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movement disorders. The first randomized, controlled study of DBS for the treatment of TRD targeting the ventral capsule/ventral striatum area did not demonstrate a significant difference in response rates between the active and sham groups at the end of a 16-week study. However, a second randomized controlled study of ventral capsule DBS for TRD did demonstrate a significant difference in response rates between active DBS (44% responders) and sham DBS (0% responders). Efficacy of DBS is established for OCD, with on average 60% responders in severely ill and treatment-resistant patients. Based on these results the
76:
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757:, using either frame-based or frameless stereotaxis. During the awake procedure with local anesthesia, feedback from the person is used to determine the optimal placement of the permanent electrode. During the asleep procedure, intraoperative MRI guidance is used for direct visualization of brain tissue and device. The installation of the IPG and extension leads occurs under general anesthesia. The right side of the brain is stimulated to address symptoms on the left side of the body and vice versa.
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417:. The reason these scientists came up with the concept so early was out of necessity: At the time, chronic stimulation as carried out in open-loop (conventional) DBS applications was not technically possible using fully implanted devices, since the battery technology at the time was not ready to do so. With the advent of 'modern' DBS as implemented by the team of
405:, that e.g. detect symptoms such as tremor, may be used to guide stimulation across time. The concept of adaptive deep brain stimulation is as old as the concept of electrical stimulation of the brain, itself, i.e. originates in the 1950ies-1960ies and was implemented by early pioneers such as Carl-Wilhelm Sem-Jacobsen,
533:
421:, for decades, chronic, open-loop DBS became the dominant application. Here, pulses are emitted to the brain tissue in a fixed frequency (often 130 Hz) without sensing brain signals or other forms of a steering signal.It took until the 2010s, after a demonstration of efficacy of aDBS in the macaque by the team of
496:(2010) say, "As an invasive therapy, DBS is currently only advisable for severely affected, treatment-refractory TS adults". Singer (2011) says, "pending determination of patient selection criteria and the outcome of carefully controlled clinical trials, a cautious approach is recommended". Viswanathan
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problems. Four areas of the brain have been treated with neural stimulators in PD. Most DBS surgeries in routine practice target either the GPi or the STN, which, in prospective trials have been equally efficient in reducing motor symptoms, likely due to a shared network being stimulated with either
483:
Robertson reported that DBS had been used on 55 adults by 2011, remained an experimental treatment at that time, and recommended that the procedure "should only be conducted by experienced functional neurosurgeons operating in centres which also have a dedicated
Tourette syndrome clinic". According
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has produced impressive results with some people, but results vary. One study of 17 people with intractable cancer pain found that 13 were virtually pain-free and only four required opioid analgesics on release from hospital after the intervention. Most ultimately did resort to opioids, usually in
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A systematic review of DBS for TRD and OCD identified 23 cases, nine for OCD, seven for TRD, and one for both. "bout half the patients did show dramatic improvement" and adverse events were "generally trivial" given the younger age of the psychiatric population relative to the age of people with
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Adaptive of Closed Loop Deep Brain
Stimulation is a technique in which a steering signal influences when, with which amplitude or at which electrode contacts the DBS system is activated. This steering signal can be a physiological sensing signal, which is typically either recorded from the same
333:
Selection of the correct DBS target is a complicated process. Multiple clinical characteristics are used to select the target including – identifying the most troublesome symptoms, the dose of levodopa that the patient is currently taking, the effects and side-effects of current medications and
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populations, tending to remit in adulthood, so, in general, this would not be a recommended procedure for use on children. It may not always be obvious how to utilize DBS for a particular person because the diagnosis of
Tourette's is based on a history of symptoms rather than an examination of
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procedure for treating
Tourette's, and more study is needed to determine whether long-term benefits outweigh the risks. The procedure is well tolerated, but complications include "short battery life, abrupt symptom worsening upon cessation of stimulation, hypomanic or manic conversion, and the
1524:
Odekerken, Vincent J.J.; Boel, Judith A.; Schmand, Ben A.; de Haan, Rob J.; Figee, M.; van den
Munckhof, Pepijn; Schuurman, P. Richard; de Bie, Rob M.A.; For the NSTAPS study group; NSTAPS study group; de Bie, R.M.A.; Bour, L.; Contarino, M.F.; de Haan, R.J.; Iwan, M. (2016-02-23).
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All three components are surgically implanted inside the body. Lead implantation may take place under local anesthesia or under general anesthesia ("asleep DBS"), such as for dystonia. A hole about 14 mm in diameter is drilled in the skull and the probe electrode is inserted
239:, likely by attenuating (pathologically elevated) information flow through affected brain networks. Thus, DBS is thought to create an 'informational lesion', which can be switched off by turning off the DBS device, i.e. is reversible. This is a strong advantage compared to actual
1298:
Hollunder, Barbara; Ostrem, Jill L.; Sahin, Ilkem Aysu; Rajamani, Nanditha; Oxenford, SimĂłn; Butenko, Konstantin; Neudorfer, Clemens; Reinhardt, Pablo; Zvarova, Patricia; Polosan, Mircea; Akram, Harith; Vissani, Matteo; Zhang, Chencheng; Sun, Bomin; Navratil, Pavel (March 2024).
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DBS for TRD can be as effective as antidepressants and have good response and remission rates, but adverse effects and safety must be more fully evaluated. Common side effects include "wound infection, perioperative headache, and worsening/irritable mood increased suicidality".
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is currently debated, but by sending high-frequency electrical impulses into specific areas of the brain, it can mitigate symptoms and directly diminish the side effects induced by PD medications, allowing a decrease in medications, or making a medication regimen more tolerable.
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Generally, DBS is associated with a 30–60% improvement in motor score evaluations. However, DBS is administered continuously and with fixed parameters and does not fully control motor fluctuations that characterize
Parkinson's disease. Therefore, in recent years, the concept of
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electrodes and is placed in one or two different nuclei of the brain. The lead is connected to the IPG by an extension, an insulated wire that runs below the skin, from the head, down the side of the neck, behind the ear, to the IPG, which is placed subcutaneously below the
275:
DBS is used to manage some of the symptoms of
Parkinson's disease that cannot be adequately controlled with medications. PD is treated by applying high-frequency (> 100 Hz) stimulation to target structures in the depth of the brain. Frequently used targets include the
1484:
Follett, Kenneth A.; Weaver, Frances M.; Stern, Matthew; Hur, Kwan; Harris, Crystal L.; Luo, Ping; Marks, William J.; Rothlind, Johannes; Sagher, Oren; Moy, Claudia; Pahwa, Rajesh; Burchiel, Kim; Hogarth, Penelope; Lai, Eugene C.; Duda, John E. (2010-06-03).
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Results of DBS in people with dystonia, where positive effects often appear gradually over a period of weeks to months, indicate a role of functional reorganization in at least some cases. The procedure has been tested for effectiveness in people with
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Dougherty DD, Rezai AR, Carpenter LL, Howland RH, Bhati MT, O'Reardon JP, et al. (August 2015). "A Randomized Sham-Controlled Trial of Deep Brain
Stimulation of the Ventral Capsule/Ventral Striatum for Chronic Treatment-Resistant Depression".
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The small numbers in the early trials of DBS for TRD currently limit the selection of an optimal neuroanatomical target. Evidence is insufficient to support DBS as a therapeutic modality for depression; however, the procedure may be an effective
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Apetauerova D, Ryan RK, Ro SI, Arle J, Shils J, Papavassiliou E, Tarsy D (August 2006). "End of day dyskinesia in advanced
Parkinson's disease can be eliminated by bilateral subthalamic nucleus or globus pallidus deep brain stimulation".
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Dallapiazza RF, De Vloo P, Fomenko A, Lee DJ, Hamani C, Munhoz RP, et al. (2018). "Considerations for
Patient and Target Selection in Deep Brain Stimulation surgery for Parkinson's disease". In Stoker TB, Greenland JC (eds.).
1564:
Sobesky, Leon; Goede, Lukas; Odekerken, Vincent J J; Wang, Qiang; Li, Ningfei; Neudorfer, Clemens; Rajamani, Nanditha; Al-Fatly, Bassam; Reich, Martin; Volkmann, Jens; de Bie, Rob M A; KĂĽhn, Andrea A; Horn, Andreas (2022-03-29).
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in the future. In fact, beneficial results have been documented in the neurosurgical literature, including a few instances in which people who were deeply depressed were provided with portable stimulators for self-treatment.
921:. More recent (2018) work showed, that forniceal DBS upregulates genes involved in synaptic function, cell survival, and neurogenesis, making some first steps at explaining the restoration of hippocampal circuit function.
586:. Also, surgery complications may occur, such as bleeding within the brain. After surgery, swelling of the brain tissue, mild disorientation, and sleepiness are normal. After 2–4 weeks, a follow-up visit is used to remove
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described a new technique that allows for simultaneous implants of electrodes called bilateral stereotactic procedure for DBS. The main benefits are less time spent on the procedure and greater accuracy.
3175:"Violence, mental illness, and the brain - A brief history of psychosurgery: Part 3 - From deep brain stimulation to amygdalotomy for violent behavior, seizures, and pathological aggression in humans"
852:(FDA) has approved DBS for treatment-resistant OCD under a Humanitarian Device Exemption (HDE), requiring that the procedure be performed only in a hospital with specialist qualifications to do so.
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DBS is recommended for people who have PD with motor fluctuations and tremors inadequately controlled by medication, or to those who are intolerant to medication, as long as they do not have severe
2926:
Anderson RJ, Frye MA, Abulseoud OA, Lee KH, McGillivray JA, Berk M, Tye SJ (September 2012). "Deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: efficacy, safety and mechanisms of action".
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DBS of the subthalamic nucleus has a more sudden effect on tremor (while effect on tremor in GPi is sometimes delayed). Also, studies associated STN-DBS with reductions in dopaminergic medication.
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Appleby BS, Duggan PS, Regenberg A, Rabins PV (September 2007). "Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric adverse events associated with deep brain stimulation: A meta-analysis of ten years' experience".
382:(aDBS), a type of DBS that automatically adapts stimulation parameters to Parkinsonian symptoms, was developed. aDBS devices are currently under investigation to be adopted in clinical practice.
2025:
Sultana B, Panzini MA, Veilleux Carpentier A, Comtois J, Rioux B, Gore G, et al. (April 2021). "Incidence and Prevalence of Drug-Resistant Epilepsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis".
3102:
Murphy DN, Boggio P, Fregni F (May 2009). "Transcranial direct current stimulation as a therapeutic tool for the treatment of major depression: insights from past and recent clinical studies".
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According to one long-term follow-up study, DBS targeting the anterior nucleus of the thalamus may be somewhat more effective for temporal lobe epilepsy, and efficacy may increase over time.
705:
DBS leads are placed in the brain according to the type of symptoms to be addressed. For non-Parkinsonian essential tremor, the lead is placed in either the ventrointermediate nucleus of the
2375:
Mogilner A.Y.; Benabid A.L.; Rezai A.R. (2004). "Chronic Therapeutic Brain Stimulation: History, Current Clinical Indications, and Future Prospects". In Markov, Marko; Paul J. Rosch (eds.).
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The procedure is invasive and expensive and requires long-term expert care. Benefits for severe Tourette's are inconclusive, considering the less robust effects of this surgery seen in the
2868:
Kringelbach ML, Jenkinson N, Green AL, Owen SL, Hansen PC, Cornelissen PL, et al. (February 2007). "Deep brain stimulation for chronic pain investigated with magnetoencephalography".
831:, ventral capsule/ventral striatum, inferior thalamic peduncle, and the lateral habenula. A recently proposed target of DBS intervention in depression is the superolateral branch of the
540:
DBS carries the risks of major surgery, with a complication rate related to the experience of the surgical team. The major complications include hemorrhage (1–2%) and infection (3–5%).
1931:
Mink JW, Walkup J, Frey KA, Como P, Cath D, Delong MR, et al. (November 2006). "Patient selection and assessment recommendations for deep brain stimulation in Tourette syndrome".
2735:"Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulator placement using high-field interventional magnetic resonance imaging and a skull-mounted aiming device: technique and application accuracy"
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Because the brain can shift slightly during surgery, the electrodes can become displaced or dislodged from the specific location. This may cause more profound complications such as
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Impaired swimming skills surfaced as an unexpected risk of the procedure; several Parkinson's disease patients lost their ability to swim after receiving deep brain stimulation.
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can be considered. Targets other than the anterior nucleus of the thalamus have been studied for the treatment of epilepsy, such as the centromedian nucleus of the thalamus, the
2484:
Machado A, Rezai AR, Kopell BH, Gross RE, Sharan AD, Benabid AL (June 2006). "Deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease: surgical technique and perioperative management".
2400:
McIntyre CC, Thakor NV (2002). "Uncovering the mechanisms of deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease through functional imaging, neural recording, and neural modeling".
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Synaptic inhibition: This causes an indirect regulation of the neuronal output by activating axon terminals with synaptic connections to neurons near the stimulating electrode.
571:. However, these effects may be temporary and related to (1) incorrect placement of electrodes, (2) open-loop VS closed-loop stimulation, meaning a constant stimulation or an
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As many as 36.3% of epilepsy patients are drug-resistant. These patients are at risk for significant morbidity and mortality. In cases where surgery is not an option,
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The first device, Medtronic's Activa Deep Brain Stimulation Therapy System, was approved in 1997 for tremor associated with essential tremor and Parkinson's disease.
2694:"Frame-based stereotaxy in a frameless era: current capabilities, relative role, and the positive- and negative predictive values of blood through the needle"
3059:
Schlaepfer TE, Bewernick BH, Kayser S, Mädler B, Coenen VA (June 2013). "Rapid effects of deep brain stimulation for treatment-resistant major depression".
322:
DBS of the VIM is mainly used to reduce shaking movements (tremor), and hence is, if at all, used in tremor-dominant variants of PD (and also to treat
329:
Some studies suggested efficacy for DBS of the PPN in reducing freezing of gait, but results have been mixed and the target is not routinely used.
3724:"Loss and Gain of MeCP2 Cause Similar Hippocampal Circuit Dysfunction that Is Rescued by Deep Brain Stimulation in a Rett Syndrome Mouse Model"
4087:
3356:"Deep Brain Stimulation of the Ventral Anterior Limb of the Internal Capsule for Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Randomized Clinical Trial"
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827:(TRD). A number of neuroanatomical targets have been used for DBS for TRD including the subgenual cingulate gyrus, posterior gyrus rectus,
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517:
816:
4165:
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973:
3683:"Simultaneous bilateral stereotactic procedure for deep brain stimulation implants: a significant step for reducing operation time"
1401:
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Burn DJ, Tröster AI (September 2004). "Neuropsychiatric complications of medical and surgical therapies for Parkinson's disease".
488:(2006), "Only patients with severe, debilitating, and treatment-refractory illness should be considered; while those with severe
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193:. The exact mechanisms of DBS are complex and not entirely clear, but it is known to modify brain activity in a structured way.
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469:
442:
391:
379:
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Wu C, Sharan AD (Jan–Feb 2013). "Neurostimulation for the treatment of epilepsy: a review of current surgical interventions".
630:(i.e., surgical ablation of the thalamus). Instead, a thin lead with multiple electrodes is implanted in the globus pallidus,
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787:
3992:"Deep brain stimulation of the human reward system for major depressionsnd – rationale, outcomes and outlook"
425:
in 2011, the first in-human application of aDBS was carried out by the team of Peter Brown in 2013, followed by the team of
3397:"Deep Brain Stimulation for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Meta-Analysis of Treatment Outcome and Predictors of Response"
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that is resistant to medication. DBS may reduce or eliminate epileptic seizures with programmed or responsive stimulation.
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The DBS system consists of three components: the implanted pulse generator (IPG), the lead, and an extension. The IPG is a
4155:
791:
186:
4033:
Diamond A, Shahed J, Azher S, Dat-Vuong K, Jankovic J (May 2006). "Globus pallidus deep brain stimulation in dystonia".
3773:"Forniceal deep brain stimulation induces gene expression and splicing changes that promote neurogenesis and plasticity"
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Robison RA, Taghva A, Liu CY, Apuzzo ML (2012). "Surgery of the mind, mood, and conscious state: an idea in evolution".
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197:
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Young RF, Brechner T (March 1986). "Electrical stimulation of the brain for relief of intractable pain due to cancer".
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182:
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Heath RG (January 1972). "Pleasure and brain activity in man. Deep and surface electroencephalograms during orgasm".
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Johnson MI, Oxberry SG, Robb K (2008). "Stimulation-induced analgesia". In Sykes N, Bennett MI & Yuan C-S (ed.).
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Moro E, Lang AE (November 2006). "Criteria for deep-brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease: review and analysis".
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monitoring delivery system and (3) calibration of the stimulator, so these side effects are potentially reversible.
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Kringelbach ML, Jenkinson N, Owen SL, Aziz TZ (August 2007). "Translational principles of deep brain stimulation".
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The exact mechanism of action of DBS is not known. A variety of hypotheses try to explain the mechanisms of DBS:
217:
3261:"Deep brain stimulation for obsessive-compulsive disorder and treatment-resistant depression: systematic review"
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4150:
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Volkmann J, Herzog J, Kopper F, Deuschl G (2002). "Introduction to the programming of deep brain stimulators".
1183:"FDA Approves Humanitarian Device Exemption for Deep Brain Stimulator for Severe Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder"
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500:(2012) say DBS should be used for people with "severe functional impairment that cannot be managed medically".
289:
110:
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Lee JY, Deogaonkar M, Rezai A (July 2007). "Deep brain stimulation of globus pallidus internus for dystonia".
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who do not respond to conventional treatment. Despite widely publicized early successes, DBS remains a highly
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Robertson MM (February 2011). "Gilles de la Tourette syndrome: the complexities of phenotype and treatment".
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Orgasmic ecstasy was reported with the electrical stimulation of the brain with depth electrodes in the left
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that are at times also surgically applied to similar targets in similar conditions and which are permanent.
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Doshi PK (April 2011). "Long-term surgical and hardware-related complications of deep brain stimulation".
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312:. This may sometimes allow a patient to take adequate (additional) quantities of medications (especially
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target. General differences between targets are not easy to summarize, but often include the following:
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Richter EO, Lozano AM (2004). "Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders".
3873:"Single-center long-term results of vagus nerve stimulation for epilepsy: A 10-17 year follow-up study"
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Bronstein JM, Tagliati M, Alterman RL, Lozano AM, Volkmann J, Stefani A, et al. (February 2011).
1166:"Medtronic Receives FDA Approval for Deep Brain Stimulation Therapy for Medically Refractory Epilepsy"
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concurrent problems. Decisions are often made in multidisciplinary teams at specialized institutions.
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responsible for movement control. The treatment is designed for a range of movement disorders such as
3456:"Neuropsychologic effects of neuromodulation techniques for treatment-resistant depression: a review"
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Depolarization blockade: Electrical currents block the neuronal output at or near the electrode site.
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also reported euphoria and sexual thoughts from self-elicited DBS of the septal nuclei.
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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1567:"Subthalamic and pallidal deep brain stimulation: are we modulating the same network?"
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convened a group of experts to develop recommendations guiding the use and potential
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228:, among other brain disorders. It is one of few neurosurgical procedures that allow
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1361:"Deep brain stimulation creates an informational lesion of the stimulated nucleus:"
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1301:"Mapping dysfunctional circuits in the frontal cortex using deep brain stimulation"
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DBS has been used in a small number of clinical trials to treat people with severe
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908:
116:
1809:
1449:
896:
892:
627:
619:
579:
460:
433:
and Newronika have begun developing commercial applications of closed-loop DBS.
259:
166:
124:
3649:
3237:
2814:
10.1002/1097-0142(19860315)57:6<1266::aid-cncr2820570634>3.0.co;2-q
2540:
2240:
1527:"GPi vs STN deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease: Three-year follow-up"
1316:
4115:
4107:
3471:
2987:
2970:
2710:
2693:
2091:
1672:
1655:
1273:
881:
699:
536:
Arteriogram of the arterial supply that can hemorrhage during DBS implantation
521:
309:
212:
in 2018. DBS has been studied in clinical trials as a potential treatment for
4079:
3699:
3682:
3191:
2750:
2733:
Starr PA, Martin AJ, Ostrem JL, Talke P, Levesque N, Larson PS (March 2010).
2285:
1590:
1550:
1510:
1384:
1324:
1041:
1039:
2352:
2335:
1834:
Du JC, Chiu TF, Lee KM, Wu HL, Yang YC, Hsu SY, et al. (October 2010).
1582:
1487:"Pallidal versus Subthalamic Deep-Brain Stimulation for Parkinson's Disease"
880:
has resulted in enhanced alertness, cooperation, and euphoria. Persons with
691:
464:
456:
significant time and effort involved in optimizing stimulation parameters".
430:
402:
236:
162:
4054:
4025:
3974:
3898:
3857:
3808:
3757:
3708:
3667:
3567:
3524:
3489:
3440:
3381:
3332:
3296:
3277:
3245:
3210:
3123:
3080:
3045:
3036:
3019:
2996:
2947:
2899:
2768:
2719:
2678:
2635:
2592:
2548:
2505:
2470:
2421:
2361:
2293:
2258:
2201:
2158:
2099:
2056:
2011:
1962:
1917:
1861:
1817:
1771:
1743:
1691:
1632:
1467:
1342:
1281:
1221:
1091:
1046:
GarcĂa MR, Pearlmutter BA, Wellstead PE, Middleton RH (16 September 2013).
1021:
3990:
Schlaepfer TE, Bewernick BH, Kayser S, Hurlemann R, Coenen VA (May 2014).
3610:
2821:
2452:
2317:"Deep Brain Stimulation May Put Parkinson's Patients at Risk for Drowning"
2078:
Sperling MR (February 2004). "The consequences of uncontrolled epilepsy".
1984:
Viswanathan A, Jimenez-Shahed J, Baizabal Carvallo JF, Jankovic J (2012).
1750:
Singer HS (March 2005). "Tourette's syndrome: from behaviour to biology".
1502:
1148:
917:
In 2016, DBS was found to improve learning and memory in a mouse model of
235:
As a first approximation, DBS is thought to mimic the clinical effects of
2223:
Scangos KW, Makhoul GS, Sugrue LP, Chang EF, Krystal AD (February 2021).
1953:
978:
866:
722:
683:
663:
582:
changes, but electrode misplacement is relatively easy to identify using
568:
313:
285:
281:
209:
205:
190:
178:
89:
85:
4007:
3789:
2149:
666:
housing, which sends electrical pulses to the brain that interfere with
308:
DBS of the GPi has been shown to reduce uncontrollable movements called
1682:
1359:
Grill, Warren M.; Snyder, Andrea N.; Miocinovic, Svjetlana (May 2004).
583:
81:
4046:
3966:
3839:
3516:
2627:
2584:
2497:
2193:
2139:
2122:
2047:
2002:
1985:
1944:
1213:
255:
An adult male undergoing pre-op preparation for deep brain stimulation
140:
3722:
Lu H, Ash RT, He L, Kee SE, Wang W, Yu D, et al. (August 2016).
835:; its stimulation lead to surprisingly rapid antidepressant effects.
726:
667:
548:
1013:
1720:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 100. pp. 641–657.
1250:. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. Vol. 84. pp. 459–478.
810:
695:
531:
1986:"Deep brain stimulation for Tourette syndrome: target selection"
795:
779:
618:
DBS represents an advance on previous treatments which involved
572:
447:
DBS has been used experimentally in treating adults with severe
1716:
Singer HS (2011). "Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders".
532:
3147:
Physical Control of the Mind: Toward a Psychocivilized Society
902:
In 2015, a group of Brazilian researchers led by neurosurgeon
341:
29:
611:
Desynchronization of abnormal oscillatory activity of neurons
468:
neurological activity. Due to concern over the use of DBS in
165:
which sends electrical impulses to specified targets in the
3454:
Moreines JL, McClintock SM, Holtzheimer PE (January 2011).
1420:
FDA approves implanted brain stimulator to control tremors.
673:
at the target site. The lead is a coiled wire insulated in
429:
in the same year. Since then, several companies, including
80:
DBS-probes shown in X-ray of the skull (white areas around
2336:"Drowning hazard with deep brain stimulation: case report"
1656:"Clinical perspectives of adaptive deep brain stimulation"
799:
the last few weeks of life. DBS has also been applied for
702:
to optimize symptom suppression and control side effects.
208:
in 2003, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) in 2009, and
2847:(2nd ed.). London: Hodder Arnold. pp. 235–250.
741:; for incessant pain to the posterior thalamic region or
1879:
Statement: Deep Brain Stimulation and Tourette Syndrome.
1406:
National Institute on Neurological Disorders and Stroke
645:
Its direct effect on the physiology of brain cells and
358:
4116:
Deep brain stimulation therapy for Parkinson's disease
1607:
Parkinson's disease: Pathogenesis and clinical aspects
1200:
Gildenberg PL (2005). "Evolution of neuromodulation".
2435:
Herrington TM, Cheng JJ, Eskandar EN (January 2016).
1615:
10.15586/codonpublications.parkinsonsdisease.2018.ch8
815:
Lateral X-ray of the head: Deep brain stimulation in
492:
and substance-abuse problems should be excluded." Du
2123:"Deep brain stimulation for drug-resistant epilepsy"
292:
has been used as an investigational target to treat
4131:
Treatment center for Deep Brain Stimulation for OCD
4108:
Deep brain stimulation to treat Parkinson's disease
123:
109:
97:
68:
1836:"Tourette syndrome in children: an updated review"
1609:. Brisbane: Codon Publications. pp. 145–160.
1248:Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders, Part II
807:Major depression and obsessive-compulsive disorder
1791:
1789:
713:; for dystonia and symptoms associated with PD (
2783:"Deep Brain Stimulation for Movement Disorders"
1402:"Deep Brain Stimulation for Movement Disorders"
590:, turn on the neurostimulator, and program it.
1418:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
316:), thus leading to better control of symptoms.
263:Insertion of electrode during surgery using a
2379:. New York: Marcel Dekker. pp. 133–151.
2274:Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology
1711:
1709:
995:
993:
216:, for various affective disorders, including
8:
3632:Surbeck W, Bouthillier A, Nguyen DK (2013).
397:implanted electrode or a cortical electrode/
284:(GPi) and ventrointermediate nucleus of the
2921:
2919:
2917:
3168:
3166:
2402:Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering
1894:Walkup JT, Mink JW, Hollenbeck PJ (2006).
157:) is a surgical procedure that implants a
74:
4015:
3888:
3847:
3798:
3788:
3747:
3698:
3657:
3591:The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
3479:
3430:
3420:
3371:
3286:
3276:
3200:
3190:
3035:
2986:
2881:
2758:
2709:
2460:
2351:
2248:
2148:
2138:
2046:
2001:
1952:
1889:
1887:
1851:
1829:
1827:
1681:
1671:
1457:
1332:
1081:
1071:
3505:Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery
2182:Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery
1990:Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery
1396:
1394:
1202:Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery
819:(OCD). 42-year-old man, surgery in 2013.
729:), the lead may be placed in either the
401:strip/grid. Alternatively, signals from
258:
250:
200:as a treatment for essential tremor and
1168:(Press release). Medtronic. 1 May 2018.
1141:"'Brain pacemaker' for a rare disorder"
989:
2928:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
2437:"Mechanisms of deep brain stimulation"
662:-powered neurostimulator encased in a
204:(PD) since 1997. DBS was approved for
65:
2845:Clinical pain management: Cancer pain
1479:
1477:
1354:
1352:
7:
3638:Epilepsy & Behavior Case Reports
3259:Lakhan SE, Callaway E (March 2010).
2659:Parkinsonism & Related Disorders
2414:10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.v30.i456.20
1798:British Journal of Hospital Medicine
1293:
1291:
1241:
1239:
1177:
1175:
1160:
1158:
1134:
1132:
1103:
1101:
745:; and for epilepsy treatment to the
136:
2529:Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics
1726:10.1016/B978-0-444-52014-2.00046-X
969:Responsive neurostimulation device
642:under the skin in the chest area.
547:side effects after DBS, including
25:
974:Transcranial magnetic stimulation
690:. The IPG can be calibrated by a
92:and are unrelated to DBS devices)
3923:
3603:10.1097/00005053-197201000-00002
3560:10.1111/j.1525-1403.2012.00501.x
3373:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0152
3179:Surgical Neurology International
2692:Owen CM, Linskey ME (May 2009).
2671:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2006.07.020
2121:Li MC, Cook MJ (February 2018).
1377:10.1097/00001756-200405190-00011
737:; for OCD and depression to the
622:(i.e., surgical ablation of the
345:
34:
2940:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.06.001
1718:Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders
1491:New England Journal of Medicine
474:Tourette Association of America
463:. Tourette's is more common in
443:Management of Tourette syndrome
392:Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation
386:Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation
380:Adaptive Deep Brain Stimulation
3325:10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.11.023
3073:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.01.034
2975:Journal of Affective Disorders
825:treatment-resistant depression
788:ventral posterolateral nucleus
1:
3890:10.1016/j.seizure.2018.04.022
3104:Current Opinion in Psychiatry
2315:George J (27 November 2019).
1875:Tourette Syndrome Association
1853:10.1016/S1875-9572(10)60050-2
1764:10.1016/S1474-4422(05)01012-4
1256:10.1016/S0072-9752(07)84055-3
817:Obsessive–compulsive disorder
792:ventral posteromedial nucleus
196:DBS has been approved by the
187:obsessive-compulsive disorder
3740:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.07.018
3422:10.1371/journal.pone.0133591
3149:. New York: Harper and Row.
3116:10.1097/YCO.0b013e32832a133f
2892:10.1097/wnr.0b013e328010dc3d
2039:10.1212/WNL.0000000000011839
1881:Retrieved November 22, 2005.
1543:10.1212/WNL.0000000000002401
1422:Retrieved February 10, 2015.
1073:10.1371/journal.pone.0073456
1002:Nature Reviews. Neuroscience
850:Food and Drug Administration
198:Food and Drug Administration
4072:Bioelectromagnetic Medicine
3554:(1): 10–24, discussion 24.
2377:Bioelectromagnetic medicine
1810:10.12968/hmed.2011.72.2.100
1450:10.1001/archneurol.2010.260
1139:Phillips S (17 June 2007).
860:Other clinical applications
518:responsive neurostimulation
470:Tourette syndrome treatment
183:neuropsychiatric conditions
4197:
3650:10.1016/j.ebcr.2013.03.002
3238:10.1016/j.wneu.2012.03.005
2541:10.1586/14737175.6.11.1695
2441:Journal of Neurophysiology
2241:10.1038/s41591-020-01175-8
1840:Pediatrics and Neonatology
1317:10.1038/s41593-024-01570-1
954:Neuromodulation (medicine)
440:
389:
3472:10.1016/j.brs.2010.01.005
2988:10.1016/j.jad.2016.01.022
2711:10.1007/s11060-009-9871-y
2698:Journal of Neuro-Oncology
2092:10.1017/s1092852900008464
1896:"Behavioral neurosurgery"
1673:10.1016/j.brs.2021.07.063
949:Electroconvulsive therapy
747:anterior thalamic nucleus
634:intermedius thalami, or
543:The potential exists for
181:, as well as for certain
137:
73:
43:This article needs to be
4166:Neurosurgical procedures
4080:10.3109/9780203021651-24
3700:10.3171/2015.7.JNS151026
3192:10.4103/2152-7806.115162
2787:University of Pittsburgh
2751:10.3171/2009.6.JNS081161
2286:10.1177/0891988704267466
944:Brain stimulation reward
886:complex-partial seizures
731:globus pallidus internus
686:, or in some cases, the
654:Components and placement
512:such as DBS, as well as
290:pedunculopontine nucleus
3996:Neuropsychopharmacology
3687:Journal of Neurosurgery
3024:Neuropsychopharmacology
2739:Journal of Neurosurgery
2492:(Suppl 14): S247–S258.
2353:10.3171/2015.5.JNS15589
2340:Journal of Neurosurgery
833:medial forebrain bundle
514:vagus nerve stimulation
270:
27:Neurosurgical treatment
3941:Deep brain stimulation
3278:10.1186/1756-0500-3-60
3037:10.1038/sj.npp.1301408
2622:(Suppl 3): S181–S187.
895:at 3mA, and the right
820:
537:
267:
256:
151:Deep brain stimulation
69:Deep brain stimulation
18:Deep Brain Stimulation
3313:Biological Psychiatry
3061:Biological Psychiatry
2453:10.1152/jn.00281.2015
1752:The Lancet. Neurology
1583:10.1093/brain/awab258
1503:10.1056/NEJMoa0907083
1438:Archives of Neurology
814:
561:cognitive dysfunction
535:
490:personality disorders
441:Further information:
262:
254:
4156:Neurology procedures
4074:. pp. 271–282.
2086:(2): 98–101, 106–9.
776:periventricular gray
4181:Parkinson's disease
4008:10.1038/npp.2014.28
3790:10.7554/elife.34031
3413:2015PLoSO..1033591A
1305:Nature Neuroscience
1064:2013PLoSO...873456G
772:periaqueductal gray
770:Stimulation of the
743:periaqueductal gray
735:subthalamic nucleus
636:subthalamic nucleus
278:subthalamic nucleus
271:Parkinson's disease
222:Alzheimer's Disease
202:Parkinson's disease
171:Parkinson's disease
4035:Movement Disorders
3955:Movement Disorders
3265:BMC Research Notes
3226:World Neurosurgery
3145:Delgado J (1986).
2616:Movement Disorders
2573:Movement Disorders
2486:Movement Disorders
1933:Movement Disorders
1151:on April 28, 2021.
841:treatment modality
821:
538:
419:Alim Louis Benabid
407:Natalia Bechtereva
357:. You can help by
268:
265:stereotactic frame
257:
4176:Tourette syndrome
4089:978-0-429-22857-5
4047:10.1002/mds.20767
3967:10.1002/mds.21551
3961:(12): 1722–1728.
3840:10.1111/epi.16593
3517:10.1159/000068963
3460:Brain Stimulation
3173:Faria MA (2013).
3067:(12): 1204–1212.
2854:978-0-340-94007-5
2628:10.1002/mds.10162
2585:10.1002/mds.20896
2535:(11): 1695–1705.
2498:10.1002/mds.20959
2386:978-0-8247-4700-8
2194:10.1159/000323372
2140:10.1111/epi.13964
2003:10.1159/000337776
1945:10.1002/mds.21039
1939:(11): 1831–1838.
1909:978-0-7817-9970-6
1900:Tourette Syndrome
1735:978-0-444-52014-2
1660:Brain Stimulation
1624:978-0-9944381-6-4
1497:(22): 2077–2091.
1265:978-0-444-52893-3
1214:10.1159/000086865
964:Neuroregeneration
829:nucleus accumbens
801:phantom limb pain
739:nucleus accumbens
647:neurotransmitters
632:nucleus ventralis
449:Tourette syndrome
437:Tourette syndrome
375:
374:
148:
147:
64:
63:
16:(Redirected from
4188:
4161:Neuroprosthetics
4093:
4066:
4029:
4019:
4002:(6): 1303–1314.
3986:
3927:
3926:
3911:
3910:
3892:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3851:
3834:(8): 1749–1757.
3819:
3813:
3812:
3802:
3792:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3751:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3702:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3661:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3511:(3–4): 168–182.
3500:
3494:
3493:
3483:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3434:
3424:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3375:
3351:
3345:
3344:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3290:
3280:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3232:(5–6): 662–686.
3221:
3215:
3214:
3204:
3194:
3170:
3161:
3160:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3056:
3050:
3049:
3039:
3015:
3009:
3008:
2990:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2934:(8): 1920–1933.
2923:
2912:
2911:
2885:
2865:
2859:
2858:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2808:(6): 1266–1272.
2797:
2791:
2790:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2762:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2713:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2611:
2605:
2604:
2579:(8): 1277–1279.
2567:
2561:
2560:
2524:
2518:
2517:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2464:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2408:(4–6): 249–281.
2397:
2391:
2390:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2355:
2346:(5): 1513–1516.
2331:
2325:
2324:
2312:
2306:
2305:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2252:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2152:
2142:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2050:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2005:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1956:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1891:
1882:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1855:
1831:
1822:
1821:
1793:
1784:
1783:
1747:
1713:
1704:
1703:
1685:
1675:
1666:(5): 1238–1247.
1651:
1645:
1644:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1461:
1429:
1423:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1398:
1389:
1388:
1371:(7): 1137–1140.
1356:
1347:
1346:
1336:
1295:
1286:
1285:
1243:
1234:
1233:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1179:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1153:
1152:
1147:. Archived from
1136:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1105:
1096:
1095:
1085:
1075:
1043:
1034:
1033:
997:
959:Neuroprosthetics
912:
876:of persons with
796:neuropathic pain
784:internal capsule
780:nociceptive pain
755:stereotactically
679:platinum-iridium
545:neuropsychiatric
510:neurostimulation
370:
367:
349:
342:
324:Essential Tremor
301:neuropsychiatric
294:freezing of gait
280:(STN), internal
218:major depression
175:essential tremor
141:edit on Wikidata
133:
119:
88:represent metal
78:
66:
59:
56:
50:
38:
37:
30:
21:
4196:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4171:Neurotechnology
4151:Medical devices
4136:
4135:
4101:
4096:
4090:
4069:
4032:
3989:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3946:
3928:
3924:
3919:
3917:Further reading
3914:
3870:
3869:
3865:
3821:
3820:
3816:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3680:
3679:
3675:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3588:
3587:
3583:
3548:Neuromodulation
3545:
3544:
3540:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3407:(7): e0133591.
3394:
3393:
3389:
3360:JAMA Psychiatry
3353:
3352:
3348:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3258:
3257:
3253:
3223:
3222:
3218:
3172:
3171:
3164:
3157:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3017:
3016:
3012:
2968:
2967:
2963:
2925:
2924:
2915:
2883:10.1.1.511.2667
2867:
2866:
2862:
2855:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2526:
2525:
2521:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2333:
2332:
2328:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2229:Nature Medicine
2222:
2221:
2217:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2033:(17): 805–817.
2024:
2023:
2019:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1910:
1893:
1892:
1885:
1873:
1869:
1833:
1832:
1825:
1795:
1794:
1787:
1749:
1736:
1715:
1714:
1707:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1625:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1483:
1482:
1475:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1417:
1413:
1400:
1399:
1392:
1358:
1357:
1350:
1297:
1296:
1289:
1266:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1138:
1137:
1130:
1117:
1115:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1045:
1044:
1037:
1014:10.1038/nrn2196
999:
998:
991:
987:
935:
927:
925:Epilepsy target
906:
862:
809:
768:
763:
656:
640:neurostimulator
624:globus pallidus
599:
530:
528:Adverse effects
506:
480:of DBS for TS.
478:clinical trials
445:
439:
394:
388:
371:
365:
362:
355:needs expansion
340:
273:
249:
230:blinded studies
159:neurostimulator
144:
129:
115:
93:
60:
54:
51:
48:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4194:
4192:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4146:Electrotherapy
4138:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4110:
4100:
4099:External links
4097:
4095:
4094:
4088:
4067:
4041:(5): 692–695.
4030:
3987:
3949:
3929:
3922:
3921:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3912:
3863:
3814:
3763:
3734:(4): 739–747.
3714:
3673:
3624:
3581:
3538:
3495:
3446:
3387:
3366:(5): 456–464.
3346:
3319:(4): 240–248.
3302:
3251:
3216:
3162:
3155:
3137:
3110:(3): 306–311.
3094:
3051:
3030:(2): 368–377.
3010:
2961:
2913:
2876:(3): 223–228.
2860:
2853:
2835:
2792:
2774:
2745:(3): 479–490.
2725:
2704:(1): 139–149.
2684:
2665:(5): 261–265.
2649:
2606:
2562:
2519:
2476:
2427:
2392:
2385:
2367:
2326:
2307:
2280:(3): 172–180.
2264:
2235:(2): 229–231.
2215:
2172:
2133:(2): 273–290.
2113:
2070:
2017:
1996:(4): 213–224.
1976:
1923:
1908:
1883:
1867:
1846:(5): 255–264.
1823:
1804:(2): 100–107.
1785:
1758:(3): 149–159.
1734:
1705:
1646:
1623:
1596:
1577:(1): 251–262.
1556:
1537:(8): 755–761.
1516:
1473:
1424:
1411:
1390:
1348:
1311:(3): 573–586.
1287:
1264:
1235:
1208:(2–3): 71–79.
1192:
1171:
1154:
1128:
1097:
1035:
1008:(8): 623–635.
988:
986:
983:
982:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
934:
931:
926:
923:
861:
858:
808:
805:
767:
764:
762:
759:
655:
652:
616:
615:
612:
609:
606:
598:
595:
557:hypersexuality
553:hallucinations
529:
526:
505:
502:
438:
435:
427:Alberto Priori
390:Main article:
387:
384:
373:
372:
352:
350:
339:
336:
331:
330:
327:
320:
317:
272:
269:
248:
245:
226:drug addiction
146:
145:
138:
135:
134:
127:
121:
120:
113:
107:
106:
101:
95:
94:
79:
71:
70:
62:
61:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4193:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4102:
4098:
4091:
4085:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3942:
3936:
3932:
3916:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3818:
3815:
3810:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3764:
3759:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3715:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3628:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3585:
3582:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3542:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3499:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3450:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3391:
3388:
3383:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3350:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3306:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3220:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3158:
3156:0-06-131914-7
3152:
3148:
3141:
3138:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3095:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3055:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3014:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2864:
2861:
2856:
2850:
2846:
2839:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2796:
2793:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2729:
2726:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2685:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2610:
2607:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2520:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2480:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2431:
2428:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2368:
2363:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2327:
2322:
2321:MedPage Today
2318:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2251:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2114:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2080:CNS Spectrums
2074:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1954:2027.42/55891
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1924:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1790:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1560:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1196:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1058:(9): e73456.
1057:
1053:
1049:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
994:
990:
984:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
939:Brain implant
937:
936:
932:
930:
924:
922:
920:
919:Rett syndrome
915:
910:
905:
900:
898:
894:
889:
887:
883:
879:
878:schizophrenia
875:
870:
868:
859:
857:
853:
851:
845:
842:
836:
834:
830:
826:
818:
813:
806:
804:
802:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
765:
760:
758:
756:
750:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
703:
701:
698:, or trained
697:
693:
689:
685:
680:
676:
672:
669:
665:
661:
653:
651:
648:
643:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
613:
610:
607:
604:
603:
602:
596:
594:
591:
589:
585:
581:
576:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
534:
527:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
503:
501:
499:
495:
491:
487:
481:
479:
475:
471:
466:
462:
457:
454:
450:
444:
436:
434:
432:
428:
424:
423:Hagai Bergman
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
393:
385:
383:
381:
369:
360:
356:
353:This section
351:
348:
344:
343:
338:Effectiveness
337:
335:
328:
325:
321:
318:
315:
311:
307:
306:
305:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
266:
261:
253:
246:
244:
242:
241:brain lesions
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
194:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
142:
132:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
112:
108:
105:
102:
100:
96:
91:
87:
83:
77:
72:
67:
58:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
4112:
4104:
4071:
4038:
4034:
3999:
3995:
3958:
3954:
3939:
3938:
3937:profile for
3934:
3880:
3876:
3866:
3831:
3827:
3817:
3780:
3776:
3766:
3731:
3727:
3717:
3693:(1): 85–89.
3690:
3686:
3676:
3641:
3637:
3627:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3466:(1): 17–27.
3463:
3459:
3449:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3363:
3359:
3349:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3268:
3264:
3254:
3229:
3225:
3219:
3182:
3178:
3146:
3140:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3027:
3023:
3013:
2978:
2974:
2964:
2931:
2927:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2844:
2838:
2805:
2801:
2795:
2786:
2777:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2576:
2572:
2565:
2532:
2528:
2522:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2447:(1): 19–38.
2444:
2440:
2430:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2376:
2370:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2320:
2310:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2188:(2): 89–95.
2185:
2181:
2175:
2150:11343/293997
2130:
2126:
2116:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2030:
2026:
2020:
1993:
1989:
1979:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1899:
1870:
1843:
1839:
1801:
1797:
1755:
1751:
1717:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1606:
1599:
1574:
1570:
1559:
1534:
1530:
1519:
1494:
1490:
1441:
1437:
1427:
1414:
1405:
1368:
1364:
1308:
1304:
1247:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1186:
1149:the original
1144:
1123:
1116:. Retrieved
1112:
1055:
1051:
1005:
1001:
928:
916:
904:Erich Fonoff
901:
890:
874:septal areas
871:
863:
854:
846:
837:
822:
769:
766:Chronic pain
751:
719:bradykinesia
711:zona incerta
704:
675:polyurethane
657:
644:
617:
600:
592:
577:
542:
539:
524:and others.
507:
497:
493:
485:
482:
458:
453:experimental
446:
415:Robert Heath
411:José Delgado
395:
376:
366:January 2024
363:
359:adding to it
354:
332:
298:
274:
234:
214:chronic pain
195:
154:
150:
149:
104:Neurosurgery
55:January 2022
52:
44:
3597:(1): 3–18.
2870:NeuroReport
1683:2434/865610
1365:NeuroReport
907: [
897:hippocampus
893:hippocampus
872:DBS of the
692:neurologist
628:thalamotomy
620:pallidotomy
580:personality
461:Netherlands
310:dyskinesias
288:(VIM). The
247:Medical use
125:MedlinePlus
4140:Categories
2048:1866/26896
1444:(2): 165.
1274:1132129865
985:References
882:narcolepsy
782:, and the
700:technician
677:with four
597:Mechanisms
565:depression
522:cerebellum
484:to Malone
189:(OCD) and
163:electrodes
3883:: 41–47.
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