1174:
1146:
739:(this was mainly the case in the past) or words or phrases of the common language (this is generally the case in modern mathematics). The precise meaning of a term given by a mathematical definition is often different from the English definition of the word used, which can lead to confusion, particularly when the meanings are close. For example a
2715:
1160:
986:
A definition should not be negative where it can be positive. We should not define "wisdom" as the absence of folly, or a healthy thing as whatever is not sick. Sometimes this is unavoidable, however. For example, it appears difficult to define blindness in positive terms rather than as "the absence
805:
as a form of stipulative definition which purports to state the "true" or "commonly accepted" meaning of a term, while in reality stipulating an altered use (perhaps as an argument for some specific belief). Stevenson has also noted that some definitions are "legal" or "coercive" – their object
782:
classifies a definition as "stipulative" if it is intended to guide a specific discussion. A stipulative definition might be considered a temporary, working definition, and can only be disproved by showing a logical contradiction. In contrast, a "descriptive" definition can be shown to be "right"
1074:
that what counts as a "simple" in one circumstance might not do so in another. He rejected the very idea that every explanation of the meaning of a term needed itself to be explained: "As though an explanation hung in the air unless supported by another one", claiming instead that explanation of a
1819:
involved taking up a dictionary and finding a selection of terms relating to the key concept, then looking up each of the words in the explanation of their meaning. Then, iterating this process until the list of words begins to repeat, closing in a "family circle" of words relating to the key
502:, he says that the meaning of a made-up name can be known (he gives the example "goat stag") without knowing what he calls the "essential nature" of the thing that the name would denote (if there were such a thing). This led medieval logicians to distinguish between what they called the
254:" might be "the most senior minister of a cabinet in the executive branch of parliamentary government", an extensional definition is not possible since it is not known who the future prime ministers will be (even though all prime ministers from the past and present can be listed).
1086:
cannot be defined. Names are learned by connecting an idea with a sound, so that speaker and hearer have the same idea when the same word is used. This is not possible when no one else is acquainted with the particular thing that has "fallen under our notice". Russell offered his
337:
It is also possible to have two different genus–differentia definitions that describe the same term, especially when the term describes the overlap of two large categories. For instance, both of these genus–differentia definitions of "square" are equally acceptable:
978:
The definition must not be obscure. The purpose of a definition is to explain the meaning of a term which may be obscure or difficult, by the use of terms that are commonly understood and whose meaning is clear. The violation of this rule is known by the Latin term
44:
873:
So "0" will have exactly one successor, which for convenience can be called "1". In turn, "1" will have exactly one successor, which could be called "2", and so on. The second condition in the definition itself refers to natural numbers, and hence involves
537:
definitions. A nominal definition is the definition explaining what a word means (i.e., which says what the "nominal essence" is), and is definition in the classical sense as given above. A real definition, by contrast, is one expressing the real nature or
974:
The definition must not be too wide or too narrow. It must be applicable to everything to which the defined term applies (i.e. not miss anything out), and to nothing else (i.e. not include any things to which the defined term would not truly
47:
A definition states the meaning of a word using other words. This is sometimes challenging. Common dictionaries contain lexical descriptive definitions, but there are various types of definition – all with different purposes and
1890:
require it to prevent a misunderstanding. One might say: an explanation serves to remove or to avert a misunderstanding – one, that is, that would occur but for the explanation; not every one I can imagine."
792:
as one that extends the descriptive dictionary definition (lexical definition) for a specific purpose by including additional criteria. A precising definition narrows the set of things that meet the definition.
1639:
McPherson, M.; Arango, P.; Fox, H.; Lauver, C.; McManus, M.; Newacheck, P. W.; Perrin, J. M.; Shonkoff, J. P.; Strickland, B. (1998). "A new definition of children with special health care needs".
967:" would convey no information whatsoever. For this reason, Locke adds that a definition of a term must not consist of terms which are synonymous with it. This would be a circular definition, a
735:
In mathematics, definitions are generally not used to describe existing terms, but to describe or characterize a concept. For naming the object of a definition mathematicians can use either a
1448:
Bussler, Christoph, and Dieter Fensel, eds. Artificial
Intelligence: Methodology, Systems and Applications: 11th International Conference, AIMSA 2004: Proceedings. Springer-Verlag, 2004. p.6
389:. This gives the meaning of a term by pointing, in the case of an individual, to the thing itself, or in the case of a class, to examples of the right kind. For example, one can explain who
106:
In modern usage, a definition is something, typically expressed in words, that attaches a meaning to a word or group of words. The word or group of words that is to be defined is called the
971:. Note, however, that it is acceptable to define two relative terms in respect of each other. Clearly, we cannot define "antecedent" without using the term "consequent", nor conversely.
87:, a definition is used to give a precise meaning to a new term, by describing a condition which unambiguously qualifies what the mathematical term is and is not. Definitions and
3022:
80:, which convey the meaning of a term by pointing out examples. A term may have many different senses and multiple meanings, and thus require multiple definitions.
461:
lists all sets whose only member is a member of the "divided" set. The difference between this and an extensional definition is that extensional definitions list
619:
is, in the strict sense, one of a group of words that share the same spelling and pronunciation but have different meanings. Thus homonyms are simultaneously
2772:
297:(or family): An existing definition that serves as a portion of the new definition; all definitions with the same genus are considered members of that genus.
250:
definition, on the other hand, would be the list of wrath, greed, sloth, pride, lust, envy, and gluttony. In contrast, while an intensional definition of "
1544:
487:
had it that an object's essential attributes form its "essential nature", and that a definition of the object must include these essential attributes.
3083:
1765:
1126:. In such cases, he argued, there is no fixed boundary that can be used to provide a definition. Rather, the items are grouped together because of a
829:
All things bearing a certain relation to other members of the set are also to count as members of the set. It is this step that makes the definition
2245:
2235:
2005:
1052:
397:(a class) is, by pointing at several and expecting another to understand. The process of ostensive definition itself was critically appraised by
420:
that fall under the concept or term in question. Enumerative definitions are only possible for finite sets (and only practical for small sets).
2077:
1793:
seek to avoid circularity wherever possible, but the definitions of words such as "the" and "a" use those words and are therefore circular.
2220:
1886:
He continues: "Whereas an explanation may indeed rest on another one that has been given, but none stands in need of another – unless
941:
specific (that is, by reading the definition only, it should ideally not be possible to refer to any other entity than that being defined);
2371:
2141:
1130:. For terms such as these it is not possible and indeed not necessary to state a definition; rather, one simply comes to understand the
193:
2733:
2500:
822:
definition, is one that defines a word in terms of itself, so to speak, albeit in a useful way. Normally this consists of three steps:
2195:
3068:
2649:
2120:
2096:
2047:
2015:
1973:
1950:
1589:
Kevin
Houston (2009) How to Think Like a Mathematician: A Companion to Undergraduate Mathematics. Cambridge University Press, p. 104
2250:
743:
is not exactly the same thing in mathematics and in common language. In some case, the word used can be misleading; for example, a
263:
2067:
1015:
contains, at any given time, a finite number of words, any comprehensive list of definitions must either be circular or rely upon
3063:
2765:
246:
as particularly destructive of the life of grace and charity within a person, thus creating the threat of eternal damnation. An
3053:
2325:
796:
2801:
2654:
2038:
Verbatim: From the bawdy to the sublime, the best writing on language for word lovers, grammar mavens, and armchair linguists
1023:
must itself be defined, "where at last should we stop?" A dictionary, for instance, insofar as it is a comprehensive list of
751:. Frequently, a definition uses a phrase built with common English words, which has no meaning outside mathematics, such as
2729:
3048:
2110:
1892:
1873:
1070:
201:
2758:
650:(opposite of right). A distinction is sometimes made between "true" homonyms, which are unrelated in origin, such as
35:
506:, or the "whatness of the name", and the underlying nature common to all the things it names, which they called the
457:
of a set, in the sense that every member of the "divided" set is a member of one of the subsets. An extreme form of
3073:
2680:
1218:
1083:
576:
to it, they are those things that it possesses in all possible worlds. Kripke refers to names used in this way as
2659:
2584:
2366:
1905:
1506:. Early modern philosophers like Locke used the corresponding English terms "nominal essence" and "real essence".
630:(words that share the same pronunciation, regardless of their spelling). The state of being a homonym is called
76:(which try to list the objects that a term describes). Another important category of definitions is the class of
2557:
1548:
883:
526:. The meaning of a name is distinct from the nature that a thing must have in order that the name apply to it.
144:
There are many sub-types of definitions, often specific to a given field of knowledge or study. These include,
1305:
1248:
2994:
2875:
2806:
2641:
2240:
2225:
2153:
1213:
997:
956:
Certain rules have traditionally been given for definitions (in particular, genus-differentia definitions).
826:
At least one thing is stated to be a member of the set being defined; this is sometimes called a "base set".
763:
2969:
2292:
2287:
2262:
2230:
2188:
1263:
1238:
1223:
1208:
1114:
can be stated. Wittgenstein argued that for some terms this is not the case. The examples he used include
1088:
928:
593:
589:
412:
406:
273:
209:
184:
73:
69:
3078:
2849:
2844:
2811:
2695:
2272:
1258:
801:
716:
219:
177:
1173:
1799:
1405:
1392:
Richard J. Rossi (2011) Theorems, Corollaries, Lemmas, and
Methods of Proof. John Wiley & Sons p.4
778:
Authors have used different terms to classify definitions used in formal languages like mathematics.
522:
of hobbits cannot be known. By contrast, the name "man" denotes real things (men) that have a certain
334:("that has three straight bounding sides" and "that has four straight bounding sides", respectively).
2898:
2796:
2614:
2460:
2282:
2277:
2267:
1580:
David Hunter (2010) Essentials of
Discrete Mathematics. Jones & Bartlett Publishers, Section 14.1
1301:
1243:
1188:
1092:
916:
815:
788:
385:
77:
3043:
2984:
2569:
2552:
2532:
2495:
2444:
2439:
2381:
2318:
2215:
2106:
1494:
1482:
1193:
1065:
879:
770:
are a kind of logic where the definitions are included as the feature of the formal system itself.
756:
546:
499:
417:
398:
224:
100:
1329:
983:. However, sometimes scientific and philosophical terms are difficult to define without obscurity.
3058:
2989:
2834:
2505:
2434:
2391:
2257:
1664:
1228:
1179:
1151:
1127:
1024:
1330:
Good reasons for better arguments: An introduction to the skills and values of critical thinking
1599:
2974:
2719:
2690:
2685:
2675:
2609:
2537:
2422:
2181:
2116:
2092:
2073:
2043:
2011:
1969:
1946:
1704:
1656:
1568:
1233:
1165:
924:
920:
740:
490:
The idea that a definition should state the essence of a thing led to the distinction between
235:
228:
197:
1042:) cannot be defined, since a higher genus cannot be assigned under which they may fall. Thus
3012:
2624:
2350:
2345:
1833:
1696:
1648:
1079:
1057:
1028:
1016:
1012:
1008:
748:
704:
688:
577:
557:
550:
2979:
2470:
2412:
1061:
752:
483:
In classical thought, a definition was taken to be a statement of the essence of a thing.
1962:
280:) and narrows it down to a smaller category by a distinguishing characteristic (i.e. the
1995:
1980:
1287:, while terms with the same spelling and pronunciation and related meanings are called
2724:
2417:
2396:
2311:
2147:
875:
841:
767:
720:
561:
251:
243:
1806:" provides other examples of circularity in dictionary definitions. (McKean, p. 73–77)
162:"'Large', among female Asian elephants, is any individual weighing over 5,500 pounds."
43:
3037:
2574:
2515:
1700:
1203:
1198:
1035:
779:
322:
1668:
963:
Definitions should avoid circularity. To define a horse as "a member of the species
200:. Any definition that attempts to set out the essence of something, such as that by
3017:
2865:
2750:
2564:
2386:
1829:
1816:
1790:
845:
569:
2137:
2027:
2023:
1527:
1380:
1283:
Terms with the same pronunciation and spelling but unrelated meanings are called
2919:
2839:
2599:
2594:
2547:
1846:
1100:
1096:
1056:
that the names of simple concepts do not admit of any definition. More recently
744:
565:
84:
1342:
1145:
1068:, rejected the need for any undefined simples. Wittgenstein pointed out in his
2935:
2870:
2821:
2781:
2510:
2475:
2001:
1141:
1047:
712:
549:, in particular, is critical of attempts to elucidate the essence of a thing.
31:
2036:
2893:
2885:
2604:
2465:
2376:
2167:
1777:
1370:
Lyons, John. "Semantics, vol. I." Cambridge: Cambridge (1977). p.158 and on.
1288:
1253:
1091:
in part as a way of defining a proper name, the definition being given by a
830:
736:
727:, in which the multiple meanings of a word may be unconnected or unrelated.
627:
620:
484:
364:
346:
173:
1652:
1381:
Semantics and
Pragmatics of English: Teaching English as a Foreign Language
1708:
1660:
2914:
2525:
2161:
1992:
1824:
1284:
1034:
Many philosophers have chosen instead to leave some terms undefined. The
890:
724:
684:
679:
659:
545:
This preoccupation with essence dissipated in much of modern philosophy.
442:
330:
Those definitions can be expressed as a genus ("a plane figure") and two
313:
160:, which reduce the vagueness of a word, typically in some special sense (
17:
1571:, James R. Hurford and Brendan Heasley, Cambridge University Press, 1983
960:
A definition must set out the essential attributes of the thing defined.
938:
useful clinically or in related areas where the definition will be used;
623:(words that share the same spelling, regardless of their pronunciation)
110:, and the word, group of words, or action that defines it is called the
91:
form the basis on which all of modern mathematics is to be constructed.
3007:
2961:
2589:
2520:
1110:
There is a presumption in the classic example of a definition that the
616:
610:
478:
360:
350:
148:, or the common dictionary definitions of words already in a language;
1099:
pointed to difficulties with this approach, especially in relation to
303:: The portion of the new definition that is not provided by the genus.
2940:
2427:
935:
simple and easy to understand, preferably even by the general public;
708:
700:
696:
511:
454:
88:
65:
61:
1794:
1687:
Morse, R. M.; Flavin, D. K. (1992). "The
Definition of Alcoholism".
307:
For example, consider the following genus–differentia definitions:
2619:
2334:
1796:
1043:
293:
42:
2579:
692:
518:, but one could not know the real nature of hobbits, and so the
57:
2754:
2307:
2177:
1434:
Hurley, Patrick J. (2006). "Language: Meaning and
Definition".
907:
Or simply: an ancestor is a parent or a parent of an ancestor.
1780:, but leads to scepticism about meaning rather than knowledge.
1469:
Katerina
Ierodiakonou, "The Stoic Division of Philosophy", in
762:
In first-order logic definitions are usually introduced using
393:(an individual) is, by pointing her out to another; or what a
116:"An elephant is a large gray animal native to Asia and Africa"
2173:
453:
is not an extensional definition, but an exhaustive list of
68:). Definitions can be classified into two large categories:
2148:
Definitions, Dictionaries, and
Meanings, Norman Swartz 1997
858:
the successor of a natural number is also a natural number;
371:
Thus, a "square" is a member of both genera (the plural of
287:
More formally, a genus–differentia definition consists of:
553:
described essence as "a hopelessly muddle-headed notion".
152:, which define something by pointing to an example of it (
498:
essence—a distinction originating with
Aristotle. In the
416:
that gives an explicit and exhaustive listing of all the
2303:
317:: A plane figure that has three straight bounding sides.
2739:
855:
Each natural number has a unique successor, such that:
326:: A plane figure that has four straight bounding sides.
2170:, a very short introduction by Garth Kemerling (2001).
2089:
Oxford English Dictionary, second edition (20 volumes)
1849:, players compete to find circularity in a dictionary.
878:. Although this sort of definition involves a form of
34:. For other uses of the word "definition" itself, see
572:. Insofar as the essential properties of a thing are
1904:
This theory of meaning is one of the targets of the
383:
One important form of the extensional definition is
2960:
2953:
2928:
2907:
2884:
2858:
2820:
2789:
2668:
2640:
2633:
2488:
2453:
2405:
2359:
1804:
Sexual Intercourse in American College Dictionaries
137:of the word defined, but is instead something that
3023:The False Subtlety of the Four Syllogistic Figures
2035:
1961:
861:distinct natural numbers have distinct successors;
529:This leads to a corresponding distinction between
514:", for example, is perfectly meaningful. It has a
375:): the genus "rectangle" and the genus "rhombus".
168:Intensional definitions vs extensional definitions
2158:Elsevier Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
1328:Bickenbach, Jerome E., and Jacqueline M. Davies.
987:of sight in a creature that is normally sighted".
806:is to create or alter rights, duties, or crimes.
99:"Definiens" redirects here. For the company, see
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1383:. Univ. Autònoma de Barcelona, 2006. p.48 and on
1046:, unity and similar concepts cannot be defined.
1038:claimed that the highest genera (called the ten
886:, and the definition has been quite successful.
1729:
1727:
1075:term is only needed to avoid misunderstanding.
723:. It is thus usually regarded as distinct from
703:) to have multiple meanings (that is, multiple
217:definition, of a concept or term specifies its
2766:
2319:
2189:
1060:sought to develop a formal language based on
947:a reflection of current scientific knowledge.
72:(which try to give the sense of a term), and
8:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1545:"Linguistics 201: Study Sheet for Semantics"
931:, definitions should as far as possible be:
783:or "wrong" with reference to general usage.
510:, or the "whatness of the thing". The name "
122:, and everything after the word "is" is the
2057:Macagno, Fabrizio; Walton, Douglas (2014).
1990:. London, New York: Longmans, Green and co.
1988:Principles of logic, 3d ed., new impression
1471:Phronesis: A Journal for Ancient Philosophy
1343:"Definition of definition | Dictionary.com"
766:(so using a metalogic). On the other hand,
56:is a statement of the meaning of a term (a
27:Statement that attaches a meaning to a term
2957:
2904:
2773:
2759:
2751:
2637:
2402:
2326:
2312:
2304:
2196:
2182:
2174:
836:All other things are excluded from the set
588:A definition may also be classified as an
1429:
1427:
1425:
1095:that "picks out" exactly one individual.
196:for a thing to be a member of a specific
1960:Joseph, Horace William Brindley (1916).
1438:(9 ed.). Wadsworth. pp. 86–91.
747:has nothing more (or less) real than an
658:(the fish), and polysemous homonyms, or
30:For the definition of another word, see
2061:. New York: Cambridge University Press.
2007:An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
1473:, Volume 38, Number 1, 1993, pp. 57–74.
1366:
1364:
1362:
1321:
1276:
1053:An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
900:A parent of an ancestor is an ancestor.
584:Operational vs. theoretical definitions
473:Nominal definitions vs real definitions
449:is simply an intensional definition. A
864:no natural number is succeeded by "0".
662:, which have a shared origin, such as
642:(follow/harass a person) and the pair
2087:Simpson, John; Edmund Weiner (1989).
1968:. Clarendon Press repr. Paper Tiger.
1964:An Introduction to Logic, 2nd edition
1547:. Pandora.cii.wwu.edu. Archived from
7:
2154:"Definitions: Uses and Varieties of"
1400:
1398:
715:), usually related by contiguity of
634:. Examples of homonyms are the pair
2501:Analytic and synthetic propositions
2372:Formal semantics (natural language)
2142:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
731:In logic, mathematics and computing
194:necessary and sufficient conditions
2072:. Oxford: At The Clarendon Press.
1751:Macagno & Walton 2014, Ch. III
1532:Random House Unabridged Dictionary
379:Classes of extensional definitions
258:Classes of intensional definitions
25:
2059:Emotive Language in Argumentation
1895:, Part 1 §87, italics in original
1836:. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1961. 1979.)
869:Nothing else is a natural number.
276:that takes a large category (the
154:"This," , "is an Asian elephant."
114:. For example, in the definition
3084:Meaning (philosophy of language)
2713:
1701:10.1001/jama.1992.03490080086030
1172:
1158:
1144:
840:For instance, we could define a
204:, is an intensional definition.
1569:Semantics: a coursebook, p. 123
1516:A History of Western Philosophy
1436:A Concise Introduction to Logic
889:In the same way, we can define
600:Terms with multiple definitions
227:that is a member of a specific
2802:Problem of multiple generality
1986:Joyce, George Hayward (1926).
1332:. Broadview Press, 1996. p. 49
1064:. Other philosophers, notably
1:
2010:. National Geographic Books.
1996:(full text of 2nd ed. (1916))
1981:(full text of 1st ed. (1906))
1828:in Philosophical Papers. Ed.
1304:, in the same way, as in the
1300:One learns inductively, from
410:of a concept or a term is an
118:, the word "elephant" is the
2112:Philosophical Investigations
1930:Philosophical Investigations
1893:Philosophical Investigations
1874:Philosophical Investigations
1458:Philosophical investigations
1071:Philosophical Investigations
903:Nothing else is an ancestor.
270:genus–differentia definition
264:Genus–differentia definition
223:. It is a list naming every
2091:. Oxford University Press.
1776:This problem parallels the
1600:"Norman Swartz - Biography"
818:, sometimes also called an
36:Definition (disambiguation)
3100:
2066:Robinson, Richard (1954).
1410:beisecker.faculty.unlv.edu
995:
677:
646:(past tense of leave) and
608:
476:
261:
192:definition, specifies the
171:
98:
29:
2708:
2585:Necessity and sufficiency
2341:
2211:
2152:Guy Longworth (ca. 2008)
1906:private language argument
1815:An exercise suggested by
1019:. If every term of every
1003:Limitations of definition
568:led to a new approach to
445:terms for definitions. A
150:demonstrative definitions
3069:Mathematical terminology
2115:. Blackwell Publishing.
897:A parent is an ancestor.
852:"0" is a natural number.
242:as those singled out by
139:conveys the same meaning
3064:Linguistics terminology
2995:Sophistical Refutations
2807:Dictum de omni et nullo
1945:. New York: Macmillan.
1214:Fallacies of definition
1036:scholastic philosophers
998:Fallacies of definition
992:Fallacies of definition
764:extension by definition
74:extensional definitions
70:intensional definitions
3054:Philosophy of language
2168:Definition and Meaning
1653:10.1542/peds.102.1.137
1264:Theoretical definition
1239:Operational definition
1224:Intensional definition
1209:Extensional definition
1089:theory of descriptions
981:obscurum per obscurius
969:circulus in definiendo
687:is the capacity for a
638:(part of a plant) and
594:theoretical definition
590:operational definition
413:extensional definition
407:enumerative definition
274:intensional definition
210:extensional definition
185:intensional definition
49:
2720:Philosophy portal
2034:McKean, Erin (2001).
1943:Introduction to Logic
1941:Copi, Irving (1982).
1920:, Bk. III, Ch. iii, 3
1259:Synthetic proposition
810:Recursive definitions
802:persuasive definition
202:genus and differentia
178:Extension (semantics)
158:precising definitions
78:ostensive definitions
46:
2797:Square of opposition
2156:in: K. Brown (ed.):
2107:Wittgenstein, Ludwig
1721:Copi 1982 pp 165–169
1302:ostensive definition
1244:Ostensive definition
1189:Analytic proposition
1105:Naming and Necessity
1093:definite description
925:consensus statements
917:medical dictionaries
816:recursive definition
789:precising definition
386:ostensive definition
3049:Philosophical logic
2985:Posterior Analytics
2382:Philosophy of logic
1647:(1 Pt 1): 137–140.
1618:Ethics and Language
1495:Posterior Analytics
1483:Posterior Analytics
1306:Ramsey–Lewis method
1249:Ramsey–Lewis method
1194:Circular definition
1025:lexical definitions
757:irreducible variety
654:(glide on ice) and
547:Analytic philosophy
500:Posterior Analytics
399:Ludwig Wittgenstein
146:lexical definitions
101:Definiens (company)
2782:Aristotelian logic
2681:Rules of inference
2650:Mathematical logic
2392:Semantics of logic
2144:Gupta, Anil (2008)
1825:A plea for excuses
1766:Bk. III, Ch. iv, 5
1620:, Connecticut 1944
1347:www.dictionary.com
1229:Lexical definition
1180:Mathematics portal
1152:Linguistics portal
1128:family resemblance
844:as follows (after
711:and thus multiple
64:, or other set of
50:
3074:Concepts in logic
3031:
3030:
3003:
3002:
2975:On Interpretation
2949:
2948:
2748:
2747:
2704:
2703:
2538:Deductive closure
2484:
2483:
2423:Critical thinking
2301:
2300:
2251:Genus–differentia
2079:978-0-19-824160-7
2042:. Harvest Books.
1862:, Bk. III, Ch. iv
1616:Stevenson, C.L.,
1534:at dictionary.com
1234:Logic programming
1166:Philosophy portal
1082:also argued that
1027:, must resort to
1017:primitive notions
786:Swartz defines a
666:(of a river) and
578:rigid designators
560:formalisation of
238:" can be defined
236:seven deadly sins
95:Basic terminology
16:(Redirected from
3091:
3013:Port-Royal Logic
2958:
2905:
2775:
2768:
2761:
2752:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2638:
2403:
2367:Computer science
2328:
2321:
2314:
2305:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2175:
2126:
2102:
2083:
2062:
2053:
2041:
2021:
1991:
1979:
1967:
1956:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1884:
1878:
1869:
1863:
1856:
1850:
1843:
1837:
1813:
1807:
1800:Sidney I. Landau
1787:
1781:
1774:
1768:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1740:
1734:
1731:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1695:(8): 1012–1014.
1684:
1673:
1672:
1636:
1621:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1541:
1535:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1467:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1431:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1402:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1379:Dooly, Melinda.
1377:
1371:
1368:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1353:
1339:
1333:
1326:
1309:
1298:
1292:
1281:
1182:
1177:
1176:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1149:
1148:
1058:Bertrand Russell
1009:natural language
749:imaginary number
670:(of an animal).
213:, also called a
188:, also called a
21:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3027:
2999:
2980:Prior Analytics
2945:
2924:
2903:
2880:
2854:
2816:
2785:
2779:
2749:
2744:
2714:
2712:
2700:
2664:
2655:Boolean algebra
2629:
2480:
2471:Metamathematics
2449:
2401:
2355:
2337:
2332:
2302:
2297:
2207:
2202:
2134:
2129:
2123:
2105:
2099:
2086:
2080:
2065:
2056:
2050:
2033:
2018:
2000:
1985:
1976:
1959:
1953:
1940:
1936:
1935:
1928:
1924:
1915:
1911:
1903:
1899:
1885:
1881:
1871:See especially
1870:
1866:
1857:
1853:
1845:In the game of
1844:
1840:
1821:
1814:
1810:
1788:
1784:
1775:
1771:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1737:
1732:
1725:
1720:
1716:
1686:
1685:
1676:
1638:
1637:
1624:
1615:
1611:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1554:
1552:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1526:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1468:
1464:
1460:, Part 1 §27–34
1456:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1432:
1423:
1414:
1412:
1404:
1403:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1360:
1351:
1349:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1312:
1299:
1295:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1178:
1171:
1164:
1159:
1157:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1005:
1000:
994:
954:
929:classifications
913:
812:
799:has identified
776:
753:primitive group
733:
682:
676:
613:
607:
602:
586:
481:
475:
432:
381:
301:the differentia
266:
260:
180:
172:Main articles:
170:
104:
97:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3097:
3095:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3036:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2966:
2964:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2911:
2909:
2902:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2855:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2786:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2755:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2727:
2722:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2644:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2415:
2409:
2407:
2400:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2323:
2316:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2193:
2186:
2178:
2172:
2171:
2165:
2150:
2145:
2133:
2132:External links
2130:
2128:
2127:
2121:
2103:
2097:
2084:
2078:
2063:
2054:
2048:
2031:
2016:
1998:
1983:
1974:
1957:
1951:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1922:
1909:
1897:
1879:
1864:
1851:
1838:
1808:
1798:Lexicographer
1791:lexicographers
1782:
1769:
1753:
1744:
1735:
1723:
1714:
1674:
1622:
1609:
1591:
1582:
1573:
1561:
1536:
1520:
1508:
1499:
1487:
1475:
1462:
1450:
1441:
1421:
1394:
1385:
1372:
1358:
1334:
1320:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1293:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1169:
1155:
1139:
1136:
1103:, in his book
1004:
1001:
996:Main article:
993:
990:
989:
988:
984:
976:
972:
961:
953:
950:
949:
948:
945:
942:
939:
936:
912:
909:
905:
904:
901:
898:
876:self-reference
871:
870:
867:
866:
865:
862:
859:
853:
842:natural number
838:
837:
834:
827:
811:
808:
797:C.L. Stevenson
775:
774:Classification
772:
768:lambda-calculi
732:
729:
721:semantic field
678:Main article:
675:
672:
609:Main article:
606:
603:
601:
598:
585:
582:
562:possible world
556:More recently
542:of the thing.
477:Main article:
474:
471:
431:
422:
380:
377:
369:
368:
354:
328:
327:
318:
305:
304:
298:
262:Main article:
259:
256:
252:prime minister
244:Pope Gregory I
169:
166:
141:as that word.
96:
93:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3096:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3005:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2952:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2812:Syncategorema
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2784:(syllogistic)
2783:
2776:
2771:
2769:
2764:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2697:
2696:Logic symbols
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2575:Logical truth
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2516:Contradiction
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2461:Argumentation
2459:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2445:Philosophical
2443:
2441:
2440:Non-classical
2438:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2329:
2324:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2122:0-631-23127-7
2118:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2098:0-19-861186-2
2094:
2090:
2085:
2081:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2064:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2049:0-15-601209-X
2045:
2040:
2039:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2017:0-14-043482-8
2013:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1977:
1975:1-889439-17-7
1971:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1954:
1952:0-02-977520-5
1948:
1944:
1939:
1938:
1931:
1926:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1835:
1834:G. J. Warnock
1831:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1742:Joseph, Ch. V
1739:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1592:
1586:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1551:on 2013-06-17
1550:
1546:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1496:
1491:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1445:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1411:
1407:
1406:"DEFINITIONS"
1401:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1325:
1322:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1219:Indeterminacy
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1204:Definitionism
1202:
1200:
1199:Definable set
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1156:
1153:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1134:of the term.
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1062:logical atoms
1059:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1040:generalissima
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1007:Given that a
1002:
999:
991:
985:
982:
977:
973:
970:
966:
962:
959:
958:
957:
951:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
933:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
910:
908:
902:
899:
896:
895:
894:
892:
887:
885:
881:
877:
868:
863:
860:
857:
856:
854:
851:
850:
849:
847:
843:
835:
832:
828:
825:
824:
823:
821:
817:
809:
807:
804:
803:
798:
794:
791:
790:
784:
781:
780:Norman Swartz
773:
771:
769:
765:
760:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
730:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
673:
671:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
626:
622:
618:
612:
604:
599:
597:
595:
591:
583:
581:
579:
575:
571:
567:
564:semantics in
563:
559:
554:
552:
548:
543:
541:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
486:
480:
472:
470:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
430:
426:
423:
421:
419:
415:
414:
409:
408:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
387:
378:
376:
374:
366:
362:
358:
355:
352:
348:
344:
341:
340:
339:
335:
333:
325:
324:
323:quadrilateral
319:
316:
315:
310:
309:
308:
302:
299:
296:
295:
290:
289:
288:
285:
283:
279:
275:
272:is a type of
271:
265:
257:
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
240:intensionally
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
221:
216:
212:
211:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
186:
179:
175:
167:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
142:
140:
136:
132:
127:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
102:
94:
92:
90:
86:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3079:Lexicography
3018:Sum of Logic
2859:Propositions
2829:
2615:Substitution
2542:
2435:Mathematical
2360:Major fields
2241:Fallacies of
2226:Coordinative
2204:
2157:
2111:
2088:
2068:
2058:
2037:
2022:(full text:
2006:
1987:
1963:
1942:
1929:
1925:
1917:
1912:
1900:
1887:
1882:
1872:
1867:
1859:
1854:
1841:
1830:J. O. Urmson
1823:
1817:J. L. Austin
1811:
1803:
1785:
1772:
1761:
1756:
1747:
1738:
1733:Joyce, Ch. X
1717:
1692:
1688:
1644:
1640:
1617:
1612:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1564:
1553:. Retrieved
1549:the original
1539:
1531:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1502:
1490:
1478:
1470:
1465:
1457:
1453:
1444:
1435:
1413:. Retrieved
1409:
1388:
1375:
1350:. Retrieved
1346:
1337:
1324:
1296:
1279:
1131:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1109:
1104:
1077:
1069:
1066:Wittgenstein
1051:
1050:supposes in
1039:
1033:
1020:
1006:
980:
968:
964:
955:
914:
906:
893:as follows:
888:
882:, it is not
872:
839:
819:
813:
800:
795:
787:
785:
777:
761:
734:
683:
667:
663:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
624:
614:
587:
573:
570:essentialism
555:
544:
539:
534:
530:
528:
523:
519:
516:quid nominis
515:
507:
504:quid nominis
503:
495:
491:
489:
482:
466:
462:
458:
450:
446:
438:
434:
433:
428:
424:
411:
405:
403:
394:
390:
384:
382:
372:
370:
356:
342:
336:
332:differentiae
331:
329:
320:
311:
306:
300:
291:
286:
281:
277:
269:
267:
247:
239:
233:
218:
214:
208:
206:
189:
183:
181:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
143:
138:
134:
130:
128:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
105:
82:
53:
51:
40:
2876:Categorical
2840:Differentia
2730:WikiProject
2600:Proposition
2595:Probability
2548:Description
2489:Foundations
2293:Theoretical
2288:Stipulative
2263:Operational
2246:Intensional
2236:Extensional
2231:Enumerative
2138:Definitions
2002:Locke, John
1485:, Bk 1 c. 4
1097:Saul Kripke
1084:individuals
1029:circularity
944:measurable;
911:In medicine
880:circularity
745:real number
691:(such as a
566:modal logic
282:differentia
248:extensional
234:Thus, the "
190:connotative
135:the meaning
120:definiendum
108:definiendum
85:mathematics
3044:Definition
3038:Categories
2970:Categories
2899:Prosleptic
2871:Assertoric
2830:Definition
2822:Predicable
2660:Set theory
2558:Linguistic
2553:Entailment
2543:Definition
2511:Consequent
2506:Antecedent
2273:Persuasive
2205:Definition
2069:Definition
1993:(worldcat)
1877:Part 1 §48
1802:'s essay "
1789:Generally
1641:Pediatrics
1555:2013-04-23
1415:2019-11-28
1352:2019-11-28
1316:References
1078:Locke and
923:and other
921:guidelines
628:homophones
621:homographs
465:, and not
363:that is a
349:that is a
215:denotative
54:definition
32:Wiktionary
3059:Semantics
2894:Enthymeme
2886:Syllogism
2866:Apodictic
2691:Fallacies
2686:Paradoxes
2676:Logicians
2610:Statement
2605:Reference
2570:Induction
2533:Deduction
2496:Abduction
2466:Metalogic
2413:Classical
2377:Inference
2283:Recursive
2278:Precising
2268:Ostensive
1778:diallelus
1518:, p. 210.
1497:Bk 2 c. 7
1289:polysemes
1254:Semantics
1112:definiens
1021:definiens
831:recursive
820:inductive
737:neologism
719:within a
674:Polysemes
660:polysemes
574:necessary
485:Aristotle
443:classical
365:rectangle
347:rectangle
220:extension
174:Intension
131:definiens
124:definiens
112:definiens
18:Definiens
2850:Accident
2845:Property
2725:Category
2625:Validity
2526:Antinomy
2454:Theories
2418:Informal
2216:Circular
2162:Elsevier
2109:(1953).
2004:(1690).
1820:concept.
1669:30160426
1285:homonyms
1138:See also
1101:modality
1011:such as
952:Problems
891:ancestor
725:homonymy
685:Polysemy
680:Polysemy
632:homonymy
605:Homonyms
558:Kripke's
540:quid rei
524:quid rei
520:quid rei
508:quid rei
447:partitio
439:partitio
429:partitio
357:a square
343:a square
314:triangle
48:focuses.
3008:Isagoge
2962:Organon
2936:Barbara
2790:General
2740:changes
2732: (
2590:Premise
2521:Paradox
2351:History
2346:Outline
2258:Lexical
2221:Concept
1916:Locke,
1858:Locke,
1760:Locke,
1709:1501306
1661:9714637
1528:homonym
1013:English
975:apply).
884:vicious
717:meaning
709:sememes
617:homonym
611:Homonym
551:Russell
531:nominal
492:nominal
479:Essence
467:subsets
463:members
459:divisio
455:subsets
451:divisio
435:Divisio
425:Divisio
418:objects
361:rhombus
351:rhombus
156:); and
133:is not
66:symbols
2990:Topics
2941:Baroco
2920:Middle
2642:topics
2428:Reason
2406:Logics
2397:Syntax
2119:
2095:
2076:
2046:
2014:
1972:
1949:
1707:
1667:
1659:
1604:sfu.ca
1124:family
1120:number
713:senses
701:symbol
697:phrase
512:hobbit
395:rabbit
225:object
89:axioms
62:phrase
2954:Works
2929:Forms
2908:Terms
2835:Genus
2669:other
2634:Lists
2620:Truth
2387:Proof
2335:Logic
2028:vol 2
2024:vol 1
1918:Essay
1860:Essay
1762:Essay
1665:S2CID
1271:Notes
1048:Locke
1044:being
965:equus
846:Peano
705:semes
699:, or
668:mouth
664:mouth
656:skate
652:skate
640:stalk
636:stalk
391:Alice
373:genus
294:genus
278:genus
2734:talk
2580:Name
2565:Form
2117:ISBN
2093:ISBN
2074:ISBN
2044:ISBN
2012:ISBN
1970:ISBN
1947:ISBN
1847:Vish
1832:and
1705:PMID
1689:JAMA
1657:PMID
1122:and
1116:game
1080:Mill
927:and
848:):
693:word
689:sign
648:left
644:left
535:real
533:and
496:real
494:and
441:are
437:and
427:and
359:: a
345:: a
176:and
129:The
58:word
2915:End
2476:Set
1697:doi
1693:268
1649:doi
1645:102
1132:use
915:In
755:or
741:set
707:or
625:and
592:or
404:An
284:).
229:set
207:An
198:set
182:An
164:).
83:In
3040::
2160:,
2140:,
2026:,
1888:we
1764:,
1726:^
1703:.
1691:.
1677:^
1663:.
1655:.
1643:.
1625:^
1602:.
1530:,
1424:^
1408:.
1397:^
1361:^
1345:.
1118:,
1107:.
1031:.
919:,
814:A
759:.
695:,
615:A
596:.
580:.
469:.
401:.
321:a
312:a
292:a
268:A
231:.
126:.
60:,
52:A
2774:e
2767:t
2760:v
2736:)
2327:e
2320:t
2313:v
2197:e
2190:t
2183:v
2164:.
2125:.
2101:.
2082:.
2052:.
2030:)
2020:.
1978:.
1955:.
1822:(
1711:.
1699::
1671:.
1651::
1606:.
1558:.
1418:.
1355:.
1308:.
1291:.
833:.
367:.
353:.
103:.
38:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
