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371:) load. The intake pipe of the system is 3,200 m (10,500 ft) long and has a pipe diameter of 1,600 mm (63 in), installed at a depth of 229 m (751 ft), allowing access to water temperatures between 3–5 °C (37–41 °F). The water is returned to the lake through a 1,200 mm (47 in) outfall pipe, 780 m (2,560 ft) long. The pipe selected for the project was Sclairpipe, made from high density polypropylene (HDPE). Estimated savings is an 80% reduction in fossil fuel previously required to operate a conventional electric cooling system.
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274:. The higher efficiency results in less electricity used. For many buildings, the lake water is sufficiently cold that the refrigeration portion of the air conditioning systems can be shut down during some environmental conditions and the building interior heat can be transferred directly to the lake water heat sink. This is referred to as "free cooling", but is not actually free, since pumps and fans run to circulate the lake water and building air.
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Water is most dense at 3.98 °C (39.16 °F) at standard atmospheric pressure. Thus as water cools below 3.98 °C it increases in density and will settle below. As the temperature climbs above 3.98 °C, water density also decreases and causes the water to rise, which is why lakes are
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in order to allow for a net transfer of thermal energy from heat transfer fluid returning from buildings to the Lake water. Chilled water within the buildings is part of a closed-loop district cooling system, pumped from a centralized location where the heat-exchangers are installed, back to the
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The installed deep lake cooling water intake line was 1,600 mm (63 in) in diameter, 15,000 m (49,000 ft) long and installed at a depth of 85 m (279 ft) allowing access to water temperatures of between 3-5 C (37-41 F). The selected pipe was
Sclairpipe, made from high
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Depending on the needs and on the water temperature, couple heating and cooling can be considered. For example, heat could first be extracted from the water (making it colder); and, secondly, that same water could cycle to a refrigerating unit to be used for even more effective cold production.
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The cold water drawn from Lake
Ontario's deep layer in the Enwave system is not returned directly to the lake once it has been run through the heat exchange system. Instead, water is pumped to the city's water filtration plant for treatment and distribution to residential and commercial users.
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through tubes extending 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) into the lake, reaching to a depth of 83 metres (272 ft) where the water is maintained at a constant 4 °C, its temperature protected by a layer of water above it, called a thermocline. The deep lake water cooling system is part of an
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Resort is the largest seawater air conditioning system to date, though there are several other, larger systems being planned. Honolulu
Seawater Air Conditioning was a project intended to use seawater air conditioning to deliver renewable cooling to commercial and residential properties in the
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uses a seawater air conditioning (SWAC) system to air condition its buildings. The system accomplishes this by passing cold seawater through a heat exchanger where it cools freshwater in a closed loop system. This cool freshwater is then pumped to buildings and is used for cooling directly–no
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Although deep water source cooling is referred to as "free cooling" in some literature, a considerable amount of energy (typically electrical) is expended to operate pumps with a sufficient head to overcome frictional, and minor losses in distribution piping, and any heat exchangers.
233:. During the summer, when outside air temperatures are higher than the temperature inside a building, air conditioners use electricity to transfer heat from the cooler interior of the building to the warmer exterior ambient. This process uses electrical energy.
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Deep water source cooling requires a large and deep water quantity in the surroundings. To obtain water in the 3 to 6 °C (37 to 43 °F) range, a depth of 50 to 70 m (160 to 230 ft) is generally required, depending on the local conditions.
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Depending on the building's cooling demand, and local weather, deep water source cooling can often satisfy a complete portion of a building's cooling demand, eradicating a building's reliance on mechanical refrigeration provided through a
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downtown
Honolulu area. On December 19, 2020, Honolulu Seawater Air Conditioning announced it was ending its development and would end operations by the end of January 2021. Honolulu Seawater Air Conditioning is majority owned by
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The energy source is very local and fully renewable, provided that the water and heat rejected into the environment (often the same lake or a nearby river) does not disturb the natural cycles. It does not use any
263:. Because heat pump efficiency improves as the heat sink gets colder, deep lake water cooling can reduce the electrical demands of large cooling systems where it is available. It is similar in concept to modern
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Deep water source cooling is very energy efficient, requiring only 1/10 of the average energy required by conventional cooler systems. Consequently, its running costs can also be expected to be much lower.
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warmer on the surface during the summer. The combination of these two effects means that the bottom of most deep bodies of water located well away from the equatorial regions is at a constant 3.98 °C.
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Lake temperature is rarely significantly changed by these systems. In Europe, lake-based heating and cooling could save 0.8 TWh per year, and is most promising in Italy, Germany, Turkey and
Switzerland.
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Water drawn from the depths of Lake
Ontario is not circulated directly through terminal air-conditioning units within buildings. Instead, water from the Lake is circulated through a set of closed-loop
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One added attraction of deep lake water cooling is that it saves energy during peak load times, such as summer afternoons, when a sizable amount of the total electrical grid load is air conditioning.
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and prominent buildings within the harbour since the rise of commercial air conditioning systems in the 1960s. These include the heritage-listed AMP 'Palm Cove' Building (constructed 1962) and the
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has designed SWAC systems in Bora Bora (installed), Kona (installed) and
Honolulu, Hawaii, la Reunion, Curaçao, Bahamas, and DWSC systems at Cornell University and Toronto (both installed).
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One study found lakes in Europe would only economically serve about 17% of the cooling demand and 7% of combined heating and cooling demand in nearby areas.
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The set-up of a system is expensive and labour-intensive. The system also requires a great amount of source material for its construction and placement.
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systems do not transfer heat directly into the exterior air. The thermodynamic efficiency of the overall system can be improved by utilizing
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of 59,000 tons (207 MW). The system currently has enough capacity to cool 40,000,000 square feet (3,700,000 m) of office space.
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Deep lake water cooling allows higher thermodynamic efficiency by using cold deep lake water, which is colder than the ambient
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has performed the design and installation of a SWAC system for the Brando Hotel in French
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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609:. 10th Annual District Cooling Conference. International District Energy Association.
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Deep lake water cooling uses cold water pumped from the bottom of a lake as a
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Eggimann S., Vivian J., Che R., Orehounig K., Patt A., Fiorentini M. (2023).
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Since August 2004, a deep lake water cooling system has been operated by the
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conversion to electricity takes place. Similar systems are also in place in
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Burford, Hazen E.; Wiedemann, Les; Joyce, W. S.; McCabe, Robert E. (1995).
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Godvin, Tara (April 7, 2005). "Using Cold
Seawater for Air-Conditioning".
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sinks, but generally simpler to construct given a suitable water source.
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970:"Honolulu Seawater Air Conditioning to end development after 15 years"
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Air cooling using a large body of naturally cold water as a heat sink
884:"Lend Lease looks to Sydney Harbour for water cooling at Barangaroo"
995:"Honolulu Seawater A/C project clears federal environmental hurdle"
565: – Storage of heat or cold for periods of up to several months
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system that covers
Toronto's financial district, and has a cooling
252:. This cooled water then acts as the heat sink for the heat pump.
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Salt water air conditioning systems have been used in Sydney's
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939:"$ 1M local investment in Honolulu Seawater Air Conditioning"
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Biofouling treatment of seawater cooling systems in Hong Kong
542: – Delivery of chilled water to building needing cooling
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The Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation main building
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Unlike residential air conditioners, most modern commercial
548: – Using low external air temperatures to chill water
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This version is also known as ocean water cooling. The
713:. Facilities and Campus Services. Cornell University.
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or rivers, which is pumped through the one side of a
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913:"The Basics of Seawater Air Conditioning Explained"
738:. Enwave. Archived from the original on 2007-12-30.
830:"Seawater/Lake Water Air Conditioning (SWAC/LWAC)"
554: – System to transfer heat to/from the ground
313:which can oftentimes harbor the fatal bacterium
1073:Cornell University Lake Source Cooling overview
1068:From Lake Depths, a Blast of Cool for Consumers
606:Deep Water Source Cooling: An Untapped Resource
309:), but also curtails dependency on evaporative
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814:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (
475:Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority
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792:(M.Sc. in Environmental Management thesis).
695:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
536: – Centralized heat distribution system
617:. Archived from the original on 2012-02-16.
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
2518:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
1890:High efficiency glandless circulating pump
1139:Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning
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1030:"New seawater cooling plant in the works"
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175:Learn how and when to remove this message
121:Learn how and when to remove this message
2324:Mold growth, assessment, and remediation
1056:. Associated Press – via NewsBank.
583: – Extracting energy from the ocean
84:This article includes a list of general
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348:First major system in the United States
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1028:Sudick, Jennifer (January 15, 2008).
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2319:Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing
832:. Ocean Thermal Energy Corporation.
577: – Energy available from oceans
993:Shimogawa, Duane (March 24, 2015).
414:density polyethylene (HDPE) resin.
355:'s Lake Source Cooling System uses
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90:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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2222:Standard temperature and pressure
1935:Packaged terminal air conditioner
1471:Passive daytime radiative cooling
1200:Heat pump and refrigeration cycle
937:Lincoln, Mileka (6 August 2013).
45:This article has multiple issues.
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651:Energy Conversion and Management
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717:from the original on 2020-07-02
581:Ocean thermal energy conversion
563:Seasonal thermal energy storage
53:or discuss these issues on the
664:10.1016/j.enconman.2023.116914
381:Deep Lake Water Cooling System
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2334:Testing, adjusting, balancing
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2273:Building services engineering
1850:Ground-coupled heat exchanger
1378:Demand controlled ventilation
1326:Building insulation materials
1036:. Vol. 13, no. 15.
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1446:Ice storage air conditioning
1367:Dedicated outdoor air system
571: – Solar thermal energy
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1486:Radiant heating and cooling
1404:Energy recovery ventilation
1316:Automobile air conditioning
1180:Domestic energy consumption
736:"A Brief History of Enwave"
361:Ithaca City School District
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2387:Institute of Refrigeration
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1095:Makai Ocean Engineering
1077:details of how it works
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788:Wong, Yiu-ming (1998).
261:climate control systems
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375:First system in Canada
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890:. November 20, 2012.
859:Sydney Living Museums
711:"Lake Source Cooling"
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242:evaporative cooling
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1960:Radiator reflector
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482:Circular Quay
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473:, and at the
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329:Disadvantages
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250:cooling tower
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2467:Fireproofing
2251:and services
2247:Professions,
2145:Gas detector
2045:Trickle vent
2020:Smoke damper
2015:Smoke canopy
2010:Space heater
1940:Plenum space
1875:Heating film
1755:Exhaust hood
1725:Dehumidifier
1665:Blast damper
1660:Barrier pipe
1635:Air purifier
1546:Thermosiphon
1425:Free cooling
1372:
1341:Chilled beam
1265:Thermal mass
1250:Stack effect
1235:Particulates
1215:Infiltration
1146:Fundamental
1053:
1042:. Retrieved
1033:
1009:. Retrieved
998:
988:
977:. Retrieved
973:
964:
953:. Retrieved
942:
932:
921:. Retrieved
916:
907:
896:. Retrieved
887:
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867:. Retrieved
858:
849:
838:. Retrieved
824:
789:
783:
772:. Retrieved
758:
730:
719:. Retrieved
705:
691:cite journal
654:
650:
605:
575:Ocean energy
546:Free cooling
490:
479:
451:
424:
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399:Lake Ontario
384:
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155:
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108:
89:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
2477:Warm Spaces
2119:Blower door
2097:and control
2095:Measurement
2076:Windcatcher
2050:Trombe wall
1990:Sail switch
1970:Refrigerant
1965:Recuperator
1840:Grease duct
1800:Freeze stat
1785:Fire damper
1655:Back boiler
1625:Air ionizer
1620:Air handler
1584:Ventilation
1436:Hybrid heat
1301:Air barrier
1220:Latent heat
810:cite thesis
402:integrated
357:Cayuga Lake
295:refrigerant
200:air cooling
103:introducing
2507:Categories
2233:Thermostat
2155:Humidistat
2086:Zone valve
2055:TurboSwing
1930:Oil heater
1900:Humidifier
1830:Gas heater
1780:Fan heater
1750:Evaporator
1735:Economizer
1710:Compressor
1615:Air filter
1598:Components
1415:Forced-air
1311:Antifreeze
1284:Technology
1230:Outgassing
1170:Convection
1044:2008-04-26
1022:References
1011:2020-07-21
979:2020-12-21
955:2020-07-21
923:2020-07-21
898:2020-07-21
869:2020-07-21
840:2020-07-21
774:2020-07-21
766:. Enwave.
721:2020-07-18
657:: 116914.
569:Solar pond
465:hotel and
281:Advantages
265:geothermal
231:heat pumps
86:references
50:improve it
2343:Industry
2192:OpenTherm
1870:Heat pump
1865:Heat pipe
1815:Fume hood
1790:Fireplace
1695:Condenser
1645:Attic fan
1441:Hydronics
764:"Toronto"
683:257618187
471:Hong Kong
458:Bora Bora
257:heat sink
204:heat sink
158:July 2020
111:July 2020
56:talk page
2450:See also
2175:LonWorks
2109:Aquastat
1975:Register
1955:Radiator
1610:Air door
1410:Firestop
1210:Humidity
1185:Enthalpy
1175:Dilution
1160:Bake-out
1148:concepts
1098:Archived
1085:Archived
1038:Archived
1005:Archived
949:Archived
892:Archived
863:Archived
834:Archived
768:Archived
744:cite web
715:Archived
512:See also
500:founder
369:megawatt
208:aquifers
2249:trades,
1820:Furnace
1685:Chiller
1357:Coolant
1082:Geocean
917:YouTube
395:Ontario
391:Toronto
303:chiller
148:updated
99:improve
2402:SMACNA
2362:ASHRAE
2182:(MERV)
2136:(CADR)
2114:BACnet
2067:(ULPA)
1920:Louver
1845:Grille
1720:Damper
1670:Boiler
1568:(VCRS)
1369:(DOAS)
681:
615:272719
613:
88:, but
2442:(VOC)
2436:(SBS)
2425:(IAQ)
2382:CIBSE
2377:BSRIA
2280:(BIM)
2224:(STP)
2188:(NTP)
1810:Freon
1580:(VRF)
1574:(VAV)
1432:(HRV)
1406:(ERV)
1380:(DCV)
1353:(CAV)
679:S2CID
588:Notes
408:power
194:) or
2397:LEED
2357:AMCA
2352:AHRI
1885:HEPA
1805:Flue
1730:Duct
1075:and
816:link
750:link
697:link
629:link
611:OSTI
498:eBay
491:The
367:(51
259:for
229:are
192:DWSC
2407:UMC
2392:IIR
2372:BRE
1765:Fan
798:doi
669:hdl
659:doi
655:283
504:'s
469:in
389:in
365:ton
2509::
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