep-sea animals
809:from the original on 23 May 2010.
1655:
1377:Larger bodies in colder climates
482:
464:
442:
415:
395:
379:
359:
1130:Global Ecology and Biogeography
429:, washed up on the beach of a
273:being an important parameter.
1:
1709:Evolutionary biology concepts
1097:10.1152/physrev.1947.27.4.511
1002:Journal of Crustacean Biology
455:sea spider, displayed at the
743:forages on gelatinous fauna"
739:"The giant deep-sea octopus
191:(up to 14 m in length), the
1387:Bodies get larger over time
1735:
954:MacDonald, Ian R. (2002).
805:. New Zealand Government.
336:Increased dissolved oxygen
324:Reduced predation pressure
110:, and eels from the order
1672:Countergradient variation
1653:
1522:Hennig's progression rule
841:10.1016/j.ode.2004.10.005
422:A 7 m (23 ft)
1252:10.1111/1365-2435.12152
1064:. NPR. 22 February 2014
572:10.1023/A:1012336823275
431:Navy SEAL training base
1124:; Peck, L. S. (2016).
289:Lamellibrachia luymesi
198:Megalocranchia fisheri
143:
139:Henry Nottidge Moseley
60:underwater environment
54:concentrations in the
34:
1532:Jarman–Bell principle
1085:Physiological Reviews
873:10.1201/ebk1439821169
619:10.1007/s002270100617
452:Colossendeis colossea
404:robust clubhook squid
203:robust clubhook squid
24:
995:Bathynomus giganteus
867:. pp. 213–266.
865:Taylor & Francis
741:Haliphron atlanticus
707:Smithsonian Oceans.
388:Japanese spider crab
372:Bathynomus giganteus
318:basal metabolic rate
271:hydrostatic pressure
173:Japanese spider crab
134:Bathynomus giganteus
66:for most human-made
1719:Ecogeographic rules
1244:2013FuEco..27.1275V
1186:1999Natur.399..114C
1142:2016GloEB..25..670H
925:1994Natur.371..663L
759:2017NatSR...744952H
709:"Big Red Jellyfish"
611:2001MarBi.139..681C
257:size and increased
68:underwater vehicles
1592:Schmalhausen's law
1393:Deep-sea gigantism
1232:Functional Ecology
972:on 1 February 2017
892:on 31 October 2013
747:Scientific Reports
733:Hoving, H. J. T.;
713:Smithsonian Oceans
654:MysteriousUniverse
491:deepwater stingray
207:Dana octopus squid
181:deepwater stingray
43:deep-sea gigantism
35:
1691:
1690:
1447:Insular gigantism
1433:Fahrenholz's rule
1180:(6732): 114–115.
1151:10.1111/geb.12444
1042:. The Japan Times
882:978-1-4398-2116-9
767:10.1038/srep44952
737:(27 March 2017).
735:Haddock, S. H. D.
525:Largest organisms
292:, which lives in
284:hydrothermal vent
282:, which lives in
279:Riftia pachyptila
241:Lower temperature
215:giant warty squid
185:seven-arm octopus
147:big red jellyfish
47:abyssal gigantism
1726:
1714:Marine organisms
1684:
1676:
1659:
1648:
1647:
1638:
1637:
1628:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1608:
1607:
1598:
1597:
1588:
1587:
1578:
1577:
1568:
1567:
1558:
1557:
1552:Lack's principle
1548:
1547:
1538:
1537:
1528:
1527:
1518:
1517:
1508:
1507:
1498:
1497:
1488:
1487:
1478:
1477:
1468:
1467:
1458:
1457:
1451:Insular dwarfism
1439:
1438:
1429:
1428:
1419:
1418:
1409:
1408:
1399:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1379:
1378:
1369:
1368:
1359:
1358:
1339:Biological rules
1332:
1325:
1318:
1309:
1290:
1289:
1263:
1238:(6): 1275–1285.
1223:
1214:
1213:
1165:
1156:
1155:
1153:
1118:
1109:
1108:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1035:
1029:
1028:
1018:
988:
982:
981:
979:
977:
971:
965:. Archived from
960:
951:
945:
944:
933:10.1038/371663a0
908:
902:
901:
899:
897:
891:
885:. Archived from
862:
851:
845:
844:
824:
811:
810:
798:
789:
788:
778:
730:
724:
723:
721:
719:
704:
698:
697:
695:
693:
678:
665:
664:
662:
660:
645:
639:
638:
590:
584:
583:
555:
520:Insular dwarfism
515:Island gigantism
486:
468:
446:
424:king of herrings
419:
399:
383:
363:
165:giant sea spider
52:dissolved oxygen
1734:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1674:
1660:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1642:Williston's law
1635:
1634:
1632:von Baer's laws
1625:
1624:
1622:Van Valen's law
1615:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1595:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1575:
1574:
1565:
1564:
1562:Rapoport's rule
1555:
1554:
1545:
1544:
1535:
1534:
1525:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1505:
1504:
1502:Hamilton's rule
1495:
1494:
1492:Harrison's rule
1485:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1465:
1464:
1455:
1454:
1436:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1406:
1405:
1396:
1395:
1386:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1373:Bergmann's rule
1366:
1365:
1356:
1355:
1341:
1336:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1225:
1224:
1217:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1067:
1065:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1045:
1043:
1037:
1036:
1032:
1016:10.2307/1548464
990:
989:
985:
975:
973:
969:
958:
953:
952:
948:
910:
909:
905:
895:
893:
889:
883:
860:
853:
852:
848:
826:
825:
814:
800:
799:
792:
732:
731:
727:
717:
715:
706:
705:
701:
691:
689:
680:
679:
668:
658:
656:
647:
646:
642:
592:
591:
587:
557:
556:
543:
538:
505:Cephalopod size
501:
494:
487:
478:
469:
460:
447:
438:
420:
411:
400:
391:
384:
375:
364:
355:
338:
326:
302:
251:Bergmann's rule
243:
238:
155:jellyfish, the
123:dredged by us.
76:
74:Taxonomic range
17:
12:
11:
5:
1732:
1730:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1677:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1649:
1639:
1629:
1619:
1612:Thorson's rule
1609:
1599:
1589:
1579:
1569:
1559:
1549:
1539:
1529:
1519:
1509:
1499:
1489:
1482:Haldane's rule
1479:
1469:
1459:
1440:
1430:
1420:
1413:Eichler's rule
1410:
1400:
1390:
1380:
1370:
1363:Bateson's rule
1360:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1297:External links
1295:
1292:
1291:
1215:
1157:
1136:(6): 670–678.
1110:
1091:(4): 511–541.
1075:
1053:
1030:
1009:(3): 375–385.
983:
946:
903:
881:
846:
812:
790:
725:
699:
666:
648:Hanks, Micah.
640:
605:(4): 681–685.
599:Marine Biology
585:
566:(6): 646–650.
540:
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234:
211:cockatoo squid
195:(up to 12 m),
189:colossal squid
169:giant amphipod
161:giant ostracod
112:Anguilliformes
75:
72:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1731:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
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1705:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1681:
1680:Gigantothermy
1678:
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1633:
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1623:
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1610:
1603:
1600:
1593:
1590:
1583:
1580:
1573:
1572:Rensch's rule
1570:
1563:
1560:
1553:
1550:
1543:
1542:Jordan's rule
1540:
1533:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1513:
1512:Kleiber's law
1510:
1503:
1500:
1493:
1490:
1483:
1480:
1473:
1472:Gloger's rule
1470:
1463:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1443:Foster's rule
1441:
1434:
1431:
1424:
1421:
1414:
1411:
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1401:
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1233:
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1222:
1220:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1194:10.1038/20099
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1152:
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1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:Harper, E. M.
1117:
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1111:
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1079:
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1041:
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1022:
1017:
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1004:
1003:
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987:
984:
968:
964:
957:
950:
947:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
919:(6499): 663.
918:
914:
907:
904:
888:
884:
878:
874:
870:
866:
859:
858:
850:
847:
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368:giant isopod
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236:Explanations
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152:Stygiomedusa
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64:abyssal zone
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1704:Animal size
1582:Rosa's rule
1462:Gause's law
1403:Dollo's law
1383:Cope's rule
1261:2066/123399
1068:23 February
457:Smithsonian
330:brachiopods
193:giant squid
104:cephalopods
88:euphausiids
80:crustaceans
27:giant squid
1698:Categories
976:30 October
896:30 October
536:References
435:California
306:planktonic
294:cold seeps
223:Magnapinna
217:, and the
121:Pycnogonid
108:cnidarians
78:In marine
1270:0269-8463
1202:0028-0836
835:: 59–75.
753:: 44952.
627:0025-3162
530:Megafauna
267:Antarctic
259:life span
230:meiofauna
100:amphipods
1278:24033996
1105:20267758
807:Archived
785:28344325
635:83747571
580:28016098
510:Dwarfing
499:See also
342:amphipod
247:latitude
129:Ostracod
92:decapods
56:deep sea
1665:Related
1286:5636563
1240:Bibcode
1210:4308425
1182:Bibcode
1138:Bibcode
1025:1548464
941:4357672
921:Bibcode
776:5366804
755:Bibcode
692:1 March
607:Bibcode
427:oarfish
353:Gallery
96:isopods
39:zoology
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408:Alaska
263:Arctic
183:, the
179:, the
175:, the
171:, the
167:, the
163:, the
141:, 1880
84:mysids
31:Norway
1346:Rules
1282:S2CID
1274:JSTOR
1206:S2CID
1021:JSTOR
970:(PDF)
959:(PDF)
937:S2CID
890:(PDF)
861:(PDF)
718:5 May
659:5 May
631:S2CID
576:S2CID
1266:ISSN
1198:ISSN
1101:PMID
1070:2014
1048:2013
978:2013
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877:ISBN
781:PMID
720:2019
694:2018
661:2019
623:ISSN
265:and
255:cell
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1190:doi
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