Demetrius III Eucaerus - Knowledge (XXG)

504:

inhabitants were known for being Ptolemaic sympathisers, and was crowned king. Demetrius III next took Antioch and spent a few weeks in the city before the arrival of Antiochus IX. Demetrius III then marched on Damascus and made it his capital in 97 BC. Ehling's argument is based on coins bearing the epithets Philometor Euergetes, which were attributed by some numismatists to Antioch, but are likely Cilician. Since all the Damascene coins of Demetrius, which ceased production when the monarch lost his throne, carried dates from 216 SE (97/96 BC) to 225 SE (88/87 BC), and the coins bearing the epithets Philometor Euregetes from Antioch bear no dates, then it is logical, in the view of Ehling, to assume that the Antiochene issues preceded the Damascene one. Ehling explained the change of royal titulary from Philometor Euergetes Callinicus in the north to Theos Philopator Soter in Damascus as a sign of a break between Demetrius III and Ptolemy IX; the Syrian king cast aside the epithet Philometor, which emphasised his mother's Ptolemaic ancestry, and instead invoked his father's heritage by assuming the epithet Philopator. On the other hand, the majority of numismatists date Demetrius III's Antiochene coins to the year 225 SE (88/87 BC).

498:: Ehling proposed a different reconstruction of events; he contested the dating of Antiochus VIII's death to 96 BC based on Demetrius III's earliest dated coins and argued in favour of 215 SE (98/97 BC) for the former's death and the latter's succession. Ehling's argument agrees with the view of the numismatist Arthur Houghton, who noted that the volume of coins minted by Seleucus VI, the immediate successor of Antiochus VIII, before his takeover of Antioch in 95 BC, surpassed any other mint known from the late Seleucid period. This led Houghton to suggest 98 or 97 BC instead of 96 BC for the death of Antiochus VIII as one year was not enough for Seleucus VI to produce his coins. Hoover rejected the new dating, noting that it was not rare for a king to double his production in a single year during military campaigns, which was the case for Seleucus VI, who was preparing for war against his uncle Antiochus IX. The academic consensus prefers 96 BC for the death of Antiochus VIII. 622:

Damascus; this could mean that he lost control over the city. It is possible that either the Judaeans or the Nabataeans took advantage of Demetrius III's departure to help his brother and occupied the city; the King regained Damascus in 221 SE (92/91 BC). Antiochus X's date of death is unknown; traditional scholarship, with no evidence, gives the year 92 BC, then has Demetrius taking control of Antioch and ruling it for five years until his downfall in 87 BC. Those traditional dates are hard to justify; using a methodology based on estimating the annual die usage average rate (the Esty formula), Hoover proposed the year 224 SE (89/88 BC) for the end of Antiochus X's reign. It is estimated that only one to three dies were used by Demetrius III for his Antiochene coins, a number too small to justify a five-year-long reign in Antioch; no literary sources specify the year 92 BC as the date of Demetrius III's occupation of Antioch, and none of his Antiochene coins bear a date.

474:. However, Hoover noted that Josephus synchronised the retreat of Ptolemy IX with the death of Antiochus VIII in 97/96 BC; such a synchronisation is perceived as imprecise by many scholars, but Hoover suggested that Josephus consciously associated the two events. According to Hoover, Josephus's account regarding Ptolemy IX's installation of Demetrius III in Damascus indicates that the Egyptian monarch did not evacuate Syria after the conclusion of his war with Cleopatra III, or that he perhaps invaded a second time to help Demetrius III following the death of his father. Ptolemy IX probably hoped to use his nephew as an agent in the region; if Demetrius III was installed by his uncle in Damascus in 216 SE (97/96 BC), then Josephus's synchronisation between Ptolemy IX's departure and the death of Antiochus VIII is correct. 430:. The earliest Greek manuscripts of Josephus's works contain the nickname Akairos in three places. Eucaerus appeared as a later development, and is attested in the Latin versions of the manuscripts. It was probably a copyist, thinking that Akairos was a mistake and trying to correct it, that led to the appearance of Eucaerus. Eucaerus translates to "well-timed", while Akairos means "the untimely one". Josephus did not explain the origin of Akairos. Such popular nicknames are never found on coins, but are handed down only through ancient literature; neither Eucaerus or Akairos was used by Demetrius III on his coinage. Josephus is the only source for the nickname; in the view of historians David Levenson and 658:; the academic consensus identifies "Demetrius king of Greece" with Demetrius III. The motive leading Demetrius III to attack Judaea might not have had anything to do with the call of the Pharisees. If Alexander Jannaeus took advantage of Demetrius's absence in 93 BC to wrest control of Damascus, then the invasion was probably in retribution against Judaea. It is also possible that Demetrius wanted to take advantage of Judaea's human resources in the struggle against his rivals to the Syrian throne. Finally, the Syrian kings, including Demetrius III's father, never fully accepted the independence of Judaea and entertained plans to reconquer it; the campaign of Demetrius III can be seen in this context. 673:), which he chose as the site for his camp. Alexander Jannaeus marched to meet his enemy; Demetrius III tried to persuade Alexander Jannaeus's mercenaries to defect as they were Greeks like him, but the troops did not answer his call. Following this failed attempt, the two kings engaged in battle; Demetrius III lost many troops but decimated Alexander Jannaeus's mercenaries and gained victory. The Judaean king fled to the nearby mountains and according to Josephus, when the 6,000 Judaean rebels in Demetrius III's ranks saw this, they felt pity for their king and deserted Demetrius to join Alexander Jannaeus. At this point, Demetrius III withdrew back to Syria. 261: 592: 1382: 522: 398:, which is a modern practice; instead, they used epithets to distinguish themselves from similarly named monarchs. Demetrius III's most used epithets are Theos (divine), Philopator (father loving) and Soter (saviour); the aforementioned epithets appear together on all his Damascene and Antiochene coins. In Cilicia, two epithets were used in conjunction: Philometor (mother-loving) and Euergetes (benefactor). The coins from 690: 479: 49: 487: 698:

capital in this year. No bronze coinage was minted in the name of Demetrius III in Antioch as the city began issuing its own civic bronze coins in 221 SE (92/91 BC); Demetrius III issued silver coins in the Syrian capital as silver coinage remained a royal prerogative. Most of the kingdom came under the authority of Demetrius III; his coins were minted in Antioch, Damascus, Seleucia Pieria and Tarsus.

514: 333:, prepared for war against his uncle. In modern literature, Seleucus VI is considered the eldest son, and Demetrius III is considered younger than Antiochus XI and Philip I. However, almost nothing is known about the early life of Demetrius III, who might have been the eldest son himself. According to Josephus, before assuming the throne, Demetrius III lived in the city of 646:

Demetrius was securing the necessary funds for his campaign, making 89 BC more likely as the date of the invasion. The political situation in Syria in 89 BC helped Demetrius III initiate his invasion of Judaea; Antiochus X was in Antioch while Damascus was firmly in the hands of Demetrius III and there is no indication of a war with his brother Philip I.

726:. Demetrius III was probably childless; in Damascus, he was succeeded by Antiochus XII, whose first coin was minted in 226 SE (87/86 BC), indicating an immediate succession. Philip I released any captive who was a citizen of Antioch, a step that must have eased his entry into Antioch, which took place soon after the capture of Demetrius III. 359:. Historian Kay Ehling noted that Josephus's account is a condensed summary and the actual course of events surrounding Demetrius III's seizure of power needs to be reconstructed. Thus, interpreting the numismatic evidence is instrumental for the problematic chronological reconstruction of Demetrius III's reign. 697:

According to Josephus, following the conclusion of his Judaean campaign, Demetrius III marched on Philip I. During this conflict, which is datable to 225 SE (88/87 BC), soldiers from Antioch were mentioned for the first time in the ranks of Demetrius III, indicating that he took control of the Syrian

1492:

The coins Ehling agreed to their Antiochene origin are: a coin with the number 390 in the CSE (Coins of the Seleucid Empire in the Collection of Arthur Houghton) and the number 434 in the SMA (The Seleucid Mint of Antioch) – plus a bronze coin coded CSE 391. The numismatists Houghton,

345:

Antiochus IX did not take Damascus following the death of his brother; he was probably focused on the threat of Seleucus VI and could not spare the resources for an occupation of Damascus. This eased Demetrius III's elevation to the throne; he took Damascus in 96 BC. The earliest coins struck in the

1557:

The Esty formula was developed by the mathematician Warren W. Esty; it is a mathematical formula that can calculate the relative number of obverse dies used to produce a certain coin series. The calculation can be used to measure the coin production of a certain king and thus estimate the length of

1533:

defeated the Judaeans at some point before 93 BC; this is deduced from the account of Josephus, who stated that following the defeat, Alexander Jannaeus was caught in a civil war that lasted six years. Since this civil war ended only with the intervention of Demetrius III, who lost his throne in 87

551:

appeared on the reverse, while municipal coins continued to use the portraits of traditional Greek deities. The radiate crown, a sign of divinity, was employed by Demetrius III on some of his coins; this can be an indication that he ritually married Atargatis. Marrying the supreme goddess indicated

503:

Ehling's construction of Demetrius III's early reign has Demetrius III declaring himself king immediately after the death of his father with the help of Ptolemy IX, who, in the view of Ehling, probably supported his nephew with money, troops and ships. Demetrius III landed in Seleucia Pieria, whose

721:

The year of Demetrius III's defeat is most likely 87 BC; the date of Demetrius III's last coin from Damascus is 225 SE (88/87 BC). According to Josephus, Demetrius III was captured and sent to Parthia, where he was treated by the Parthian king with "great honour" until he died of illness. Josephus

529:

Demetrius III seems to have been content with leaving the struggle against Antiochus IX and his heirs to his brothers; he took advantage of the chaos in the north to consolidate his authority in Damascus. Drawing his legitimacy from his father, he appeared on his coinage with an exaggerated hawked

681:, and this must have forced Demetrius III to rush north and fill the power vacuum before Philip I. Demetrius III may have feared that his brother would turn on him and try to take Damascus for himself; if it was not for the death of Antiochus X, Demetrius III would probably have conquered Judaea. 542:

Seleucid kings mostly depicted Greek gods on their coinage, but Demetrius III ruled a contracted realm, where the local cults gained more importance as the Seleucids no longer ruled a heterogeneous kingdom. Local cults came under royal patronage as Seleucid kings attempted to gain the support of

649:

The motives of Demetrius III are not specified in Josephus's account; the historian gives the impression that Demetrius III helped the Pharisees free of charge, which is hard to accept. The Syrian king's help must have been conditioned on political concessions by the Jewish rebels. Evidence for

621:

According to Josephus, Demetrius III and Philip I waged a fierce war against Antiochus X; the language of Josephus indicates that Antiochus X was in a defensive position rather than planning massive campaigns against his cousins. In 220 SE (93/92 BC), no coins were produced for Demetrius III in

645:

The date of the campaign is unclear in Josephus's account. 88 BC is traditionally considered the date of Demetrius III's Judaean campaign, but numismatic evidence shows that coin production increased massively in Damascus in 222 SE (91/90 BC) and 223 SE (90/89 BC). This increase indicates that

617:

where he perished during a local uprising. Antiochus XI and Philip I avenged Seleucus VI, and Antiochus XI drove Antiochus X out of the capital in 93 BC. Antiochus X was able to regain the city and kill Antiochus XI the same year. In the spring of 93 BC, Demetrius III marched in support of his

1547:

According to Hoover, the account of Josephus regarding the installation of Demetrius III in Damascus by Ptolemy IX following the death of Antiochus XI might actually be a conflation of two actions by the Egyptian king; an initial support in 216 SE (97/96 BC), and a second one in 221 SE (92/91

676:

The account of Josephus indicates that Demetrius III ended his Judaean campaign because his Jewish allies deserted him, but this is hard to accept; Josephus probably inflated the numbers of Judaeans in the Syrian army, and Demetrius III still had enough soldiers to wage wars in Syria after he

446:

of Egypt installed Demetrius III in Damascus following the death of Antiochus XI Epiphanes in 93 BC; this statement cannot be correct as the date given by Josephus contradicts the numismatic evidence from Damascus. Despite the chronological error, several arguments justify the theory of a

447:

collaboration between Ptolemy IX and Demetrius III; according to Ehling, the assumption of the epithet Philometor (mother loving) was meant to highlight Demetrius III's relation to his uncle Ptolemy IX. Two main reconstructions of Demetrius III's rise to power exist:

534:

of Damascus, are evidence that Demetrius III might have refounded Damascus and given it the dynastic name Demetrias. Damascene coins mention the city as "holy"; it must have been a privilege bestowed upon it by Demetrius III who possibly also conferred the right of

3398:

Atkinson, Kenneth (2016b). "Understanding the Relationship Between the Apocalyptic Worldview and Jewish Sectarian Violence: The Case of the War Between Alexander Jannaeus and Demetrius III". In Grabbe, Lester L.; Boccaccini, Gabriele; Zurawski, Jason M. (eds.).

284:

provided a degree of stability which lasted for a decade. To maintain a degree of peace, Egypt and Syria attempted dynastic marriages, which helped Egypt destabilise Syria by supporting one candidate to the throne over another. In 124 BC, the Egyptian princess

225:, brothers of Demetrius III, attempted to avenge Seleucus VI; it ended with the death of Antiochus XI and the interference of Demetrius III on the side of Philip I in a war against Antiochus X that probably lasted until 88 BC. In 89 BC, Demetrius III invaded 1519:

Historian Nicholas L. Wright proposed the hypothesis regarding the connection between the Seleucid radiate crowns and Atargatis. He considered it likely, but difficult to prove, that a radiate crown indicates a ritual marriage between the goddess and a

350:

is known from 216 SE (97/96 BC), indicating that Demetrius's reign started late that year, giving him little time to produce more dies. The only ancient works of literature dealing with Demetrius III's career are those of Josephus and the

312:

declared himself king; the siblings fought relentlessly for a decade and a half. Antiochus IX killed Tryphaena in 109 BC. Antiochus VIII was assassinated in 96 BC; this date is deduced from the statement of the first century historian

634:. According to Josephus, Alexander Jannaeus' opponents persuaded Demetrius III to invade Judaea as it would be conquered easily owing to the civil war. Josephus gave two accounts regarding the numerical strength of Demetrius III; in 402:

bear three epithets together: the ones appearing on the coins of Cilicia, combined with the epithet Callinicus (nobly victorious). Theos Philopator Soter served to emphasise Demetrius III's descent from the line of his grandfather

583:, an event that happened in 93 BC at the latest. Gadara was of great strategic importance for Demetrius III as a major military hub for operations in the south; controlling it was vital to the war effort against the Judaeans. 3376:

Atkinson, Kenneth (2016a). "Historical and Chronological Observations on Josephus's Account of Seleucid History in Antiquities 13.365–371: Its Importance for Understanding the Historical Development of the Hasmonean State".

1482:

Eucaerus also appears in the tables of contents written in the sixth century for the older Greek manuscripts. Those tables are actually summaries of the main text; they sometimes contain discrepancies with the main

1642:

used the traditional date 92 BC for the death of Antiochus X and the start of Demetrius III's reign in Antioch; he believed Demetrius III tried to gain Antioch's loyalty by allowing it to mint its own civic bronze

1589:

preferred the traditional dating; in 88 BC Demetrius III was in control of most of Syria following the death of Antiochus X and had Philip I as his only rival, making him an attractive choice for the

233:; his near victory was cut short by the death of Antiochus X. Demetrius III rushed to Antioch before Philip I could take advantage of the power vacuum and strengthen his position relative to Demetrius III. 713:

governor Mithridates Sinaces for help; the allies' archery drove Demetrius III to take cover in his camp, where he was besieged and eventually surrendered after thirst took its toll on his men.

638:, the Syrian king had 3,000 cavalry and 40,000 infantry. In the Jewish War, Demetrius III commanded 3,000 cavalry and 14,000 infantry. The latter number is more logical; the number given in 248:

for help. The allied forces routed Demetrius III and besieged him in his camp; he was forced to surrender and spent the rest of his life in exile in Parthia. Philip I took Antioch, while

4228:

Levenson, David B.; Martin, Thomas R. (2009). "Akairos or Eukairos? The Nickname of the Seleucid King Demetrius III in the Transmission of the Texts of Josephus' War and Antiquities".

6272: 418:

Eucaerus is a popular nickname used by the majority of modern historians to denote Demetrius III, but it is a mistranscription of the nickname given by Josephus in his works

4085:

Houghton, Arthur (1989). "The Royal Seleucid Mint of Seleucia on the Calycadnus". In Le Rider, Georges Charles; Jenkins, Kenneth; Waggoner, Nancy; Westermark, Ulla (eds.).

4091:. Numismatica Lovaniensia. Vol. 10. Université Catholique de Louvain: Institut Supérieur d'Archéologie et d'Histoire de l'Art. Séminaire de Numismatique Marcel Hoc. 1418:

Ancient sources do not mention the name of Demetrius III's mother, but it is generally assumed by modern scholars that she was Tryphaena, who was mentioned explicitly by

5776: 4402:. Abhandlungen (Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch-Historische Klasse) (in German). Vol. 17. Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1576:

Coins of Demetrius made of lead, were probably minted during the preparations for the campaign; it is possible that Demetrius III did not have sufficient bronze to mint.

677:

departed Judaea. It is more likely that events in Syria forced Demetrius III to conclude his invasion of Judaea. Probably in 88 BC, Antiochus X died while fighting the

4192:

Conflict in Ancient Greece and Rome: The Definitive Political, Social, and Military Encyclopedia: The Definitive Political, Social, and Military Encyclopedia (3 Vols.)

4509:

Simonetta, Alberto M. (2001). "A Proposed Revision of the Attributions of the Parthian Coins Struck during the So-called 'Dark Age' and Its Historical Significance".

454:: the numismatist Oliver Hoover viewed the ascendance of Demetrius III in the context of the war of sceptres, a military conflict between Ptolemy IX and his mother 630:

Following the defeat of Alexander Jannaeus at the hands of the Nabataeans, Judaea was caught in a civil war between the king and a religious group called the

4840: 280:

interference. A long civil war caused the nation to fragment as pretenders from the royal family fought for the throne. This lasted until about 123 BC, when

571:

As was typical for a Seleucid king, Demetrius III aimed to acquire as much territory as possible and sought to expand his domains in Syria. The city of

6262: 3994:

Hoover, Oliver D. (2011). "A Second Look at Production Quantification and Chronology in the Late Seleucid Period". In de Callataÿ, François (ed.).

411:, while Philopator represented his devotion to his deceased father Antiochus VIII. With Philometor, Demetrius III probably sought to emphasise his 317:, who wrote that Antiochus VIII, who assumed the throne in 125 BC, ruled for twenty-nine years, and is corroborated by the third century historian 1599:

The historian Isaac Rabinowitz rejected this identification and preferred Demetrius I. The arguments of Rabinowitz were rejected by the historian

3741:

Fitzgerald, John Thomas (2004). "Gadara: Philodemus' Native City". In Fitzgerald, John Thomas; Obbink, Dirk D.; Holland, Glenn Stanfield (eds.).

3695:

Untersuchungen Zur Geschichte Der Späten Seleukiden (164–63 v. Chr.) Vom Tode Antiochos IV. Bis Zur Einrichtung Der Provinz Syria Unter Pompeius

4701: 4665: 4646: 4581: 4558: 4539: 4499: 4480: 4461: 4388: 4310: 4283: 4218: 4199: 4159: 4005: 3935: 3823: 3796: 3777: 3750: 3731: 3704: 3673: 3654: 3607: 3588: 3511: 3492: 3427: 3408: 3338: 4320:

Mittmann, Siegfried (2006). "Die Hellenistische Mauerinschrift von Gadara (Umm Qēs) und die Seleukidisch Dynastische Toponymie Palästinas".

3463: 236:

By 87 BC, Demetrius III had most of Syria under his authority. He attempted to appease the public by promoting the importance of the local

4129:

Houghton, Arthur (1998). "The Struggle for the Seleucid Succession, 94–92 BC: a New Tetradrachm of Antiochus XI and Philip I of Antioch".

1567:

Hoover considered the apparent increase a result of a poor sample coverage, and thus not an actual evidence for an increase in production.

613:

and declared himself king. In 94 BC, Seleucus VI was driven out of the capital by Antiochus X; the former escaped to the Cilician city of

4190:

Kelly, Douglas (2016). "Alexander II Zabinas (Reigned 128–122)". In Phang, Sara E.; Spence, Iain; Kelly, Douglas; Londey, Peter (eds.).

3768:

Goodman, Martin (2005) . "Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period". In Goodman, Martin; Cohen, Jeremy; Sorkin, David Jan (eds.).

1497:, and CSE 391 to Seleucia Pieria; the latter probably had the epithet Callinicus inscribed but some letters are missing due to damage. 3543: 4833: 544: 390:

as a royal name, and its use by the Seleucids, who had Antigonid descent, probably signified that they were heirs of the latter.

237: 4591:

Wright, Nicholas L. (2005). "Seleucid Royal Cult, Indigenous Religious Traditions and Radiate Crowns: The Numismatic Evidence".

240:

gods, and he may have given Damascus the dynastic name Demetrias. By late 87 BC, Demetrius III attacked Philip I in the city of

198:, which ended with the assassination of Antiochus VIII in 96 BC. After the death of their father, Demetrius III took control of 653: 575:

was conquered by Alexander Jannaeus in 100 BC, but the city freed itself and reverted to the Seleucids after the defeat of the

6267: 5957: 5849: 1629:

Ehling considered it possible that the coins from Antioch with the epithets Theos Philopator Soter date to 225 SE (88/87 BC).

705:

with an army of 10,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry. Philip I's ally, Straton, the tyrant of the city, called on Aziz, an Arab

3664:

Dumitru, Adrian (2016). "Kleopatra Selene: A Look at the Moon and Her Bright Side". In Coşkun, Altay; McAuley, Alex (eds.).

3602:. Vol. 18. Instytut Historii. Uniwersytet Jagielloński (Department of Ancient History at the Jagiellonian University). 6098: 6084: 5952: 5937: 5092: 3726:. Studies in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature. Vol. 9. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing and Yad Ben-Zvi Press. 6242: 5947: 5932: 5907: 5884: 5864: 382:", the Greek goddess of fertility. Seleucid kings were mostly named Seleucus and Antiochus; "Demetrius" was used by the 3459: 1510:

rejected the identification of a king's portrait on one of Demetrias' coins with Demetrius III or that he refounded it.

1506:

It is not certain that the founder was Demetrius III; it could have been Demetrius II or Antiochus VIII. The historian

434:, Eucaerus should not be used to refer to Demetrius; instead, Akairos, or one of his official epithets should be used. 6146: 6131: 5942: 5927: 5912: 5897: 5854: 5826: 5037: 4826: 530:

nose in the likeness of Antiochus VIII. Coins from a city named Demetrias, bearing on their reverse a portrait of the

387: 325:

216 (97/96 BC) for Antiochus VIII's death. Following the death of his brother, Antiochus IX took the Syrian capital,

5962: 5917: 5892: 5869: 5839: 5660: 4690: 1435:

which is indicated when two years have a slash separating them. Each Seleucid year started in the late autumn of a

1400: 723: 3973:

Hoover, Oliver D.; Iossif, Panagiotis (2009). "A Lead Tetradrachm of Tyre from the Second Reign of Demetrius II".

5874: 5859: 5762: 5719: 5545: 5298: 4942: 4400:

Zur Geschichte des Niederganges des Ptolemäerreiches: ein Beitrag zur Regierungszeit des 8. und des 9. Ptolemäers

3467: 4684: 6189: 6121: 6107: 6102: 6093: 6079: 6065: 6055: 5922: 5844: 5772: 5757: 5724: 5714: 5590: 5303: 6038: 618:

brother Philip I; Demetrius III might have marched north earlier to support Antiochus XI in his final battle.

3666:

Seleukid Royal Women: Creation, Representation and Distortion of Hellenistic Queenship in the Seleukid Empire

6169: 6136: 6089: 6075: 5967: 5834: 5781: 5747: 5739: 5688: 5683: 5369: 5193: 5072: 5006: 4914: 4881: 4720: 1395: 426: 183: 59: 6204: 6070: 5902: 5791: 5786: 5752: 5709: 5678: 5550: 5475: 5412: 5389: 5308: 5293: 5278: 5263: 5203: 5198: 5183: 5052: 4957: 4947: 4909: 4810: 4788: 4748: 1653: 1639: 1461:

It is also possible that Demetrius III was claiming to be the saviour of Damascus, protecting it from the

1419: 1030: 748: 693:

Coin of Demetrius III from Antioch with the epithets Theos Philopator Soter. Zeus depicted on the reverse.

557: 455: 318: 309: 302: 294: 249: 218: 195: 164: 102: 88: 6230: 6225: 6209: 6179: 6045: 5811: 5767: 5704: 5500: 5490: 5437: 5432: 5288: 5268: 5258: 5253: 5238: 5228: 5188: 5067: 5062: 5042: 5032: 5016: 5011: 4876: 4797: 4770: 4744: 1118: 907: 900: 662: 369: 298: 290: 281: 265: 222: 203: 187: 98: 84: 4415:

Rabinowitz, Isaac (1978). "The Meaning of the Key ("Demetrius") – Passage of the Qumran Nahum-Pesher".

6215: 6194: 5997: 5816: 5668: 5243: 5223: 5140: 5130: 5097: 5047: 4952: 4924: 4904: 4866: 3333:. Vol. 8: Papers Presented to David Sellwood. Istituti Editoriali e Poligrafici Internazionali. 1037: 1010: 404: 3841:

Hoover, Oliver D. (2000). "A Dedication to Aphrodite Epekoos for Demetrius I Soter and his Family".

1620:, most of them in the north. The coin from Khirbat Burnaṭ is the only specimen found that far south. 521: 6164: 6116: 6111: 6002: 5806: 5699: 5693: 5555: 5273: 5208: 5150: 5077: 5057: 5021: 4967: 4962: 4871: 4779: 4698: 1613: 764: 606: 591: 443: 214: 3544:"The Moon Is A Harsh Mistress – The Rise and Fall of Cleopatra II Selene, Seleukid Queen of Syria" 1381: 552:

that the king considered himself the manifestation of Syria's supreme god and Atargatis' partner,

6184: 6033: 5615: 5467: 5178: 5168: 5135: 4972: 4891: 4849: 4440: 4276:

Sophene, Gordyene, and Adiabene. Three Regna Minora of Northern Mesopotamia Between East and West

4048: 3953: 3912: 3625: 3356: 1617: 1449: 1436: 536: 459: 391: 230: 194:. Demetrius III's early life was spent in a period of civil war between his father and his uncle 176: 3070: 6220: 6199: 6154: 5801: 5729: 5575: 5213: 5173: 4988: 4934: 4919: 4661: 4642: 4621: 4600: 4577: 4554: 4535: 4518: 4495: 4476: 4457: 4432: 4403: 4384: 4367: 4350: 4329: 4306: 4289: 4279: 4262: 4237: 4214: 4195: 4178: 4155: 4138: 4117: 4092: 4073: 4040: 4011: 4001: 3982: 3941: 3931: 3904: 3871: 3850: 3829: 3819: 3802: 3792: 3773: 3756: 3746: 3727: 3710: 3700: 3679: 3669: 3650: 3613: 3603: 3584: 3555: 3530: 3507: 3488: 3446: 3423: 3404: 3386: 3344: 3334: 3264: 3248: 3143: 3098: 2748: 2725: 2697: 2676: 2660: 2531: 2515: 2487: 2384: 2090: 1786: 1466: 886: 580: 565: 463: 412: 408: 383: 277: 31: 3027: 2955: 2058: 1850: 1770: 1739: 1720: 5977: 5796: 5447: 5331: 5233: 5026: 5001: 4424: 4032: 3896: 2919: 2074: 1917: 1704: 1507: 771: 665:(died 129 BC); according to Josephus, the Syrian king came with his army to the vicinity of 431: 352: 134: 4660:. British Archaeological Reports (BAR) International Series. Vol. 2450. Archaeopress. 276:, based in Syria, disintegrated in the second century BC as a result of dynastic feuds and 5673: 5630: 5565: 5525: 5341: 5218: 5160: 5125: 5117: 4996: 4705: 3965: 3637: 3368: 1586: 678: 605:

In 95 BC, Seleucus VI entered Antioch after defeating and killing Antiochus IX, whose son

399: 273: 245: 179: 64: 3563: 3205: 6050: 5620: 5560: 5248: 4858: 4683: 4570: 3693: 1494: 1021: 689: 478: 420: 347: 1603:, who noted that Demetrius I controlled Jerusalem, and did not need to seek its entry. 486: 407:

who bore the epithet Theos; Soter was an epithet of Demetrius III's great-grandfather

17: 6256: 6018: 6007: 5505: 5495: 5452: 5417: 5145: 4755: 4639:

Coins from Asia Minor and the East: Selections from the Colin E. Pitchfork Collection

4211:

The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in the Seleucid Empire

4170: 3916: 395: 356: 346:

name of Demetrius were produced in Damascus in 216 SE (97/96 BC); only one Damascene

4062:"The Double Portrait Coins of Antiochus XI and Philip I: a Seleucid Mint at Beroea?" 6060: 6023: 5987: 5640: 5625: 5540: 5480: 5442: 5422: 5407: 5082: 4658:

Divine Kings and Sacred Spaces: Power and Religion in Hellenistic Syria (301-64 BC)

3927:

The Silver Mint of Damascus under Demetrius III and Antiochus XII (97/6 BC–83/2 BC)

3818:. Studies in the History and Culture of the Ancient Near East. Vol. 6. Brill. 1432: 322: 513: 48: 4475:. Hellenistic Culture and Society. Vol. 22. University of California Press. 4152:

Seleucid Coins, A Comprehensive Guide: Part 2, Seleucus IV through Antiochus XIII

4088:

Kraay-Mørkholm Essays. Numismatic Studies in Memory of C.M. Kraay and O. Mørkholm

3583:. Hellenistic Culture and Society. Vol. 46. University of California Press. 3422:. Hellenistic Culture and Society. Vol. 21. University of California Press. 5600: 5595: 5535: 5520: 5457: 5402: 5379: 5374: 5349: 5087: 4366:. Numismatic Notes & Monographs. Vol. 84. American Numismatic Society. 3900: 3816:

Origins. The Ancient Near Eastern Background of Some Modern Western Institutions

1600: 1387: 467: 3699:. Historia – Einzelschriften (in German). Vol. 196. Franz Steiner Verlag. 543:

their non-Greek subjects. On his royal silver coins from Damascus, the supreme

6159: 6126: 5992: 5650: 5510: 5397: 5364: 5326: 5318: 3791:. Mnemosyne, Bibliotheca Classica Batava. Supplementum. Vol. 172. Brill. 1674: 1377: 755: 614: 4625: 4604: 4522: 4436: 4407: 4354: 4333: 4293: 4266: 4241: 4182: 4142: 4121: 4096: 4077: 4044: 4015: 3986: 3945: 3908: 3875: 3854: 3833: 3806: 3760: 3714: 3683: 3617: 3559: 3534: 3403:. The Library of Second Temple Studies. Vol. 88. Bloomsbury Publishing. 3390: 3348: 6028: 6012: 5645: 5635: 5610: 5580: 5485: 5427: 5359: 5354: 5107: 5102: 4977: 4899: 4490:

Schürer, Emil (1973) . Vermes, Geza; Millar, Fergus; Black, Matthew (eds.).

1137: 893: 631: 548: 286: 260: 191: 152: 4371: 3450: 1616:, just north of Nablus, is a coin of Demetrius, which are rarely found in 5605: 5530: 5515: 4023:

Hoschander, Jacob (1915). "Review: Recent Assyro-Babylonian Literature".

3581:

The Hellenistic Settlements in Syria, the Red Sea Basin, and North Africa

1530: 706: 572: 314: 199: 4454:

The Arabs in Antiquity: Their History from the Assyrians to the Umayyads

3521:

Bijovsky, Gabriela (2012). "The Coins from Khirbat Burnaṭ (Southwest)".

6174: 5570: 4052: 710: 666: 379: 330: 326: 213:

The civil war dragged on; Seleucus VI eliminated his uncle, whose heir

207: 206:

prepared for war against Antiochus IX, who occupied the Syrian capital

129: 4444: 3885:"A Revised Chronology for the Late Seleucids at Antioch (121/0–64 BC)" 2824: 2822: 2820: 2157: 2155: 2130: 2128: 2126: 661:

Demetrius III was the first Seleucid king to set foot in Judaea since

650:

Demetrius III's motives is provided by the Pesher Nahum, which reads:

5585: 4818: 1670: 1470: 702: 670: 561: 560:(died 164 BC), the first king to employ the radiate crown, who chose 471: 334: 241: 4105: 4061: 4036: 3884: 3862:

Hoover, Oliver (2006). "A Late Hellenistic Lead Coinage from Gaza".

1448:

It was customary to name the eldest son after the dynasty's founder

1422:

as the mother of Demetrius III's siblings Antiochus XI and Philip I.

161:

Demetrius III Theos Philopator Soter Philometor Euergetes Callinicus

4551:

Reconstructing Western Civilization: Irreverent Essays on Antiquity

4428: 4086: 3925: 3668:. Historia – Einzelschriften. Vol. 240. Franz Steiner Verlag. 490:

Damascene coin of Demetrius III. Atargatis depicted on the reverse.

217:

counterattacked and drove Seleucus VI to his death. Then the twins

4634: 4614:"Non-Greek Religious Iconography on the Coinage of Seleucid Syria" 4613: 4250: 3997:

Time is Money? Quantifying Mmonetary Supplies in Greco-Roman Times

3995: 1657: 1462: 610: 576: 553: 531: 289:

was married to Antiochus VIII. Five sons were born to the couple:

226: 3420:

Pseudo Hecataeus, "On the Jews": Legitimizing the Jewish Diaspora

4341:

Newell, Edward Theodore (1917). "The Seleucid Mint of Antioch".

3647:

A History of Antioch in Syria from Seleucus to the Arab Conquest

3401:

The Seleucid and Hasmonean Periods and the Apocalyptic Worldview

2234: 2232: 2219: 2217: 4822: 4150:

Houghton, Arthur; Lorber, Catherine; Hoover, Oliver D. (2008).

3038: 3036: 1660:

to Demetrius III; in fact, this piece belongs to Demetrius II.

470:

and ended in 101 BC; Ptolemy IX was defeated and retreated to

4328:(2). Department of Ancient Studies: Stellenbosch University. 701:

According to Josephus, Demetrius III attacked his brother in

373: 175:; between 124 and 109 BC – after 87 BC) was a 169:Δημήτριος θεός Φιλοπάτωρ σωτήρ Φιλομήτωρ Εὐεργέτης Καλλίνικος 3439:

Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences

1493:

Catherine Lorber and Hoover attributed CSE 390 (SMA 434) to

4517:(1/2). Istituto Italiano per l'Africa e l'Oriente (IsIAO). 4492:

The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ

4175:

The Genuine Works of Flavius Josephus, the Jewish Historian

4106:"The Reigns of Antiochus VIII and Antiochus IX at Damascus" 3158: 3156: 3154: 3152: 2983: 2981: 722:

wrote that the Parthian king was named Mithradates, likely

4473:

Asylia: Territorial Inviolability in the Hellenistic World

4381:

Polygamy, Prostitutes and Death: The Hellenistic Dynasties

4177:. Translated by Whiston, William. Kimber & Sharpless. 4000:. Pragmateiai. Vol. 19. Edipuglia. pp. 251–266. 3924:

Hoover, Oliver D.; Houghton, Arthur; Veselý, Petr (2008).

3745:. Supplements to Novum Testamentum. Vol. 111. Brill. 2968: 2966: 2964: 1973: 1971: 564:, Atargatis's most important sanctuary, to ritually marry 4494:. Vol. I (2014 ed.). Bloomsbury T&T Clark. 3506:. Approaching the Ancient World. Vol. 2. Routledge. 3437:

Bellinger, Alfred R. (1949). "The End of the Seleucids".

3185: 3183: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2930: 2928: 2783: 2781: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2364: 2362: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 4635:"The Iconography of Succession Under the Late Seleukids" 4398:

Otto, Walter Gustav Albrecht; Bengtson, Hermann (1938).

3135: 3133: 3131: 2899: 2897: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2854: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2395: 2393: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2113: 2111: 2014: 2012: 2010: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1873: 1871: 53:

Demetrius III's portrait on the obverse of a tetradrachm

30:"Eucaerus" redirects here. For the genus of beetle, see 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2604: 2602: 2600: 3504:

Art, Artefacts and Chronology in Classical Archaeology

3240: 3238: 3930:. second. Vol. 20. American Numismatic Society. 1612:

An interesting find from Khirbat Burnaṭ, near modern

1431:

Some dates in the article are given according to the

415:

royal Egyptian descent through his mother Tryphaena.

3331:

A Revised Parthian Chronology of the Period 91–55 BC

2876: 2828: 2799: 2435: 2411: 2173: 2161: 2146: 2134: 1989: 1762: 1760: 1439:; thus, a Seleucid year overlaps two Gregorian ones. 6145: 5976: 5883: 5825: 5738: 5659: 5466: 5388: 5340: 5317: 5159: 5116: 4987: 4933: 4890: 4857: 1731: 1729: 652:trius king of Greece who sought, on the counsel of 252:, another brother of Demetrius III, took Damascus. 148: 140: 128: 120: 112: 108: 94: 80: 72: 58: 41: 4569: 4116:(159). Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Numismatik. 3692: 4694:. Vol. VII (9th ed.). 1878. p. 58. 4364:Late Seleucid Mints in Ake-Ptolemais and Damascus 4249:Lorber, Catharine C.; Iossif, Panagiotis (2009). 556:. The practise was started at an unknown date by 4154:. Vol. 1. The American Numismatic Society. 4031:(4). University of Pennsylvania Press: 615–661. 1673:, who in turn might have counted on the work of 1272: 1270: 1268: 1255: 1253: 4383:. Duckworth with the Classical Press of Wales. 4137:. Schweizerischen Numismatischen Gesellschaft. 4072:. Schweizerischen Numismatischen Gesellschaft. 1962: 1452:, while a younger son would be named Antiochus. 1356: 1354: 1341: 1339: 1302: 1300: 1287: 1285: 6273:Prisoners and detainees of the Parthian Empire 4708:in the website of the numismatist Petr Veselý. 3485:A History of Egypt under the Ptolemaic Dynasty 2286: 2262: 2250: 2238: 2223: 2208: 2030: 2001: 4834: 8: 3724:The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Hasmonean State 3445:. Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. 3011: 2447: 1798: 4641:. The Numismatic Association of Australia. 4104:Houghton, Arthur; Müseler, Wilhelm (1990). 568:, the manifestation of Atargatis in Syria. 452:Demetrius III started his reign in Damascus 442:According to Josephus, Tryphaena's brother 378:) is a Greek name that means "belonging to 4841: 4827: 4819: 4711: 3843:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 3082: 2693: 2672: 2656: 2042: 733: 496:Demetrius III took Antioch before Damascus 482:Coin of Demetrius III from Seleucia Pieria 47: 38: 4423:(4). American Oriental Society: 394–399. 4278:. Impact of Empire. Vol. 26. Brill. 3889:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 3276: 3229: 3162: 3066: 3023: 2987: 2951: 2772: 2499: 1977: 308:In 113 BC, Antiochus VIII's half-brother 4417:Journal of the American Oriental Society 3645:Downey, Robert Emory Glanville (2015) . 3312: 3139: 3122: 2787: 2760: 2744: 2709: 2368: 2341: 2329: 1950: 1846: 688: 590: 520: 512: 485: 477: 259: 244:, where Philip I's allies called on the 3217: 3110: 3054: 2972: 2934: 2915: 2305: 2102: 1901: 1889: 1810: 1782: 1716: 1700: 1693: 1411: 1249: 525:Demetrius III wearing the radiate crown 4322:Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages 4131:Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau 4066:Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau 3961: 3951: 3789:A Seleukid Prosopography and Gazetteer 3743:Philodemus and the New Testament World 3633: 3623: 3364: 3354: 3300: 3244: 3201: 3189: 3174: 3042: 2999: 2903: 2888: 2864: 2845: 2811: 2721: 2644: 2632: 2620: 2608: 2591: 2579: 2567: 2555: 2543: 2527: 2471: 2459: 2423: 2399: 2380: 2353: 2317: 2274: 2196: 2117: 2070: 2018: 1938: 1913: 1877: 1834: 1766: 1751: 1318: 1276: 1259: 186:between 96 and 87 BC. He was a son of 5773:Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos 3770:The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Studies 3288: 3260: 3094: 2511: 2483: 2086: 2054: 1862: 1822: 1735: 1360: 1345: 1330: 1306: 1291: 1234: 1232: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1203: 1197: 1195: 1193: 1191: 1185: 1183: 1181: 1179: 1177: 1175: 1173: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1165: 1163: 1141: 1136: 1117: 1115: 1113: 1111: 1109: 1107: 1105: 1099: 1093: 1091: 1089: 1087: 1085: 1083: 1081: 1079: 1077: 1071: 1069: 1067: 1065: 1063: 1061: 1059: 1041: 1036: 1029: 1027: 1025: 1020: 1009: 1007: 1005: 1003: 983: 977: 975: 973: 953: 951: 949: 947: 945: 939: 937: 935: 933: 915: 913: 911: 906: 899: 897: 892: 885: 883: 841: 813: 811: 809: 791: 789: 775: 770: 763: 761: 759: 754: 747: 745: 7: 6241:Hellenistic rulers were preceded by 3895:(3). Franz Steiner Verlag: 280–301. 3464:The Egyptian Royal Genealogy Project 1669:This account is probably taken from 329:, while Seleucus VI, established in 229:and crushed the forces of its king, 190:and, most likely, his Egyptian wife 4620:. 22/23. Sydney University Press. 4572:The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Bible 2877:Hoover, Houghton & Veselý 2008 2829:Hoover, Houghton & Veselý 2008 2800:Houghton, Lorber & Hoover 2008 2436:Hoover, Houghton & Veselý 2008 2412:Houghton, Lorber & Hoover 2008 2174:Hoover, Houghton & Veselý 2008 2162:Houghton, Lorber & Hoover 2008 2147:Houghton, Lorber & Hoover 2008 2135:Houghton, Lorber & Hoover 2008 1990:Hoover, Houghton & Veselý 2008 25: 3870:. The Israel Numismatic Society. 3487:. Routledge Revivals. Routledge. 256:Background, family and early life 6263:1st-century BC Seleucid monarchs 4637:. In Wright, Nicholas L. (ed.). 4553:. Susquehanna University Press. 4362:Newell, Edward Theodore (1939). 4261:. L'asbl L'Antiquité Classique. 4230:Journal for the Study of Judaism 3529:. Israel Antiquities Authority. 3458:Bennett, Christopher J. (2002). 1380: 642:could be an error by a copyist. 587:The struggle against Antiochus X 355:, a sectarian commentary on the 4349:. American Numismatic Society. 4343:American Journal of Numismatics 1534:BC, then the year 93 BC is the 4699:The biography of Demetrius III 4685:"Demetrius III. Eucerus" 4576:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 4549:Tinsley, Barbara Sher (2006). 3649:. Princeton University Press. 27:King of Syria from 96 to 87 BC 1: 6245:in most of their territories. 5043:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter 3542:Burgess, Michael Roy (2004). 3329:Assar, Gholamreza F. (2006). 737:Family tree of Demetrius III 596: 4656:Wright, Nicholas L. (2012). 4633:Wright, Nicholas L. (2011). 4612:Wright, Nicholas L. (2010). 4568:VanderKam, James C. (2012). 4213:. Harvard University Press. 3981:. Royal Numismatic Society. 3418:Bar-Kochva, Bezalel (1996). 3385:. Uniwersytet Jagielloński. 3379:Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia 654:those who seek smooth things 374: 5038:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 4599:. Sydney University Press. 4530:Taylor, Michael J. (2013). 4305:. Oxford University Press. 4025:The Jewish Quarterly Review 3901:10.25162/historia-2007-0021 3772:. Oxford University Press. 3554:(3). Kerry K. Wetterstrom. 1963:Houghton & Müseler 1990 182:monarch who reigned as the 6289: 4251:"Seleucid Campaign Beards" 3883:Hoover, Oliver D. (2007). 3864:Israel Numismatic Research 3849:. Dr. Rudolf Habelt GmbH. 3814:Hallo, William W. (1996). 3787:Grainger, John D. (1997). 3502:Biers, William R. (1992). 2287:Levenson & Martin 2009 2263:Levenson & Martin 2009 2251:Levenson & Martin 2009 2239:Levenson & Martin 2009 2224:Levenson & Martin 2009 2209:Levenson & Martin 2009 2031:Levenson & Martin 2009 2002:Levenson & Martin 2009 1401:Timeline of Syrian history 685:Height of power and defeat 168: 29: 6239: 4943:Antigonus I Monophthalmus 4805: 4753: 4741: 4714: 4618:Mediterranean Archaeology 4593:Mediterranean Archaeology 4301:McGing, Brian C. (2010). 4194:. Vol. I. ABC-CLIO. 4060:Houghton, Arthur (1987). 3579:Cohen, Getzel M. (2006). 1189: 1187: 1159: 1157: 1155: 1149: 1147: 1145: 1134: 1132: 1130: 1128: 1126: 1124: 1122: 1097: 1095: 1075: 1073: 1051: 1045: 1034: 1018: 1016: 1014: 997: 995: 993: 991: 981: 979: 971: 967: 965: 959: 943: 941: 919: 917: 904: 890: 877: 875: 873: 871: 865: 863: 861: 853: 851: 849: 839: 835: 833: 831: 829: 827: 821: 819: 807: 803: 797: 768: 752: 709:(tribal leader), and the 579:king at the hands of the 466:. This war took place in 268:, father of Demetrius III 46: 5304:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus 5103:Cleopatra VII Philopator 4471:Rigsby, Kent J. (1996). 4274:Marciak, Michał (2017). 4209:Kosmin, Paul J. (2014). 3975:The Numismatic Chronicle 3598:Dąbrowa, Edward (2011). 3012:Hoover & Iossif 2009 2448:Lorber & Iossif 2009 1799:Otto & Bengtson 1938 6101:'s attempted rule with 5782:Mithridates V Euergetes 5194:Antiochus III the Great 5007:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 4948:Demetrius I Poliorcetes 4872:Alexander III the Great 4716:Demetrius III Eucaerus 4704:5 December 2020 at the 4691:Encyclopædia Britannica 1656:attributed a coin from 1396:List of Syrian monarchs 640:Antiquities of the Jews 636:Antiquities of the Jews 427:Antiquities of the Jews 363:Name and royal titulary 5885:Monarchs of Cappadocia 5787:Mithridates VI Eupator 5309:Philip II Philoromaeus 5294:Antiochus XII Dionysus 5284:Demetrius III Eucaerus 5279:Antiochus XI Epiphanes 5264:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 5204:Antiochus IV Epiphanes 5199:Seleucus IV Philopator 5184:Seleucus II Callinicus 5083:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 4958:Demetrius II Aetolicus 4379:Ogden, Daniel (1999). 3600:Demetrius III in Judea 3483:Bevan, Edwyn (2014) . 1654:Joseph Hilarius Eckhel 1640:Edward Theodore Newell 694: 602: 526: 518: 491: 483: 458:, who was allied with 269: 116:between 124 and 109 BC 42:Demetrius III Eucaerus 18:Demetrius III of Syria 6268:2nd-century BC births 5827:Monarchs of Commagene 5748:Mithridates I Ctistes 5289:Philip I Philadelphus 5269:Seleucus VI Epiphanes 5259:Antiochus VIII Grypus 5254:Seleucus V Philometor 5239:Antiochus VII Sidetes 5229:Antiochus VI Dionysus 5189:Seleucus III Ceraunus 5088:Berenice IV Epiphanea 5033:Ptolemy VI Philometor 5017:Ptolemy IV Philopator 5012:Ptolemy III Euergetes 4877:Philip III Arrhidaeus 4255:L'Antiquité Classique 4110:Schweizer Münzblätter 3722:Eshel, Hanan (2008). 692: 594: 524: 516: 489: 481: 263: 5661:Monarchs of Bithynia 5244:Alexander II Zabinas 5224:Demetrius II Nicator 5141:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 5108:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 5073:Ptolemy XI Alexander 5048:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 4953:Antigonus II Gonatas 3691:Ehling, Kay (2008). 3057:, pp. 177, 178. 3045:, pp. 294, 295. 2594:, pp. 240, 241. 2546:, pp. 193, 199. 2426:, pp. 232, 233. 2414:, pp. 587, 589. 1801:, pp. 103, 104. 656:, to enter Jerusalem 438:Manner of succession 301:, Demetrius III and 6243:Hellenistic satraps 5274:Antiochus X Eusebes 5209:Antiochus V Eupator 5151:Cleopatra Selene II 5078:Ptolemy XII Auletes 5063:Ptolemy X Alexander 5058:Ptolemy IX Lathyros 5022:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 4963:Antigonus III Doson 4532:Antiochus the Great 4456:. RoutledgeCurzon. 4452:Retso, Jan (2003). 4303:Polybius' Histories 2891:, pp. 282–284. 1614:Asira ash-Shamaliya 1529:The Nabataean king 517:Coin from Demetrias 6147:Monarchs of Epirus 5980:Cimmerian Bosporus 5740:Monarchs of Pontus 5299:Cleopatra Selene I 5179:Antiochus II Theos 5169:Seleucus I Nicator 5136:Demetrius the Fair 5118:Monarchs of Cyrene 4169:Josephus (1833) . 2775:, pp. 73, 74. 2712:, pp. 28, 33. 2635:, pp. 74, 78. 2462:, pp. 82, 83. 2332:, pp. 97, 98. 1813:, p. note 10. 1536:terminus ante quem 695: 603: 562:Hierapolis-Bambyce 527: 519: 492: 484: 460:Alexander Jannaeus 394:kings did not use 323:Seleucid year (SE) 270: 231:Alexander Jannaeus 202:while his brother 6250: 6249: 5730:Socrates Chrestus 5219:Alexander I Balas 5214:Demetrius I Soter 5174:Antiochus I Soter 4920:Antipater Etesias 4817: 4816: 4806:Succeeded by 4802: 4793: 4784: 4775: 4766: 4763:with Antiochus IX 4667:978-1-407-31054-1 4648:978-0-646-55051-0 4583:978-0-802-86679-0 4560:978-1-575-91095-6 4541:978-1-848-84463-6 4534:. Pen and Sword. 4501:978-1-472-55827-5 4482:978-0-520-20098-2 4463:978-1-136-87282-2 4390:978-0-715-62930-7 4312:978-0-199-71867-2 4285:978-9-004-35070-0 4220:978-0-674-72882-0 4201:978-1-610-69020-1 4161:978-0-980-23872-3 4007:978-8-872-28599-2 3937:978-0-89722-305-8 3825:978-90-04-10328-3 3798:978-9-004-10799-1 3779:978-0-199-28032-2 3752:978-9-004-11460-9 3733:978-0-802-86285-3 3706:978-3-515-09035-3 3675:978-3-515-11295-6 3656:978-1-400-87773-7 3609:978-8-323-33053-0 3590:978-0-520-93102-2 3566:on 6 January 2021 3513:978-0-415-06319-7 3494:978-1-317-68225-7 3462:. C. J. Bennett. 3429:978-0-520-26884-5 3410:978-0-567-66615-4 3340:978-8-881-47453-0 1407:Explanatory notes 1371: 1370: 1240: 1239: 384:Antigonid dynasty 372: 158: 157: 32:Eucaerus (beetle) 16:(Redirected from 6280: 6042: 5958:Ariobarzanes III 5332:Ptolemy Epigonos 5234:Diodotus Tryphon 5027:Cleopatra I Syra 5002:Ptolemy Keraunos 4843: 4836: 4829: 4820: 4800: 4791: 4782: 4773: 4764: 4742:Preceded by 4737: 4730: 4721:Seleucid dynasty 4712: 4695: 4687: 4671: 4652: 4629: 4608: 4587: 4575: 4564: 4545: 4526: 4505: 4486: 4467: 4448: 4411: 4394: 4375: 4358: 4337: 4316: 4297: 4270: 4245: 4224: 4205: 4186: 4165: 4146: 4125: 4100: 4081: 4056: 4019: 3990: 3969: 3963: 3959: 3957: 3949: 3920: 3879: 3858: 3837: 3810: 3783: 3764: 3737: 3718: 3698: 3687: 3660: 3641: 3635: 3631: 3629: 3621: 3594: 3575: 3573: 3571: 3562:. Archived from 3538: 3517: 3498: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3454: 3433: 3414: 3394: 3372: 3366: 3362: 3360: 3352: 3316: 3310: 3304: 3298: 3292: 3286: 3280: 3274: 3268: 3258: 3252: 3242: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3147: 3137: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3092: 3086: 3080: 3074: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3031: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2976: 2970: 2959: 2949: 2938: 2932: 2923: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2849: 2843: 2832: 2826: 2815: 2809: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2742: 2729: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2691: 2680: 2670: 2664: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2595: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2525: 2519: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2388: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2315: 2309: 2303: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2227: 2221: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2121: 2115: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2084: 2078: 2068: 2062: 2052: 2046: 2040: 2034: 2028: 2022: 2016: 2005: 1999: 1993: 1987: 1981: 1975: 1966: 1960: 1954: 1948: 1942: 1936: 1921: 1911: 1905: 1899: 1893: 1887: 1881: 1875: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1844: 1838: 1832: 1826: 1820: 1814: 1808: 1802: 1796: 1790: 1780: 1774: 1764: 1755: 1749: 1743: 1733: 1724: 1714: 1708: 1698: 1678: 1667: 1661: 1652:The numismatist 1650: 1644: 1638:The numismatist 1636: 1630: 1627: 1621: 1610: 1604: 1597: 1591: 1583: 1577: 1574: 1568: 1565: 1559: 1555: 1549: 1545: 1539: 1527: 1521: 1517: 1511: 1508:Alfred Bellinger 1504: 1498: 1490: 1484: 1480: 1474: 1459: 1453: 1446: 1440: 1429: 1423: 1416: 1390: 1385: 1384: 1364: 1358: 1349: 1343: 1334: 1328: 1322: 1316: 1310: 1304: 1295: 1289: 1280: 1274: 1263: 1257: 743: 742: 734: 626:Judaean campaign 601: 598: 539:on his capital. 377: 368: 170: 51: 39: 21: 6288: 6287: 6283: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6278: 6277: 6253: 6252: 6251: 6246: 6235: 6141: 6132:Mithridates III 6036: 5979: 5978:Monarchs of the 5972: 5953:Ariobarzanes II 5938:Ariarathes VIII 5879: 5865:Mithridates III 5821: 5763:Mithridates III 5734: 5655: 5462: 5390:Greco-Bactrians 5384: 5336: 5313: 5155: 5112: 4997:Ptolemy I Soter 4983: 4929: 4886: 4853: 4847: 4813: 4809: 4795: 4786: 4777: 4768: 4761: 4759: 4751: 4747: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4717: 4706:Wayback Machine 4682: 4679: 4674: 4668: 4655: 4649: 4632: 4611: 4590: 4584: 4567: 4561: 4548: 4542: 4529: 4508: 4502: 4489: 4483: 4470: 4464: 4451: 4414: 4397: 4391: 4378: 4361: 4340: 4319: 4313: 4300: 4286: 4273: 4248: 4227: 4221: 4208: 4202: 4189: 4168: 4162: 4149: 4128: 4103: 4084: 4059: 4037:10.2307/1451298 4022: 4008: 3993: 3972: 3960: 3950: 3938: 3923: 3882: 3861: 3840: 3826: 3813: 3799: 3786: 3780: 3767: 3753: 3740: 3734: 3721: 3707: 3690: 3676: 3663: 3657: 3644: 3632: 3622: 3610: 3597: 3591: 3578: 3569: 3567: 3541: 3520: 3514: 3501: 3495: 3482: 3473: 3471: 3457: 3436: 3430: 3417: 3411: 3397: 3375: 3363: 3353: 3341: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3311: 3307: 3299: 3295: 3287: 3283: 3275: 3271: 3259: 3255: 3243: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3200: 3196: 3188: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3161: 3150: 3138: 3129: 3121: 3117: 3109: 3105: 3093: 3089: 3083:Rabinowitz 1978 3081: 3077: 3065: 3061: 3053: 3049: 3041: 3034: 3022: 3018: 3010: 3006: 2998: 2994: 2986: 2979: 2971: 2962: 2950: 2941: 2933: 2926: 2914: 2910: 2902: 2895: 2887: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2863: 2852: 2844: 2835: 2827: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2798: 2794: 2786: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2743: 2732: 2720: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2694:Bar-Kochva 1996 2692: 2683: 2673:Fitzgerald 2004 2671: 2667: 2657:Fitzgerald 2004 2655: 2651: 2643: 2639: 2631: 2627: 2619: 2615: 2607: 2598: 2590: 2586: 2578: 2574: 2566: 2562: 2554: 2550: 2542: 2538: 2526: 2522: 2510: 2506: 2498: 2494: 2482: 2478: 2470: 2466: 2458: 2454: 2446: 2442: 2434: 2430: 2422: 2418: 2410: 2406: 2402:, pp. 233. 2398: 2391: 2379: 2375: 2367: 2360: 2352: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2328: 2324: 2316: 2312: 2304: 2293: 2285: 2281: 2273: 2269: 2261: 2257: 2249: 2245: 2237: 2230: 2222: 2215: 2207: 2203: 2195: 2180: 2172: 2168: 2160: 2153: 2145: 2141: 2133: 2124: 2116: 2109: 2101: 2097: 2085: 2081: 2069: 2065: 2053: 2049: 2043:Hoschander 1915 2041: 2037: 2029: 2025: 2017: 2008: 2000: 1996: 1988: 1984: 1976: 1969: 1961: 1957: 1949: 1945: 1937: 1924: 1912: 1908: 1900: 1896: 1888: 1884: 1876: 1869: 1861: 1857: 1845: 1841: 1833: 1829: 1821: 1817: 1809: 1805: 1797: 1793: 1781: 1777: 1765: 1758: 1750: 1746: 1734: 1727: 1715: 1711: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1668: 1664: 1651: 1647: 1637: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1611: 1607: 1598: 1594: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1556: 1552: 1546: 1542: 1538:for the defeat. 1528: 1524: 1518: 1514: 1505: 1501: 1491: 1487: 1481: 1477: 1460: 1456: 1447: 1443: 1430: 1426: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1386: 1379: 1376: 1367: 1359: 1352: 1344: 1337: 1329: 1325: 1317: 1313: 1305: 1298: 1290: 1283: 1275: 1266: 1258: 1251: 732: 724:Mithridates III 719: 687: 628: 599: 589: 511: 440: 400:Seleucia Pieria 365: 343: 321:, who gave the 274:Seleucid Empire 258: 68: 65:Seleucid Empire 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6286: 6284: 6276: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6255: 6254: 6248: 6247: 6240: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6207: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6190:Neoptolemus II 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6151: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6105: 6096: 6087: 6085:Mithridates II 6082: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6053: 6051:Paerisades III 6048: 6043: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6010: 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5984: 5982: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5948:Ariobarzanes I 5945: 5940: 5935: 5933:Ariarathes VII 5930: 5925: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5908:Ariarathes III 5905: 5900: 5895: 5889: 5887: 5881: 5880: 5878: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5855:Mithridates II 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5831: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5758:Mithridates II 5755: 5750: 5744: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5691: 5686: 5681: 5676: 5671: 5665: 5663: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5621:Apollodotus II 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5472: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5394: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5383: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5346: 5344: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5323: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5249:Cleopatra Thea 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5165: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5122: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4993: 4991: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4981: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4939: 4937: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4896: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4863: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4848: 4846: 4845: 4838: 4831: 4823: 4815: 4814: 4807: 4804: 4752: 4745:Antiochus VIII 4743: 4739: 4738: 4718: 4715: 4710: 4709: 4696: 4678: 4677:External links 4675: 4673: 4672: 4666: 4653: 4647: 4630: 4609: 4588: 4582: 4565: 4559: 4546: 4540: 4527: 4506: 4500: 4487: 4481: 4468: 4462: 4449: 4429:10.2307/599751 4412: 4395: 4389: 4376: 4359: 4338: 4317: 4311: 4298: 4284: 4271: 4246: 4225: 4219: 4206: 4200: 4187: 4171:Burder, Samuel 4166: 4160: 4147: 4126: 4101: 4082: 4057: 4027:. new series. 4020: 4006: 3991: 3970: 3962:|journal= 3936: 3921: 3880: 3859: 3838: 3824: 3811: 3797: 3784: 3778: 3765: 3751: 3738: 3732: 3719: 3705: 3688: 3674: 3661: 3655: 3642: 3634:|journal= 3608: 3595: 3589: 3576: 3539: 3518: 3512: 3499: 3493: 3480: 3466:hosted by the 3455: 3434: 3428: 3415: 3409: 3395: 3373: 3365:|journal= 3339: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3318: 3317: 3305: 3303:, p. 106. 3293: 3281: 3277:Simonetta 2001 3269: 3253: 3234: 3230:Bellinger 1949 3222: 3220:, p. 267. 3210: 3194: 3192:, p. 245. 3179: 3177:, p. 295. 3167: 3163:Atkinson 2016a 3148: 3127: 3125:, p. 147. 3115: 3113:, p. 179. 3103: 3087: 3085:, p. 398. 3075: 3067:VanderKam 2012 3059: 3047: 3032: 3024:Atkinson 2016b 3016: 3004: 3002:, p. 254. 2992: 2988:Atkinson 2016a 2977: 2975:, p. 176. 2960: 2952:Atkinson 2016b 2939: 2937:, p. 175. 2924: 2908: 2906:, p. 294. 2893: 2881: 2879:, p. 205. 2869: 2867:, p. 290. 2850: 2848:, p. 293. 2833: 2831:, p. 214. 2816: 2814:, p. 241. 2804: 2802:, p. 573. 2792: 2777: 2773:Bellinger 1949 2765: 2753: 2730: 2714: 2702: 2681: 2665: 2649: 2637: 2625: 2613: 2596: 2584: 2582:, p. 198. 2572: 2560: 2558:, p. 199. 2548: 2536: 2520: 2504: 2500:Bellinger 1949 2492: 2476: 2464: 2452: 2450:, p. 103. 2440: 2438:, p. 208. 2428: 2416: 2404: 2389: 2373: 2358: 2356:, p. 286. 2346: 2334: 2322: 2310: 2308:, p. 177. 2291: 2289:, p. 313. 2279: 2267: 2265:, p. 335. 2255: 2253:, p. 309. 2243: 2241:, p. 307. 2228: 2226:, p. 316. 2213: 2211:, p. 315. 2201: 2199:, p. 240. 2178: 2176:, p. 212. 2166: 2164:, p. 589. 2151: 2149:, p. 588. 2139: 2137:, p. 587. 2122: 2120:, p. 232. 2107: 2095: 2079: 2063: 2047: 2045:, p. 651. 2035: 2033:, p. 310. 2023: 2021:, p. 239. 2006: 2004:, p. 311. 1994: 1992:, p. 204. 1982: 1978:Atkinson 2016a 1967: 1955: 1943: 1941:, p. 234. 1922: 1906: 1904:, p. 262. 1894: 1892:, p. 261. 1882: 1880:, p. 231. 1867: 1855: 1839: 1827: 1825:, p. 153. 1815: 1803: 1791: 1775: 1756: 1744: 1725: 1709: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1679: 1662: 1645: 1631: 1622: 1605: 1592: 1587:Edward Dąbrowa 1578: 1569: 1560: 1550: 1540: 1522: 1512: 1499: 1485: 1475: 1454: 1441: 1437:Gregorian year 1424: 1410: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1398: 1392: 1391: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1366: 1365: 1350: 1335: 1323: 1311: 1296: 1281: 1264: 1248: 1242: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1235: 1233: 1231: 1229: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1208: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1192: 1190: 1188: 1186: 1184: 1182: 1180: 1178: 1176: 1174: 1172: 1170: 1168: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1158: 1156: 1154: 1152: 1150: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1131: 1129: 1127: 1125: 1123: 1121: 1119:Antiochus VIII 1116: 1114: 1112: 1110: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1101: 1100: 1098: 1096: 1094: 1092: 1090: 1088: 1086: 1084: 1082: 1080: 1078: 1076: 1074: 1072: 1070: 1068: 1066: 1064: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1054: 1052: 1050: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1040: 1035: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1024: 1022:Cleopatra Thea 1019: 1017: 1015: 1013: 1008: 1006: 1004: 1001: 1000: 998: 996: 994: 992: 990: 988: 985: 984: 982: 980: 978: 976: 974: 972: 970: 968: 966: 964: 962: 960: 958: 956: 954: 952: 950: 948: 946: 944: 942: 940: 938: 936: 934: 931: 930: 928: 926: 924: 921: 920: 918: 916: 914: 912: 910: 905: 903: 898: 896: 891: 889: 884: 881: 880: 878: 876: 874: 872: 870: 868: 866: 864: 862: 860: 858: 856: 854: 852: 850: 848: 846: 843: 842: 840: 838: 836: 834: 832: 830: 828: 826: 824: 822: 820: 818: 816: 814: 812: 810: 808: 806: 804: 802: 800: 798: 796: 794: 792: 790: 787: 786: 784: 782: 780: 777: 776: 774: 769: 767: 762: 760: 758: 753: 751: 746: 739: 738: 731: 728: 718: 715: 686: 683: 627: 624: 595:Divided Syria 588: 585: 510: 507: 506: 505: 500: 499: 476: 475: 439: 436: 421:The Jewish War 396:regnal numbers 364: 361: 342: 339: 282:Antiochus VIII 266:Antiochus VIII 257: 254: 188:Antiochus VIII 156: 155: 150: 146: 145: 144:Antiochus VIII 142: 138: 137: 132: 126: 125: 122: 118: 117: 114: 110: 109: 106: 105: 96: 92: 91: 85:Antiochus VIII 82: 78: 77: 74: 70: 69: 62: 56: 55: 52: 44: 43: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6285: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6244: 6238: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6170:Neoptolemus I 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6144: 6138: 6135: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6066:Mithridates I 6064: 6062: 6059: 6057: 6056:Paerisades IV 6054: 6052: 6049: 6047: 6044: 6040: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6019:Paerisades II 6017: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6008:Spartokos III 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5975: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5943:Ariarathes IX 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5929: 5928:Ariarathes VI 5926: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5913:Ariarathes IV 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5898:Ariarathes II 5896: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5886: 5882: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5870:Antiochus III 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5845:Mithridates I 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5824: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5737: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5720:Nicomedes III 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5687: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5675: 5672: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5664: 5662: 5658: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5551:Demetrius III 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5506:Antimachus II 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5496:Apollodotus I 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5469: 5465: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5453:Eucratides II 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5418:Euthydemus II 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5339: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5316: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5146:Ptolemy Apion 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5053:Cleopatra III 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4986: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4936: 4932: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4889: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4851: 4844: 4839: 4837: 4832: 4830: 4825: 4824: 4821: 4812: 4811:Antiochus XII 4803: 4799: 4794: 4790: 4785: 4781: 4776: 4772: 4767: 4758: 4757: 4756:King of Syria 4750: 4746: 4740: 4735: 4728: 4723: 4722: 4713: 4707: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4693: 4692: 4686: 4681: 4680: 4676: 4669: 4663: 4659: 4654: 4650: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4589: 4585: 4579: 4574: 4573: 4566: 4562: 4556: 4552: 4547: 4543: 4537: 4533: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4516: 4512: 4511:East and West 4507: 4503: 4497: 4493: 4488: 4484: 4478: 4474: 4469: 4465: 4459: 4455: 4450: 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4392: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4324:(in German). 4323: 4318: 4314: 4308: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4281: 4277: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4193: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4163: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4089: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4003: 3999: 3998: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3955: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3933: 3929: 3928: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3794: 3790: 3785: 3781: 3775: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3748: 3744: 3739: 3735: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3702: 3697: 3696: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3671: 3667: 3662: 3658: 3652: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3605: 3601: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3490: 3486: 3481: 3469: 3468:Tyndale House 3465: 3461: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3406: 3402: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3374: 3370: 3358: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3326: 3322:Cited sources 3321: 3315:, p. 68. 3314: 3313:Houghton 1998 3309: 3306: 3302: 3297: 3294: 3291:, p. 70. 3290: 3285: 3282: 3279:, p. 79. 3278: 3273: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3239: 3235: 3232:, p. 75. 3231: 3226: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3195: 3191: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3171: 3168: 3165:, p. 14. 3164: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3140:Josephus 1833 3136: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3123:Bijovsky 2012 3119: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3063: 3060: 3056: 3051: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3017: 3014:, p. 47. 3013: 3008: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2993: 2990:, p. 13. 2989: 2984: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2912: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2882: 2878: 2873: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2859: 2857: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2805: 2801: 2796: 2793: 2790:, p. 79. 2789: 2788:Houghton 1987 2784: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2769: 2766: 2763:, p. 66. 2762: 2761:Houghton 1998 2757: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2745:Josephus 1833 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2710:Mittmann 2006 2706: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2688: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2669: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2653: 2650: 2647:, p. 86. 2646: 2641: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2626: 2623:, p. 80. 2622: 2617: 2614: 2611:, p. 79. 2610: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2573: 2570:, p. 15. 2569: 2564: 2561: 2557: 2552: 2549: 2545: 2540: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2524: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2505: 2502:, p. 78. 2501: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2480: 2477: 2474:, p. 46. 2473: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2456: 2453: 2449: 2444: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2417: 2413: 2408: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2374: 2371:, p. 97. 2370: 2369:Houghton 1989 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2347: 2344:, p. 98. 2343: 2342:Houghton 1989 2338: 2335: 2331: 2330:Houghton 1989 2326: 2323: 2320:, p. 28. 2319: 2314: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2280: 2277:, p. 97. 2276: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2170: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2114: 2112: 2108: 2105:, p. 23. 2104: 2099: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2067: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2048: 2044: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2027: 2024: 2020: 2015: 2013: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1998: 1995: 1991: 1986: 1983: 1980:, p. 10. 1979: 1974: 1972: 1968: 1965:, p. 61. 1964: 1959: 1956: 1953:, p. 81. 1952: 1951:Houghton 1987 1947: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1886: 1883: 1879: 1874: 1872: 1868: 1865:, p. 13. 1864: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1847:Grainger 1997 1843: 1840: 1837:, p. 11. 1836: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1754:, p. 76. 1753: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1713: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1694: 1688: 1683: 1676: 1672: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1649: 1646: 1641: 1635: 1632: 1626: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1596: 1593: 1588: 1582: 1579: 1573: 1570: 1564: 1561: 1554: 1551: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1526: 1523: 1516: 1513: 1509: 1503: 1500: 1496: 1489: 1486: 1479: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1458: 1455: 1451: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1428: 1425: 1421: 1415: 1412: 1406: 1402: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1389: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1363:, p. 153 1362: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1333:, p. 149 1332: 1327: 1324: 1321:, p. iii 1320: 1315: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1286: 1282: 1279:, p. 108 1278: 1273: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1262:, p. 107 1261: 1256: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1243: 1237: 1226:Demetrius III 1202: 1200: 1162: 1153: 1151: 1144: 1139: 1120: 1104: 1102: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1049: 1047: 1044: 1039: 1032: 1031:Cleopatra III 1023: 1012: 1002: 999: 989: 987: 986: 969: 963: 961: 957: 955: 932: 929: 927: 925: 923: 922: 909: 902: 895: 888: 882: 879: 869: 867: 859: 857: 855: 847: 845: 844: 837: 825: 823: 817: 815: 805: 801: 799: 795: 793: 788: 785: 783: 781: 779: 778: 773: 766: 757: 750: 744: 741: 740: 736: 735: 729: 727: 725: 716: 714: 712: 708: 704: 699: 691: 684: 682: 680: 674: 672: 668: 664: 663:Antiochus VII 659: 657: 655: 647: 643: 641: 637: 633: 625: 623: 619: 616: 612: 608: 593: 586: 584: 582: 578: 574: 569: 567: 563: 559: 555: 550: 546: 540: 538: 533: 523: 515: 508: 502: 501: 497: 494: 493: 488: 480: 473: 469: 465: 461: 457: 456:Cleopatra III 453: 450: 449: 448: 445: 437: 435: 433: 432:Thomas Martin 429: 428: 423: 422: 416: 414: 410: 406: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 376: 371: 362: 360: 358: 357:Book of Nahum 354: 349: 340: 338: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 311: 306: 304: 303:Antiochus XII 300: 296: 292: 288: 283: 279: 275: 267: 262: 255: 253: 251: 250:Antiochus XII 247: 243: 239: 234: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 211: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 184:King of Syria 181: 178: 174: 166: 165:Ancient Greek 162: 154: 151: 147: 143: 139: 136: 133: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 104: 103:Antiochus XII 100: 97: 93: 90: 86: 83: 79: 75: 71: 66: 61: 60:King of Syria 57: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 6205:Alexander II 6061:Paerisades V 6024:Spartokos IV 5988:Paerisades I 5963:Ariarathes X 5918:Ariarathes V 5893:Ariarathes I 5875:Antiochus IV 5860:Antiochus II 5792:Pharnaces II 5753:Ariobarzanes 5725:Nicomedes IV 5715:Nicomedes II 5641:Apollophanes 5626:Hippostratos 5541:Heliokles II 5501:Demetrius II 5481:Antimachus I 5443:Eucratides I 5438:Demetrius II 5423:Antimachus I 5408:Euthydemus I 5283: 5093:Ptolemy XIII 5068:Berenice III 4915:Antipater II 4882:Alexander IV 4796: 4789:Antiochus XI 4787: 4778: 4769: 4762: 4754: 4749:Antiochus IX 4733: 4726: 4719: 4689: 4657: 4638: 4617: 4596: 4592: 4571: 4550: 4531: 4514: 4510: 4491: 4472: 4453: 4420: 4416: 4399: 4380: 4363: 4346: 4342: 4325: 4321: 4302: 4275: 4258: 4254: 4236:(3). Brill. 4233: 4229: 4210: 4191: 4174: 4151: 4134: 4130: 4113: 4109: 4087: 4069: 4065: 4028: 4024: 3996: 3978: 3974: 3926: 3892: 3888: 3867: 3863: 3846: 3842: 3815: 3788: 3769: 3742: 3723: 3694: 3665: 3646: 3599: 3580: 3568:. Retrieved 3564:the original 3551: 3547: 3526: 3522: 3503: 3484: 3472:. Retrieved 3442: 3438: 3419: 3400: 3382: 3378: 3330: 3308: 3296: 3284: 3272: 3256: 3225: 3218:Dumitru 2016 3213: 3197: 3170: 3118: 3111:Dąbrowa 2011 3106: 3090: 3078: 3062: 3055:Dąbrowa 2011 3050: 3019: 3007: 2995: 2973:Dąbrowa 2011 2935:Dąbrowa 2011 2916:Schürer 1973 2911: 2884: 2872: 2807: 2795: 2768: 2756: 2717: 2705: 2668: 2652: 2640: 2628: 2616: 2587: 2575: 2563: 2551: 2539: 2523: 2507: 2495: 2479: 2467: 2455: 2443: 2431: 2419: 2407: 2376: 2349: 2337: 2325: 2313: 2306:Dąbrowa 2011 2282: 2270: 2258: 2246: 2204: 2169: 2142: 2103:Burgess 2004 2098: 2082: 2066: 2050: 2038: 2026: 1997: 1985: 1958: 1946: 1909: 1902:Dumitru 2016 1897: 1890:Dumitru 2016 1885: 1858: 1842: 1830: 1818: 1811:Bennett 2002 1806: 1794: 1783:Tinsley 2006 1778: 1747: 1717:Goodman 2005 1712: 1701:Marciak 2017 1696: 1665: 1648: 1634: 1625: 1608: 1595: 1581: 1572: 1563: 1553: 1543: 1535: 1525: 1515: 1502: 1488: 1478: 1457: 1444: 1433:Seleucid era 1427: 1414: 1348:, p. 87 1326: 1314: 1309:, p. 83 1294:, p. 82 1245: 1038:Ptolemy VIII 1011:Demetrius II 908:Cleopatra II 720: 700: 696: 675: 660: 651: 648: 644: 639: 635: 629: 620: 604: 600: 92 BC 570: 558:Antiochus IV 541: 528: 495: 451: 441: 425: 419: 417: 405:Demetrius II 366: 353:Pesher Nahum 344: 310:Antiochus IX 307: 295:Antiochus XI 293:, the twins 271: 235: 219:Antiochus XI 212: 196:Antiochus IX 172: 160: 159: 89:Antiochus IX 36: 6226:Pyrrhus III 6210:Olympias II 6180:Alexander I 6037: [ 6034:Spartokos V 5903:Ariamnes II 5850:Antiochus I 5812:Pythodorida 5768:Pharnaces I 5689:Zipoetes II 5684:Nicomedes I 5601:Artemidoros 5596:Menander II 5536:Antialcidas 5521:Agathokleia 5476:Demetrius I 5468:Indo-Greeks 5458:Heliocles I 5413:Demetrius I 5403:Diodotus II 5380:Eumenes III 5375:Attalus III 5350:Philetaerus 5319:Lysimachids 5131:Berenice II 5098:Ptolemy XIV 4980:(pretender) 4910:Alexander V 4892:Antipatrids 4850:Hellenistic 4780:Antiochus X 4771:Seleucus VI 4736:after 87 BC 3548:The Celator 3460:"Tryphaena" 3301:Hoover 2000 3245:Downey 2015 3202:Newell 1917 3190:Ehling 2008 3175:Hoover 2007 3043:Hoover 2007 3000:Hoover 2011 2904:Hoover 2007 2889:Hoover 2007 2865:Hoover 2007 2846:Hoover 2007 2812:Ehling 2008 2722:Downey 2015 2645:Newell 1939 2633:Wright 2005 2621:Wright 2005 2609:Wright 2005 2592:Ehling 2008 2580:Wright 2010 2568:Wright 2012 2556:Wright 2010 2544:Wright 2010 2528:Rigsby 1996 2514:, pp. 2486:, pp. 2472:Wright 2011 2460:Newell 1939 2424:Ehling 2008 2400:Ehling 2008 2381:Kosmin 2014 2354:Hoover 2007 2318:Hoover 2006 2275:Ehling 2008 2197:Ehling 2008 2118:Ehling 2008 2071:McGing 2010 2019:Ehling 2008 1939:Ehling 2008 1914:Taylor 2013 1878:Ehling 2008 1835:Wright 2012 1767:Kosmin 2014 1752:Wright 2005 1601:Hanan Eshel 1388:Asia portal 1319:Wright 2012 1277:Hoover 2000 1260:Hoover 2000 887:Demetrius I 772:Cleopatra I 749:Seleucus IV 730:Family tree 607:Antiochus X 468:Coele-Syria 409:Demetrius I 392:Hellenistic 367:Demetrius ( 348:obverse die 291:Seleucus VI 215:Antiochus X 204:Seleucus VI 177:Hellenistic 171:, surnamed 124:after 87 BC 81:Predecessor 6257:Categories 6216:Pyrrhus II 6195:Alcetas II 6160:Tharrhypas 6127:Gepaepyris 6099:Scribonius 5993:Satyros II 5923:Orophernes 5835:Ptolemaeus 5817:Polemon II 5710:Prusias II 5679:Zipoetes I 5651:Strato III 5576:Theophilos 5556:Philoxenus 5511:Menander I 5491:Agathocles 5433:Agathocles 5398:Diodotus I 5370:Attalus II 5365:Eumenes II 5327:Lysimachus 4935:Antigonids 4801:(94–87 BC) 4792:(94–93 BC) 4783:(95–88 BC) 4774:(96–94 BC) 4765:(96–95 BC) 3474:25 October 3289:Assar 2006 3263:, p. 3261:Retso 2003 3247:, p. 3204:, p. 3142:, p. 3097:, p. 3095:Eshel 2008 3069:, p. 3026:, p. 2954:, p. 2918:, p. 2747:, p. 2724:, p. 2696:, p. 2675:, p. 2659:, p. 2530:, p. 2512:Cohen 2006 2484:Cohen 2006 2383:, p. 2089:, p. 2087:Hallo 1996 2073:, p. 2057:, p. 2055:Bevan 2014 1916:, p. 1863:Biers 1992 1849:, p. 1823:Ogden 1999 1785:, p. 1769:, p. 1738:, p. 1736:Kelly 2016 1719:, p. 1703:, p. 1684:References 1675:Posidonius 1590:Pharisees. 1585:Historian 1558:his reign. 1467:Nabataeans 1450:Seleucus I 1361:Ogden 1999 1346:Ogden 1999 1331:Ogden 1999 1307:Ogden 1999 1292:Ogden 1999 1246:Citations: 901:Ptolemy VI 756:Laodice IV 615:Mopsuestia 581:Nabataeans 444:Ptolemy IX 6200:Pyrrhus I 6165:Alcetas I 6071:Pharnaces 6046:Kamasarye 6029:Leukon II 6013:Hygiainon 5968:Archelaus 5807:Polemon I 5705:Prusias I 5646:Strato II 5636:Zoilos II 5631:Dionysios 5611:Archebius 5581:Peukolaos 5546:Polyxenos 5486:Pantaleon 5428:Pantaleon 5360:Attalus I 5355:Eumenes I 5161:Seleucids 4989:Ptolemies 4978:Philip VI 4925:Sosthenes 4905:Philip IV 4900:Cassander 4867:Philip II 4626:1030-8482 4605:1030-8482 4523:0012-8376 4437:0003-0279 4408:470076298 4355:2381-4594 4334:0259-0131 4294:1572-0500 4267:0770-2817 4242:0047-2212 4183:970897884 4143:0035-4163 4122:0016-5565 4097:910216765 4078:0035-4163 4045:0021-6682 4016:2531-5390 3987:0078-2696 3964:ignored ( 3954:cite book 3946:1053-8356 3917:159573100 3909:0018-2311 3876:1565-8449 3855:0084-5388 3834:0169-9024 3807:0169-8958 3761:0167-9732 3715:0071-7665 3684:0071-7665 3636:ignored ( 3626:cite book 3618:1897-3426 3560:1048-0986 3535:0792-8424 3391:1733-5760 3367:ignored ( 3357:cite book 3349:1128-6342 1689:Citations 1618:Palestine 1138:Tryphaena 894:Laodice V 765:Ptolemy V 717:Aftermath 679:Parthians 632:Pharisees 549:Atargatis 413:Ptolemaic 388:Macedonia 375:Demetrios 370:translit. 287:Tryphaena 246:Parthians 192:Tryphaena 153:Tryphaena 95:Successor 6231:Deidamia 6212:(regent) 6185:Aeacides 6122:Aspurgus 6015:(regent) 5998:Prytanis 5840:Sames II 5696:(regent) 5669:Boteiras 5616:Telephos 5606:Hermaeus 5561:Diomedes 5531:Strato I 5516:Zoilos I 5342:Attalids 5029:(regent) 4968:Philip V 4808:Philip I 4798:Philip I 4760:96–87 BC 4702:Archived 2516:242, 244 2488:244, 244 1531:Obodas I 1471:Itureans 1469:and the 1463:Judaeans 1420:Porphyry 1374:See also 711:Parthian 707:phylarch 609:fled to 547:goddess 319:Porphyry 315:Josephus 299:Philip I 278:Egyptian 264:Coin of 223:Philip I 200:Damascus 180:Seleucid 173:Eucaerus 135:Seleucid 99:Philip I 76:96–87 BC 6221:Ptolemy 6175:Arybbas 6155:Admetus 6137:Cotys I 6117:Polemon 6112:Polemon 6108:Dynamis 6103:Dynamis 6094:Dynamis 6090:Asander 6080:Dynamis 6076:Asander 6003:Eumelos 5802:Arsaces 5777:Laodice 5700:Ziaelas 5694:Etazeta 5571:Epander 5566:Amyntas 4973:Perseus 4859:Argeads 4729:Unknown 4372:2461409 4173:(ed.). 4053:1451298 3570:18 July 3523:'Atiqot 3470:Website 3451:4520682 667:Shechem 577:Judaean 545:Semitic 380:Demeter 331:Cilicia 327:Antioch 238:Semitic 208:Antioch 130:Dynasty 5797:Darius 5591:Nicias 5586:Thraso 5526:Lysias 4852:rulers 4732: 4664: 4645: 4624: 4603: 4580: 4557: 4538: 4521: 4498: 4479: 4460: 4445:599751 4443: 4435: 4406: 4387: 4370: 4353: 4332: 4309: 4292: 4282: 4265: 4240: 4217: 4198: 4181: 4158: 4141: 4120: 4095: 4076: 4051: 4043: 4014: 4004: 3985: 3944: 3934: 3915: 3907: 3874: 3853: 3832: 3822: 3805: 3795: 3776: 3759: 3749: 3730: 3713: 3703: 3682: 3672: 3653: 3616: 3606: 3587: 3558: 3533: 3510: 3491: 3449: 3426: 3407: 3389: 3347: 3337: 1671:Strabo 1643:coins. 1495:Tarsus 703:Beroea 671:Nablus 669:(near 611:Aradus 573:Gadara 537:asylum 509:Policy 472:Cyprus 464:Judaea 335:Knidos 242:Beroea 227:Judaea 149:Mother 141:Father 6110:with 6092:with 6078:with 6041:] 5775:with 5448:Plato 5126:Magas 4734:Died: 4727:Born: 4441:JSTOR 4049:JSTOR 3913:S2CID 1658:Sidon 1520:king. 1483:work. 566:Diana 554:Hadad 532:Tyche 341:Reign 73:Reign 4662:ISBN 4643:ISBN 4622:ISSN 4601:ISSN 4578:ISBN 4555:ISBN 4536:ISBN 4519:ISSN 4496:ISBN 4477:ISBN 4458:ISBN 4433:ISSN 4404:OCLC 4385:ISBN 4368:OCLC 4351:ISSN 4330:ISSN 4307:ISBN 4290:ISSN 4280:ISBN 4263:ISSN 4238:ISSN 4215:ISBN 4196:ISBN 4179:OCLC 4156:ISBN 4139:ISSN 4118:ISSN 4093:OCLC 4074:ISSN 4041:ISSN 4012:ISSN 4002:ISBN 3983:ISSN 3966:help 3942:ISSN 3932:ISBN 3905:ISSN 3872:ISSN 3851:ISSN 3830:ISSN 3820:ISBN 3803:ISSN 3793:ISBN 3774:ISBN 3757:ISSN 3747:ISBN 3728:ISBN 3711:ISSN 3701:ISBN 3680:ISSN 3670:ISBN 3651:ISBN 3638:help 3614:ISSN 3604:ISBN 3585:ISBN 3572:2018 3556:ISSN 3531:ISSN 3508:ISBN 3489:ISBN 3476:2018 3447:OCLC 3424:ISBN 3405:ISBN 3387:ISSN 3369:help 3345:ISSN 3335:ISBN 1548:BC). 424:and 297:and 272:The 221:and 121:Died 113:Born 5674:Bas 4425:doi 4033:doi 3979:169 3897:doi 3847:131 3265:342 3249:135 3206:118 3144:422 3099:123 3071:110 2920:135 2749:421 2726:133 2698:138 2677:363 2661:361 2532:511 2385:133 2091:142 2075:247 1787:179 462:of 386:of 6259:: 6039:ru 4688:. 4616:. 4597:18 4595:. 4515:51 4513:. 4439:. 4431:. 4421:98 4419:. 4347:51 4345:. 4326:32 4288:. 4259:78 4257:. 4253:. 4234:40 4232:. 4135:77 4133:. 4114:40 4112:. 4108:. 4070:66 4068:. 4064:. 4047:. 4039:. 4010:. 3977:. 3958:: 3956:}} 3952:{{ 3940:. 3911:. 3903:. 3893:56 3891:. 3887:. 3866:. 3845:. 3828:. 3801:. 3755:. 3709:. 3678:. 3630:: 3628:}} 3624:{{ 3612:. 3552:18 3550:. 3546:. 3527:69 3525:. 3443:38 3441:. 3383:14 3381:. 3361:: 3359:}} 3355:{{ 3343:. 3237:^ 3182:^ 3151:^ 3130:^ 3035:^ 3028:47 2980:^ 2963:^ 2956:48 2942:^ 2927:^ 2896:^ 2853:^ 2836:^ 2819:^ 2780:^ 2733:^ 2684:^ 2599:^ 2392:^ 2361:^ 2294:^ 2231:^ 2216:^ 2181:^ 2154:^ 2125:^ 2110:^ 2059:56 2009:^ 1970:^ 1925:^ 1870:^ 1851:32 1771:23 1759:^ 1740:82 1728:^ 1721:37 1465:, 1353:^ 1338:^ 1299:^ 1284:^ 1267:^ 1252:^ 597:c. 337:. 305:. 210:. 167:: 101:, 87:, 67:) 4842:e 4835:t 4828:v 4670:. 4651:. 4628:. 4607:. 4586:. 4563:. 4544:. 4525:. 4504:. 4485:. 4466:. 4447:. 4427:: 4410:. 4393:. 4374:. 4357:. 4336:. 4315:. 4296:. 4269:. 4244:. 4223:. 4204:. 4185:. 4164:. 4145:. 4124:. 4099:. 4080:. 4055:. 4035:: 4029:5 4018:. 3989:. 3968:) 3948:. 3919:. 3899:: 3878:. 3868:1 3857:. 3836:. 3809:. 3782:. 3763:. 3736:. 3717:. 3686:. 3659:. 3640:) 3620:. 3593:. 3574:. 3537:. 3516:. 3497:. 3478:. 3453:. 3432:. 3413:. 3393:. 3371:) 3351:. 3267:. 3251:. 3208:. 3146:. 3101:. 3073:. 3030:. 2958:. 2922:. 2751:. 2728:. 2700:. 2679:. 2663:. 2534:. 2518:. 2490:. 2387:. 2093:. 2077:. 2061:. 1920:. 1918:9 1853:. 1789:. 1773:. 1742:. 1723:. 1707:. 1705:8 1677:. 1473:. 163:( 63:( 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index