1247:
31:
122:(hence the name Galatia for the region). Deiotarus levied an army and trained it with Roman help; the army, in 48 BC, was composed of 12,000 infantrymen and 2,000 horsemen. Cicero writes that the army was divided into thirty cohortes, which were roughly equivalent to three Roman legions of the time. This army supported the Romans in their wars against king
443:
gained support from a number of scholars interpreting the aqueduct reparation inscription made c.133-134 as mentioning Legio XXII Deiotariana. If indeed connected with the legion, the inscription sets the last known location to Judean province during the Bar Kokhba revolt and making the war the most
173:. A papyrus recovered from Egypt, dated 8 BC, mentions two soldiers of the legion. Between these two dates, the Galatian army was incorporated as a legion into the Roman army. M.H.D. Parker argues that the date of its incorporation could be narrowed further as between 16 BC and 8 BC; since
259:
After these actions, the Nubian front remained calm for a long time, so the legions could be employed otherwise. The legionaries were used not only as soldiers, but also as workers, as some of them were sent to the granite mines of
1281:
1296:
1276:
439:. According to Peter Schafer's 2003 book "The disappearance of the Legio XXII Deiotariana in connection with the Bar Kokhba Revolt is uncertain and not generally accepted as fact." Evidence from
1291:
444:
plausible explanation to the legion's disappearance. According to Isaac and Roll , the fact the inscription was apparently deliberately erased was an intentional
203:. These two legions had the role of garrisoning the Egyptian province from threats both within and without, given the multi-ethnic nature of Alexandria.
230:). The campaign came quickly to a halt (25 BC) because of the heavy losses in the troops (Romans, Hebrews and Nabateans), due to hunger and epidemics.
881:
448:
because of Legio XXII's defeat. However, according to Negev , the inscription may be attributed to either Legio
Ferrata or Legio Deiotariana.
281:
1286:
792:
834:
813:
424:
was not included. Whether the legion was disbanded on administrative grounds or was destroyed during conflict remains uncertain.
755:
1271:
788:
730:
264:. Other legionaries were sent in the deepest south of the Egyptian province and scratched their names on the stones of the
736:
941:
134:
976:
874:
931:
911:
395:
720:
697:
674:
649:
624:
599:
574:
545:
520:
495:
1216:
981:
123:
1236:
1011:
531:
506:
387:
367:
304:
1266:
1186:
345:
341:
312:
138:
1231:
1051:
1026:
867:
750:
127:
185:
398:", Flavius Vespasianus senior returned to Italy to conquer the imperial throne after Nero's death and
1176:
560:
293:
1181:
1161:
1061:
1021:
921:
197:
193:
142:
58:
1211:
1126:
1086:
1046:
966:
327:
212:
166:
17:
402:'s rebellion. The Twenty-second sided with Flavius Vespasianus, who eventually became emperor.
386:
of 1,000 legionaries of the XXII, and 15,000 soldiers from the
Eastern allies, and started the
1191:
1166:
1141:
1136:
1116:
1101:
1071:
1041:
1031:
1016:
1006:
991:
961:
946:
916:
906:
830:
809:
445:
440:
432:
334:
320:
265:
150:
62:
1171:
1156:
1131:
1121:
1111:
1106:
1096:
1091:
1056:
1036:
1001:
986:
971:
956:
951:
901:
481:
436:
145:, the surviving soldiers of Deiotarus’s army formed a single legion, which marched besides
1221:
1076:
1066:
996:
936:
827:
The Bar Kokhba War
Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Second Jewish Revolt Against Rome
285:
261:
245:
178:
174:
292:, allied to the Romans. After gaining Armenia in 60 and losing it in 62, the Romans sent
1146:
154:
107:
1260:
1081:
926:
207:
146:
890:
556:
256:, which was sacked in 22 BC. It is highly probable that XXII fought in these wars.
222:
170:
95:
54:
420:
is from the year 119. In 145, when a list of all existing legions was made, XXII
1201:
711:
688:
665:
640:
615:
590:
565:
536:
511:
486:
241:
30:
1196:
383:
237:
189:
115:
39:
1206:
660:
635:
610:
585:
363:
359:
70:
169:
in 25 BC, Deiotarus' successor, the
Galatian kingdom was absorbed into the
248:, obtained reinforcements, and after blocking the Nubians, marched up the
1151:
300:
66:
43:
289:
234:
99:
74:
35:
406:
352:
253:
233:
The losses were not recovered, so in 23 BC the
Nubians, led by queen
111:
103:
399:
391:
227:
217:
29:
859:
277:
249:
91:
1282:
Military units and formations established in the 1st century BC
863:
362:. After the ignominious defeat of the legatus of Syria in 66,
355:
413:, even if this was its unofficial name since Claudian times.
240:, took the initiative and attacked the Romans moving towards
61:, founded ca. 48 BC and disbanded or destroyed during the
114:
in 63 BC, who named him king of all the Celtic tribes of
851:
The Second Jewish Revolt: The Bar Kokhba War, 132-136 CE
1297:
Military units and factions of the Bar Kokhba revolt
1277:
1st-century BC establishments in the Roman
Republic
394:(better known as Titus) in 70. In fact in 69, the "
38:, showing the Legio XXII Deiotariana, stationed at
216:(praefectus of Egypt), led a campaign against the
806:Legions and veterans: Roman army papers 1971–2000
344:to a compromise peace in 63, whereby his brother
34:Map of the Roman empire in AD 125, under emperor
348:would become king of Armenia as a Roman client.
90:The legion was levied by Deiotarus, king of the
875:
8:
729:All members are found in inscriptions from
390:in 69, which would be completed by his son
1292:130s disestablishments in the Roman Empire
882:
868:
860:
126:, and contributed to Roman victory in the
53:("Deiotarus' Twenty-Second Legion") was a
455:
767:
181:, the legion received the number XXII.
149:during his victorious campaign against
845:
843:
409:, the legion was officially known as
7:
431:suffered serious losses during the
427:It is generally proposed that XXII
288:, which had invaded the kingdom of
118:, which were collectively known as
184:The Twenty-second was assigned to
106:. Deiotarus became an ally of the
25:
46:province, from 8 BC to ca. 123 AD
1245:
416:The last certain record of XXII
18:Demise of Legio XXII Deiotariana
756:History of the Romans in Arabia
315:. Corbulo, with the legions XV
244:. The new praefectus of Egypt,
1:
358:killed the Roman garrison in
153:, and fought with him in the
582:Tiberius Claudius Telesinus
942:Legio I Macriana liberatrix
682:Marcus Pontius Saburianus
1313:
977:Legio II Flavia Constantia
607:Gaius Ramnius Cypronianus
284:(55–63) against the
1243:
932:Legio I Isaura Sagittaria
912:Legio I Flavia Constantia
897:
396:year of the four emperors
370:in 67 with the legions V
252:to the Nubian capital of
77:. Its emblem is unknown.
1217:Legio XX Valeria Victrix
982:Legio II Flavia Virtutis
553:Lucius Decrius Longinus
528:Lucius Baebius Iuncinus
124:Mithridates VI of Pontus
42:(Alexandria, Egypt), in
1237:Legio XXX Ulpia Victrix
1012:Legio II Traiana Fortis
804:L. J. F. Keppie (2000)
532:Tribunus angusticlavius
507:Tribunus angusticlavius
1287:First Jewish–Roman War
1227:Legio XXII Deiotariana
1187:Legio XVI Flavia Firma
808:Franz Steiner Verlag,
705:Titus Gavidius Primus
392:T. Flavius Vespasianus
364:T. Flavius Vespasianus
342:Vologases I of Parthia
280:, the Romans fought a
139:Pharnaces II of Pontus
65:of 132–136. Its
51:Legio XXII Deiotariana
47:
1272:40s BC establishments
1232:Legio XXII Primigenia
1052:Legio IV Flavia Felix
1027:Legio III Diocletiana
825:Peter Schäfer (2003)
751:List of Roman legions
503:Julius Mithridaticus
128:Third Mithridatic War
33:
1177:Legio XV Apollinaris
561:Praefectus castrorum
305:Cn. Domitius Corbulo
220:and another to find
86:Origin of the legion
1182:Legio XV Primigenia
1162:Legio XII Fulminata
1062:Legio IV Macedonica
1022:Legio III Cyrenaica
922:Legio I Illyricorum
457:
73:, a Celtic king of
59:Imperial Roman army
1212:Legio XX Siciliana
1127:Legio VIII Augusta
1087:Legio V Macedonica
1047:Legio III Parthica
967:Legio II Armeniaca
853:. p. 200-201.
657:Valerius Fadianus
632:Caesellius Fuscus
456:
388:siege of Jerusalem
213:praefectus Aegypti
161:Early history (BC)
48:
1254:
1253:
1192:Legio XVI Gallica
1167:Legio XIII Gemina
1142:Legio X Fretensis
1137:Legio X Equestris
1117:Legio VII Claudia
1102:Legio VI Herculia
1072:Legio IV Scythica
1042:Legio III Italica
1032:Legio III Gallica
1017:Legio III Augusta
1007:Legio II Parthica
992:Legio II Herculia
962:Legio II Adiutrix
947:Legio I Maximiana
917:Legio I Germanica
907:Legio I Armeniaca
778:(1957), pp. 88-90
776:The Roman Legions
727:
726:
446:damnatio memoriae
441:Caesarea Maritima
340:and XXII, forced
266:Colossi of Memnon
63:Bar Kokhba revolt
16:(Redirected from
1304:
1249:
1248:
1172:Legio XIV Gemina
1157:Legio XI Claudia
1132:Legio IX Hispana
1122:Legio VII Gemina
1112:Legio VI Victrix
1107:Legio VI Hispana
1097:Legio VI Ferrata
1092:Legio V Parthica
1057:Legio IV Italica
1037:Legio III Isaura
1002:Legio II Italica
987:Legio II Gallica
972:Legio II Augusta
957:Legio I Parthica
952:Legio I Minervia
902:Legio I Adiutrix
884:
877:
870:
861:
854:
847:
838:
823:
817:
816:pp. 228–229
802:
796:
785:
779:
772:
482:Legatus legionis
458:
452:Attested members
437:Simon bar Kokhba
433:Jewish rebellion
196:) together with
165:On the death of
21:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1222:Legio XXI Rapax
1077:Legio V Alaudae
1067:Legio IV Martia
997:Legio II Isaura
937:Legio I Italica
893:
888:
858:
857:
849:Mor, M. (2016)
848:
841:
824:
820:
803:
799:
795:= ILS 2288
786:
782:
773:
769:
764:
747:
620:30 BC - AD 200
454:
286:Parthian Empire
274:
262:Mons Claudianus
246:Gaius Petronius
218:Nubian kingdoms
175:Caesar Augustus
163:
98:, who lived in
88:
83:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1310:
1308:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1259:
1258:
1252:
1251:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1147:Legio X Gemina
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
898:
895:
894:
889:
887:
886:
879:
872:
864:
856:
855:
839:
818:
797:
780:
766:
765:
763:
760:
759:
758:
753:
746:
743:
725:
724:
717:
714:
709:
706:
702:
701:
694:
691:
686:
683:
679:
678:
671:
668:
663:
658:
654:
653:
646:
643:
638:
633:
629:
628:
625:AE 1989, 00758
621:
618:
613:
608:
604:
603:
596:
593:
588:
583:
579:
578:
575:AE 1913, 00215
571:
568:
563:
554:
550:
549:
542:
539:
534:
529:
525:
524:
517:
514:
509:
504:
500:
499:
492:
489:
484:
479:
475:
474:
471:
468:
465:
462:
453:
450:
273:
270:
162:
159:
155:Battle of Zela
108:Roman Republic
87:
84:
82:
81:Legion history
79:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1309:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1267:Roman legions
1265:
1264:
1262:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1082:Legio V Iovia
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
928:
927:Legio I Iovia
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
899:
896:
892:
891:Roman legions
885:
880:
878:
873:
871:
866:
865:
862:
852:
846:
844:
840:
836:
835:3-16-148076-7
832:
829:Mohr Siebeck
828:
822:
819:
815:
814:3-515-07744-8
811:
807:
801:
798:
794:
791:
790:
784:
781:
777:
771:
768:
761:
757:
754:
752:
749:
748:
744:
742:
740:
739:
734:
733:
723:
722:
721:CIL 03, 06602
718:
715:
713:
710:
707:
704:
703:
700:
699:
698:CIL 03, 06598
695:
692:
690:
687:
684:
681:
680:
677:
676:
675:CIL 03, 06602
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
656:
655:
652:
651:
650:CIL 03, 06598
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
631:
630:
627:
626:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
606:
605:
602:
601:
600:CIL 06, 03583
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
581:
580:
577:
576:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
558:
555:
552:
551:
548:
547:
546:CIL 10, 06976
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
527:
526:
523:
522:
521:CIL 03, 00060
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
502:
501:
498:
497:
496:CIL 14, 02962
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
477:
476:
472:
469:
466:
463:
460:
459:
451:
449:
447:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
414:
412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
338:
332:
331:
325:
324:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:
291:
287:
283:
279:
272:Later history
271:
269:
267:
263:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
236:
231:
229:
225:
224:
219:
215:
214:
209:
208:Aelius Gallus
204:
202:
201:
195:
191:
187:
182:
180:
176:
172:
168:
160:
158:
156:
152:
148:
147:Julius Caesar
144:
140:
137:against king
136:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
94:tribe of the
93:
85:
80:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
45:
41:
37:
32:
19:
1226:
850:
826:
821:
805:
800:
787:
783:
775:
770:
737:
731:
728:
719:
696:
673:
648:
623:
598:
573:
557:Primus pilus
544:
519:
494:
428:
426:
421:
417:
415:
410:
404:
379:
375:
371:
350:
336:
329:
322:
316:
308:
295:
275:
258:
232:
223:Arabia Felix
221:
211:
205:
199:
183:
177:had already
171:Roman Empire
164:
135:heavy defeat
132:
119:
96:Tolistobogii
89:
50:
49:
27:Roman legion
1202:Legio XVIII
837:p. 118
570:AD 101-140
429:Deiotariana
422:Deiotariana
418:Deiotariana
411:Deiotariana
380:Apollinaris
366:entered in
317:Apollinaris
296:Apollinaris
242:Elephantine
110:'s general
69:comes from
1261:Categories
1197:Legio XVII
595:AD 51-100
384:vexillatio
372:Macedonica
330:Macedonica
238:Amanirenas
206:In 26 BC,
190:Alexandria
179:21 legions
116:Asia minor
40:Alexandria
1207:Legio XIX
762:Footnotes
661:Centurion
636:Centurion
611:Centurion
586:Centurion
541:AD 69-79
491:47-25 BC
467:Province
376:Fretensis
360:Jerusalem
346:Tiridates
337:Fretensis
200:Cyrenaica
186:Nicopolis
157:(47 BC).
143:Nicopolis
120:Galatians
102:, modern
71:Deiotarus
1152:Legio XI
793:VI, 3492
774:Parker,
745:See also
712:Aegyptus
689:Aegyptus
666:Aegyptus
641:Aegyptus
616:Aegyptus
591:Aegyptus
566:Aegyptus
537:Aegyptus
512:Aegyptus
487:Aegyptus
301:Pannonia
282:campaign
194:Aegyptus
133:After a
67:cognomen
44:Aegyptus
473:Source
470:Dating
351:In 66,
323:Gallica
309:legatus
290:Armenia
235:Candace
167:Amyntas
100:Galatia
75:Galatia
57:of the
36:Hadrian
833:
812:
708:Pedes
685:Pedes
478:Rufus
407:Trajan
405:Under
382:, one
368:Iudaea
353:Zealot
276:Under
254:Napata
188:(next
151:Pontus
112:Pompey
104:Turkey
92:Celtic
55:legion
464:Rank
461:Name
400:Galba
378:, XV
313:Syria
299:from
228:Yemen
192:, in
141:near
831:ISBN
810:ISBN
735:and
559:and
374:, X
356:Jews
321:III
278:Nero
250:Nile
198:III
789:CIL
732:CIL
435:of
311:of
303:to
294:XV
1263::
842:^
741:.
738:AE
716:?
693:?
670:?
645:?
516:?
335:X
333:,
328:V
326:,
319:,
307:,
268:.
210:,
130:.
883:e
876:t
869:v
226:(
20:)
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