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when it was used for mass production of woven textiles and later used as a recording and playback system in player pianos. The use of punched cards for recording and tabulating data was first proposed and used by
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medal at the Berlin ICC meeting in 1937, but after Nazis' pogroms against Jews started in 1938 Watson himself wanted to distance himself and IBM from
Germans but was convinced not to do so by
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Tabulating machine D11, the first universal numerical tabulating machine. Such machines were used by the Nazi German administration in organizing documents related to the
Holocaust.
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in New York. It was legal for companies in United States to conduct business with
Germany directly until the country entered the war in December 1941. Watson had received
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proposed using similar cards to program and to store computations for his calculating engine. Punched card technology was further developed for data-processing by
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326:, stated he knew the punched card machines were not German machines, because the labels were in English. Income from the machines leased in
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and dissidents. It enabled them to search databases rapidly and efficiently, and the methods were used throughout occupied Europe by the
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IBM and the
Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation. Expanded Edition
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IBM and the
Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation. Expanded Edition
475:
IBM and the
Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation. Expanded Edition
450:
IBM and the
Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation. Expanded Edition
425:
IBM and the
Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation. Expanded Edition
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213:(CTR). In 1923 CTR acquired 90% ownership of Dehomag, thus acquiring patents developed by them. In 1924 CTR was renamed
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IBM and the
Holocaust : the strategic alliance between Nazi Germany and America's most powerful corporation
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Leon
Krzemieniecki, the last surviving person involved in the administration of the rail transportation to
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IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation
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783:: The Strategic Alliance between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation. Expanded Edition.
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312:
198:
307:, not the German subsidiary. Watson Business Machines operated a punch card printing shop near the
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691:(1st ed.). United States of America and Canada: Little, Brown and Company, Inc. p. 207.
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303:. The German Transport Ministry used IBM machines under the New York-controlled subsidiary in
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276:, Dehomag's general manager for Germany, Hermann Rottke, reported directly to IBM President
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patents in 1910, and created Dehomag in Germany. In 1911 The Tabulating Machine Company was
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and later a standalone company with a monopoly in the German market before and during
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Dehomag D11 tabulation machine exhibit in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
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Dehomag leased and maintained the German government's punched card machines. Before
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and others to locate and arrest its victims, contributing to the
145:. In April 1949 the company name was changed to IBM Deutschland.
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241:. Dehomag gave the German government the means for two official
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IBM New York established a special subsidiary in the occupied
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747:"IBM's Role in the Holocaust — What the New Documents Reveal"
715:"The business of making the trains to Auschwitz run on time"
201:, an acquaintance of Hollerith, licensed all of Hollerith’s
137:
refers to the German-American inventor of the technology of
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A Swiss court allows Gypsies' Holocaust lawsuit to proceed.
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As an IBM subsidiary, Dehomag became the main provider of
562:(2. ed.). Washington, DC: Dialog Press. p. 44.
477:(2. ed.). Washington, DC: Dialog Press. p. 31.
452:(2. ed.). Washington, DC: Dialog Press. p. 30.
427:(2. ed.). Washington, DC: Dialog Press. p. 25.
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of the population after 1933 and for searching its data.
402:. Washington, DC: Time Warner Paperbacks. p. 541.
505:"IBM: A Centenarian's Imperfect But Impressive Recall"
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The Lengthening Shadow: The Life of Thomas J. Watson
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253:that Dehomag received before violent events like
209:with three others, creating a fifth company, the
657:"IBM 'dealt directly with Holocaust organisers'"
299:, to deal with railway traffic there during the
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288:and he gave up the idea until spring of 1940.
625:(2. ed.). Washington, DC: Dialog Press.
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537:. Iowa State University Press. p. 137.
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591:(1. ed.). New York: Crown Publishers.
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165:The technology of punched cards dates back
125:. The word was a syllabic abbreviation for
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18:
858:Technology companies established in 1910
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211:Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company
825:Documents and clippings about Dehomag
7:
863:German companies established in 1910
182:from the 1880s. It was used for the
853:Companies involved in the Holocaust
655:Burkeman, Oliver (March 29, 2002).
207:amalgamated (via stock acquisition)
315:of the German subsidiary Dehomag.
14:
687:Belden, Thomas and Marva (1962).
344:International subsidiaries of IBM
127:Deutsche Hollerith-Maschinen GmbH
814: (archived October 26, 2004)
503:Elkin, Larry M. (July 6, 2011).
190:of several foreign governments.
372:Black, Edwin (March 26, 2002).
161:from the mid twentieth century.
203:The Tabulating Machine Company
1:
713:Black, Edwin (May 19, 2002).
533:Aspray, William, ed. (1990).
131:German Hollerith Machines LLC
59:; 114 years ago
829:20th Century Press Archives
311:. The punch cards bore the
237:expertise and equipment in
117:was a German subsidiary of
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535:Computing Before Computers
282:Order of the German Eagle
184:1890 United States Census
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297:Watson Business Machines
16:German subsidiary of IBM
848:Former IBM subsidiaries
725:San Francisco Chronicle
354:IBM during World War II
286:Secretary of State Hull
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781:IBM and the Holocaust
745:Black, Edwin (2012).
621:Black, Edwin (2012).
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448:Black, Edwin (2012).
423:Black, Edwin (2012).
398:Black, Edwin (2002).
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174:around 1805. In 1832
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334:to IBM in New York.
301:Holocaust in Poland
251:tabulating machines
167:to the 18th century
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328:General Government
293:General Government
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157:A general-purpose
374:"Final Solutions"
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257:for tracing
239:Nazi Germany
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186:and for the
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159:punched card
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123:World War II
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95:Sindelfingen
87:Headquarters
34:Company type
758:October 23,
383:October 23,
295:territory,
188:census work
842:Categories
730:October 1,
672:August 24,
598:0609607995
518:October 1,
409:0751531995
360:References
149:Background
129:(English:
38:Subsidiary
324:Treblinka
320:Auschwitz
267:Holocaust
249:used the
235:computing
221:Holocaust
135:Hollerith
48:Computing
778:(2012).
338:See also
243:censuses
44:Industry
831:of the
827:in the
810:at the
697:61-8065
313:indicia
263:Gestapo
194:History
115:Dehomag
77: (
72:Defunct
62: (
54:Founded
20:DEHOMAG
788:
720:SFGate
695:
629:
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566:
541:
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456:
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332:Geneva
305:Warsaw
102:Parent
91:Berlin
786:ISBN
760:2017
732:2017
693:LCCN
674:2017
627:ISBN
593:ISBN
564:ISBN
539:ISBN
520:2017
479:ISBN
454:ISBN
429:ISBN
404:ISBN
385:2017
322:and
259:Jews
93:and
79:1949
75:1949
64:1910
57:1910
833:ZBW
802:CNN
215:IBM
133:).
119:IBM
107:IBM
844::
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