770:
549:
561:
735:
806:
344:
386:
422:
963:
985:
451:
824:
327:
788:
404:
928:. This pattern implies that the rattling "could serve as a general attention-getting device", which "is designed as a deimatic or startle display". Its similarity to the "broadband, harsh sounds" used as warning calls by birds and mammals may enhance its effectiveness. Since rattlesnakes can barely hear the sound, it is unlikely to serve as any form of communication to other snakes of the same species. Finally, the sounds are not in themselves loud enough to cause pain and hence keep predators away.
364:
468:
33:
849:
434:
753:
155:
652:
dilated pupils, but also curls its arms and stretches out the web between the arms as far as possible, and squirts out jets of water. Other octopuses such as
Atlantic white-spotted octopus turn bright brownish red with oval white spots all over in a high contrast display. The paper nautilus can rapidly change its appearance: it suddenly withdraws the shining iridescent web formed by its first pair of arms from its shell.
579:
661:
2425:
2266:
595:
135:
892:
with little energy either in the ultrasonic (above 20 kHz) or in the rattlesnakes' hearing range (below 700 Hz); and the frequencies do not change much with time (the rattling after two minutes having a similar spectrum to that at onset). There was no clear difference in the sounds made by the different species measured:
246:
An experiment by the
Australian zoologist A. D. Blest demonstrated that the more an eyespot resembled a real vertebrate eye in both colour and pattern, the more effective it was in scaring off insectivorous birds. In another experiment using peacock butterflies, Blest showed that when the conspicuous
651:
For example, in the common cuttlefish the display consists of flattening the body, making the skin pale, showing a pair of eyespots on the mantle, dark eye rings, and a dark line on the fins, and dilating the pupils of the eyes. The common octopus similarly displays pale skin and dark eye rings with
891:
of different species, the
Canadian zoologists Brock Fenton and Lawrence Licht found that the sounds are always similar: they have rapid onset (starting suddenly, and reaching full volume in a few milliseconds); they consist of a "broadband" mixture of frequencies between 2 kHz and 20 kHz,
106:
by the responses of the animals that see them. Where predators are initially startled but learn to eat the displaying prey, the display is classed as deimatic, and the prey is bluffing; where they continue to avoid the prey after tasting it, the display is taken as aposematic, meaning the prey is
541:
perform non-bluffing threat displays, as they have powerful defences, but various predators still eat them. When provoked, they spread their pincers and in some cases raise their abdomens, their tails standing near-erect with the sting ready for immediate use. Some scorpions in addition produce
984:
952:. This family includes large, furry, bitter-tasting or poisonous moths. They found that while sounds can startle inexperienced bats, after a few trials the bats ignored the sounds if the prey was edible; but the same sounds can warn experienced bats of bitter-tasting prey (an
962:
677:) has a startling display in which wide semicircular frills on either side of the head are fanned out; the mouth is opened wide exposing the gape; the tail is waved over the body, and the body is raised, so that the animal appears as large and threatening as possible.
805:
184:. When disturbed by a potential predator, they suddenly reveal their hind wings, which are brightly coloured. In mantises, the wing display is sometimes reinforced by showing brightly coloured front legs, and accompanied by a loud hissing sound created by
247:
eyespots had been rubbed off, insectivorous birds (yellow buntings) were much less effectively frightened off, and therefore both the sudden appearance of colour, and the actual eyespot pattern, contribute to the effectiveness of the deimatic display.
701:
have a warning display behaviour. These animals inflate themselves with air and raise their hind parts to appear as large as possible, and display brightly coloured markings and eyespots to intimidate predators. Seven species of frogs in the genus
709:
Non-bluffing (aposematic) displays occur in mammals which possess powerful defences such as spines or stink glands, and which habitually warn off potential predators rather than attempting escape by running. The lowland streaked tenrec
314:) have ears and conspicuous coloration, and start to make clicks when echolocating bats approach. An experiment by the Canadian zoologists John M. Ratcliffe and James H. Fullard, using dogbane tiger moths and northern long-eared bats (
769:
560:
107:
genuinely distasteful. However, these categories are not necessarily mutually exclusive. It is possible for a behaviour to be both deimatic and aposematic, if it both startles a predator and indicates the presence of
467:
931:
Fenton and Licht note that the effect of a rattlesnake's rattling could be deimatic (startle) in inexperienced animals, whether predators or large animals that might injure the snake by stepping on it, but
823:
517:
make themselves and their webs vibrate rapidly when they are disturbed; this blurs their outline and perhaps makes them look larger, as well as more difficult to locate precisely for an attack.
385:
648:). Deimatic cephalopod displays involve suddenly creating bold stripes, often reinforced by stretching out the animal's arms, fins or web to make it look as big and threatening as possible.
535:) have bright colouring on the front legs and mouthparts which are shown off in its threat display when it "rears up on its hind legs, and brandishes the fore limbs and palpi in the air".
787:
499:) actively hunt arachnids, overcoming their defences, so when a hedgehog is startled by, for instance, the sounds made by a scorpion, there is reason to describe the display as deimatic.
421:
548:
194:
displays red and yellow areas on its hind wings; it is also aposematic, producing a distasteful secretion from its thorax. Similarly the threat display of the walking stick phasmid (
706:
have lumbar glands (making the animals distasteful, so in their case the display is likely aposematic); these glands are usually boldly contrasted in black as a further warning.
734:
403:
450:
936:(a warning signal) in animals that are aware of the rattle's meaning. They refer to the work of Fenton and his colleague David Bates on the responses of the big brown bat,
728:) balances on its front legs, its body raised vertically with its bold pelage pattern conspicuously displayed, and its tail (near the scent glands) raised and spread out.
343:
363:
578:
320:), suggests that the signals in fact both disrupt echolocation and warn of chemical defence. The behaviour of these insects is thus both deimatic and aposematic.
996:, displays startling bright pattern of black spots on orange-red hindwings. The insect is bitter-tasting, so the pattern may be aposematic as well as deimatic.
326:
1482:
2038:
2357:
1903:
1913:
1167:
433:
1416:
1849:
1685:
1285:
164:) caterpillar displaying its two flagella on its tail and red patches on its head. If the threat does not retreat, the caterpillar can fire
1522:
1217:
Chemical
Biodiversity And Signaling: Detailed Analysis Of Fmrfamide-Like Neuropeptides And Other Natural Products By Nmr And Bioinformatics
752:
491:
Both spiders and scorpions are venomous, so their threat displays can be considered generally aposematic. However, some predators such as
867:
1880:
1810:
2470:
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1830:
1770:
1729:
1708:
1040:
866:
60:, to scare off or momentarily distract a predator, thus giving the prey animal an opportunity to escape. The term deimatic or
1662:
1628:
Bates, David L.; Fenton, M. Brock (1990). "Aposematism or startle? Predators learn their responses to the defenses of prey".
1230:
Merilaita, Sami; Vallin, Adrian; Kodandaramaiah, Ullasa; Dimitrova, Marina; Ruuskanen, Suvi; Laaksonen, Toni (26 July 2011).
817:, displays prominent lighter markings against black, with raised bushy tail, honestly advertising its squirting scent glands.
716:) raises the spines on its head and back when confronted by a predator, and moves its head up and down. Porcupines such as
2389:
1053:
Stevens, Martin (2005). "The role of eyespots as anti-predator mechanisms, principally demonstrated in the
Lepidoptera".
2465:
2031:
2265:
2455:
2024:
1490:
722:
erect their long sharp quills and adopt a hunched, head-down posture when a predator is nearby. The spotted skunk (
457:
118:
glands. Among the mammals, such displays are often found in species with strong defences, such as in foul-smelling
2120:
777:
712:
269:
at rest, but display a flash of startlingly bright colours when disturbed. Others, such as many species of genus
2318:
1956:
108:
1335:"The adaptive function of tiger moth clicks against echolocating bats: an experimental and synthetic approach"
1930:
626:
600:
974:
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2061:
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316:
2409:
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685:
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1439:
2384:
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2240:
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1889:
1334:
1017:
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393:
217:
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2352:
2198:
2110:
2066:
1981:
1925:
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900:
334:
305:
196:
32:
114:
Vertebrates including several species of frog put on warning displays; some of these species have
2302:
2292:
2255:
2188:
2115:
1935:
1920:
1780:
1739:
1610:
1549:
1367:
1295:
1078:
1012:
724:
478:
354:
221:) displays its large eyespots, moving them slowly as if it were a vertebrate predator such as an
1557:
1696:
667:
faces predators, making itself look big with head frills, raising its body and waving its tail.
154:
2460:
2404:
2347:
2287:
2282:
2274:
2235:
2213:
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1951:
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240:
96:
57:
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2208:
2149:
1818:
1637:
1602:
1541:
1431:
1349:
1273:
1243:
1236:
Number of
Eyespots and Their Intimidating Effect on Naïve Predators in the Peacock Butterfly
1139:
1062:
938:
918:
638:
632:
507:
37:
1822:
529:
spread and fangs bared. Some species, such as the dangerous Indian ornamental tree spider (
525:
exhibit deimatic behaviour; when threatened, the spider rears back with its front legs and
1792:
1751:
1319:
1307:
978:, 1871. The rattle may both startle inexperienced predators and warn off experienced ones.
831:
2245:
2088:
1971:
1674:
906:
644:
308:
bats; they also often contain unpalatable chemicals. Some such as dogbane tiger moths (
660:
2449:
518:
375:
310:
258:
160:
1371:
1082:
2394:
2071:
1961:
584:
Scorpion's threat display with pincers spread wide, abdomen raised to present sting
293:
185:
243:
when disturbed, in a display effective against insectivorous birds (flycatchers).
1842:
Avoiding Attack: The evolutionary ecology of crypsis, warning signals and mimicry
865:
126:. Thus these displays in both frogs and mammals are at least in part aposematic.
56:
in an animal that lacks strong defences, such as suddenly displaying conspicuous
2342:
2328:
2203:
2193:
2081:
2076:
2005:
1966:
992:
948:
888:
609:
350:
282:
271:
205:
201:
177:
165:
147:
143:
139:
103:
80:
1277:
594:
2333:
1995:
1144:
1127:
1066:
933:
879:
496:
181:
92:
1593:
Fenton, M. Brock; Licht, Lawrence E. (September 1990). "Why Rattle Snake?".
1248:
1231:
943:
795:
718:
604:
generates a bright brownish red colour with white oval spots when disturbed.
522:
411:
301:
251:
231:
226:
190:
138:
Threat displays are not always deimatic bluff. Some stick insects spray the
123:
72:
1363:
1153:
1074:
2125:
538:
526:
492:
173:
76:
67:
Deimatic display occurs in widely separated groups of animals, including
53:
2016:
1435:
134:
17:
2379:
2337:
2180:
2172:
2135:
2000:
1990:
1858:
1614:
1553:
513:
427:
With its wings open, the peacock butterfly displays startling eyespots.
287:
277:
266:
236:
84:
1802:
Fears, Phobias, and
Rituals: The Nature of Anxiety and Panic Disorders
1354:
172:
Deimatic displays are made by insects including the praying mantises (
64:
originates from the Greek δειματόω (deimatóo), meaning "to frighten".
744:
502:
370:
1641:
1606:
1545:
1193:
542:
deimatic noises by stridulating with the pedipalps and first legs.
1840:
Ruxton, Graeme D.; Sherratt, Thomas N.; Speed, Michael P. (2004).
835:, opening its wings to display two large eye spots when threatened
659:
593:
153:
133:
119:
115:
88:
31:
505:
make use of a variety of different threat displays. Some such as
27:
Bluffing display of an animal used to startle or scare a predator
680:
254:
212:
68:
41:
resembling the face of a snake in a deimatic or bluffing display
2145:
2020:
1862:
799:, erects the feathers on its neck to make itself appear larger.
222:
481:
in 1833, showing cryptic resting pose and dramatic wing flash
1580:
Marks, 1987. pp 70–74, and Figure 3.9 based on
Edmunds 1974.
1126:
Umbers, Kate D.L.; Lehtonen, Jussi; Mappes, Johanna (2015).
847:
239:
leaf mimic with wings closed, but displays four conspicuous
83:
among the insects. In the cephalopods, different species of
1272:
Edmunds, Malcolm (2005). "Deimatic behavior". p. 677.
572:. The bright yellow forelegs are used in deimatic displays.
2141:
1196:. The Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland
297:
display snake heads, but not from the frontal position.
671:
Among vertebrates, the
Australian frill-necked lizard (
942:, to the defensive clicks made by moths in the family
180:). While undisturbed, these insects are usually well
415:, is a cryptic leaf mimic when its wings are closed.
2311:
2273:
2179:
2134:
2054:
1944:
1896:
1673:
1383:
1381:
781:, erects spines on head and body when threatened.
554:Aposematic threat display of Brazilian tarantula
1588:
1586:
1333:Ratcliffe, John M.; Fullard, James H. (2005).
200:) is not a bluff: the insect sprays defensive
2157:
2032:
1874:
1759:Hanlon, Roger T.; Messenger, John B. (1998).
968:Rattlesnake raising rattle on tail, drawn by
8:
215:with deimatic behaviour, the eyed hawkmoth (
146:when attacked, so their displays are honest
2164:
2150:
2142:
2039:
2025:
2017:
1881:
1867:
1859:
1804:. Oxford University Press. pp. 70–74.
1765:. Cambridge University Press. p. 80.
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
630:), octopuses including the common octopus
618:, squid such as the Caribbean reef squid (
2358:Coloration evidence for natural selection
1904:Coloration evidence for natural selection
1467:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1353:
1247:
1143:
946:, which includes the garden tiger moth,
636:and the Atlantic white-spotted octopus (
1724:. John Wiley - Blackwell. p. 370.
1718:Gullan, P. J.; Cranston, P. S. (2010).
1033:
958:
730:
544:
322:
281:, look threatening while at rest. Also
102:Displays are classified as deimatic or
1788:
1778:
1747:
1737:
1424:Interdisciplinary Information Sciences
1315:
1303:
1293:
1043:. Elsevier. Retrieved 17 December 2016
877:
1471:Hanlon and Messenger, 1998. pp 80–81.
1219:. University of Florida (PhD thesis).
7:
1823:10.1093/acref/9780198607212.001.0001
1417:"Some Old and New Genera of Octopus"
1194:"Octopus vulgaris. Dymantic display"
397:, mounted to show the large eyespots
887:In a study of the rattling made by
461:flashing its wings in deimatic pose
2298:Pouyannian (with pseudocopulation)
25:
1483:"Marine Invertebrates of Bermuda"
1262:Gullan and Cranston, 2010. p 370.
444:resting mimicking a brooding head
304:moths make clicks when hunted by
208:chemical compounds at attackers.
2424:
2423:
2264:
2199:Aristotelian/Distraction display
1815:A Dictionary of Animal Behaviour
1487:Grass octopus (Octopus macropus)
983:
961:
878:Problems playing this file? See
863:
822:
804:
786:
768:
751:
733:
612:including the common cuttlefish
577:
559:
547:
466:
449:
432:
420:
402:
384:
362:
342:
332:Deimatic display of the phasmid
325:
1481:Wigton, Rachel; Wood, James B.
1342:Journal of Experimental Biology
859:Rattlesnake sound (length 15 s)
608:Deimatic behaviour is found in
188:. For example, the grasshopper
1699:. In Capinera, John L. (ed.).
1664:Adaptive Coloration in Animals
1192:Smith, Ian (3 December 2012).
369:An adult female Mediterranean
52:means any pattern of bluffing
1:
2390:Frequency-dependent selection
743:showing threat display with
1844:. Oxford University Press.
1817:. Oxford University Press.
1800:Marks, Isaac Meyer (1987).
1630:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1215:Dossey, Aaron Todd (2006).
642:), and the paper nautilus (
2487:
1721:Secondary Lines of Defense
1701:Encyclopedia of Entomology
1387:Edwards, 1974. pp. 158–159
1278:10.1007/0-306-48380-7_1185
758:Colombian four-eyed frog,
495:and spider-hunting wasps (
458:Pseudocreobotra wahlbergii
2418:
2262:
1809:McFarland, David (2006).
1695:Edmunds, Malcolm (2008).
1672:Edmunds, Malcolm (1974).
1415:Gleadall, Ian G. (2004).
1145:10.1016/j.cub.2014.11.011
1103:Edmunds, Malcolm (2012).
1067:10.1017/S1464793105006810
975:On The Genesis of Species
778:Hemicentetes semispinosus
775:Lowland streaked tenrec,
713:Hemicentetes semispinosus
624:) and bigfin reef squid (
109:anti-predator adaptations
2471:Antipredator adaptations
2319:Anti-predator adaptation
1957:Anti-predator adaptation
1521:Martins, Marcio (1989).
229:, the peacock butterfly
1931:Paradox of the plankton
841:Deimatic or aposematic?
627:Sepioteuthis lessoniana
601:Callistoctopus macropus
2062:Advertising in biology
1595:Journal of Herpetology
1534:Journal of Herpetology
1523:"Deimatic Behavior in
852:
692:Physalaemus deimaticus
668:
621:Sepioteuthis sepioidea
605:
391:Female eyed hawkmoth,
317:Myotis septentrionalis
169:
151:
42:
2410:Underwater camouflage
2189:Aggressive/Wicklerian
2048:Signalling in biology
1897:Patterns of evolution
1525:Pleuroderma brachyops
1396:Edwards, 1974. p. 159
1249:10.1093/beheco/arr135
1172:Greek Word Study Tool
851:
686:Physalaemus nattereri
674:Chlamydosaurus kingii
663:
597:
569:Poecilotheria regalis
532:Poecilotheria regalis
176:) and stick insects (
157:
137:
35:
2385:Evolutionary ecology
2370:Deception in animals
2364:Dazzled and Deceived
2324:Animal communication
1909:Convergent evolution
1890:Evolutionary ecology
1762:Cephalopod Behaviour
1348:(Pt 24): 4689–4698.
1232:"Behavioral Ecology"
1018:Deception in animals
793:Eurasian eagle owl,
761:Pleurodema brachyops
698:Pleurodema brachyops
566:Belly of the spider
441:Speiredonia spectans
394:Smerinthus ocellatus
285:moths of the genera
257:, such as the large
218:Smerinthus ocellatus
2231:Emsleyan/Mertensian
2111:Distraction display
2067:Agonistic behaviour
1982:Distraction display
1926:Divergent evolution
1697:"Deimatic Behavior"
1511:Cott, 1940. p. 218.
1436:10.4036/iis.2004.99
1168:"δειματόω frighten"
1128:"Deimatic displays"
1105:"Deimatic Behavior"
990:Garden tiger moth,
925:Sistrurus catenatus
901:Crotalus adamanteus
665:Frill-necked lizard
409:Peacock butterfly,
349:Threat pose of the
335:Peruphasma schultei
197:Peruphasma schultei
2466:Warning coloration
2375:Deimatic behaviour
2116:Handicap principle
2106:Deimatic behaviour
1977:Deimatic behaviour
1936:Predator satiation
1921:Parallel evolution
1811:"Deimatic display"
1676:Defence in Animals
1667:. London: Methuen.
1493:on 19 January 2016
1405:Cott, 1940. p. 215
1055:Biological Reviews
1013:Cheating (biology)
853:
725:Spilogale putorius
669:
606:
598:Deimatic display:
479:George Robert Gray
355:Haaniella dehaanii
170:
168:from its flagella.
152:
46:Deimatic behaviour
43:
2456:Signalling theory
2443:
2442:
2437:
2436:
2405:Signalling theory
2380:Mimicry#Evolution
2353:Community ecology
2348:Animal coloration
2194:Ant/Myrmecomorphy
2099:Courtship display
2014:
2013:
1952:Signalling theory
1851:978-0-19-852860-9
1687:978-0-582-44132-3
1355:10.1242/jeb.01927
1314:Missing or empty
1287:978-0-7923-8670-4
1023:Signalling theory
1008:Animal coloration
970:St. George Mivart
913:Crotalus cerastes
895:Crotalus horridus
868:
814:Mephitis mephitis
741:Namaqua chameleon
615:Sepia officinalis
477:" illustrated by
16:(Redirected from
2478:
2429:Category mimicry
2427:
2426:
2268:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2143:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2018:
1883:
1876:
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1836:
1805:
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1679:
1668:
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1645:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1590:
1581:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1562:
1556:. Archived from
1531:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1489:. Archived from
1478:
1472:
1469:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1444:
1438:. Archived from
1421:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1357:
1339:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1291:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1242:(6): 1326–1331.
1227:
1221:
1220:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1147:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1100:
1087:
1086:
1050:
1044:
1038:
987:
965:
939:Eptesicus fuscus
919:Crotalus viridis
870:
869:
850:
826:
808:
790:
772:
755:
737:
639:Octopus macropus
633:Octopus vulgaris
581:
563:
551:
521:spiders such as
470:
453:
436:
424:
406:
388:
379:, in threat pose
366:
346:
329:
38:Spirama helicina
21:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2475:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2414:
2307:
2269:
2260:
2175:
2170:
2130:
2050:
2045:
2015:
2010:
1940:
1892:
1887:
1852:
1839:
1833:
1808:
1799:
1787:
1777:
1773:
1758:
1746:
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1642:10.1139/z90-009
1627:
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1622:
1607:10.2307/1564394
1592:
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1546:10.2307/1564457
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1199:
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1132:Current Biology
1125:
1124:
1120:
1110:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1090:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1041:Startle Display
1039:
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1031:
1004:
997:
988:
979:
966:
885:
884:
876:
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873:
872:
871:
864:
861:
854:
848:
843:
836:
832:Eurypyga helias
827:
818:
811:Striped skunk,
809:
800:
791:
782:
773:
764:
756:
747:
738:
658:
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50:startle display
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2484:
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2355:
2350:
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2340:
2331:
2326:
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2315:
2313:
2312:Related topics
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2279:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2251:In vertebrates
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
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2154:
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2118:
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2108:
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2091:
2089:Apparent death
2086:
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2069:
2064:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2021:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1972:Apparent death
1969:
1964:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
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1573:
1540:(3): 305–307.
1513:
1504:
1473:
1455:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1377:
1325:
1304:|journal=
1286:
1264:
1255:
1222:
1207:
1184:
1159:
1118:
1088:
1061:(4): 573–588.
1045:
1032:
1030:
1027:
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1025:
1020:
1015:
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1003:
1000:
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982:
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907:Crotalus atrox
875:
862:
857:
856:
855:
846:
845:
844:
842:
839:
838:
837:
829:A Sunbittern,
828:
821:
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810:
803:
801:
792:
785:
783:
774:
767:
765:
757:
750:
748:
739:
732:
657:
656:In vertebrates
654:
645:Argonauta argo
591:
590:In cephalopods
588:
587:
586:
583:
576:
574:
565:
558:
556:
553:
546:
488:
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473:A fine large "
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263:Catocala nupta
131:
128:
99:are deimatic.
97:paper nautilus
26:
24:
14:
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10:
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6:
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3:
2:
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2121:Mobbing calls
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1832:9780198607212
1828:
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1782:
1774:
1772:9780521645836
1768:
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1741:
1733:
1731:9781444317671
1727:
1723:
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1712:
1710:9781402062421
1706:
1702:
1698:
1693:
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1659:Cott, Hugh B.
1656:
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1563:on 2022-04-04
1559:
1555:
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1508:
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1474:
1468:
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1462:
1460:
1456:
1445:on 2013-07-31
1441:
1437:
1433:
1430:(2): 99–112.
1429:
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1399:
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1188:
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1173:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1138:(2): R58–59.
1137:
1133:
1129:
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1119:
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1001:
995:
994:
986:
981:
977:
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959:
957:
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954:honest signal
951:
950:
945:
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935:
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562:
557:
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519:Mygalomorphae
516:
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494:
486:
480:
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376:Iris oratoria
372:
365:
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328:
323:
321:
319:
318:
313:
312:
311:Cycnia tenera
307:
303:
298:
296:
295:
290:
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284:
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273:
268:
264:
260:
259:red underwing
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167:
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162:
161:Cerura vinula
158:A puss moth (
156:
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129:
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47:
40:
39:
34:
30:
19:
2400:Polymorphism
2395:Phagomimicry
2374:
2362:
2343:Co-evolution
2105:
2072:Alarm signal
1976:
1962:Alarm signal
1841:
1814:
1801:
1761:
1720:
1703:. Springer.
1700:
1675:
1663:
1652:Bibliography
1636:(1): 49–52.
1633:
1629:
1623:
1598:
1594:
1576:
1565:. Retrieved
1558:the original
1537:
1533:
1524:
1516:
1507:
1495:. Retrieved
1491:the original
1486:
1476:
1447:. Retrieved
1440:the original
1427:
1423:
1410:
1401:
1392:
1345:
1341:
1328:
1316:|title=
1267:
1258:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1216:
1210:
1198:. Retrieved
1187:
1175:. Retrieved
1171:
1162:
1135:
1131:
1121:
1109:. Retrieved
1058:
1054:
1048:
1036:
991:
973:
947:
937:
930:
923:
917:
911:
905:
899:
893:
889:rattlesnakes
886:
830:
812:
794:
776:
759:
723:
717:
711:
708:
703:
696:
690:
684:
679:
672:
670:
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643:
637:
631:
625:
619:
613:
607:
599:
567:
537:
530:
512:
506:
501:
490:
487:In arachnids
474:
456:
439:
410:
392:
374:
353:
333:
315:
309:
306:echolocating
299:
294:Rothschildia
292:
286:
276:
270:
262:
249:
245:
230:
216:
210:
195:
189:
186:stridulation
171:
159:
113:
101:
66:
61:
49:
45:
44:
36:
29:
2329:Aposematism
2204:Automimicry
2082:Unkenreflex
2077:Aposematism
2055:Non-mimicry
2006:Unkenreflex
1967:Aposematism
1789:|work=
1748:|work=
1680:. Longman.
1111:31 December
993:Arctia caja
949:Arctia caja
610:cephalopods
272:Speiredonia
227:butterflies
206:monoterpene
202:dolichodial
182:camouflaged
178:Phasmatodea
166:formic acid
148:aposematism
144:dolichodial
140:monoterpene
73:butterflies
2450:Categories
2334:Camouflage
2303:Vavilovian
2293:Gilbertian
2256:Wasmannian
2181:In animals
1996:Camouflage
1601:(3): 274.
1567:2012-12-31
1449:2013-01-01
1107:. Springer
1029:References
934:aposematic
880:media help
704:Pleurodema
523:tarantulas
497:Pompilidae
130:In insects
124:porcupines
122:and spiny
104:aposematic
93:cuttlefish
2288:Dodsonian
2275:In plants
2241:Müllerian
2214:Locomotor
1791:ignored (
1781:cite book
1750:ignored (
1740:cite book
1497:1 January
1306:ignored (
1296:cite book
1200:1 January
944:Arctiidae
796:Bubo bubo
719:Erethizon
539:Scorpions
527:pedipalps
493:hedgehogs
412:Aglais io
283:saturniid
232:Aglais io
191:Phymateus
142:chemical
85:octopuses
54:behaviour
2461:Ethology
2283:Bakerian
2226:Chemical
2209:Batesian
2126:Stotting
1914:examples
1661:(1940).
1372:22421644
1364:16326950
1154:25602301
1083:24868603
1075:16221330
1002:See also
683:such as
241:eyespots
225:. Among
174:Mantodea
95:and the
81:phasmids
77:mantises
62:dymantic
58:eyespots
18:Deimatic
2338:Crypsis
2236:Eyespot
2173:Mimicry
2136:Mimicry
2094:Display
2001:Mimicry
1991:Crypsis
1945:Signals
1615:1564394
1554:1564457
514:Pholcus
508:Argiope
503:Spiders
351:phasmid
302:arctiid
288:Attacus
278:Spirama
267:cryptic
265:), are
252:noctuid
237:cryptic
2422:
2246:Sexual
1848:
1829:
1769:
1728:
1707:
1684:
1613:
1552:
1370:
1362:
1284:
1177:5 June
1152:
1081:
1073:
745:dewlap
695:, and
475:Phasma
371:mantis
211:Among
204:-like
120:skunks
116:poison
89:squids
2221:Brood
1611:JSTOR
1561:(PDF)
1550:JSTOR
1530:(PDF)
1443:(PDF)
1420:(PDF)
1368:S2CID
1338:(PDF)
1079:S2CID
681:Frogs
300:Many
255:moths
250:Some
235:is a
213:moths
69:moths
1846:ISBN
1827:ISBN
1793:help
1767:ISBN
1752:help
1726:ISBN
1705:ISBN
1682:ISBN
1499:2013
1360:PMID
1320:help
1308:help
1282:ISBN
1202:2013
1179:2016
1150:PMID
1113:2012
1071:PMID
922:and
511:and
291:and
275:and
79:and
1819:doi
1638:doi
1603:doi
1542:doi
1432:doi
1350:doi
1346:208
1274:doi
1244:doi
1140:doi
1063:doi
956:).
223:owl
48:or
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1156:.
1142::
1115:.
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882:.
710:(
261:(
150:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
