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Defective matrix

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2153: 586: 890: 483: 752: 1071: 757: 1124: 955: 679: 581:{\displaystyle J={\begin{bmatrix}\lambda &1&\;&\;\\\;&\lambda &\ddots &\;\\\;&\;&\ddots &1\\\;&\;&\;&\lambda \end{bmatrix}},} 993: 1811: 475: 449: 423: 134: 67: 613: 319: 299: 275: 255: 178: 207: 425:
or larger (that is, not completely diagonal) is defective. (A diagonal matrix is a special case of the Jordan normal form with all trivial Jordan blocks of size
633: 363: 343: 235: 154: 94: 2025: 1244: 2116: 1213: 1191: 2035: 1801: 684: 160:, since distinct eigenvalues always have linearly independent eigenvectors. In particular, a defective matrix has one or more eigenvalues 1020: 885:{\displaystyle v_{2}={\begin{bmatrix}0\\1\\\vdots \\0\end{bmatrix}},~\ldots ,~v_{n}={\begin{bmatrix}0\\0\\\vdots \\1\end{bmatrix}}} 1836: 1383: 1183: 104: 1600: 1237: 1086: 1675: 1831: 1353: 895: 1935: 1806: 1720: 214: 2040: 1930: 1638: 1318: 2189: 2075: 2004: 1886: 1746: 1343: 1230: 100: 1945: 1528: 1333: 1003: 638: 635:(or greater if there are other Jordan blocks with the same eigenvalue), but only one distinct eigenvector 278: 181: 32: 1891: 1628: 1478: 1473: 1308: 1283: 1278: 40: 2152: 2085: 1443: 1273: 1253: 210: 96: 69: 2106: 2080: 1658: 1463: 1453: 960: 2157: 2111: 2101: 2055: 2050: 1979: 1915: 1781: 1518: 1513: 1448: 1438: 1303: 1138: 999: 454: 428: 402: 113: 46: 2194: 2168: 1955: 1950: 1940: 1920: 1881: 1876: 1705: 1700: 1685: 1680: 1671: 1666: 1613: 1508: 1458: 1403: 1373: 1368: 1348: 1338: 1298: 1209: 1187: 598: 304: 284: 260: 240: 163: 2163: 2131: 2060: 1999: 1994: 1974: 1910: 1816: 1786: 1771: 1756: 1751: 1690: 1643: 1608: 1579: 1498: 1493: 1468: 1398: 1378: 1288: 1268: 376: 372: 186: 1861: 1796: 1776: 1761: 1741: 1725: 1623: 1554: 1544: 1503: 1388: 1358: 2121: 2065: 2045: 2030: 1989: 1866: 1826: 1791: 1715: 1654: 1633: 1574: 1564: 1549: 1483: 1428: 1418: 1413: 1323: 618: 380: 348: 328: 220: 139: 79: 73: 20: 1141: â€“ Form of a matrix indicating its eigenvalues and their algebraic multiplicities 2183: 2126: 1984: 1925: 1856: 1846: 1841: 1766: 1695: 1569: 1559: 1488: 1408: 1393: 1328: 1202: 396: 387:(which includes Hermitian and unitary matrices as special cases) is never defective. 384: 28: 2009: 1966: 1871: 1584: 1523: 1433: 1313: 1851: 1821: 1589: 1423: 1293: 369: 36: 1902: 1363: 1077: 592: 157: 99:
eigenvectors. A complete basis is formed by augmenting the eigenvectors with
2136: 1710: 281:(that is, the number of linearly independent eigenvectors associated with 2070: 747:{\displaystyle v_{1}={\begin{bmatrix}1\\0\\\vdots \\0\end{bmatrix}}.} 1222: 1226: 1066:{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}3&1\\0&3\end{bmatrix}},} 16:
Non-diagonalizable matrix; one lacking a basis of eigenvectors
325:. However, every eigenvalue with algebraic multiplicity 103:, which are necessary for solving defective systems of 1095: 1029: 847: 779: 706: 498: 1089: 1023: 963: 898: 760: 687: 641: 621: 601: 486: 457: 431: 405: 351: 331: 307: 287: 263: 243: 223: 189: 166: 142: 116: 82: 49: 2094: 2018: 1964: 1900: 1734: 1652: 1598: 1537: 1261: 892:form a chain of generalized eigenvectors such that 1201: 1119:{\displaystyle {\begin{bmatrix}1\\0\end{bmatrix}}} 1118: 1065: 987: 949: 884: 746: 673: 627: 607: 580: 469: 443: 417: 357: 337: 313: 293: 269: 249: 237:linearly independent eigenvectors associated with 229: 201: 172: 148: 128: 88: 61: 365:linearly independent generalized eigenvectors. 1238: 1178:Golub, Gene H.; Van Loan, Charles F. (1996), 1161: 8: 950:{\displaystyle Jv_{k}=\lambda v_{k}+v_{k-1}} 1812:Fundamental (linear differential equation) 1245: 1231: 1223: 1014:A simple example of a defective matrix is 561: 558: 555: 540: 537: 532: 519: 514: 511: 1090: 1088: 1024: 1022: 962: 935: 922: 906: 897: 842: 833: 774: 765: 759: 701: 692: 686: 665: 649: 640: 620: 600: 493: 485: 456: 430: 404: 350: 330: 306: 286: 262: 242: 222: 188: 165: 141: 115: 81: 48: 451:and is not defective.) For example, the 383:, is never defective; more generally, a 2117:Matrix representation of conic sections 1157: 1155: 1151: 1080:of 3 but only one distinct eigenvector 1002:, which is as close as one can come to 136:defective matrix always has fewer than 998:Any defective matrix has a nontrivial 1208:(3rd ed.). San Diego: Harcourt. 7: 674:{\displaystyle Jv_{1}=\lambda v_{1}} 1204:Linear Algebra and Its Applications 257:. If the algebraic multiplicity of 1129:(and constant multiples thereof). 754:The other canonical basis vectors 14: 2151: 2019:Used in science and engineering 105:ordinary differential equations 1262:Explicitly constrained entries 1184:Johns Hopkins University Press 31:that does not have a complete 1: 2036:Fundamental (computer vision) 988:{\displaystyle k=2,\ldots ,n} 615:with algebraic multiplicity 209:(that is, they are multiple 1802:Duplication and elimination 1601:eigenvalues or eigenvectors 1182:(3rd ed.), Baltimore: 2211: 1735:With specific applications 1364:Discrete Fourier Transform 1162:Golub & Van Loan (1996 2145: 2026:Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa 1653:Satisfying conditions on 470:{\displaystyle n\times n} 444:{\displaystyle 1\times 1} 418:{\displaystyle 2\times 2} 215:characteristic polynomial 129:{\displaystyle n\times n} 62:{\displaystyle n\times n} 1200:Strang, Gilbert (1988). 608:{\displaystyle \lambda } 314:{\displaystyle \lambda } 294:{\displaystyle \lambda } 270:{\displaystyle \lambda } 250:{\displaystyle \lambda } 173:{\displaystyle \lambda } 101:generalized eigenvectors 1384:Generalized permutation 39:, and is therefore not 2158:Mathematics portal 1120: 1067: 989: 951: 886: 748: 675: 629: 609: 582: 471: 445: 419: 359: 339: 315: 295: 279:geometric multiplicity 271: 251: 231: 203: 202:{\displaystyle m>1} 182:algebraic multiplicity 174: 150: 130: 90: 63: 1121: 1068: 990: 952: 887: 749: 676: 630: 610: 583: 472: 446: 420: 375:and more generally a 360: 340: 316: 296: 272: 252: 232: 204: 175: 151: 131: 91: 64: 1087: 1021: 961: 896: 758: 685: 639: 619: 599: 484: 455: 429: 403: 349: 329: 323:defective eigenvalue 305: 285: 261: 241: 221: 187: 164: 140: 114: 107:and other problems. 97:linearly independent 80: 47: 43:. In particular, an 2107:Linear independence 1354:Diagonally dominant 1180:Matrix Computations 1076:which has a double 2112:Matrix exponential 2102:Jordan normal form 1936:Fisher information 1807:Euclidean distance 1721:Totally unimodular 1139:Jordan normal form 1116: 1110: 1063: 1054: 1006:of such a matrix. 1000:Jordan normal form 985: 947: 882: 876: 808: 744: 735: 671: 625: 605: 578: 569: 467: 441: 415: 355: 335: 311: 291: 267: 247: 227: 217:), but fewer than 199: 170: 146: 126: 86: 59: 2177: 2176: 2169:Category:Matrices 2041:Fuzzy associative 1931:Doubly stochastic 1639:Positive-definite 1319:Block tridiagonal 1215:978-970-686-609-7 1193:978-0-8018-5414-9 828: 819: 628:{\displaystyle n} 358:{\displaystyle m} 338:{\displaystyle m} 230:{\displaystyle m} 149:{\displaystyle n} 89:{\displaystyle n} 76:it does not have 2202: 2164:List of matrices 2156: 2155: 2132:Row echelon form 2076:State transition 2005:Seidel adjacency 1887:Totally positive 1747:Alternating sign 1344:Complex Hadamard 1247: 1240: 1233: 1224: 1219: 1207: 1196: 1165: 1159: 1125: 1123: 1122: 1117: 1115: 1114: 1072: 1070: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1058: 994: 992: 991: 986: 956: 954: 953: 948: 946: 945: 927: 926: 911: 910: 891: 889: 888: 883: 881: 880: 838: 837: 826: 817: 813: 812: 770: 769: 753: 751: 750: 745: 740: 739: 697: 696: 680: 678: 677: 672: 670: 669: 654: 653: 634: 632: 631: 626: 614: 612: 611: 606: 587: 585: 584: 579: 574: 573: 476: 474: 473: 468: 450: 448: 447: 442: 424: 422: 421: 416: 377:Hermitian matrix 373:symmetric matrix 364: 362: 361: 356: 344: 342: 341: 336: 321:is said to be a 320: 318: 317: 312: 300: 298: 297: 292: 276: 274: 273: 268: 256: 254: 253: 248: 236: 234: 233: 228: 208: 206: 205: 200: 179: 177: 176: 171: 155: 153: 152: 147: 135: 133: 132: 127: 95: 93: 92: 87: 68: 66: 65: 60: 25:defective matrix 2210: 2209: 2205: 2204: 2203: 2201: 2200: 2199: 2180: 2179: 2178: 2173: 2150: 2141: 2090: 2014: 1960: 1896: 1730: 1648: 1594: 1533: 1334:Centrosymmetric 1257: 1251: 1216: 1199: 1194: 1177: 1174: 1169: 1168: 1160: 1153: 1148: 1135: 1109: 1108: 1102: 1101: 1091: 1085: 1084: 1053: 1052: 1047: 1041: 1040: 1035: 1025: 1019: 1018: 1012: 1004:diagonalization 959: 958: 931: 918: 902: 894: 893: 875: 874: 868: 867: 861: 860: 854: 853: 843: 829: 807: 806: 800: 799: 793: 792: 786: 785: 775: 761: 756: 755: 734: 733: 727: 726: 720: 719: 713: 712: 702: 688: 683: 682: 661: 645: 637: 636: 617: 616: 597: 596: 568: 567: 562: 559: 556: 552: 551: 546: 541: 538: 534: 533: 530: 525: 520: 516: 515: 512: 509: 504: 494: 482: 481: 453: 452: 427: 426: 401: 400: 395:Any nontrivial 393: 347: 346: 327: 326: 303: 302: 283: 282: 259: 258: 239: 238: 219: 218: 185: 184: 162: 161: 138: 137: 112: 111: 78: 77: 45: 44: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2208: 2206: 2198: 2197: 2192: 2190:Linear algebra 2182: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2146: 2143: 2142: 2140: 2139: 2134: 2129: 2124: 2122:Perfect matrix 2119: 2114: 2109: 2104: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2091: 2089: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2015: 2013: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1971: 1969: 1962: 1961: 1959: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1913: 1907: 1905: 1898: 1897: 1895: 1894: 1892:Transformation 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1834: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1738: 1736: 1732: 1731: 1729: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1669: 1663: 1661: 1650: 1649: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1629:Diagonalizable 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1605: 1603: 1599:Conditions on 1596: 1595: 1593: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1562: 1557: 1552: 1547: 1541: 1539: 1535: 1534: 1532: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1479:Skew-symmetric 1476: 1474:Skew-Hermitian 1471: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1406: 1401: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1309:Block-diagonal 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1284:Anti-symmetric 1281: 1279:Anti-Hermitian 1276: 1271: 1265: 1263: 1259: 1258: 1252: 1250: 1249: 1242: 1235: 1227: 1221: 1220: 1214: 1197: 1192: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1164:, p. 316) 1150: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1142: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1126: 1113: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1096: 1094: 1074: 1073: 1062: 1057: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1030: 1028: 1011: 1008: 984: 981: 978: 975: 972: 969: 966: 944: 941: 938: 934: 930: 925: 921: 917: 914: 909: 905: 901: 879: 873: 870: 869: 866: 863: 862: 859: 856: 855: 852: 849: 848: 846: 841: 836: 832: 825: 822: 816: 811: 805: 802: 801: 798: 795: 794: 791: 788: 787: 784: 781: 780: 778: 773: 768: 764: 743: 738: 732: 729: 728: 725: 722: 721: 718: 715: 714: 711: 708: 707: 705: 700: 695: 691: 668: 664: 660: 657: 652: 648: 644: 624: 604: 589: 588: 577: 572: 566: 563: 560: 557: 554: 553: 550: 547: 545: 542: 539: 536: 535: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 518: 517: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 499: 497: 492: 489: 466: 463: 460: 440: 437: 434: 414: 411: 408: 392: 389: 381:unitary matrix 354: 334: 310: 290: 266: 246: 226: 198: 195: 192: 169: 145: 125: 122: 119: 85: 74:if and only if 58: 55: 52: 41:diagonalizable 21:linear algebra 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2207: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2185: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2159: 2154: 2148: 2147: 2144: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2128: 2127:Pseudoinverse 2125: 2123: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2097: 2095:Related terms 2093: 2087: 2086:Z (chemistry) 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1970: 1968: 1963: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1949: 1947: 1944: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1934: 1932: 1929: 1927: 1924: 1922: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1899: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1597: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1576: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1566: 1563: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1551: 1548: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1444:Pentadiagonal 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1405: 1402: 1400: 1397: 1395: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1274:Anti-diagonal 1272: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1248: 1243: 1241: 1236: 1234: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1217: 1211: 1206: 1205: 1198: 1195: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1176: 1175: 1171: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1145: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1132: 1130: 1111: 1105: 1098: 1092: 1083: 1082: 1081: 1079: 1060: 1055: 1049: 1044: 1037: 1032: 1026: 1017: 1016: 1015: 1009: 1007: 1005: 1001: 996: 982: 979: 976: 973: 970: 967: 964: 942: 939: 936: 932: 928: 923: 919: 915: 912: 907: 903: 899: 877: 871: 864: 857: 850: 844: 839: 834: 830: 823: 820: 814: 809: 803: 796: 789: 782: 776: 771: 766: 762: 741: 736: 730: 723: 716: 709: 703: 698: 693: 689: 666: 662: 658: 655: 650: 646: 642: 622: 602: 594: 575: 570: 564: 548: 543: 527: 522: 506: 501: 495: 490: 487: 480: 479: 478: 477:Jordan block 464: 461: 458: 438: 435: 432: 412: 409: 406: 398: 390: 388: 386: 385:normal matrix 382: 378: 374: 371: 366: 352: 332: 324: 308: 288: 280: 264: 244: 224: 216: 212: 196: 193: 190: 183: 167: 159: 143: 123: 120: 117: 108: 106: 102: 98: 83: 75: 72:is defective 71: 56: 53: 50: 42: 38: 34: 30: 29:square matrix 26: 22: 2149: 2081:Substitution 1967:graph theory 1618: 1464:Quaternionic 1454:Persymmetric 1203: 1179: 1128: 1075: 1013: 997: 590: 397:Jordan block 394: 391:Jordan block 367: 322: 277:exceeds its 109: 37:eigenvectors 24: 18: 2056:Hamiltonian 1980:Biadjacency 1916:Correlation 1832:Householder 1782:Commutation 1519:Vandermonde 1514:Tridiagonal 1449:Permutation 1439:Nonnegative 1424:Matrix unit 1304:Bisymmetric 345:always has 158:eigenvalues 2184:Categories 1956:Transition 1951:Stochastic 1921:Covariance 1903:statistics 1882:Symplectic 1877:Similarity 1706:Unimodular 1701:Orthogonal 1686:Involutory 1681:Invertible 1676:Projection 1672:Idempotent 1614:Convergent 1509:Triangular 1459:Polynomial 1404:Hessenberg 1374:Equivalent 1369:Elementary 1349:Copositive 1339:Conference 1299:Bidiagonal 1172:References 1078:eigenvalue 593:eigenvalue 2137:Wronskian 2061:Irregular 2051:Gell-Mann 2000:Laplacian 1995:Incidence 1975:Adjacency 1946:Precision 1911:Centering 1817:Generator 1787:Confusion 1772:Circulant 1752:Augmented 1711:Unipotent 1691:Nilpotent 1667:Congruent 1644:Stieltjes 1619:Defective 1609:Companion 1580:Redheffer 1499:Symmetric 1494:Sylvester 1469:Signature 1399:Hermitian 1379:Frobenius 1289:Arrowhead 1269:Alternant 977:… 940:− 916:λ 865:⋮ 821:… 797:⋮ 724:⋮ 659:λ 603:λ 565:λ 544:⋱ 528:⋱ 523:λ 502:λ 462:× 436:× 410:× 309:λ 289:λ 265:λ 245:λ 168:λ 156:distinct 121:× 54:× 2195:Matrices 1965:Used in 1901:Used in 1862:Rotation 1837:Jacobian 1797:Distance 1777:Cofactor 1762:Carleman 1742:Adjugate 1726:Weighing 1659:inverses 1655:products 1624:Definite 1555:Identity 1545:Exchange 1538:Constant 1504:Toeplitz 1389:Hadamard 1359:Diagonal 1133:See also 681:, where 399:of size 379:, and a 301:), then 2066:Overlap 2031:Density 1990:Edmonds 1867:Seifert 1827:Hessian 1792:Coxeter 1716:Unitary 1634:Hurwitz 1565:Of ones 1550:Hilbert 1484:Skyline 1429:Metzler 1419:Logical 1414:Integer 1324:Boolean 1256:classes 1010:Example 591:has an 213:of the 1985:Degree 1926:Design 1857:Random 1847:Payoff 1842:Moment 1767:Cartan 1757:BĂ©zout 1696:Normal 1570:Pascal 1560:Lehmer 1489:Sparse 1409:Hollow 1394:Hankel 1329:Cauchy 1254:Matrix 1212:  1190:  827:  818:  70:matrix 2046:Gamma 2010:Tutte 1872:Shear 1585:Shift 1575:Pauli 1524:Walsh 1434:Moore 1314:Block 1146:Notes 211:roots 180:with 33:basis 27:is a 1852:Pick 1822:Gram 1590:Zero 1294:Band 1210:ISBN 1188:ISBN 957:for 370:real 194:> 23:, a 1941:Hat 1674:or 1657:or 110:An 35:of 19:In 2186:: 1186:, 1154:^ 995:. 595:, 368:A 2071:S 1529:Z 1246:e 1239:t 1232:v 1218:. 1112:] 1106:0 1099:1 1093:[ 1061:, 1056:] 1050:3 1045:0 1038:1 1033:3 1027:[ 983:n 980:, 974:, 971:2 968:= 965:k 943:1 937:k 933:v 929:+ 924:k 920:v 913:= 908:k 904:v 900:J 878:] 872:1 858:0 851:0 845:[ 840:= 835:n 831:v 824:, 815:, 810:] 804:0 790:1 783:0 777:[ 772:= 767:2 763:v 742:. 737:] 731:0 717:0 710:1 704:[ 699:= 694:1 690:v 667:1 663:v 656:= 651:1 647:v 643:J 623:n 576:, 571:] 549:1 507:1 496:[ 491:= 488:J 465:n 459:n 439:1 433:1 413:2 407:2 353:m 333:m 225:m 197:1 191:m 144:n 124:n 118:n 84:n 57:n 51:n

Index

linear algebra
square matrix
basis
eigenvectors
diagonalizable
matrix
if and only if
linearly independent
generalized eigenvectors
ordinary differential equations
eigenvalues
algebraic multiplicity
roots
characteristic polynomial
geometric multiplicity
real
symmetric matrix
Hermitian matrix
unitary matrix
normal matrix
Jordan block
eigenvalue
Jordan normal form
diagonalization
eigenvalue
Jordan normal form


Golub & Van Loan (1996
Johns Hopkins University Press

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