25:
259:
in East Timor in 1999 highlighted the strengths and weaknesses of the policy. While the enhanced defence infrastructure in northern
Australia and high-tech naval and air units played a critical role in the operation, the limited availability of deployable logistic units and infantry constrained the
263:
While the
Australian government has expanded the ADF's logistic capability in light of experience, the ADF's force structure remains largely unchanged from that developed during the DOA era. A key reason is that given the long distances which need to be covered to protect northern Australia, the
234:
Most criticisms of the DOA policy focus on the policy's inflexibility. In particular, it is argued that
Australia's foreign relations and defence interests require a force capable of rapidly deploying outside Australia. It is also argued that the DOA force structure was not capable of adequately
246:
government elected in 1996 embraced the criticisms and re-oriented
Australian defence policy by placing greater emphasis on the ADF's ability to deploy overseas. This did not, however, represent a return to "forward defence" as it involved Australian expeditionary forces deploying from bases in
217:
with the United States and New
Zealand and sought to develop stronger defence relationships with South East Asian countries. In addition, the ADF maintained a sizeable force of transport aircraft and amphibious ships and an infantry brigade capable of rapidly deploying overseas (the
133:
The focus of
Australian defence planning was to protect Australia's northern maritime approaches (the "air-sea gap") against enemy attack. The ADF was restructured to increase its ability to strike at enemy forces from Australian bases, by increasing the size and capabilities of the
235:
responding to threats other than a direct attack on
Australian soil. Furthermore, it is also argued that the DOA policy is unsuitable for coping with the less stable geopolitical conditions since the end of the
247:
Australia, and not the permanent stationing of
Australian military units overseas. Furthermore, defending Australia from external attack remained the Australian Defence Force's primary responsibility.
222:). Furthermore, Australian forces continued to be deployed overseas for exercises and peace keeping operations, and a small Australian military base was permanently maintained at
264:
units developed for the
Defence of Australia are inherently capable of deploying outside Australia. This has created an emphasis upon a light and mobile land contingent.
54:
109:
The
Defence of Australia (DOA) policy was adopted after the previous policy of "forward defence" was discredited in the public eye by Australia's involvement in the
93:
was Australia's dominant defence policy between 1972 and 1997. The policy was focused on the defence of continental Australia against external attack. The
409:
404:
399:
349:
338:
314:
295:
172:
76:
196:
273:
325:
37:
47:
41:
33:
243:
135:
58:
118:
94:
213:
or completely disbanding its ability to deploy forces overseas. During the DOA era, Australia maintained its
203:
219:
139:
98:
155:
223:
113:. The policy was developed during the 1970s and early 1980s before it was formalised in the 1986
334:
310:
291:
209:
Nevertheless, the adoption of the DOA policy did not involve Australia adopting a policy of
178:
151:
147:
353:
333:. Land Warfare Studies Centre Study Paper No. 306. Canberra: Land Warfare Studies Centre.
210:
185:
143:
327:
The Tyranny of Dissonance: Australia's Strategic Culture and Way of War, 1901–2005
381:
393:
239:, which has seen the Australian Army deployed more often than anticipated under DOA.
122:
114:
110:
164:
Specific force structure changes introduced under the DOA policy included:
97:
was tailored to defending Australia rather than developing capabilities to
256:
236:
214:
189:
18:
168:
Increasing the number of units based in northern Australia
309:. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
290:. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
350:"Australia's Maritime Strategy in the 21st century"
352:. Australian Parliamentary Library. Archived from
46:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
8:
192:in northern Queensland and Western Australia
384:. Department of Defence Strategy Executive.
307:Review of Australia's Defence Capabilities
260:operation, especially in its early days.
161:, which was retired without replacement).
286:Australian Department of Defence (1987).
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
7:
16:Australian defence policy, 1972–1997
14:
348:Tewes, Alex; et al. (2004).
173:Regional Force Surveillance Units
23:
197:Jindalee over-the-horizon radar
274:Foreign relations of Australia
181:as an operational fighter base
150:overseas (such as Australia's
1:
410:Cold War history of Australia
288:The Defence of Australia 1987
405:Australian defence policies
257:Australian-led intervention
91:Defence of Australia Policy
426:
136:Royal Australian Air Force
400:Australian foreign policy
251:East Timor and aftermath
204:Collins class submarines
142:, at the expense of the
95:Australian Defence Force
32:This article includes a
324:Evans, Michael (2005).
242:To a large extent, the
146:and the forces used to
61:more precise citations.
101:Australian territory.
140:Royal Australian Navy
356:on 30 September 2008
305:Dibb, Paul (1986).
202:Development of the
195:Development of the
34:list of references
184:Developing three
121:and 1994 Defence
87:
86:
79:
417:
385:
365:
363:
361:
344:
332:
320:
301:
179:RAAF Base Tindal
152:aircraft carrier
82:
75:
71:
68:
62:
57:this article by
48:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
425:
424:
420:
419:
418:
416:
415:
414:
390:
389:
380:
377:
372:
359:
357:
347:
341:
330:
323:
317:
304:
298:
285:
282:
270:
253:
232:
131:
107:
99:operate outside
83:
72:
66:
63:
52:
38:related reading
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
423:
421:
413:
412:
407:
402:
392:
391:
388:
387:
382:"Publications"
376:
375:External links
373:
371:
368:
367:
366:
345:
339:
321:
315:
302:
296:
281:
278:
277:
276:
269:
266:
252:
249:
231:
228:
207:
206:
200:
193:
182:
175:
171:Raising three
169:
130:
127:
106:
103:
85:
84:
42:external links
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
422:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
395:
386:(broken link)
383:
379:
378:
374:
369:
355:
351:
346:
342:
340:0-642-29607-3
336:
329:
328:
322:
318:
316:0-644-04923-5
312:
308:
303:
299:
297:0-644-05655-X
293:
289:
284:
283:
279:
275:
272:
271:
267:
265:
261:
258:
250:
248:
245:
244:Liberal Party
240:
238:
229:
227:
226:in Malaysia.
225:
221:
216:
212:
205:
201:
198:
194:
191:
187:
183:
180:
176:
174:
170:
167:
166:
165:
162:
160:
159:
153:
149:
148:project power
145:
141:
137:
128:
126:
124:
120:
116:
112:
104:
102:
100:
96:
92:
81:
78:
70:
60:
56:
50:
49:
43:
39:
35:
30:
21:
20:
360:27 September
358:. Retrieved
354:the original
326:
306:
287:
262:
254:
241:
233:
208:
186:'bare bases'
163:
157:
132:
129:Implications
123:White Papers
108:
90:
88:
73:
64:
53:Please help
45:
224:Butterworth
220:3rd Brigade
177:Developing
115:Dibb Report
111:Vietnam War
105:Development
59:introducing
394:Categories
280:References
230:Criticisms
211:neutrality
370:Citations
215:alliances
158:Melbourne
67:July 2017
268:See also
237:Cold War
188:for the
117:and the
199:network
55:improve
337:
313:
294:
331:(PDF)
156:HMAS
40:, or
362:2008
335:ISBN
311:ISBN
292:ISBN
255:The
190:RAAF
144:Army
138:and
119:1987
89:The
396::
154:,
125:.
44:,
36:,
364:.
343:.
319:.
300:.
80:)
74:(
69:)
65:(
51:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.