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431:, himself among the most outspoken of 19th century anti-Stratfordians, she was "the sweetest, eloquentist, grandest woman…that America has so far produced….and, of course, very unworldly, just in all ways such a woman as was calculated to bring the whole literary pack down on her, the orthodox, cruel, stately, dainty, over-fed literary pack – worshipping tradition, unconscious of this day’s honest sunlight."
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193:, while her own formal education ended when she was fourteen. She became a teacher in schools in Connecticut, New Jersey, and New York, and then, until about 1852, became a distinguished professional lecturer, conducting, in various cities in the eastern United States, classes for women in history and literature by methods she devised. At age 20, in 1831, she published her first book,
1021:
469:, and the first to argue that the plays anticipated the political upheavals England experienced in the mid-seventeenth century. But Delia Bacon couldn't stop at that point. Nor could she concede that the republican ideas she located in the plays circulated widely at the time and were as available to William Shakespeare as they were to Walter Raleigh or Francis Bacon.
315:. Delia Bacon was influenced by these currents. Like many of her time, she approached Shakespearean drama as philosophical masterpieces written for a closed aristocratic society of courtiers and monarchs, and found it difficult to believe they were written either with commercial intent or for a popular audience. Puzzled by the gap between the bare facts of
423:
Emerson, who greatly admired Bacon, and who was skeptical of her claim, wrote that she would need "enchanted instruments, nay alchemy itself, to melt into one identity these two reputations", and retrospectively remarked that
America had only two "producers" during the 1850s, "Our wild Whitman, with
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How can we undertake to account for the literary miracles of antiquity, while this great myth of the modern ages still lies at our own door, unquestioned? This vast, magical, unexplained phenomenon which our own times have proceed under our own eyes, appears to be, indeed, the only thing which our
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For too long critics have depicted as a tragicomic figure, blindly pursuing a fantastic mission in obscurity and isolation, only to end in silence and madness….this is not to say that the stereotype is without basis. On the contrary, her sad story established an archetype for the story of the
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real inspiration but checked by titanic abdomen; and Delia Bacon, with genius, but mad and clinging like a tortoise to
English soil." Though he was intrigued by her insights into the plays, he grew skeptical of the 'magical cipher' of which Bacon wrote without ever producing evidence for it.
434:
James
Shapiro interprets her theory both in terms of the cultural tensions of her historical milieu, and as consequential on an intellectual and emotional crisis that unfolded as she both broke with her Puritan upbringing and developed a deep confidential relationship with a fellow lodger,
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modern rationalism is not to be permitted to meddle with. For, here the critics themselves still veil their faces, filling the air with mystic utterances which seem to say, that to this shrine at least, for the footstep of the common reason and the common sense, there is yet no admittance.
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little clique of disappointed and defeated politicians who undertook to head and organize popular opposition against the government, and were compelled to retreat from that enterprise.. .Driven from one field, they showed themselves in another. Driven from the open field, they fought in
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Had she limited her argument to these points instead of conjoining it to an argument about how
Shakespeare couldn't have written them, there is little doubt that, instead of being dismissed as a crank and a madwoman, she would be hailed today as the precursor of the
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Delia Bacon withdrew from public life and lecturing in early 1845, and began to research intensively a theory she was developing over the authorship of
Shakespeare's works, which she mapped out by October of that year. However a decade was to pass before her book
331:, for the purpose of inculcating a philosophic system, for which they felt that they themselves could not afford to assume the responsibility. This system she set out to discover beneath the superficial text of the plays. From her friendship with
439:, a young theology graduate from Yale, which was subsequently interrupted by her brother. MacWhorter was absolved of culpability in a subsequent ecclesiastical trial, whose verdict led to a rift between Delia and her fellow congregationalists.
228:. The play, however, was never performed, due in part to Bacon's health and the harsh criticisms of her brother. It was published anonymously in 1839 (with a note claiming it was "not a play"). The text was reviewed favorably by the
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at
Hartford, Connecticut. According to her nephew, Theodore Bacon, she had been seized by a "violent mania" while in England, and had been "removed to an excellent private asylum for a small number of insane persons" at
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Shakespeare authorship at large – or at least one element of it: an otherworldly pursuit of truth that produces gifts for a world that is indifferent or hostile to them.
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by Bacon's brother
Leonard for "dishonorable conduct," but was acquitted in a 12–11 vote. Public opinion compelled Bacon to leave New Haven for Ohio, while
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120:(February 2, 1811 – September 2, 1859) was an American writer of plays and short stories and Shakespeare scholar. She is best known for her work on the
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had in fact survived in the form of the plays attributed to
Shakespeare. Delia Bacon argued that the great plays were the collective effort of a:
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477:(Boston, 1888), and Nathaniel Hawthorne included an appreciative chapter, "Recollections of a Gifted Woman", in his book
408:. However, Emerson assisted her in publishing her first essay on the Shakespearean question in the January 1856 issue of
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125:
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Cited in Paul A. Nelson, “Walt
Whitman on Shakespeare,” Shakespeare Oxford Society Newsletter, Fall 1992 (28: 4A), 2.
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Bacon's skeptical attitude towards the orthodox view of
Shakespearean authorship invoked contempt of many, such as
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In 1836, Bacon moved to New York, and became an avid theatre-goer. She met the leading Shakespearean actress
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Shakespeare and the Lawyers, O. Hood Phillips, Routledge (Taylor & Francis), 1972 (2005 reprint), p. 185
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The Shakespeare Controversy: An Analysis of the Claimants to Authorship, and Their Champions and Detractors
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Bacon's research in Boston, New York, and London led to the publication of her major work on the subject,
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One recent assessment echoes the favorable view of Bacon held by Emerson, Hawthorne, and Whitman:
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can be found at the Folger Shakespeare Library: 323 items (2 boxes), Folger MS Y.c.2599 (1-323)
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Shakespeare and the American Nation, Kim C. Sturgess, Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 179
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847:"Print Culture as an Archive of Dissent: Or, Delia Bacon and the Case of the Missing Hamlet"
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William Shakespeare: A Literary Biography, Karl Elze, George Bell & Sons, 1888, p. 269
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soon after, and persuaded her to take the lead role in a play she was writing, partly in
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James S. Shapiro argues that her political reading of the plays, and her insistence on
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convinced many of the impropriety of their relationship. MacWhorter was brought to
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anonymously, consisting of three long stories on colonial life. In 1832, she beat
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for the wilds of Ohio. The venture quickly collapsed, and the family returned to
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Her theory proposed that the missing fourth part of Francis Bacon's unfinished
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Delia Bacon, "William Shakespeare and His Plays: An Inquiry Concerning Them",
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Bacon died in 1859, having in 1858 been placed by her family in the care of a
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consisted of Francis Bacon, Walter Ralegh, and perhaps Edmund Spenser,
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288:, who though intrigued, shrieked loudly as he heard her exposition.
276:(1857) was to see print. During these years she was befriended by
840:. Vol. 1. Boston: American Biographical Society. p. 177.
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343:, and this prompted her own approach to the authorship question.
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Her nephew, Theodore Bacon, wrote a biography of her entitled
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A series on alternative authorship theories for the works of
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for the telegraph, she learned of Bacon's interest in secret
748:, New York: Columbia University Press, 1966 Vol. V, 86-87.
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to win a short-story contest sponsored by the Philadelphia
788:. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co, 1992, 1.
460:, anticipated modern approaches by a century and a half.
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Returning to New Haven, Bacon met Yale-educated minister
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and Edgar Allan Poe, but proved to be a commercial flop.
263:, Warwickshire, before being brought back to America.
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writer of plays and short stories; Shakespeare scholar
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vindicating that cause against tyranny. She had, in
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in 1846. Time in each other's company and a trip to
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The Philosophy of the Plays of Shakespeare Unfolded
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137:The Philosophy of the Plays of Shakspere Unfolded.
921:The Philosophy of the Plays of Shakspere Unfolded
816:. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Co.
46:Delia Bacon, from a daguerreotype taken in 1853.
499:Bacon and her theories are featured heavily in
994:History of the Shakespeare authorship question
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177:, who in pursuit of a vision, had abandoned
874:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
295:, which was claiming to have uncovered the
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937:
535:"You've Got Mail: Deciphering Shakespeare"
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1399:19th-century American short story writers
1364:Baconian theory of Shakespeare authorship
1097:List of Shakespeare authorship candidates
303:of masterpieces like those attributed to
629:Delia Bacon, Theodore Bacon, pp. 311-314
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872:Prodigal Puritan: A Life of Delia Bacon
582:Contested Will: Who Wrote Shakespeare?,
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837:The Biographical Dictionary of America
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555:Schiff, Judith Ann (November 2015).
251:wrote a book defending her conduct.
220:, based on her award-winning story,
189:to receive a tertiary education, at
1394:Writers from New Haven, Connecticut
1384:19th-century American women writers
870:Hopkins, Viviane Constance (1959).
726:, VII: XXXVII (January 1856): 1-19.
1389:American women short story writers
813:Delia Bacon, A Biographical Sketch
746:The Letters of Ralph Waldo Emerson
488:, Connecticut. She is interred in
167:, Ohio, the youngest daughter of
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307:. It was also a period of rising
122:authorship of Shakespeare's plays
1379:Shakespeare authorship theorists
1369:Burials at Grove Street Cemetery
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1011:Declaration of Reasonable Doubt
999:Shakespeare attribution studies
968:Shakespeare authorship question
139:Her admirers included authors
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911:Works by or about Delia Bacon
784:Warren Hope and Kim Holston,
335:, an authority on codes, and
267:Shakespeare authorship theory
159:Bacon was born in a frontier
128:(to whom she was unrelated),
889:Papers of Delia Salter Bacon
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584:faber and faber, 2010,p.93
365:The cenacle opposing the '
299:of the Bible and positing
1248:Charlton Greenwood Ogburn
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851:American Literary History
506:Interred with Their Bones
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845:Glazener, Nancy (2007).
810:Bacon, Theodore (1888).
458:collaborative authorship
218:The Bride of Fort Edward
1333:Robin Williams (writer)
291:This was the heyday of
1374:Shakespearean scholars
1168:Charles Wisner Barrell
775:Shapiro 2010, 103-106.
757:Shapiro, 2010, 112-113
713:Shapiro, 2010, 118-119
704:Shapiro, 2010, 109-110
638:Shapiro, 2010, 113-114
494:New Haven, Connecticut
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377:, like the knights of
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85:New Haven, Connecticut
1313:Bernard Mordaunt Ward
602:Shapiro, 2010, 95-97.
490:Grove Street Cemetery
475:Delia Bacon: A Sketch
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195:Tales of the Puritans
141:Harriet Beecher Stowe
81:Grove Street Cemetery
1193:Ignatius L. Donnelly
1005:Is Shakespeare Dead?
902:Works by Delia Bacon
683:Shapiro, 2010, p.102
665:Shapiro, 2010, p.99.
656:Shapiro, 2010 p98-99
561:Yale Alumni Magazine
501:Jennifer Lee Carrell
437:Alexander MacWhorter
301:the composite nature
245:ecclesiastical trial
237:Alexander MacWhorter
1263:John Denham Parsons
1238:Sandra Day O'Connor
1112:Christopher Marlowe
979:William Shakespeare
744:Ralph Leslie Rusk,
674:Shapiro, 2010 p.102
557:"A genius, but mad"
537:. 14 December 2012.
406:Richard Grant White
317:William Shakespeare
297:multiple authorship
282:Ralph Waldo Emerson
278:Nathaniel Hawthorne
149:Ralph Waldo Emerson
145:Nathaniel Hawthorne
1278:William Rubinstein
863:10.1093/alh/ajm009
695:Shapiro, 2010, 107
481:(Boston, 1863).
130:Sir Walter Raleigh
118:Delia Salter Bacon
34:Delia Salter Bacon
18:Delia Salter Bacon
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1303:Roger Stritmatter
1298:John Paul Stevens
1258:Orville Ward Owen
1188:Jeffery Donaldson
1173:Charles Beauclerk
906:Project Gutenberg
828:Johnson, Rossiter
797:Shapiro, 2010,109
735:Shapiro,2010, 111
411:Putnam's Magazine
353:Instauratio Magna
249:Catharine Beecher
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68:September 2, 1859
16:(Redirected from
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1323:Walt Whitman
1283:Mark Rylance
1228:Abel Lefranc
1218:Derek Jacobi
1178:Alden Brooks
1157:
1143:Joseph Adler
1076:Prince Tudor
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932:Find a Grave
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70:(1859-09-02)
1359:1859 deaths
1354:1811 births
1328:James Wilde
1253:John Orloff
1198:Bert Fields
1158:Delia Bacon
1041:Crollalanza
928:Delia Bacon
566:19 December
395:republicans
383:Round Table
379:King Arthur
371:Elizabeth I
369:' of Queen
348:magnum opus
241:Northampton
226:Jane M'Crea
216:, entitled
214:blank verse
183:New England
175:David Bacon
108:Nationality
1348:Categories
1308:Mark Twain
1163:Ros Barber
1136:Proponents
1090:Candidates
375:King James
337:encryption
309:bardolatry
210:Ellen Tree
92:Occupation
1071:Oxfordian
1066:Nevillean
1061:Marlovian
503:'s novel
367:despotism
179:New Haven
165:Tallmadge
161:log cabin
155:Biography
1046:Derbyite
1036:Baconian
1029:Theories
987:Overview
486:Hartford
389:and the
172:minister
111:American
100:Language
913:at the
361:secret.
341:ciphers
187:Leonard
103:English
1056:Lanier
1051:Florio
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443:Legacy
350:, the
323:, Sir
224:about
87:, U.S.
60:, U.S.
513:Notes
305:Homer
876:ISBN
568:2015
373:and
327:and
280:and
191:Yale
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52:Born
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