323:, p. 52: "Preemption requires hegemony. Although Bush speaks, in his letter of transmittal, of creating 'a balance of power that favors human freedom' while forsaking 'unilateral advantage,' the body of the NSS makes it clear that 'our forces will be strong enough to dissuade potential adversaries from pursuing a military build-up in hopes of surpassing, or equaling, the power of the United States.' The West Point speech put it more bluntly: 'America has, and intends to keep, military strengths beyond challenge.' The president has at last approved, therefore, Paul Wolfowitz's controversial recommendation to this effect, made in a 1992 'Defense Planning Guidance' draft subsequently leaked to the press and then disavowed by the first Bush administration. It's no accident that Wolfowitz, as deputy secretary of defense, has been at the center of the new Bush administration's strategic planning."
161:
renationalization of security policies, and provide security at lower costs and with lower risks for all. Our preference for a collective response to preclude threats or, if necessary, to deal with them is a key feature of our regional defense strategy. The third goal is to preclude any hostile power from dominating a region critical to our interests, and also thereby to strengthen the barriers against the re-emergence of a global threat to the interests of the U.S. and our allies.
610:
275:
security of Israel and to maintaining the qualitative edge that is critical to Israel's security. Israel's confidence in its security and U.S.-Israel strategic cooperation contribute to the stability of the entire region, as demonstrated once again during the
Persian Gulf War. At the same time, our assistance to our Arab friends to defend themselves against aggression also strengthens security throughout the region, including for Israel.
31:
266:
safeguard our access to international air and seaways. As demonstrated by Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait, it remains fundamentally important to prevent a hegemon or alignment of powers from dominating the region. This pertains especially to the
Arabian peninsula. Therefore, we must continue to play a role through enhanced deterrence and improved cooperative security.
244:
Russia the newly independent republics of
Ukraine, Belarus, and possibly others... We must, however, be mindful that democratic change in Russia is not irreversible, and that despite its current travails, Russia will remain the strongest military power in Eurasia and the only power in the world with the capability of destroying the United States.
115:. Completing the draft in March 1992, Khalilzad requested permission from Libby to circulate it to other officials within the Pentagon. Libby assented and within three days Khalilzad's draft was released to the New York Times by "an official who believed this post-cold war strategy debate should be carried out in the public domain."
175:
sufficiently for the interests of the advanced industrial nations to discourage them from challenging our leadership or seeking to overturn the established political and economic order. We must maintain the mechanism for deterring potential competitors from even aspiring to a larger regional or global role.
197:
Like the coalition that opposed Iraqi aggression, we should expect future coalitions to be ad hoc assemblies, often not lasting beyond the crisis being confronted, and in many cases carrying only general agreement over the objectives to be accomplished. Nevertheless, the sense that the world order is
229:
While the United States cannot become the world's policeman and assume responsibility for solving every international security problem, neither can we allow our critical interests to depend solely on international mechanisms that can be blocked by countries whose interests may be very different than
265:
In the Middle East and
Southwest Asia, our overall objective is to remain the predominant outside power in the region and preserve U.S. and Western access to the region's oil. We also seek to deter further aggression in the region, foster regional stability, protect U.S. nationals and property, and
151:
Our first objective is to prevent the re-emergence of a new rival, either on the territory of the former Soviet Union or elsewhere, that poses a threat on the order of that posed formerly by the Soviet Union. This is a dominant consideration underlying the new regional defense strategy and requires
274:
In the Middle East and
Persian Gulf, we seek to foster regional stability, deter aggression against our friends and interests in the region, protect U.S. nationals and property, and safeguard our access to international air and seaways and to the region's oil. The United States is committed to the
220:
While the U.S. cannot become the world's policeman, by assuming responsibility for righting every wrong, we will retain the preeminent responsibility for addressing selectively those wrongs which threaten not only our interests, but those of our allies or friends, or which could seriously unsettle
243:
We continue to recognize that collectively the conventional forces of the states formerly comprising the Soviet Union retain the most military potential in all of
Eurasia; and we do not dismiss the risks to stability in Europe from a nationalist backlash in Russia or efforts to reincorporate into
174:
The U.S. must show the leadership necessary to establish and protect a new order that holds the promise of convincing potential competitors that they need not aspire to a greater role or pursue a more aggressive posture to protect their legitimate interests. In non-defense areas, we must account
183:
One of the primary tasks we face today in shaping the future is carrying long standing alliances into the new era, and turning old enmities into new cooperative relationships. If we and other leading democracies continue to build a democratic security community, a much safer world is likely to
160:
Our most fundamental goal is to deter or defeat attack from whatever source... The second goal is to strengthen and extend the system of defense arrangements that binds democratic and like-minded nations together in common defense against aggression, build habits of cooperation, avoid the
230:
our own. Where our allies interests are directly affected, we must expect them to take an appropriate share of the responsibility, and in some cases play the leading role; but we maintain the capabilities for addressing selectively those security problems that threaten our own interests.
98:
Wolfowitz was ultimately responsible for the
Defense Planning Guidance, as it was released through his office and was reflective of his overall outlook. The task of preparing the document fell to Libby, who delegated the process of writing the new strategy to
552:
206:
Certain situations like the crisis leading to the Gulf War are likely to engender ad hoc coalitions. We should plan to maximize the value of such coalitions. This may include specialized roles for our forces as well as developing cooperative practices with
2443:
103:, a member of Libby's staff and longtime aide to Wolfowitz. In the initial phase of drafting the document, Khalilzad solicited the opinions of a wide cross-section of Pentagon insiders and outsiders, including
598:
2086:
2081:
2031:
2026:
2146:
1058:
837:
673:
2021:
1945:
2266:
693:
2166:
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2512:
2171:
2101:
663:
591:
290:
2161:
1723:
1048:
678:
576:
252:
The U.S. has a significant stake in promoting democratic consolidation and peaceful relations between Russia, Ukraine and the other republics of the former Soviet Union.
2076:
2011:
1535:
2141:
2066:
1063:
1003:
2463:
2241:
584:
2061:
2016:
1028:
2156:
2106:
2051:
1359:
683:
152:
that we endeavor to prevent any hostile power from dominating a region whose resources would, under consolidated control, be sufficient to generate global power.
431:
Gaddis's essay is reprinted in Paul Bolt, Damon V. Coletta and
Collins G. Shackleford Jr., eds., (2005), American Defense Policy (8th ed.), Baltimore, MD:
2071:
2036:
1940:
1909:
41:
is an unofficial name given to the initial version of the
Defense Planning Guidance for the 1994–1999 fiscal years (dated February 18, 1992) published by U.S.
2091:
1914:
1775:
1738:
1483:
104:
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500:
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1135:
971:
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885:
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1417:
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1053:
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781:
2176:
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1235:
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911:
774:
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614:
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1510:
1422:
1397:
1366:
1276:
1208:
1153:
1109:
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749:
77:
66:
and pre-emptive military action to suppress potential threats from other nations and prevent dictatorships from rising to superpower status.
42:
1935:
1795:
1780:
1750:
1614:
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1427:
1407:
1387:
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1023:
1013:
870:
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801:
786:
729:
719:
658:
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2126:
2006:
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1114:
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759:
744:
653:
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541:
478:
1981:
1976:
1955:
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1800:
1765:
1755:
1540:
1525:
1515:
1349:
1339:
1288:
1281:
1271:
1168:
1038:
956:
926:
901:
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827:
822:
734:
688:
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1904:
1505:
1473:
1468:
1402:
1193:
1018:
976:
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668:
569:
58:
on March 7, 1992, and sparked a public controversy about U.S. foreign and defense policy. The document was widely criticized as
432:
387:
2216:
440:
Caputo Leiva, Orlando (2007). "The World
Economy and the United States at the Beginning of the Twenty-first Century".
2309:
270:
The April 16 release was more circumspect and it reaffirmed U.S. commitments to Israel as well as its Arab allies.
2458:
70:
139:
The doctrine announces the U.S.'s status as the world's only remaining superpower following the collapse of the
529:
562:
2438:
2261:
2483:
2400:
2324:
1685:
556:
92:
2473:
2405:
2334:
2319:
2256:
505:
483:
465:
457:
420:
112:
2415:
402:
383:
2395:
2364:
2344:
2339:
449:
412:
100:
69:
Such was the outcry that the document was hastily re-written under the close supervision of
2410:
2390:
2359:
2354:
2329:
2314:
2199:
83:
before being officially released on April 16, 1992. Many of its tenets re-emerged in the
17:
2374:
2349:
545:
407:
379:
216:
The doctrine stated the U.S's right to intervene when and where it believed necessary.
54:
45:
2506:
2453:
2369:
609:
469:
285:
261:
The doctrine clarified the overall objectives in the Middle East and Southwest Asia.
108:
84:
63:
49:
248:
This was removed from the April 16 release in favour of a more diplomatic approach.
627:
140:
80:
2448:
170:
The doctrine establishes the U.S.'s leadership role within the new world order.
88:
73:
59:
542:
U.S. Strategy Plan Calls for Insuring No Rivals Develop: A One-Superpower World
534:
453:
30:
501:"Excerpts From Pentagon's Plan: 'Prevent the Re-Emergence of a New Rival'"
239:
The doctrine highlighted the possible threat posed by a resurgent Russia.
2478:
144:
461:
424:
202:
This was re-written with a change in emphasis in the April 16 release.
111:, and Wolfowitz's University of Chicago mentor, the nuclear strategist
198:
ultimately backed by the U.S. will be an important stabilizing factor.
416:
2251:
29:
2283:
2197:
625:
580:
184:
emerge. If we act separately, many other problems could result.
193:
The doctrine downplays the value of international coalitions.
147:
and proclaims its main objective to be retaining that status.
563:
Interview with Barton Gellman on 1992 Defense Policy Guidance
535:
The Making of the Cheney Regional Defense Strategy, 1991-1992
179:
This was substantially re-written in the April 16 release.
156:
This was substantially re-written in the April 16 release.
479:"U.S. Strategy Plan Calls For Insuring No Rivals Develop"
52:. Not intended for public release, it was leaked to the
291:
A Clean Break: A New Strategy for Securing the Realm
225:
This was softened slightly in the April 16 release.
2429:
2383:
2298:
1999:
1964:
1928:
1897:
1876:
1869:
1809:
1706:
1628:
1560:
1553:
1441:
1375:
1317:
1264:
1228:
1221:
1146:
1123:
1072:
996:
989:
894:
858:
810:
702:
646:
639:
272:
263:
250:
241:
227:
218:
204:
195:
181:
172:
158:
149:
2513:Foreign policy doctrines of the United States
592:
8:
405:(2002). "Grand Strategy of Transformation".
332:
95:that no other nation can or should accept."
2295:
2280:
2194:
1873:
1557:
1225:
993:
643:
636:
622:
599:
585:
577:
34:Paul Wolfowitz, sponsor of the doctrine.
301:
62:, as the document outlined a policy of
615:Foreign relations of the United States
384:"Remarks to the U.S. Military Academy"
362:
320:
308:
78:Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
43:Under Secretary of Defense for Policy
7:
572:, Strategic Insights, February 2005.
553:Drafting a plan for global dominance
2032:Greater Republic of Central America
2027:Federal Republic of Central America
499:Tyler, Patrick E. (8 March 1992b).
477:Tyler, Patrick E. (8 March 1992a).
25:
530:Defense Policy Guidance 1992–1994
87:, which was described by Senator
2147:Principality of Schaumburg-Lippe
838:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
674:Democratic Republic of the Congo
608:
2528:Presidency of George H. W. Bush
2523:1992 in international relations
1059:St. Vincent and the Grenadines
433:Johns Hopkins University Press
257:Middle East and Southwest Asia
1:
537:at National Security Archive
91:as "a call for 21st century
27:U.S. foreign policy doctrine
2267:International organizations
2167:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
2022:Duchy of Brunswick-LĂĽneburg
442:Latin American Perspectives
2544:
2310:Proclamation of Neutrality
2097:North German Confederation
2518:1992 in the United States
2294:
2279:
2207:
2193:
635:
621:
221:international relations.
71:U.S. Secretary of Defense
18:Defense Planning Guidance
2102:Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
664:Central African Republic
454:10.1177/0094582x06296357
2262:Third Border Initiative
212:Preventive Intervention
2172:Kingdom of WĂĽrttemberg
2162:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1724:Bosnia and Herzegovina
277:
268:
254:
246:
232:
223:
209:
200:
186:
177:
163:
154:
35:
694:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
679:Republic of the Congo
570:Dissuasion and Allies
33:
2484:Special Relationship
2325:Good Neighbor policy
2087:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
2082:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
2077:Grand Duchy of Hesse
2012:Grand Duchy of Baden
1686:Special Relationship
1536:United Arab Emirates
93:American imperialism
2474:Progressive realism
2469:Non-interventionism
2320:Roosevelt Corollary
2257:Major non-NATO ally
2142:Kingdom of Sardinia
2067:Hanseatic Republics
1064:Trinidad and Tobago
1049:St. Kitts and Nevis
1004:Antigua and Barbuda
2464:Middle East policy
2062:Kingdom of Hanover
2017:Kingdom of Bavaria
1029:Dominican Republic
506:The New York Times
484:The New York Times
403:Gaddis, John Lewis
344:Mann 2004, p. 210.
143:at the end of the
113:Albert Wohlstetter
39:Wolfowitz Doctrine
36:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2275:
2274:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2157:Republic of Texas
2107:Orange Free State
2052:Republic of Genoa
1995:
1994:
1865:
1864:
1549:
1548:
1217:
1216:
985:
984:
684:Equatorial Guinea
557:Harper's Magazine
551:David Armstrong.
436:
353:Mann 2004, p. 210
333:Caputo Leiva 2007
135:Superpower status
119:Doctrine articles
89:Edward M. Kennedy
16:(Redirected from
2535:
2296:
2281:
2195:
2072:Hawaiian Kingdom
2037:Congo Free State
1941:Marshall Islands
1910:Papua New Guinea
1874:
1558:
1226:
994:
644:
637:
623:
613:
612:
601:
594:
587:
578:
548:, March 8, 1992.
517:
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429:
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366:
360:
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101:Zalmay Khalilzad
21:
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2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2503:
2502:
2501:
2488:
2431:
2425:
2391:Lodge Corollary
2384:Other doctrines
2379:
2301:
2290:
2271:
2203:
2181:
2092:Duchy of Nassau
1991:
1960:
1924:
1915:Solomon Islands
1893:
1861:
1805:
1776:North Macedonia
1739:Northern Cyprus
1702:
1624:
1545:
1437:
1371:
1313:
1260:
1213:
1142:
1119:
1068:
981:
890:
854:
806:
698:
631:
617:
607:
605:
575:
559:, October 2002.
540:Patrick Tyler.
525:
520:
511:
509:
498:
489:
487:
476:
439:
430:
417:10.2307/3183557
401:
392:
390:
382:(1 June 2002).
380:Bush, George W.
378:
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105:Andrew Marshall
48:and his deputy
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22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2259:
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2247:United Nations
2244:
2239:
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2232:European Union
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2198:
2191:
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2180:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2137:Ryukyu Kingdom
2134:
2132:Russian Empire
2129:
2124:
2122:Duchy of Parma
2119:
2114:
2112:Ottoman Empire
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
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2042:Czechoslovakia
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2003:
2001:
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1578:Czech Republic
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1021:
1016:
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1006:
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998:
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987:
986:
983:
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286:Bush Doctrine
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85:Bush Doctrine
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64:unilateralism
61:
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50:Scooter Libby
47:
44:
40:
32:
19:
2444:China policy
2430:Policies and
2420:
2300:Presidential
2200:Multilateral
2152:Soviet Union
2117:Papal States
2047:East Germany
1972:Cook Islands
1593:Transnistria
1521:Saudi Arabia
1251:Turkmenistan
972:Sierra Leone
907:Burkina Faso
886:South Africa
568:David Yost.
510:. Retrieved
504:
488:. Retrieved
482:
445:
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391:. Retrieved
372:Bibliography
358:
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141:Soviet Union
138:
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81:Colin Powell
68:
53:
38:
37:
2459:Foreign aid
2449:Containment
2401:Kirkpatrick
2285:Doctrines,
2242:Middle East
2217:Arab League
1889:New Zealand
1877:Australasia
1857:Switzerland
1852:Netherlands
1418:Philippines
1325:Afghanistan
1304:South Korea
1299:North Korea
1090:El Salvador
782:South Sudan
448:(1): 9–15.
363:Tyler 1992b
321:Gaddis 2002
309:Tyler 1992a
74:Dick Cheney
60:imperialist
2507:Categories
2406:Weinberger
2335:Eisenhower
2289:, concepts
2177:Yugoslavia
1946:Micronesia
1929:Micronesia
1842:Luxembourg
1786:San Marino
1771:Montenegro
1454:Azerbaijan
1393:East Timor
1330:Bangladesh
1256:Uzbekistan
1246:Tajikistan
1241:Kyrgyzstan
1236:Kazakhstan
1085:Costa Rica
952:Mauritania
922:The Gambia
912:Cape Verde
775:Somaliland
765:Seychelles
755:Mozambique
740:Madagascar
490:30 October
297:References
2421:Wolfowitz
2302:doctrines
2227:East Asia
2202:relations
1965:Polynesia
1898:Melanesia
1884:Australia
1666:Lithuania
1511:Palestine
1423:Singapore
1398:Indonesia
1376:Southeast
1367:Sri Lanka
1277:Hong Kong
1209:Venezuela
1154:Argentina
1110:Nicaragua
1095:Guatemala
1054:St. Lucia
997:Caribbean
750:Mauritius
630:relations
628:Bilateral
470:153407145
2479:Rollback
2439:Blowback
2432:concepts
2416:Rumsfeld
2287:policies
1936:Kiribati
1796:Slovenia
1781:Portugal
1751:Holy See
1707:Southern
1629:Northern
1615:Slovakia
1573:Bulgaria
1484:military
1428:Thailand
1408:Malaysia
1388:Cambodia
1360:military
1355:Pakistan
1345:Maldives
1294:Mongolia
1199:Suriname
1189:Paraguay
1174:Colombia
1124:Northern
1100:Honduras
1024:Dominica
1014:Barbados
990:Americas
871:Eswatini
866:Botswana
859:Southern
802:Zimbabwe
787:Tanzania
730:Ethiopia
720:Djibouti
659:Cameroon
512:29 March
462:27647989
280:See also
145:Cold War
2396:Stimson
2365:Clinton
2345:Johnson
2340:Kennedy
2127:Prussia
2007:Artsakh
1920:Vanuatu
1870:Oceania
1832:Germany
1822:Belgium
1817:Austria
1810:Western
1729:Croatia
1719:Andorra
1714:Albania
1691:Bermuda
1656:Ireland
1651:Iceland
1646:Finland
1641:Estonia
1636:Denmark
1620:Ukraine
1605:Romania
1588:Moldova
1583:Hungary
1568:Belarus
1561:Eastern
1501:Lebanon
1464:Georgia
1459:Bahrain
1449:Armenia
1442:Western
1433:Vietnam
1413:Myanmar
1229:Central
1204:Uruguay
1179:Ecuador
1159:Bolivia
1073:Central
1044:Jamaica
1034:Grenada
1009:Bahamas
967:Senegal
962:Nigeria
942:Liberia
881:Namibia
876:Lesotho
850:Tunisia
833:Morocco
818:Algeria
770:Somalia
725:Eritrea
715:Comoros
710:Burundi
647:Central
425:3183557
388:cfr.org
207:others.
2411:Powell
2360:Reagan
2355:Carter
2330:Truman
2315:Monroe
2212:Africa
1987:Tuvalu
1847:Monaco
1827:France
1791:Serbia
1761:Kosovo
1746:Greece
1734:Cyprus
1676:Sweden
1671:Norway
1661:Latvia
1610:Russia
1600:Poland
1554:Europe
1531:Turkey
1496:Kuwait
1491:Jordan
1479:Israel
1383:Brunei
1335:Bhutan
1309:Taiwan
1184:Guyana
1164:Brazil
1131:Canada
1115:Panama
1105:Mexico
1080:Belize
932:Guinea
797:Zambia
792:Uganda
760:Rwanda
745:Malawi
654:Angola
640:Africa
468:
460:
423:
393:12 May
123:": -->
2375:Obama
2350:Nixon
1982:Tonga
1977:Samoa
1956:Palau
1951:Nauru
1801:Spain
1766:Malta
1756:Italy
1541:Yemen
1526:Syria
1516:Qatar
1350:Nepal
1340:India
1318:South
1289:Japan
1282:Macau
1272:China
1169:Chile
1147:South
1136:trade
1039:Haiti
957:Niger
927:Ghana
902:Benin
845:Sudan
828:Libya
823:Egypt
811:North
735:Kenya
689:Gabon
565:- PBS
466:S2CID
458:JSTOR
421:JSTOR
2370:Bush
2252:C5+1
2222:Asia
1905:Fiji
1506:Oman
1474:Iraq
1469:Iran
1403:Laos
1265:East
1222:Asia
1194:Peru
1019:Cuba
977:Togo
947:Mali
895:West
703:East
669:Chad
514:2022
492:2013
395:2013
125:edit
76:and
450:doi
413:doi
2509::
555:,
544:,
503:.
481:.
464:.
456:.
446:34
444:.
419:.
386:.
107:,
600:e
593:t
586:v
516:.
494:.
472:.
452::
435:.
427:.
415::
397:.
365:.
311:.
129:]
20:)
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