2717:
1005:. For executables that contain many changes in pointer addresses, it performs better than VCDIFF-type "copy and literal" encodings. The intent is to find a way to generate a small diff without needing to parse assembly code (as in Google's Courgette). Bsdiff achieves this by allowing "copy" matches with errors, which are then corrected using an extra "add" array of bytewise differences. Since this array is mostly either zero or repeated values for offset changes, it takes up little space after compression.
948:" operation. Objects in the repository that have not yet been delta-compressed ("loose objects") are compared against a heuristically chosen subset of all other objects, and the common data and differences are concatenated into a "pack file" which is then compressed using conventional methods. In common use cases, where source or data files are changed incrementally between commits, this can result in significant space savings. The repack operation is typically performed as part of the "
890:, in order to give their users previous versions of the same file from previous backups. This reduces associated costs, not only in the amount of data that has to be stored as differing versions (as the whole of each changed version of a file has to be offered for users to access), but also those costs in the uploading (and sometimes the downloading) of each file that has been updated (by just the smaller delta having to be used, rather than the whole file).
2572:
2562:
828:
Many HTTP (Hypertext
Transport Protocol) requests cause the retrieval of slightly modified instances of resources for which the client already has a cache entry. Research has shown that such modifying updates are frequent, and that the modifications are typically much smaller than the actual entity.
69:
The differences are recorded in discrete files called "deltas" or "diffs". In situations where differences are small â for example, the change of a few words in a large document or the change of a few records in a large table â delta encoding greatly reduces data redundancy. Collections of unique
1023:
Since the 4.3 release of bsdiff in 2005, various improvements or fixes have been produced for it. Google maintains multiple versions of the code for each of its products. FreeBSD takes many of Google's compatible changes, mainly a vulnerability fix and a switch to the faster
109:
compress better when delta encoded, and the usability of delta encoding is even smaller for 16-bit and better samples. Therefore, compression algorithms often choose to delta encode only when the compression is better than without. However, in
820:
servers should be able to send updated Web pages in the form of differences between versions (deltas), which should decrease
Internet traffic, as most pages change slowly over time, rather than being completely rewritten repeatedly:
255:
93:
Perhaps the simplest example is storing values of bytes as differences (deltas) between sequential values, rather than the values themselves. So, instead of 2, 4, 6, 9, 7, we would store 2, 2, 2, 3, â2. This reduces the
851:
is a fast way of copying a file that is partially changed, when a previous version is present on the destination location. With delta copying, only the changed part of a file is copied. It is usually used in
829:
In such cases, HTTP would make more efficient use of network bandwidth if it could transfer a minimal description of the changes, rather than the entire new instance of the resource.
832:
We believe that it might be possible to support rsync using the "instance manipulation" framework described later in this document, but this has not been worked out in any detail.
2811:
2613:
918:
Diff is a file comparison program, which is mainly used for text files. By default, it generates symmetric deltas that are reversible. Two formats used for software
373:
346:
312:
285:
430:
Delta encoding performs best when data has small or constant variation; for an unsorted data set, there may be little to no compression possible with this method.
2844:
1396:
1038:
is a rewrite of bsdiff proposed for use in Debian's delta updates. Among other efficiency improvements, it uses a sliding window to reduce memory and CPU cost.
144:
2064:
1875:
904:
For large software packages, there is usually little data changed between versions. Many vendors choose to use delta transfers to save time and bandwidth.
1764:
1578:
3175:
2270:
2093:
1887:
433:
In delta encoded transmission over a network where only a single copy of the file is available at each end of the communication channel, special
3141:
2947:
2681:
2606:
2275:
1852:
2005:
1221:
73:
From a logical point of view the difference between two data values is the information required to obtain one value from the other â see
3049:
1071:
1273:
2850:
2382:
2120:
2059:
1870:
1820:
1643:
1488:
2599:
1503:
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2194:
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1907:
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1680:
1611:
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1568:
2648:
2575:
952:" process, which is triggered automatically when the numbers of loose objects or pack files exceed configured thresholds.
3115:
2565:
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2010:
1382:
106:
3100:
3059:
3054:
2903:
2887:
1558:
1553:
2500:
3180:
2738:
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2427:
2265:
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2189:
1847:
1638:
1441:
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1815:
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1665:
1583:
1508:
404:
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396:
105:
sound format applies this encoding to raw sound data before applying compression to it. Not even all 8-bit sound
63:
1284:
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2515:
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1827:
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system as a pair of HTTP proxies. Like the basic vcdiff-based implementation, both systems are rarely used.
99:
955:
The format is documented in the pack-format page of the Git documentation. It implements a directed delta.
321:, also called a change, is a sequence of (elementary) change operations which, when applied to one version
2081:
1832:
1616:
1461:
883:
877:
864:
when copying between computers over a private network or the internet. One notable open-source example is
411:. It is particularly effective for sorted lists with small differences between strings, such as a list of
379:
in databases). In computer implementations, they typically take the form of a language with two commands:
98:(range) of the values when neighbor samples are correlated, enabling a lower bit usage for the same data.
1262:
1153:
427:
The nature of the data to be encoded influences the effectiveness of a particular compression algorithm.
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2874:
2485:
861:
2673:
2169:
1631:
1593:
1414:
1244:
408:
78:
114:, delta frames can considerably reduce frame size and are used in virtually every video compression
3006:
2986:
2796:
2786:
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2400:
2250:
2235:
2204:
2199:
2108:
2015:
1917:
1902:
1685:
1302:
1013:
825:
This document describes how delta encoding can be supported as a compatible extension to HTTP/1.1.
796:
3088:
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2422:
2328:
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2154:
1842:
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1543:
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are used to detect which parts of the file have changed since its previous version. For example,
31:
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2405:
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111:
55:
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54:(deltas) between sequential data rather than complete files; more generally this is known as
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2392:
2348:
2321:
2316:
2291:
2174:
2159:
2069:
1978:
1973:
1948:
1802:
1535:
1513:
1405:
800:
434:
74:
35:
989:
Generic Diff Format (GDIFF) is another directed delta encoding format. It was submitted to
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324:
290:
263:
3095:
2825:
2622:
2311:
2125:
2049:
2030:
2000:
1968:
1934:
1493:
1431:
376:
461:
code performs a simple form of delta encoding and decoding on a sequence of characters:
2838:
2103:
1897:
1621:
1478:
1451:
1423:
1119:
939:
250:{\displaystyle \Delta (v_{1},v_{2})=(v_{1}\setminus v_{2})\cup (v_{2}\setminus v_{1}),}
2631:
Years, where available, indicate the date of first stable release. Systems with names
3164:
2832:
2818:
2410:
2358:
2025:
2020:
1995:
1927:
1548:
1446:
974:
930:, provides additional context lines that allow for tolerating shifts in line number.
1008:
Bsdiff is useful for delta updates. Google uses bsdiff in
Chromium and Android. The
3120:
3076:
2862:
2531:
1498:
1473:
1002:
919:
899:
857:
1140:
70:
deltas are substantially more space-efficient than their non-encoded equivalents.
1190:
17:
3028:
2773:
2490:
2368:
2164:
2040:
1990:
1368:
970:
813:
2974:
2933:
2547:
2338:
2333:
2220:
2179:
1985:
1016:
is based on a heavily modified bsdiff that can use a hash table for matching.
944:
The Git source code control system employs delta compression in an auxiliary "
416:
1320:
3066:
2980:
2919:
2591:
1374:
1065: â version control system designed to track changes in the source code
62:, particularly where archival histories of changes are required (e.g., in
3110:
2967:
2856:
2687:
2461:
2306:
1963:
1339:
446:
442:
95:
2230:
1704:
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1165:
1017:
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in 1997. In many cases, VCDIFF has better compression rate than GDIFF.
969:
One general format for directed delta encoding is VCDIFF, described in
1154:
http://www.eggheadcafe.com/software/aspnet/33678264/delta-copying.aspx
1097:
1744:
1208:
1076:
1029:
978:
964:
945:
853:
395:
A variation of delta encoding which encodes differences between the
2940:
2744:
2579:
2353:
2184:
1777:
1724:
865:
438:
115:
949:
2750:
2700:
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1734:
1588:
1573:
1563:
913:
817:
412:
102:
45:
2595:
1378:
2960:
1709:
1675:
990:
1274:"courgette/third_party/bsdiff/README.chromium - chromium/src"
1245:"NON-CRYPTANALYTIC ATTACKS AGAINST FREEBSD UPDATE COMPONENTS"
1056: â method used by SCCS to store all revisions of a file
2635:
are no longer maintained or have planned end-of-life dates.
836:
The suggested rsync-based framework was implemented in the
1207:
Colin
Percival, Naive differences of executable code,
1141:"Bvckup 2 | Forum | How delta copying works"
77:. The difference between identical values (under some
354:
327:
293:
266:
147:
1067:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1058:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
3042:
2996:
2911:
2902:
2766:
2731:
2724:
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2647:
2640:
2540:
2524:
2442:
2367:
2299:
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2213:
2147:
2138:
2039:
1956:
1947:
1863:
1801:
1792:
1694:
1604:
1534:
1422:
1413:
1032:has a series of performance tweaks to the program.
1025:
367:
340:
306:
279:
249:
1116:"Feature request: Delta copying - 2BrightSparks"
1050: â Method for compressing changes over time
816:, "Delta encoding in HTTP", which proposes that
823:
886:adopt this methodology, often known simply as
2607:
1390:
812:Another instance of use of delta encoding is
8:
2908:
2728:
2644:
2614:
2600:
2592:
2296:
2144:
1953:
1798:
1419:
1397:
1383:
1375:
1263:"xtraeme/bsdiff-chromium: README.chromium"
359:
353:
332:
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298:
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235:
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190:
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1089:
228:
196:
1224:. rpm-software-management. 3 July 2019
1001:Bsdiff is a binary diff program using
58:. Delta encoding is sometimes called
7:
1303:"History for freebsd/usr.bin/bsdiff"
44:is a way of storing or transmitting
1285:"android/platform/external/bsdiff/"
1191:"Generic Diff Format Specification"
1072:String-to-string correction problem
1209:http://www.daemonology.net/bsdiff/
148:
126:A delta can be defined in 2 ways,
25:
1166:"Git - pack-format Documentation"
2715:
2571:
2570:
2561:
2560:
785:This section is an excerpt from
445:algorithm based on Mark Adler's
27:Type of data transmission method
3176:Lossless compression algorithms
1020:also uses bsdiff for updates.
241:
215:
209:
183:
177:
151:
1:
375:(note the correspondence to
1079:: open-source delta encoder
3197:
2452:Compressed data structures
1774:RLE + BWT + MTF + Huffman
1442:Asymmetric numeral systems
1063:Source Code Control System
962:
937:
911:
897:
875:
784:
29:
3129:
2713:
2629:
2556:
1811:Discrete cosine transform
1741:LZ77 + Huffman + context
348:, yields another version
64:revision control software
2623:Version control software
2516:Smallest grammar problem
1371:â Delta Encoding in HTTP
1028:suffix-sorting routine.
977:implementations include
860:software, often to save
795:is a technology used in
793:Binary delta compression
787:Binary delta compression
780:Binary delta compression
463:
314:represent two versions.
85:or the neutral element.
30:Not to be confused with
2851:Software Change Manager
2457:Compressed suffix array
2006:NyquistâShannon theorem
1243:Anonymous (May 2016).
1098:"rproxy: introduction"
884:online backup services
878:Online backup services
834:
808:Delta encoding in HTTP
369:
342:
308:
281:
251:
2486:Kolmogorov complexity
2354:Video characteristics
1731:LZ77 + Huffman + ANS
1340:"julian-klode/ddelta"
423:Implementation issues
370:
368:{\displaystyle v_{2}}
343:
341:{\displaystyle v_{1}}
309:
307:{\displaystyle v_{2}}
282:
280:{\displaystyle v_{1}}
252:
2576:Compression software
2170:Compression artifact
2126:Psychoacoustic model
1325:Debian Patch Tracker
409:incremental encoding
352:
325:
291:
264:
145:
138:can be expressed as
2566:Compression formats
2205:Texture compression
2200:Standard test image
2016:Silence compression
1014:RPM Package Manager
797:software deployment
435:error control codes
2474:Information theory
2329:Display resolution
2155:Chroma subsampling
1544:Byte pair encoding
1489:ShannonâFanoâElias
1222:"rpmdelta/delta.c"
1054:Interleaved deltas
385:write literal data
365:
338:
304:
277:
247:
81:) is often called
32:Elias delta coding
3181:Data differencing
3158:
3157:
3084:Delta compression
3038:
3037:
2898:
2897:
2888:Visual SourceSafe
2741:(1986, 1990 in C)
2711:
2710:
2589:
2588:
2438:
2437:
2388:Deblocking filter
2286:
2285:
2134:
2133:
1943:
1942:
1788:
1787:
1321:"Package: bsdiff"
1170:Git documentation
1048:Data differencing
981:and open-vcdiff.
799:for distributing
381:copy data from v1
112:video compression
60:delta compression
56:data differencing
18:Delta compression
16:(Redirected from
3188:
3171:Data compression
3015:(via Git) (2014)
3009:(via Git) (2013)
2912:Free/open-source
2909:
2732:Free/open-source
2729:
2719:
2649:Free/open-source
2645:
2616:
2609:
2602:
2593:
2574:
2573:
2564:
2563:
2393:Lapped transform
2297:
2175:Image resolution
2160:Coding tree unit
2145:
1954:
1799:
1420:
1406:Data compression
1399:
1392:
1385:
1376:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1317:
1311:
1310:
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1293:
1292:
1281:
1270:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1218:
1212:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1162:
1156:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1118:. Archived from
1112:
1106:
1105:
1102:rproxy.samba.org
1094:
1068:
1059:
1027:
770:
767:
764:
761:
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482:
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470:
467:
377:transaction logs
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347:
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305:
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195:
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176:
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163:
162:
75:relative entropy
36:delta modulation
21:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3125:
3096:File comparison
3034:
2992:
2894:
2762:
2751:QVCS Enterprise
2720:
2707:
2668:
2636:
2625:
2620:
2590:
2585:
2552:
2536:
2520:
2501:Rateâdistortion
2434:
2363:
2282:
2209:
2130:
2035:
2031:Sub-band coding
1939:
1864:Predictive type
1859:
1784:
1751:LZSS + Huffman
1701:LZ77 + Huffman
1690:
1600:
1536:Dictionary type
1530:
1432:Adaptive coding
1409:
1403:
1364:
1359:
1358:
1348:
1346:
1338:Klode, Julian.
1337:
1336:
1332:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1283:
1272:
1261:
1260:
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1242:
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1125:
1123:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1066:
1057:
1044:
1012:feature of the
999:
987:
967:
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942:
936:
916:
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846:
810:
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510:
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501:
498:
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486:
483:
480:
477:
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471:
468:
465:
455:
441:uses a rolling
425:
393:
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350:
349:
328:
323:
322:
294:
289:
288:
267:
262:
261:
231:
218:
199:
186:
167:
154:
143:
142:
136:symmetric delta
128:symmetric delta
124:
91:
48:in the form of
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3194:
3192:
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3173:
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3152:
3145:
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3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3026:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3010:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2944:
2938:
2930:
2924:
2915:
2913:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2884:
2878:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2839:Perforce Helix
2836:
2830:
2822:
2816:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2790:
2777:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2754:
2748:
2742:
2735:
2733:
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2722:
2721:
2714:
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2670:
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2666:
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2642:
2638:
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1003:suffix sorting
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963:Main article:
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940:Git (software)
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912:Main article:
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898:Main article:
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876:Main article:
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457:The following
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89:Simple example
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42:Delta encoding
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3003:Azure DevOps
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2819:Dimensions CM
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2725:Clientâserver
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2682:The Librarian
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2021:Sound quality
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1996:Dynamic range
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1761:LZ77 + Range
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1289:Git at Google
1286:
1279:
1278:Git at Google
1275:
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1133:
1122:on 2016-03-13
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1103:
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976:
975:Free software
972:
966:
958:
956:
953:
951:
947:
941:
933:
931:
929:
925:
921:
915:
907:
905:
901:
894:Delta updates
893:
891:
889:
885:
879:
872:Online backup
871:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
850:
849:Delta copying
844:Delta copying
843:
841:
839:
833:
830:
826:
822:
819:
815:
807:
802:
798:
794:
788:
779:
774:
462:
460:
453:Sample C code
452:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
431:
428:
422:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
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71:
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65:
61:
57:
53:
52:
47:
43:
37:
33:
19:
3147:
3140:
3133:
3083:
3020:
2966:
2946:
2932:
2918:
2886:
2875:Team Concert
2863:Surround SCM
2824:
2810:
2699:
2632:
2532:Hutter Prize
2496:Quantization
2401:Compensation
2195:Quantization
1918:Compensation
1626:
1484:ShannonâFano
1424:Entropy type
1347:. Retrieved
1343:
1333:
1324:
1315:
1306:
1297:
1288:
1277:
1266:
1257:
1248:
1238:
1226:. Retrieved
1216:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1173:. Retrieved
1169:
1160:
1149:
1135:
1124:. Retrieved
1120:the original
1110:
1101:
1092:
1035:
1034:
1022:
1009:
1007:
1000:
988:
968:
954:
943:
927:
923:
917:
903:
900:delta update
887:
882:Many of the
881:
858:file copying
848:
847:
837:
835:
831:
827:
824:
811:
622:delta_decode
469:delta_encode
456:
432:
429:
426:
394:
384:
380:
318:
316:
259:
135:
131:
127:
125:
92:
82:
72:
68:
59:
49:
41:
40:
3089:Interleaved
3029:Plastic SCM
2997:Proprietary
2904:Distributed
2774:AccuRev SCM
2767:Proprietary
2674:Proprietary
2491:Prefix code
2344:Frame types
2165:Color space
1991:Convolution
1721:LZ77 + ANS
1632:Incremental
1605:Other types
1524:Levenshtein
1249:GitHub Gist
79:equivalence
51:differences
3165:Categories
3142:Comparison
3116:Repository
2975:GNU Bazaar
2934:Code Co-op
2757:Subversion
2641:Local only
2633:in italics
2548:Mark Adler
2506:Redundancy
2423:Daubechies
2406:Estimation
2339:Frame rate
2261:Daubechies
2221:Chain code
2180:Macroblock
1986:Companding
1923:Estimation
1843:Daubechies
1549:LempelâZiv
1509:Exp-Golomb
1437:Arithmetic
1349:13 January
1228:13 January
1195:www.w3.org
1175:13 January
1126:2016-04-29
1084:References
1026:divsufsort
946:git repack
449:checksum.
417:dictionary
407:is called
122:Definition
3067:Changeset
2981:Mercurial
2920:BitKeeper
2833:Integrity
2805:ClearCase
2525:Community
2349:Interlace
1735:Zstandard
1514:Fibonacci
1504:Universal
1462:Canonical
1367:RFC
862:bandwidth
229:∖
213:∪
197:∖
149:Δ
3135:Category
3111:Monorepo
3050:Baseline
3043:Concepts
3022:TeamWare
3013:Services
2987:Monotone
2968:GNU arch
2857:StarTeam
2847:(1980s?)
2799:) (2014)
2793:Services
2789:) (2005)
2688:Panvalet
2511:Symmetry
2479:Timeline
2462:FM-index
2307:Bit rate
2300:Concepts
2148:Concepts
2011:Sampling
1964:Bit rate
1957:Concepts
1659:Sequitur
1494:Tunstall
1467:Modified
1457:Adaptive
1415:Lossless
1042:See also
1010:deltarpm
971:RFC 3284
814:RFC 3229
775:Examples
718:unsigned
655:unsigned
628:unsigned
565:unsigned
502:unsigned
475:unsigned
447:adler-32
443:checksum
401:suffixes
397:prefixes
391:Variants
96:variance
2869:Synergy
2853:(1970s)
2821:(1980s)
2690:(1970s)
2469:Entropy
2418:Wavelet
2397:Motion
2256:Wavelet
2236:Fractal
2231:Deflate
2214:Methods
2001:Latency
1914:Motion
1838:Wavelet
1755:LHA/LZH
1705:Deflate
1654:Re-Pair
1649:Grammar
1479:Shannon
1452:Huffman
1408:methods
1269:. 2012.
1211:, 2003.
1018:FreeBSD
928:unified
924:context
920:patches
801:patches
607:current
589:current
571:current
415:from a
405:strings
107:samples
3072:Commit
3055:Branch
3031:(2006)
3025:(1992)
3007:Server
2989:(2003)
2983:(2005)
2977:(2005)
2971:(2001)
2963:(2005)
2957:(2007)
2955:Fossil
2951:(2002)
2943:(2002)
2937:(1997)
2929:(2017)
2927:Breezy
2923:(2000)
2891:(1994)
2883:(2003)
2877:(2008)
2871:(1990)
2865:(2002)
2859:(1995)
2841:(1995)
2835:(2001)
2829:(1984)
2815:(1994)
2807:(1992)
2783:Server
2776:(2002)
2759:(2000)
2753:(1998)
2747:(1998)
2704:(1991)
2696:(1985)
2684:(1969)
2665:(1973)
2659:(1982)
2580:codecs
2541:People
2444:Theory
2411:Vector
1928:Vector
1745:Brotli
1695:Hybrid
1594:Snappy
1447:Golomb
1344:GitHub
1307:GitHub
1267:GitHub
1077:Xdelta
1036:ddelta
1030:Debian
997:bsdiff
979:Xdelta
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959:VCDIFF
950:git gc
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3060:Trunk
2941:Darcs
2881:Vault
2795:(via
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2371:parts
2369:Codec
2334:Frame
2292:Video
2276:SPIHT
2185:Pixel
2140:Image
2094:ACELP
2065:ADPCM
2055:Îź-law
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2043:parts
2041:Codec
1949:Audio
1888:ACELP
1876:ADPCM
1853:SPIHT
1794:Lossy
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2826:DSEE
2812:CMVC
2797:TFVC
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2701:QVCS
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2663:SCCS
2383:DPCM
2190:PSNR
2121:MDCT
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2099:CELP
2060:DPCM
1908:WLPC
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1765:LZMA
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1369:3229
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2251:RLE
2241:KLT
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2082:FFT
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1974:CBR
1969:ABR
1903:LSP
1898:LAR
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1686:RLE
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1676:PAQ
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1639:DMC
1617:CTW
1612:BWT
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991:W3C
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2070:DM
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