47:
121:
Allodynia and dysaesthesia replace numbness between one week and a few months after a thalamic stroke. In general, once the development of pain has stopped, the type and severity of pain will be unchanging and if untreated, persist throughout life. Consequentially, many will undergo some form of pain
168:
pathway and the cortex of the brain, changing what or how one feels. The change could be an incorrect sensation experienced, or inappropriate amplification or dulling of a sensation. Because the brain is considered plastic and each individual's brain is different, it is almost impossible to know how
390:
spine. Between 36 and 149 months after the stimulations, the patients were interviewed. 6 of the 8 had received initial pain relief, and three experienced long-term pain relief. Spinal cord stimulation is cheaper than brain stimulation and less invasive, and is thus a more promising option for pain
260:
in the brain which alter the brain's perception of sensory input, alleviating pain and sometimes inducing pleasure for a short time period. When intravenously administered, opiates can relieve neuropathic pain but only for a time between 4 and 24 hours. After this time window, the pain returns and
925:
Hayashi, M., Chernov, M. F., Taira, T., Ochiai, T., Nakaya, K., Tamura, N., Goto, S., Yomo, S., Kouyama, N., Katayama, Y. Kawakami, Y., Izawa, M., Muragaki, Y., Nakamura, R., Iseki, H., Hori, T., Takakura, K.; Chernov; Taira; Ochiai; Nakaya; Tamura; Goto; Yomo; Kouyama; Katayama; Kawakami; Izawa;
449:
Dejerine–Roussy syndrome has also been referred to as: "Posterior
Thalamic Syndrome", "Retrolenticular Syndrome", "Thalamic Hyperesthetic Anesthesia", "Thalamic Pain Syndrome", "Thalamic Syndrome", "Central Pain Syndrome", and "Central Post-Stroke Syndrome". This condition is not associated with
436:
In 1911, it was found that the patients often developed pain and hypersensitivity to stimuli during recovery of function. And thus it was thought that the pain associated after stroke was part of the stroke and lesion repair process occurring in the brain. It is now accepted that
Dejerine–Roussy
79:
can cause lesioning in the thalamus. As initial stroke symptoms (numbness and tingling) dissipate, an imbalance in sensation causes these later syndromes, characterizing
Dejerine–Roussy syndrome. Although some treatments exist, they are often expensive, chemically based, invasive, and only treat
234:
The most common treatment plans involve a schedule of physical therapy with a medication regimen. Because the pain is mostly unchanging after development, many patients test different medications and eventually choose the regimen that best adapts to their lifestyle, the most common of which are
189:
Dejerine-Roussy is a rare pain syndrome. Individuals with emerging
Dejerine–Roussy syndrome usually report they are experiencing unusual pain or sensitivity that can be allodynic in nature or triggered by seemingly unrelated stimuli (sounds, tastes). Symptoms are typically lateralized and may
218:
medicine. As there is no scientific basis in the analgesic efficacy of Kampo medicine beyond placebo, mainstream methods are preferred. Pain treatments are most commonly administered via oral medication or periodic injections. Topical In addition, physical therapy has traditionally been used
88:
Dejerine–Roussy syndrome is most commonly preceded by numbness in the affected side. In these cases, numbness is replaced by burning and tingling sensations, widely varying in degree of severity across all cases. The majority of those reported are cases in which the symptoms are severe and
330:
are the most common anti-convulsants. They have significant efficacy in treatment of peripheral and central neuropathic pain. Treatments last 4–12 hours and in general are well tolerated, and the occurrence of adverse events does not differ significantly across patients. Commonly reported
103:
is pain from a stimulus that would normally not cause pain. An example would be a patient who experiences unrelenting pain when a breeze touches his skin. Most patients experiencing allodynia, experience pain with touch and pressure, however some can be hypersensitive to temperature.
261:
the patient must be treated again. Although this method of treatment has been proven to reduce pain, the repetitive use of opiates has also been linked to the activation of the brain's reward system and therefore poses a threat of addiction. Heavy doses of opiates can also cause
163:
for interpretation. The final product of this communication is the ability to see, hear or feel something as interpreted by the brain. Dejerine–Roussy syndrome most often compromises tactile sensation. Therefore, the damage in the thalamus causes miscommunication between the
137:
of the left side when indeed there is, or deny the paralyzed limb(s) belong to them. Although debatable, these symptoms are rare and considered part of a "thalamic phenomenon", and are not normally considered a characteristic of
Dejerine–Roussy syndrome.
146:
Although there are many contributing factors and risks associated with strokes, there are very few associated with
Dejerine–Roussy syndrome and thalamic lesions specifically. In general, strokes damage one hemisphere of the brain, which can include the
1079:
Auer-Grumbach M, Strasser-Fuchs S, Wagner K, Korner E, Fazekas F; Strasser-Fuchs; Wagner; Körner; Fazekas (1998). "Roussy–Lévy syndrome is a phenotypic variant of
Charcot–Marie–Tooth syndrome IA associated with a duplication on chromosome 17p11.2".
368:
as long-term treatment of
Dejerine–Roussy syndrome. In general, these studies have concluded initial efficacy in such implants, but pain often re-appears after a year or so. Long-term efficacy of stimulation treatments must be further tested and
400:
8% of all stroke patients will experience central pain syndrome, with 5% experiencing moderate to severe pain. The risk of developing
Dejerine–Roussy syndrome is higher in older stroke patients, about 11% of stroke patients over the age of 80.
1292:
1273:
180:
has been utilized to correlate lesion size and location with area affected and severity of condition. Although preliminary, these findings hold promise for an objective way to understand and treat patients with
Dejerine–Roussy syndrome.
373:
Expensive and invasive, the above treatments are not guaranteed to work, and are not meeting the needs of patients. There is a need for a new, less expensive, less invasive form of treatment, two of which are postulated below.
2741:
873:
Ueda, K., Namiki, T., Kasahara, Y., Chino, A., Okamoto, H., Ogawa, K., Tersawa, K.; Namiki; Kasahara; Chino; Okamoto; Ogawa; Terasawa (2011). "A case of thalamic pain successfully treated with kampo medicine".
437:
syndrome is a condition developed due to lesions interfering with the sensory process, which triggered the start of pharmaceutical and stimulation treatment research. The last 50 years have been filled with
1808:
1139:
Haubrich C, Krings T, Senderek J, Zuchner, S., Schroder, J. M., Noth, J., Topper, R.; Krings; Senderek; Züchner; Schröder; Noth; Töpper (2002). "Hypertrophic nerve roots in a case of Roussy-Levy syndrome".
761:
2194:
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2734:
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include vision loss or loss of balance (position sense). Workup should be performed by a neurologist and brain imaging to look for evidence of infarction or tumor should be obtained.
1040:
2727:
304:
Anti-depressants are traditionally administered for treatment of mood disorders, also linked to the thalamus, and can be used to treat Dejerine–Roussy symptoms. Specifically,
1197:
Zubair S, Holland NR, Beson B, Parke JT, Prodan CI; Holland; Beson; Parke; Prodan (2008). "A novel point mutation in the PMP22 gene in a family with Roussy-Levy syndrome".
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876:
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1125:
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911:
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421:(CPSP) in their paper entitled: "Le syndrome thalamique". The name Dejerine–Roussy syndrome was coined after their deaths. The syndrome included "…severe, persistent,
3172:
977:
Lopez, J. A., Torres, L. M., Gala, F., Iglesias, I.; Torres; Gala; Iglesias (2009). "Spinal cord stimulation and thalamic pain: long-term results of eight cases".
1548:
769:
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research. As of the early 2000s, longer treatments lasting months to years have been explored in the continued search for permanent removal of abnormal pain.
1350:
378:
Spinal cord stimulation has been studied in the last couple of years. In a long case study, 8 patients were given spinal cord stimulation via insertion of a
510:
Klit, H., Finnerup, N. B., Jensen, T. S.; Finnerup; Jensen (2009). "Central post-stroke pain: clinical characteristics, pathophysiology, and management".
2176:
1036:
928:
2166:
1343:
2280:
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1819:
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utilizing implants deliver specific voltages to a specific part of the brain for specific durations. More recently, research is being done in
2171:
1803:
598:"Maladaptive homeostatic plasticity in a rodent model of central pain syndrome: thalamic hyperexcitability after spinothalamic tract lesions"
2980:
2539:
2009:
1997:
1459:
1082:
3019:
2719:
2786:
2534:
2335:
2228:
2161:
1716:
3167:
2776:
2325:
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1931:
1734:
848:
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including Dejerine–Roussy syndrome. Symptoms are generally not treatable with ordinary analgesics. Traditional chemicals include
2781:
2486:
2330:
2050:
3010:
1565:
1541:
1371:
2685:
1757:
1065:
2491:
2244:
2129:
2045:
1987:
1536:
3048:
2213:
1587:
3029:
2418:
455:
451:
2624:
1723:
926:
Muragaki; Nakamura; Iseki; Hori; Takakura (2007). "Outcome after pituitary radiosurgery for thalamic pain syndrome".
2975:
2917:
2460:
2393:
2201:
1751:
1423:
656:
305:
177:
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2151:
2119:
2071:
1920:
1499:
979:
793:"A study of clinical, magnetic resonance imaging, and somatosensory-evoked potential in central post-stroke pain"
156:
151:. The thalamus is generally believed to relay sensory information between a variety of subcortical areas and the
3015:
2616:
2567:
2414:
2218:
1992:
1406:
1307:
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can be any combination of itching, tingling, burning, or searing experienced spontaneously or from stimuli.
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debilitating. Burning and tingling can also be accompanied by hypersensitivity, usually in the form of
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have been used to treat this symptom and they are effective to some degree within a short time window.
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2040:
1857:
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512:
361:
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Anti-convulsants reduce neuronal hyperexcitability, effectively targeting Dejerine–Roussy syndrome.
46:
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2519:
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1969:
1616:
1471:
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has been studied in the past decade in hopes of a permanent pain treatment without refraction.
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35:
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which causes a patient having undergone a right-parietal, or right-sided stroke to deny any
115:
2340:
1947:
1638:
152:
72:
852:
3037:
2849:
2514:
2360:
2004:
1953:
1781:
1490:
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678:
651:
624:
597:
414:
270:
211:
80:
patients for some time before they need more treatment, called "refractory treatment".
1301:
1095:
650:
Quiton, R. L., Masri, R., Thompson S. M., Keller, A.; Masri; Thompson; Keller (2010).
525:
97:. Less commonly, some patients develop severe ongoing pain with little or no stimuli.
3161:
2869:
2829:
2030:
1982:
1852:
1621:
1577:
1428:
992:
309:
170:
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1111:
1008:
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1396:
1379:
615:
541:
379:
262:
107:
90:
1312:
941:
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811:
792:
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257:
228:
126:
1323:
582:
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1596:
1466:
1282:
1210:
1153:
426:
422:
357:
332:
327:
323:
253:
2928:
2762:
2634:
1706:
1657:
1645:
1628:
1560:
1286:
652:"Abnormal activity of primary somatosensory cortex in central pain syndrome"
430:
343:
313:
278:
134:
100:
94:
40:
1218:
1161:
1000:
949:
897:
820:
747:
687:
633:
533:
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is defined as an unpleasant, abnormal sense of touch. It often presents as
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1878:
1844:
1698:
1601:
387:
298:
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245:
148:
68:
1265:
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Pain associated with Dejerine–Roussy syndrome is sometimes coupled with
2791:
2557:
286:
249:
203:
2890:
2804:
2524:
2300:
1925:
1666:
1633:
1277:
336:
290:
64:
2181:
Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)
2758:
2317:
720:"Allodynia in relation to lesion site in central post-stroke pain"
224:
215:
114:. In this condition it is due to thalamic lesioning. This form of
2400:
331:
side-effects are dizziness, decreased intellectual performance,
111:
2723:
2269:
1339:
159:
stimuli travels to the thalamus for processing and then to the
198:
Many chemical medications have been used for a broad range of
929:
International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics
791:
Misra, U. K., Kalita, J., Kumar, B.; Kalita; Kumar (2008).
231:
and caloric stimulation have been explored as treatments.
122:
treatment and adjust to their new lives as best they can.
1041:
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke
3011:
Upper dorsal pontine syndrome/Raymond–Céstan syndrome
1255:
3134:
3114:
3062:
3003:
2968:
2959:
2916:
2880:
2769:
2696:
2671:
2651:
2633:
2615:
2589:
2580:
2550:
2507:
2469:
2451:
2369:
2316:
2307:
2102:
2079:
2070:
2063:
2018:
1968:
1940:
1911:
1877:
1839:
1828:
1794:
1772:
1697:
1507:
1498:
1484:
1444:
1387:
1378:
1259:
34:
26:
21:
1068:. National Organization for Rare Disorders. 2003.
877:Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine
356:Electrode stimulation from surgically implanted
219:alongside a medication regimen. More recently,
2735:
2281:
1351:
569:Hadley R (2004). "Dejerine-Roussy Syndrome".
8:
1239:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1182:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1124:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1021:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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256:which provide pain relief. Opiates activate
155:. It is known that sensory information from
2965:
2742:
2728:
2720:
2586:
2313:
2288:
2274:
2266:
2076:
2067:
1836:
1504:
1495:
1384:
1358:
1344:
1336:
1256:
346:patches can be used to treat pain locally.
63:is a condition developed after a thalamic
45:
18:
810:
737:
713:
711:
677:
623:
645:
643:
483:
235:orally and intravenously administered.
3173:Syndromes affecting the nervous system
2147:Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
1820:Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS
1232:
1175:
1117:
1014:
955:
903:
826:
693:
596:Wang G, Thompson SM; Thompson (2008).
547:
505:
503:
501:
499:
497:
495:
493:
491:
489:
487:
2976:Lateral medullary syndrome/Wallenberg
1066:"Thalamic Syndrome (Dejerine Roussy)"
382:lead at the appropriate level of the
7:
2540:Partial anterior circulation infarct
1998:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
1083:Journal of the Neurological Sciences
169:a sensation will be changed without
2988:Medial medullary syndrome/Dejerine
2535:Total anterior circulation infarct
2336:Posterior cerebral artery syndrome
2229:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy
425:, often intolerable, pains on the
14:
2326:Anterior cerebral artery syndrome
1932:Template:Cerebrovascular diseases
1735:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
67:, a stroke causing damage to the
2709:Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
1952:For more detailed coverage, see
1930:For more detailed coverage, see
1901:For more detailed coverage, see
1867:For more detailed coverage, see
1818:For more detailed coverage, see
993:10.1111/j.1525-1403.2009.00221.x
766:wayback machine internet archive
210:. Newer pharmaceuticals include
2757:associated with lesions of the
2487:Anterior spinal artery syndrome
2331:Middle cerebral artery syndrome
616:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3296-08.2008
244:Opiates contain the narcotics
1:
2492:Vertebrobasilar insufficiency
2245:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
2130:Hereditary spastic paraplegia
1988:Normal pressure hydrocephalus
1096:10.1016/S0022-510X(97)00218-9
1037:"Pain: Hope Through Research"
526:10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70176-0
173:and individual consultation.
3049:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
2214:Progressive muscular atrophy
942:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2007.04.043
1724:Primary progressive aphasia
812:10.1016/j.jpain.2008.06.013
739:10.1016/j.jpain.2005.06.009
3194:
2461:Cerebellar stroke syndrome
2394:Lateral medullary syndrome
2046:Hashimoto's encephalopathy
1752:Posterior cortical atrophy
1573:Striatonigral degeneration
1424:Cavernous sinus thrombosis
657:Journal of Neurophysiology
583:10.1016/j.clch.2003.11.003
429:side, not yielding to any
342:Topical treatment such as
306:tricyclic anti-depressants
178:magnetic resonance imaging
3147:Upper motor neuron lesion
2686:Charcot–Bouchard aneurysm
2530:Transient ischemic attack
2497:Subclavian steal syndrome
2389:Medial medullary syndrome
2379:Brainstem stroke syndrome
2152:Spinal muscular atrophies
2120:Primary lateral sclerosis
1978:Intracranial hypertension
1758:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
1211:10.1007/s00415-008-0896-5
1154:10.1007/s00234-002-0847-2
849:"Hydromorphone Monograph"
417:provided descriptions of
3168:Cerebrovascular diseases
3016:Lateral pontine syndrome
2568:Transient global amnesia
2415:Lateral pontine syndrome
2351:Dejerine–Roussy syndrome
2297:Cerebrovascular diseases
2219:Progressive bulbar palsy
2010:Intracranial hypotension
1993:Choroid plexus papilloma
1407:Herpesviral encephalitis
419:central post-stroke pain
239:Pharmaceutical treatment
57:Dejerine–Roussy syndrome
22:Dejerine–Roussy syndrome
3054:One and a half syndrome
3030:Millard–Gubler syndrome
3026:Medial pontine syndrome
2659:Intracranial hemorrhage
2477:Carotid artery stenosis
2406:Medial pontine syndrome
1731:Frontotemporal dementia
1417:Encephalitis lethargica
762:"IASP pain terminology"
603:Journal of Neuroscience
456:Dejerine–Sottas disease
3122:Alternating hemiplegia
2036:Hepatic encephalopathy
1043:. 2011. Archived from
351:Stimulation treatments
267:respiratory depression
221:electrical stimulation
61:thalamic pain syndrome
30:Thalamic pain syndrome
2681:Intracranial aneurysm
2470:Extracranial arteries
2094:Ataxia–telangiectasia
2051:Static encephalopathy
1774:Mitochondrial disease
1612:Spasmodic torticollis
1522:Basal ganglia disease
890:10.1089/acm.2010.0390
670:10.1152/jn.00161.2010
571:Clinical Chiropractic
472:Central pain syndrome
411:Joseph Jules Dejerine
2617:Cerebral/Intra-axial
2563:Binswanger's disease
2041:Toxic encephalopathy
1747:Lewy bodies dementia
1199:Journal of Neurology
718:Bowsher, D. (2005).
513:The Lancet Neurology
458:, both of which are
452:Roussy–Lévy syndrome
439:refractory treatment
362:Electric stimulation
161:somatosensory cortex
3142:Pseudobulbar affect
3096:Parinaud's syndrome
3087:ventral tegmentum,
2901:Parkinson's disease
2820:Hemispatial neglect
2704:Cerebral vasculitis
2582:Haemorrhagic stroke
2520:Cerebral infarction
2089:Friedreich's ataxia
1472:Meningoencephalitis
1412:Limbic encephalitis
798:The Journal of Pain
725:The Journal of Pain
317:reuptake inhibitors
77:hemorrhagic strokes
3074:ventral peduncle,
3044:Locked-in syndrome
3034:Foville's syndrome
2934:Dysdiadochokinesia
2845:Cortical blindness
2825:Gerstmann syndrome
2800:Expressive aphasia
2751:Signs and symptoms
2643:Duret haemorrhages
2125:Pseudobulbar palsy
1863:Status epilepticus
1814:Multiple sclerosis
1651:Myoclonic epilepsy
1514:movement disorders
1460:Acute disseminated
1402:Viral encephalitis
258:μ-opioid receptors
84:Symptoms and signs
3155:
3154:
3130:
3129:
3106:Claude's syndrome
3083:Benedikt syndrome
2949:Cerebellar ataxia
2908:Thalamic syndrome
2865:Cortical deafness
2840:Bálint's syndrome
2815:Receptive aphasia
2717:
2716:
2667:
2666:
2576:
2575:
2441:Claude's syndrome
2436:Benedikt syndrome
2263:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2059:
2058:
1964:
1963:
1903:Template:Headache
1869:Template:Epilepsy
1790:
1789:
1764:Vascular dementia
1607:Status dystonicus
1480:
1479:
1455:Encephalomyelitis
1333:
1332:
805:(12): 1116–1122.
460:genetic disorders
366:radiation therapy
131:somatoparaphrenia
54:
53:
16:Medical condition
3185:
3070:Weber's syndrome
2966:
2939:Intention tremor
2744:
2737:
2730:
2721:
2625:Intraventricular
2587:
2431:Weber's syndrome
2356:Watershed stroke
2346:Moyamoya disease
2314:
2309:Ischaemic stroke
2290:
2283:
2276:
2267:
2077:
2068:
2026:Brain herniation
1837:
1677:Intention tremor
1672:Essential tremor
1537:Postencephalitic
1505:
1496:
1385:
1366:Diseases of the
1360:
1353:
1346:
1337:
1257:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1230:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1181:
1173:
1136:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1115:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1020:
1012:
974:
968:
967:
961:
953:
922:
916:
915:
909:
901:
870:
864:
863:
861:
860:
851:. Archived from
845:
839:
838:
832:
824:
814:
788:
782:
781:
779:
777:
768:. Archived from
758:
752:
751:
741:
715:
706:
705:
699:
691:
681:
664:(3): 1717–1725.
647:
638:
637:
627:
610:(46): 11959–69.
593:
587:
586:
566:
560:
559:
553:
545:
507:
275:light-headedness
212:anti-convulsants
208:anti-depressants
200:neuropathic pain
116:neuropathic pain
73:Ischemic strokes
50:
49:
19:
3193:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3126:
3110:
3058:
2999:
2955:
2912:
2876:
2836:Occipital lobe
2770:Cerebral cortex
2765:
2748:
2718:
2713:
2692:
2663:
2647:
2629:
2611:
2572:
2546:
2503:
2465:
2447:
2365:
2341:Amaurosis fugax
2303:
2294:
2264:
2251:
2177:Congenital DSMA
2098:
2055:
2014:
1960:
1948:Sleep disorders
1936:
1913:Cerebrovascular
1907:
1873:
1830:
1824:
1786:
1768:
1693:
1639:Choreoathetosis
1512:
1489:
1476:
1440:
1374:
1364:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1268:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1231:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1174:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1116:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1050:
1048:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1013:
980:Neuromodulation
976:
975:
971:
954:
924:
923:
919:
902:
872:
871:
867:
858:
856:
847:
846:
842:
825:
790:
789:
785:
775:
773:
760:
759:
755:
717:
716:
709:
692:
649:
648:
641:
595:
594:
590:
568:
567:
563:
546:
509:
508:
485:
480:
468:
447:
407:
398:
353:
269:. More common
241:
196:
187:
153:cerebral cortex
144:
86:
44:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3191:
3189:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3160:
3159:
3153:
3152:
3150:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3108:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3023:
3013:
3007:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2972:
2970:
2963:
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2922:
2920:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2887:Basal ganglia
2884:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2861:Temporal lobe
2859:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2850:Anton syndrome
2847:
2842:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2811:Parietal lobe
2809:
2808:
2807:
2802:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2766:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2724:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2677:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2648:
2646:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2593:
2591:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2525:Classification
2522:
2517:
2515:Brain ischemia
2511:
2509:
2508:Classification
2505:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2463:
2457:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2419:Millard-Gubler
2412:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2391:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2361:Lacunar stroke
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2270:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2149:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2108:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2083:
2074:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2005:Cerebral edema
2002:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1974:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1954:Template:Sleep
1944:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1875:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1834:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1800:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1782:Leigh syndrome
1778:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1728:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1703:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1546:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1518:
1516:
1509:Extrapyramidal
1502:
1493:
1491:encephalopathy
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1451:
1449:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1426:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1393:
1391:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1368:nervous system
1365:
1363:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1340:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1315:
1304:
1289:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1261:
1260:Classification
1253:
1252:External links
1250:
1247:
1246:
1205:(9): 1417–18.
1189:
1148:(11): 933–37.
1142:Neuroradiology
1131:
1071:
1057:
1028:
987:(3): 240–243.
969:
936:(3): 852–857.
917:
884:(6): 567–570.
865:
840:
783:
772:on 12 May 2008
753:
732:(11): 736–40.
707:
639:
588:
561:
520:(9): 857–868.
482:
481:
479:
476:
475:
474:
467:
464:
446:
443:
415:Gustave Roussy
406:
403:
397:
394:
393:
392:
371:
370:
352:
349:
348:
347:
340:
320:
312:and selective
302:
240:
237:
195:
192:
186:
183:
143:
140:
85:
82:
52:
51:
38:
32:
31:
28:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3190:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3100:dorsal, tumor
3099:
3098:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3002:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2871:
2870:Prosopagnosia
2868:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2830:Astereognosis
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2796:Frontal lobe
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2745:
2740:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2695:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2286:
2284:
2279:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2031:Reye syndrome
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1983:Hydrocephalus
1981:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1910:
1904:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1827:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1796:Demyelinating
1793:
1783:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1684:Restless legs
1682:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1656:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1622:Blepharospasm
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1578:Hemiballismus
1576:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1559:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1443:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1429:Brain abscess
1427:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1349:
1347:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1242:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1190:
1185:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1135:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1075:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1047:on 2016-12-15
1046:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1018:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
981:
973:
970:
965:
959:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
930:
921:
918:
913:
907:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
878:
869:
866:
855:on 2008-02-13
854:
850:
844:
841:
836:
830:
822:
818:
813:
808:
804:
800:
799:
794:
787:
784:
771:
767:
763:
757:
754:
749:
745:
740:
735:
731:
727:
726:
721:
714:
712:
708:
703:
697:
689:
685:
680:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
658:
653:
646:
644:
640:
635:
631:
626:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
604:
599:
592:
589:
584:
580:
576:
572:
565:
562:
557:
551:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
514:
506:
504:
502:
500:
498:
496:
494:
492:
490:
488:
484:
477:
473:
470:
469:
465:
463:
461:
457:
453:
444:
442:
440:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
404:
402:
395:
389:
385:
381:
377:
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171:brain mapping
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157:environmental
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62:
58:
48:
42:
39:
37:
33:
29:
25:
20:
2787:PCA syndrome
2782:MCA syndrome
2777:ACA syndrome
2607:Subarachnoid
2350:
2239:
2138:
2111:
2072:Degenerative
1809:Inflammatory
1756:
1689:Stiff-person
1527:Parkinsonism
1500:Degenerative
1397:Encephalitis
1380:Inflammation
1370:, primarily
1317:
1306:
1291:
1272:
1235:cite journal
1202:
1198:
1192:
1178:cite journal
1145:
1141:
1134:
1120:cite journal
1090:(1): 72–75.
1087:
1081:
1074:
1060:
1049:. Retrieved
1045:the original
1031:
1017:cite journal
984:
978:
972:
958:cite journal
933:
927:
920:
906:cite journal
881:
875:
868:
857:. Retrieved
853:the original
843:
829:cite journal
802:
796:
786:
774:. Retrieved
770:the original
765:
756:
729:
723:
696:cite journal
661:
655:
607:
601:
591:
577:(2): 79–83.
574:
570:
564:
550:cite journal
517:
511:
448:
438:
435:
433:treatment".
408:
399:
396:Epidemiology
380:percutaneous
372:
271:side effects
263:constipation
233:
197:
188:
175:
145:
124:
120:
108:Dysaesthesia
106:
99:
91:dysaesthesia
87:
60:
56:
55:
3022:) (lateral)
2855:Pure alexia
2590:Extra-axial
2482:precerebral
2224:Fazio–Londe
2064:Both/either
1858:Generalised
1717:Early-onset
1712:Alzheimer's
1447:spinal cord
229:spinal cord
127:anosognosia
27:Other names
3162:Categories
2918:Cerebellum
2453:Cerebellum
2371:Brain stem
2299:including
1832:paroxysmal
1804:Autoimmune
1597:Dyskinesia
1467:Meningitis
1445:Brain and
1319:DiseasesDB
1051:2011-11-21
859:2013-02-06
776:29 January
478:References
427:hemiplegic
423:paroxysmal
391:treatment.
369:evaluated.
358:electrodes
333:somnolence
328:pregabalin
324:Gabapentin
254:papaverine
194:Treatments
176:Recently,
2961:Brainstem
2929:Dysmetria
2881:Subcortex
2763:brainstem
2755:syndromes
2635:Brainstem
2410:Foville's
1829:Episodic/
1707:Tauopathy
1658:Akathisia
1646:Myoclonus
1629:Athetosis
1561:Tauopathy
431:analgesic
409:In 1906,
344:lidocaine
314:serotonin
279:dizziness
185:Diagnosis
142:Mechanism
135:paralysis
101:Allodynia
95:allodynia
41:Neurology
36:Specialty
3178:Thalamus
3063:Midbrain
2925:Lateral
2896:Dystonia
2673:Aneurysm
2602:Subdural
2597:Epidural
2426:Midbrain
2195:SMALED2B
2190:SMALED2A
1887:Migraine
1879:Headache
1845:epilepsy
1841:Seizures
1699:Dementia
1602:Dystonia
1227:13390074
1219:18592125
1170:13141793
1162:12428130
1112:40475515
1009:35575713
1001:22151367
950:17570607
898:21574822
821:18848810
748:16275597
688:20660417
634:19005061
534:19679277
466:See also
388:thoracic
384:cervical
308:such as
299:sweating
295:vomiting
283:sedation
273:include
246:morphine
166:afferent
149:thalamus
69:thalamus
3038:basilar
2969:Medulla
2945:Medial
2792:Aphasia
2652:General
2558:CADASIL
2384:Medulla
2207:SMA-PME
2202:SMA-PCH
2185:SMALED1
1897:Tension
1892:Cluster
1617:Meige's
1434:Amoebic
1313:D013786
1104:9543325
679:2944690
625:2627563
542:7838197
405:History
287:itching
250:codeine
223:of the
204:opiates
2891:Chorea
2805:Abulia
2753:, and
2301:stroke
1926:Stroke
1740:Pick's
1667:Tremor
1634:Chorea
1225:
1217:
1168:
1160:
1110:
1102:
1007:
999:
948:
896:
819:
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686:
676:
632:
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540:
532:
445:Eponym
337:nausea
335:, and
297:, and
291:nausea
265:, and
252:, and
65:stroke
43:
3135:Other
3115:Other
2759:brain
2697:Other
2551:Other
2318:Brain
2240:both:
2172:DSMA1
2167:SMAX2
2162:SMAX1
2142:only:
2115:only:
2019:Other
1941:Other
1853:Focal
1486:Brain
1389:Brain
1324:13002
1302:338.0
1283:G93.8
1223:S2CID
1166:S2CID
1108:S2CID
1005:S2CID
538:S2CID
225:brain
216:Kampo
3020:AICA
3004:Pons
2981:PICA
2761:and
2401:Pons
1843:and
1554:PKAN
1549:NBIA
1308:MeSH
1297:9-CM
1241:link
1215:PMID
1184:link
1158:PMID
1126:link
1100:PMID
1023:link
997:PMID
964:link
946:PMID
912:link
894:PMID
835:link
817:PMID
778:2020
744:PMID
702:link
684:PMID
630:PMID
556:link
530:PMID
413:and
326:and
227:and
214:and
206:and
112:pain
75:and
3089:PCA
3076:PCA
2993:ASA
2157:SMA
2140:LMN
2113:UMN
2104:MND
1970:CSF
1921:TIA
1566:PSP
1542:NMS
1511:and
1372:CNS
1293:ICD
1287:I69
1274:ICD
1207:doi
1203:255
1150:doi
1092:doi
1088:154
989:doi
938:doi
886:doi
807:doi
734:doi
674:PMC
666:doi
662:104
620:PMC
612:doi
579:doi
522:doi
454:or
386:or
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