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224:
49:
1020:. The size of the black mamba and its ability to raise its head a large distance from the ground enables it to launch as much as 40% of its body length upwards, so mamba bites to humans can occur on the upper body. The black mamba's reputation for being ready to attack is exaggerated; it is usually provoked by perceived threats such as the blocking of its movements and ability to retreat. The species' reputed speed has also been exaggerated; it cannot move more quickly than 20 km/h (12 mph).
980:
1029:
756:
340:; mature specimens generally exceed 2 m (6 ft 7 in) and commonly grow to 3 m (9.8 ft). Specimens of 4.3 to 4.5 m (14 to 15 ft) have been reported. Its skin colour varies from grey to dark brown. Juvenile black mambas tend to be paler than adults and darken with age. Despite the common name, the skin of a black mamba is not black; the color name describes rather the inside of its mouth, which it displays when feeling threatened.
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93:
68:
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rural
Zimbabwe in 1991 and 1992 revealed 274 cases of snakebite, of which 5 died. Black mambas were confirmed in 15 cases, of which 2 died. The peak period for deaths is the species' breeding season from September to February, during which black mambas are most irritable. Bites are very rare outside Africa; snake handlers and enthusiasts are the usual victims.
1257:, drowsiness and loss of consciousness, and respiratory paralysis. Other more general symptoms include nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, sweating, salivation, goosebumps and red eyes. The bite of a black mamba can cause collapse in humans within 45 minutes. Without appropriate antivenom treatment, symptoms typically progress to
1417:
Scientific
Services and acting managing executive, survived the bite of a black mamba without antivenom in 1998. Despite the hospital physicians having declared it a "moderate" envenomation, Pienaar lapsed into a coma at one point and his prognosis was declared "poor". Upon arrival at the hospital,
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The black mamba's breeding season spans from
September to February, following the drop in temperature which occurs from April to June. Rival males compete by wrestling, attempting to subdue each other by intertwining their bodies and wrestling with their necks. Some observers have mistaken this for
1175:
antivenom that had no effect on black mamba venom, and 15 of 35 people who received the antivenom died. A mamba-specific antivenom was introduced in 1962, followed by a fully polyvalent antivenom in 1971. Over this period, 5 of 38 people bitten by black mambas and given antivenom died. A census in
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of 6–17 eggs. The eggs are elongated oval in shape, typically 60–80 mm (2.4–3.1 in) long and 30–36 mm (1.2–1.4 in) in diameter. When hatched, the young range from 40–60 cm (16–24 in) in length. They may grow quickly, reaching 2 m (6 ft 7 in) after their
796:
but are rarely black. The scales of some individuals may have a purplish sheen. Individuals occasionally display dark mottling towards the posterior, which may appear in the form of diagonal crossbands. Black mambas have greyish-white underbellies. The common name is derived from the appearance of
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The black mamba is a long, slender, cylindrical snake. It has a coffin-shaped head with a somewhat pronounced brow ridge and a medium-sized eyes. The adult snake's length typically ranges from 2 to 3 m (6 ft 7 in to 9 ft 10 in) but specimens have grown to lengths of 4.3 to
1006:
Skittish and often unpredictable, the black mamba is agile and can move quickly. In the wild, black mambas seldom tolerate humans approaching more closely than about 40 metres (130 ft). When it perceives a threat, it retreats into brush or a hole. When confronted, it is likely to engage in a
958:
The species prefers moderately dry environments such as light woodland and scrub, rocky outcrops and semi-arid savanna. It also inhabits moist savanna and lowland forests. It is not commonly found at altitudes above 1,000 m (3,300 ft), although its distribution does include locations at
3198:
Ainsworth, Stuart; Petras, Daniel; Engmark, Mikael; Süssmuth, Roderich D.; Whiteley, Gareth; Albulescu, Laura-Oana; Kazandjian, Taline D.; Wagstaff, Simon C.; Rowley, Paul; Wüster, Wolfgang; Dorrestein, Pieter C.; Arias, Ana Silvia; Gutiérrez, José M.; Harrison, Robert A.; Casewell, Nicholas R.;
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or dassie, and in some tribal languages, its name even means "dassie catcher". The black mamba does not typically hold onto its prey after biting; rather it releases its quarry and waits for it to succumb to paralysis and death before it is swallowed. The snake's potent digestive system has been
784:
making up 17–25% of its body length. The body mass of black mambas has been reported to be about 1.6 kg (3.5 lb), although a study of seven black mambas found an average weight of 1.03 kg (2.3 lb), ranging from 520 g (18 oz) for a specimen of 1.01 m (3 ft
797:
the inside of the mouth, dark bluish-grey to nearly black. Mamba eyes range between greyish-brown and shades of black; the pupil is surrounded by a silvery-white or yellow colour. Juvenile snakes are lighter in colour than adults; these are typically grey or olive green and darken as they age.
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The composition of black mamba venom differs markedly from those of other mambas, all of which contain predominantly three-finger toxin agents. It is thought this may reflect the preferred prey items – small mammals for the mainly land-dwelling black mamba versus birds for the other
1037:
courtship. During mating, the male will slither over the dorsal side of the female while flicking his tongue. The female will signal her readiness to mate by lifting her tail and staying still. The male will then coil himself around the posterior end of the female and align his tail
1187:, and the only initial symptom may be a tingling sensation in the area of the bite. The snake tends to bite repeatedly and let go, so there can be multiple puncture wounds. Its bite can deliver about 100–120 mg of venom on average; the maximum recorded dose is 400 mg. The
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while it was being put into a jar and first aid-trained staff who examined him determined he could carry on with lectures. He thought the snake had only brushed his hand. Layton complained of blurred vision within an hour of being bitten, and collapsed and died shortly
3004:
1171:. A survey in South Africa from 1957 to 1979 recorded 2,553 venomous snakebites, 75 of which were confirmed as being from black mambas. Of these 75 cases, 63 had symptoms of systemic envenomation and 21 died. Those bitten before 1962 received a
370:, the black mamba usually opens its inky-black mouth, spreads its narrow neck-flap and sometimes hisses. It is capable of striking at considerable range and may deliver a series of bites in rapid succession. Its venom is primarily composed of
3656:
2116:
2823:
Drabeck, Danielle H.; Dean, Antony M.; Jansa, Sharon A. (2015). "Why the honey badger don't care: Convergent evolution of venom-targeted nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in mammals that survive venomous snake bites".
3137:
Harrison, Robert A.; Oluoch, George O.; Ainsworth, Stuart; Alsolaiss, Jaffer; Bolton, Fiona; Arias, Ana-Silvia; Gutiérrez, Jose-María; Rowley, Paul; Kalya, Stephen; Ozwara, Hastings; Casewell, Nicholas R. (2017).
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The black mamba is the most feared snake in Africa because of its size, aggression, venom toxicity and speed of onset of symptoms following envenomation, and is classified as a snake of medical importance by the
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In
January 2022, a former newspaper office worker and farmer from Zimbabwe, Peter Dube, died after getting bitten by a black mamba, due to the hospital he was taken to not having any antivenom to treat
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4.5 m (14 ft 1 in to 14 ft 9 in). It is the longest species of venomous snake in Africa and the second-longest venomous snake species overall, exceeded in length only by the
2773:
1130:, which have some resistance to mamba venom and are often quick enough to evade a bite, will sometimes harass or take a black mamba for prey, and may pursue them in trees. The similarly predatory
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and is known to prey on birds and small mammals. Over suitable surfaces, it can move at speeds up to 16 km/h (10 mph) for short distances. Adult black mambas have few natural predators.
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1457:. Bleeding profusely, he did not seek medical attention, and except for intense pain and local swelling overnight, he was not affected. This led him to believe that either the snake gave him a "
955:. This observation, and a subsequent observation that identified a second specimen in the region in 1956, has not been confirmed and thus the snake's distribution in this area is inconclusive.
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snake (in which the venom glands are surgically removed), but Laita responded that it was not. Only later did Laita find that he had captured the snake biting his leg in a photograph.
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to the bite site, minimisation of movement of the victim and conveyance to a hospital or clinic as quickly as possible. The neurotoxic nature of black mamba venom means an arterial
3722:
2126:
3201:"The medical threat of mamba envenoming in sub-Saharan Africa revealed by genus-wide analysis of venom composition, toxicity and antivenomics profiling of available antivenoms"
535:
again split them into separate species. A 2016 genetic analysis showed the black and eastern green mambas are each other's closest relatives, and are more distantly related to
1512:
In
January 2023, a 17-year-old student from Zimbabwe died after being bitten by a black mamba. The snake had gone into a high school classroom while the students were outside.
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birds, estimated to weigh only 1.9–7.8% of the mamba's body mass. Nonetheless, anecdotes have indicated that large black mambas may infrequently attack large prey such as the
1007:
threat display, gaping to expose its black mouth and flicking its tongue. It also is likely to hiss and spread its neck into a hood similar to that of the cobras in the genus
3796:
3401:
Diochot, Sylvie; Baron, Anne; Salinas, Miguel; Douguet, Dominique; Scarzello, Sabine; Dabert-Gay, Anne-Sophie; Debayle, Delphine; Friend, Valérie; Alloui, Abdelkrim (2012).
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are verified predators of adult black mambas, of up to at least 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in). Other eagles known to hunt or at least consume grown black mambas include
1426:
for 3 days. He was released from the hospital on the fifth day. Remaining calm after being bitten increased his chances of survival, as did the application of a tourniquet.
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is administered. Despite its reputation as a formidable and highly aggressive species, the black mamba attacks humans only if it is threatened or cornered. It is rated as
3749:
2664:
995:. On the ground, it moves with its head and neck raised, and typically uses termite mounds, abandoned burrows, rock crevices and tree cracks as shelter. Black mambas are
1476:. After an attempt at using traditional medicine, they placed her on a motorcycle and conveyed her 45 minutes to the nearest hospital, which had antivenom. She survived.
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Snakes of
Medical Importance include those with highly dangerous venom resulting in high rates of morbidity and mortality, or those that are common agents in snakebite.
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first year. Juvenile black mambas are very apprehensive and can be deadly like the adults. The black mamba is recorded to live up to 11 years and may live longer.
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1505:. His initial condition was very serious, but he was able to recover after extensive treatment involving the administering of antivenom and respiratory support.
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The black mamba usually hunts from a permanent lair, to which it will regularly return if there is no disturbance. It mostly preys on small vertebrates such as
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The number and pattern of scales on a snake's body are a key element of identification to species level. The black mamba has between 23 and 25 rows of
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4010:
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4198:
3567:
Sánchez, Andrés (2017). "Expanding the neutralization scope of the EchiTAb-plus-ICP antivenom to include venoms of elapids from
Southern Africa".
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1632:
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During the threat display, any sudden movement by the intruder may provoke the snake into performing a series of rapid strikes, leading to severe
3281:
Laustsen, Andreas
Hougaard; Lomonte, Bruno; Lohse, Brian; Fernández, Julián; Gutiérrez, José María (2015). "Unveiling the nature of black mamba (
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is sometimes administered, though the main treatment is the administration of the appropriate antivenom. A polyvalent antivenom produced by the
2263:
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A black mamba in defensive posture. Like cobras, the black mamba can spread its neck into a hood to intimidate potential threats (shown here).
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American professional photographer Mark Laita was bitten on the leg by a black mamba during a photo-shoot of a black mamba at a facility in
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with the female's. Intromission may last longer than two hours and the pair remain motionless apart from occasional spasms from the male.
2696:
2300:"Is there an ontogenetic shift in mamba diet? Taxonomic confusion and dietary records for black and green mambas (Dendroaspis: Elapidae)"
4321:
3713:
3540:
532:
3140:"Preclinical antivenom-efficacy testing reveals potentially disturbing deficiencies of snakebite treatment capability in East Africa"
1461:" (a bite without injecting venom) or the heavy bleeding pushed the venom out. Some commenters on the story suggested that it was a
1089:, almost all recorded prey was rather small, largely consisting of rodents and similarly sized small or juvenile mammals as well as
3806:
3988:
3467:
Gutiérrez, José María; Calvete, Juan J.; Habib, Abdulrazaq G.; Harrison, Robert A.; Williams, David J.; Warrell, David A. (2017).
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and causing an excitatory effect, and are thought to cause symptoms such as sweating. Members of the three-finger family include
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Nathan Layton was bitten by a black mamba that had been found near his classroom at the
Southern African Wildlife College in
1209:, and symptoms often become apparent within 10 minutes. Early neurological signs that indicate severe envenomation include a
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3200:
1624:
508:. This was subsequently regarded as a subspecies and is no longer held to be distinct. In 1896, Belgian-British zoologist
223:
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In 2016, Kenyan woman
Cheposait Adomo was attacked by three black mambas, one of which bit her repeatedly on the leg, in
947:. The black mamba's distribution in parts of West Africa has been disputed. In 1954, the black mamba was recorded in the
3285:) venom through venomics and antivenom immunoprofiling: Identification of key toxin targets for antivenom development".
1480:
1414:
1289:
31:
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4 in) total length to 2.4 kg (5.3 lb) for a specimen of 2.57 m (8 ft 5 in) total length.
2121:
1876:. Vol. 3. Printed by order of the Trustees British Museum (Natural History). Department of Zoology. p. 437.
92:
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2890:"The Serengeti food web: empirical quantification and analysis of topological changes under increasing human impact"
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in the central and peripheral nervous system, causing a pain-inhibiting effect. There is research interest in their
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2321:
1736:
1401:
1272:(complete protein profile) of black mamba venom was assessed and published, revealing 41 distinct proteins and one
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4229:
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1397:
1168:
415:
4112:
2537:
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Branch, W.R.; Trape, J.-F.; Luiselli, L.; Spawls, S.; Penner, J.; Howell, K.; Msuya, C.A.; Ngalason, W. (2021).
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has been calculated at 0.32 and 0.33 mg/kg. Bites were often fatal before antivenom was widely available.
1147:
868:
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1,800 m (5,900 ft) in Kenya and 1,650 m (5,410 ft) in Zambia. It is rated as a species of
4011:"A snake, the deadly black mamba, snuck into a high school, bit and killed a student in Africa, reports say"
2396:
1841:"Über zwei Giftschlangen aus Afrika und über neue oder weniger bekannte Gattungen und Arten von Batrachiern"
1746:
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also has some resistance to mamba venom. The mechanism in both mammals is thought to be that their muscular
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509:
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in May 2019. He was several hours away from medical help and died before antivenom could be administered.
1325:
1082:
3287:
3205:
1321:
1199:
525:
451:
197:
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Nhachi, Charles FB; Kasilo, Ossy M. (1994). "Snake poisoning in rural Zimbabwe – A prospective study".
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do not bind snake alpha-neurotoxins. Black mambas have also been found amongst the stomach contents of
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3402:
3334:
2901:
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1948:
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of endangered species, based on its huge range across sub-Saharan Africa and no documented decline.
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1258:
1000:
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517:
399:
329:
57:
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1699:"Report on a collection of reptiles and fishes made by Dr. Kirk in the Zambesi and Nyassa Regions"
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1998:
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A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus
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568:
344:
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scales above, with the fourth and sometimes also the third one located under the eye, and 10-14
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1986:
1966:
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between 7 and 10 am and again from 2 to 4 pm. They may return daily to the same basking site.
411:
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1976:
1956:
1925:
1670:
1592:
1365:
1301:
816:
48:
4237:
2942:"Guidelines for the production, control and regulation of snake antivenom immunoglobulins"
2010:
1912:
Haagner, G. V.; Morgan, D. R. (1993). "The maintenance and propagation of the Black mamba
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1214:
1172:
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1038:
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501:
482:
3421:
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1952:
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1981:
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predominantly arboreal mambas. Unlike many snake species, black mamba venom has little
1210:
1155:
1139:
793:
769:
493:
367:
317:
2731:
Tsetlin, V. I. (2001). "Snake venom α-neurotoxins and other 'three-finger' proteins".
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4211:
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3378:
Snakes and Snakebite: Venomous snakes and management of snake bite in Southern Africa
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1583:
1297:
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1081:. They generally prefer warm-blooded prey but will also consume other snakes. In the
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529:
474:
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427:
387:
379:
77:
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17:
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3075:
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2425:
Håkansson, Thomas; Madsen, Thomas (1983). "On the Distribution of the Black Mamba (
2153:
1943:
Figueroa, A.; McKelvy, A. D.; Grismer, L. L.; Bell, C. D.; Lailvaux, S. P. (2016).
1494:
1446:
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is used to treat black mamba bites, and a new antivenom was being developed by the
1341:
1218:
1131:
1086:
1017:
936:
860:
500:
from a specimen in the museum of Genoa that had been collected by Italian explorer
3647:"Meet the man who stops Kruger's lions from wandering the streets of South Africa"
3582:
2839:
1806:"On reptiles and amphibians for Tanganyika Territory collected by C.J. P. Ionides"
3158:
1961:
1483:
judge Anton Steenkamp died after being bitten by a black mamba while on leave in
1472:, Kenya. People coming to her aid drove off the other snakes, hacking two with a
4172:
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3300:
3218:
1871:
1845:
Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussische Akademie des Wissenschaften zu Berlin
1840:
1805:
1698:
1305:
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1115:
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treatment for any suspected bite from a venomous snake is the application of a
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1385:
1313:
1309:
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1230:
1206:
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that often induce symptoms within ten minutes, and is frequently fatal unless
371:
360:
337:
4083:
3981:"Man Dies From Black Mamba Bite After Hospital Had No Antivenom To Treat Him"
3437:
3403:"Black mamba venom peptides target acid-sensing ion channels to abolish pain"
3350:
4146:
4015:
1419:
1377:
1349:
1333:
1234:
1151:
1127:
1090:
1045:
375:
104:
3822:"Snakes in a Frame: Mark Laita's Stunning Photographs of Slithering Beasts"
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3445:
3308:
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3177:
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3044:
2923:
2847:
2754:
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1990:
1413:
Danie Pienaar, who was at various times from at least 2009 to 2017 head of
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3000:
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2621:
Birds of prey of southern Africa: Their identification and life histories
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Specimens vary considerably in colour, including olive, yellowish-brown,
781:
419:
356:
352:
348:
321:
164:
144:
124:
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1501:
was bitten by a black mamba that was part of his personal collection of
776:
up to 6.5 mm (0.26 in) in length, located at the front of the
4164:
3569:
2826:
2770:"WATCH: Black mamba rescued after battling it out with feisty mongoose"
2452:
1498:
1473:
1442:
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inhibitors that cause muscle fasciculation. The venom has little or no
1254:
1238:
1179:
Unlike many venomous snake species, black mamba venom does not contain
952:
940:
904:
888:
884:
777:
505:
313:
231:
Distribution range of black mamba in red (grey areas are inconclusive)
134:
3918:"Black mamba bite: Judge died before anti-venom could be administered"
4177:
4107:
3950:"Ето как спасиха живота на д-р Георги Еленски, ухапан от черна мамба"
2388:
1484:
1250:
1222:
1078:
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924:
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of the black mamba was made in 1864 by German-born British zoologist
114:
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2444:
2322:"Kruger Park Times - Myths, facts and more about the Black Mamba..."
4151:
3074:
Závada, J.; Valenta, J.; Kopecký, O.; Stach, Z.; Leden, P. (2011).
2594:. National Parks Board of Trustees of the Republic of South Africa.
2590:
Pienaar, U. D. V., Haacke, W. D., & Jacobsen, N. H. G. (1966).
1547:
In two other cases, it was not clear which antivenom had been given
406:. A single specimen was one of many species of snake collected by
2634:"Kruger Park Birding: Eagles and Hawk-Eagles Birding Raptor Guide"
2037:
Spawls, Stephen; Howell, Kim; Drewes, Robert; Ashe, James (2017).
1354:
1316:. The most toxic components are the alpha-neurotoxins, which bind
1074:
1027:
978:
948:
892:
842:
789:
754:
174:
154:
1810:
Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College
1188:
1065:, particularly nestlings and fledglings, and small mammals like
1062:
1009:
773:
4138:
4058:
3114:
Field Guide to the Snakes and Other Reptiles of Southern Africa
1873:
Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Natural History)
528:
diagnosis that remained in force until 1946 when South African
1568:
1566:
1564:
1529:
A divided scale is one split down the midline into two scales.
1276:. The venom is composed of two main families of toxic agents,
1070:
2864:
Crocodiles: Their Natural History, Folklore, and Conservation
1241:(shortness of breath), difficulty handling saliva, an absent
1183:
enzymes. Its bites do not generally cause local swelling or
3764:"Black mamba killed Wing student in South Africa – inquest"
2538:
10.1580/1080-6032(1996)007[0133:BATOTM]2.3.CO;2
831:
below. Its eyes have 3 or occasionally 4 preocular and 2–5
336:
in 1864, it is the second-longest venomous snake after the
815:
at midbody, 248 to 281 ventral scales, 109 to 132 divided
2640:. Siyabona Africa: Your Informed African Travel Partner.
3885:"This Woman Survived One Of The Deadliest Snake Attacks"
473:) meaning "scale". The term "mamba" is derived from the
359:, rocky slopes and in some regions, dense forest. It is
2982:"Snakebite and the use of antivenom in southern Africa"
3797:"Portraits of snake charm worth elephant-killing bite"
1445:, South Africa. Layton was bitten by the snake on his
426:. The generic name of the species is derived from the
2796:"Voices of Botswana: honey badger versus black mamba"
1916:
at the Manyeleti Reptile Centre, Eastern Transvaal".
1098:
recorded to fully digest prey in eight to ten hours.
3711:
Borland, Sophie; Berger, Sebastian (11 March 2008).
2940:
WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization.
2888:
de Visser, S. N.; Freymann, B. P.; Olff, H. (2011).
2467:"Animal Diversity Web (ADW), University of Michigan"
2237:(Second ed.). HarperCollins. pp. 167–169.
1479:
Prominent South African anti-Apartheid activist and
1225:(constricted pupils), blurred or diminished vision,
489:("grass-cutter") because it supposedly clips grass.
4067:
1320:and hence block the action of acetylcholine at the
1265:and death. This typically occurs in 7 to 15 hours.
1106:Adult mambas have few natural predators aside from
3739:
3714:"UK student dies after snake bite in South Africa"
3712:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
2592:The Reptiles of the Kruger National Park (p. 223)
2298:Branch, W. R.; Haagner, G. V.; Shine, R. (1995).
2093:A complete guide to the snakes of southern Africa
1122:. Young snakes have been recorded as prey of the
2975:
2973:
2519:Hodgson, Peter S.; Davidson, Terence M. (1996).
2041:(2nd ed.). Bloomsbury. pp. 1201–1202.
780:. The tail of the species is long and thin, the
759:The black interior of the mouth of a black mamba
2361:. Government of South Australia. Archived from
2228:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2210:
1703:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
1598:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T177584A15627370.en
1280:(I and K) and (at a slightly lower proportion)
3333:Dreyer, S. B.; Dreyer, J. S. (November 2013).
2521:"Biology and treatment of the mamba snakebite"
2235:A Field Guide to the Snakes of Southern Africa
965:International Union for Conservation of Nature
384:International Union for Conservation of Nature
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3266:
2514:
8:
3335:"Snake Bite: A review of Current Literature"
2665:"Watch a Mongoose Swing From a Deadly Snake"
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2039:A Field Guide to the Reptiles of East Africa
1394:South African Institute for Medical Research
4050:Black mamba – Clinical Toxinology Resources
3339:East and Central African Journal of Surgery
2178:
2176:
1344:activity. Mambalgins act as inhibitors for
4055:
3741:"Student died after being bitten by snake"
3107:
3105:
2818:
2816:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
222:
66:
47:
38:
3487:
3226:
3167:
3157:
2913:
2536:
2293:
2291:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
1980:
1960:
1847:(in German). Jahre 1873 (1874): 411–418.
1596:
855:The black mamba inhabits a wide range in
807:Snake scale § Nomenclature of scales
3734:
3732:
3706:
3704:
3610:
3608:
3328:
3326:
2615:
2613:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2350:Hutchinson, Mark; Williams, Ian (2018).
2117:"Black Mamba | National Geographic"
2095:(New ed.). Struik. pp. 95–97.
999:; in South Africa, they are recorded to
2032:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
1633:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1560:
1522:
251:
2935:
2933:
2352:"Key to the Snakes of South Australia"
2331:from the original on 17 September 2020
2006:
1996:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1221:. Other neurological symptoms include
3897:from the original on 14 February 2019
3864:from the original on 23 December 2014
3834:from the original on 25 December 2014
3752:from the original on 12 January 2022.
3725:from the original on 12 January 2022.
3689:from the original on 12 February 2019
3659:from the original on 12 February 2019
3515:from the original on 25 November 2020
2958:from the original on 14 February 2020
2644:from the original on 15 November 2011
2638:Kruger National Park – Bird Education
2525:Wilderness and Environmental Medicine
2479:from the original on 29 November 2019
2258:
2256:
2254:
1880:from the original on 24 November 2020
1328:and hence paralysis. Fasciculins are
7:
3776:from the original on 9 February 2019
3548:from the original on 20 January 2018
2949:WHO Technical Report Series, No. 964
2867:. David & Charles. p. 195.
2161:from the original on 5 February 2021
1839:Peters, Wilhem Carl Hartwig (1873).
1678:from the original on 29 October 2015
1294:voltage-dependent potassium channels
1229:(a tingling sensation on the skin),
543:), as shown in the cladogram below.
4302:IUCN Red List least concern species
3679:"New head for Kruger National Park"
3541:University of California, San Diego
3251:from the original on 6 October 2020
2623:. Croom Helm, Beckenham (UK). 1983.
2272:. 10 September 2010. Archived from
2125:. 10 September 2010. Archived from
1947:. Vol. 11. pp. e0161070.
1584:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1032:Male black mambas engaged in combat
683:
607:
600:
593:
560:
553:
546:
3979:Osborne, Hannah (6 January 2022).
3854:"Black Mamba Bite: The Back Story"
3626:from the original on 26 April 2014
3376:Visser, J; Chapman, D. S. (1978).
2776:from the original on 22 March 2022
2572:from the original on 13 March 2020
2562:"True facts about the Black Mamba"
2560:Marais, Johan (10 December 2018).
2393:Australian Reptile Online Database
1930:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1993.tb03534.x
1713:from the original on 22 March 2019
457:is derived from the Ancient Greek
25:
3960:from the original on 13 July 2020
3883:McNeish, Hannah (11 April 2017).
3795:Hooper, Rowan (19 January 2012).
3357:from the original on 4 March 2016
2768:Kunene, Nompilo (16 March 2022).
2663:Gibbens, Sarah (3 October 2017).
2399:from the original on 2 March 2021
2233:FitzSimons, Vivian F. M. (1970).
1870:Boulenger, George Albert (1896).
1851:from the original on 25 July 2019
1820:from the original on 25 July 2019
1318:nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
1136:nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
4034:
3145:PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases
3010:from the original on 1 July 2020
2915:10.1111/j.1365-2656.2010.01787.x
2747:10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00623.x
2734:European Journal of Biochemistry
1775:"Definition of mamba in English"
1660:Uetz, Peter; Hallermann, Jakob.
873:Democratic Republic of the Congo
91:
3645:Wiggins, Clara (28 June 2017).
2189:. Facts on File, Inc. pp.
1253:(impaired voluntary movement),
410:, a naturalist who accompanied
290:Dendroaspis polylepis antinorii
254:Dendroaspis polylepis polylepis
4317:Reptiles of Sub-Saharan Africa
3916:Mitchley, Alex (22 May 2019).
3616:"Surviving a Black Mamba bite"
3476:Nature Reviews Disease Primers
2304:Herpetological Natural History
823:. Its mouth is lined with 7–8
424:Natural History Museum, London
388:Red List of Threatened Species
1:
3583:10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.11.259
3032:Journal of Applied Toxicology
2989:South African Medical Journal
2840:10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.03.007
1359:A black mamba swallowing prey
4327:Taxa named by Albert Günther
3159:10.1371/journal.pntd.0005969
1962:10.1371/journal.pone.0161070
1415:South African National Parks
32:Black mamba (disambiguation)
3301:10.1016/j.jprot.2015.02.002
3219:10.1016/j.jprot.2017.08.016
3116:. New Holland. p. 95.
2861:Guggisberg, C.A.W. (1972).
2772:. news24.com. The Witness.
2603:Jacobsen, N. H. G. (1985).
2566:African Snakebite Institute
2122:National Geographic Society
1429:In March 2008, 28-year-old
1284:. Dendrotoxins are akin to
1205:The venom is predominantly
772:(front-fanged) snake, with
492:In 1873, German naturalist
351:(tree-living); it inhabits
324:. It is native to parts of
4343:
4322:Reptiles described in 1864
2980:Christensen, P.A. (1981).
2389:"snake scale count search"
1918:International Zoo Yearbook
1804:Loveridge, Arthur (1951).
1402:Instituto Clodomiro Picado
1217:) and gradual symptoms of
1146:are known to fall prey to
804:
29:
3199:Calvete, Juan J. (2018).
2894:Journal of Animal Ecology
1398:Universidad de Costa Rica
1346:acid-sensing ion channels
1237:(difficulty swallowing),
1169:World Health Organization
1148:southern ground hornbills
1024:Reproduction and lifespan
705:
688:
681:
655:
629:
612:
605:
598:
591:
565:
558:
551:
416:Second Zambesi expedition
242:
235:
230:
221:
203:
196:
88:Scientific classification
86:
64:
55:
46:
41:
27:Species of venomous snake
2183:Mattison, Chris (1987).
1697:Günther, Albert (1864).
1418:Pienaar was immediately
987:The black mamba is both
869:Central African Republic
839:Distribution and habitat
504:in what is now northern
481:". In Tanzania, a local
320:belonging to the family
3380:. Purnell. p. 52.
2607:. CUM boeke, Roodepert.
2359:South Australian Museum
1747:Oxford University Press
1742:A Greek-English Lexicon
1263:cardiovascular collapse
768:. The black mamba is a
692:Dendroaspis angusticeps
633:Dendroaspis j. kaimosae
616:Dendroaspis j. jamesoni
522:Dendroaspis angusticeps
510:George Albert Boulenger
418:. This specimen is the
3469:"Snakebite envenoming"
3045:10.1002/jat.2550140308
2432:Journal of Herpetology
2091:Marais, Johan (2004).
1591:: e.T177584A15627370.
1360:
1326:neuromuscular blockade
1142:. Young mambas in the
1033:
984:
852:
760:
272:Dendraspis angusticeps
4113:dendroaspis-polylepis
4099:Dendroaspis polylepis
4069:Dendroaspis polylepis
3536:"Immediate First Aid"
3288:Journal of Proteomics
3283:Dendroaspis polylepis
3206:Journal of Proteomics
3112:Branch, Bill (1988).
3084:Prague Medical Report
3078:Dendroaspis Polylepis
2427:Dendroaspis polylepis
1914:Dendroaspis polylepis
1781:. OED. Archived from
1745:(Abridged ed.).
1733:Liddell, Henry George
1664:Dendroaspis polylepis
1627:Dendroaspis polylepis
1577:Dendroaspis polylepis
1358:
1322:postsynaptic membrane
1031:
982:
975:Behaviour and ecology
859:; its range includes
846:
758:
709:Dendroaspis polylepis
514:Dendroaspis polylepis
512:combined the species
465:) meaning "many" and
422:and is housed in the
310:Dendroaspis polylepis
207:Dendroaspis polylepis
18:Dendroaspis polylepis
3860:. 24 February 2013.
3772:. 13 December 2011.
3748:. 13 December 2011.
3620:Kruger National Park
3489:10.1038/nrdp.2017.63
3080:Bite: A Case Report"
2951:. pp. 224–226.
2697:"Mongoose Vs. Snake"
2472:Animal Diversity Web
2387:Macdonald, Stewart.
2325:www.krugerpark.co.za
2157:. 23 December 2014.
1497:Georgi Elenski from
1388:may be of benefit.
1213:, drooping eyelids (
1198:) when administered
1048:; the female lays a
849:Kruger National Park
847:Juvenile in a tree,
541:Dendroaspis jamesoni
516:as a whole with the
498:Dendraspis Antinorii
347:(ground-living) and
343:The species is both
281:Dendraspis antinorii
263:Dendraspis polylepis
30:For other uses, see
3809:on 21 January 2012.
3622:. Siyabona Africa.
3534:Davidson, Terence.
3430:10.1038/nature11494
3422:2012Natur.490..552D
2906:2011JAnEc..80..484D
2712:on 8 September 2018
2702:National Geographic
2677:on 8 September 2018
2670:National Geographic
2429:) in West Africa".
2269:National Geographic
2186:Snakes of the World
2149:"Black Mamba Facts"
1953:2016PLoSO..1161070F
1779:Oxford Dictionaries
1292:that interact with
1290:protease inhibitors
1282:three-finger toxins
1259:respiratory failure
1249:(muscle twitches),
1044:The black mamba is
659:Dendroaspis viridis
518:eastern green mamba
58:Conservation status
2619:Steyn, P. (1983).
1785:on 13 January 2017
1751:109, 154, 410, 575
1408:Notable bite cases
1361:
1330:anticholinesterase
1233:(slurred speech),
1192:median lethal dose
1112:Brown snake eagles
1034:
985:
857:sub-Saharan Africa
853:
761:
569:Ophiophagus hannah
400:formal description
326:sub-Saharan Africa
4289:
4288:
4251:Open Tree of Life
4061:Taxon identifiers
3858:Strange Behaviors
3685:. 22 April 2015.
3683:Africa Geographic
3416:(7421): 552–555.
3387:978-0-86843-011-9
3123:978-1-85368-112-7
2874:978-0-7153-5272-4
2244:978-0-00-212146-0
2200:978-0-8160-1082-0
2102:978-1-86872-932-6
2048:978-1-4729-3561-8
1972:978-0-643-10674-1
1760:978-0-19-910207-5
1470:West Pokot County
1261:, which leads to
833:postocular scales
747:
746:
738:
737:
729:
728:
720:
719:
670:
669:
644:
643:
580:
579:
533:Vivian FitzSimons
414:on the 1858–1864
412:David Livingstone
328:. First formally
302:
301:
295:
286:
277:
276:(Boulenger, 1896)
268:
259:
248:
189:D. polylepis
81:
16:(Redirected from
4334:
4312:Snakes of Africa
4282:
4281:
4272:
4271:
4259:
4258:
4246:
4245:
4233:
4232:
4220:
4219:
4207:
4206:
4194:
4193:
4181:
4180:
4168:
4167:
4155:
4154:
4142:
4141:
4129:
4128:
4116:
4115:
4103:
4102:
4101:
4088:
4087:
4086:
4056:
4044:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4021:
4020:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3991:on 24 March 2022
3987:. Archived from
3976:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3956:. 12 June 2020.
3946:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3926:. Archived from
3913:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3850:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3820:Gambino, Megan.
3817:
3811:
3810:
3805:. Archived from
3792:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3743:
3736:
3727:
3726:
3716:
3708:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3694:
3675:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3612:
3603:
3602:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3514:
3491:
3473:
3464:
3458:
3457:
3407:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3373:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3362:
3330:
3321:
3320:
3278:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3230:
3195:
3182:
3181:
3171:
3161:
3152:(10): e0005969.
3134:
3128:
3127:
3109:
3100:
3099:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3009:
2986:
2977:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2957:
2946:
2937:
2928:
2927:
2917:
2885:
2879:
2878:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2820:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2792:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2711:
2705:. Archived from
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2673:. Archived from
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2630:
2624:
2617:
2608:
2601:
2595:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2557:
2551:
2550:
2540:
2516:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2422:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2367:
2356:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2295:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2260:
2249:
2248:
2230:
2205:
2204:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2113:
2107:
2106:
2088:
2053:
2052:
2034:
2015:
2014:
2008:
2004:
2002:
1994:
1984:
1964:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1909:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1671:Reptile Database
1657:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1621:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1600:
1570:
1548:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1382:pressure bandage
1366:phospholipase A2
1302:alpha-neurotoxin
829:sublabial scales
819:, and a divided
817:subcaudal scales
782:caudal vertebrae
684:
608:
601:
594:
561:
554:
547:
452:specific epithet
293:
284:
275:
266:
257:
246:
226:
209:
96:
95:
75:
70:
69:
51:
39:
21:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4285:
4277:
4275:
4267:
4262:
4254:
4249:
4241:
4238:Observation.org
4236:
4228:
4223:
4215:
4210:
4202:
4197:
4189:
4184:
4176:
4171:
4163:
4158:
4150:
4145:
4137:
4132:
4124:
4119:
4111:
4106:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4063:
4040:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4025:
4024:
4009:
4008:
4004:
3994:
3992:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3963:
3961:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3933:
3931:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3900:
3898:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3867:
3865:
3852:
3851:
3847:
3837:
3835:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3794:
3793:
3789:
3779:
3777:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3738:
3737:
3730:
3710:
3709:
3702:
3692:
3690:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3662:
3660:
3652:The Independent
3644:
3643:
3639:
3629:
3627:
3614:
3613:
3606:
3566:
3565:
3561:
3551:
3549:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3471:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3405:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3388:
3375:
3374:
3370:
3360:
3358:
3332:
3331:
3324:
3280:
3279:
3264:
3254:
3252:
3197:
3196:
3185:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3111:
3110:
3103:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3028:
3027:
3023:
3013:
3011:
3007:
2995:(26): 934–938.
2984:
2979:
2978:
2971:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2944:
2939:
2938:
2931:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2875:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2822:
2821:
2814:
2804:
2802:
2794:
2793:
2789:
2779:
2777:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2680:
2678:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2647:
2645:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2618:
2611:
2602:
2598:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2559:
2558:
2554:
2518:
2517:
2492:
2482:
2480:
2465:
2464:
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2368:on 18 July 2019
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2129:on 1 March 2021
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2018:
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1156:hooded vultures
1140:Nile crocodiles
1124:Cape file snake
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809:
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770:proteroglyphous
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748:
739:
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671:
645:
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537:Jameson's mamba
502:Orazio Antinori
438:), "tree", and
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267:(Günther, 1864)
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258:(Günther, 1864)
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2007:|journal=
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1924:(1): 191–196.
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1490:In June 2020,
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1422:and placed on
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1390:Tetanus toxoid
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1268:In 2015, the
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380:least concern
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73:Least Concern
63:
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40:
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33:
19:
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4014:
4005:
3993:. Retrieved
3989:the original
3984:
3974:
3962:. Retrieved
3953:
3944:
3932:. Retrieved
3928:the original
3921:
3911:
3899:. Retrieved
3888:
3878:
3866:. Retrieved
3857:
3848:
3836:. Retrieved
3825:
3815:
3807:the original
3800:
3790:
3778:. Retrieved
3767:
3758:
3745:
3718:
3691:. Retrieved
3682:
3673:
3661:. Retrieved
3650:
3640:
3628:. Retrieved
3619:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3550:. Retrieved
3539:
3529:
3517:. Retrieved
3482:(1): 17063.
3479:
3475:
3462:
3413:
3409:
3396:
3377:
3371:
3359:. Retrieved
3345:(3): 45–52.
3342:
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3286:
3282:
3253:. Retrieved
3228:10261/279110
3210:
3204:
3149:
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3132:
3113:
3087:
3083:
3077:
3069:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3012:. Retrieved
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2988:
2960:. Retrieved
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2897:
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2883:
2865:
2862:
2856:
2834:(1): 68–72.
2831:
2825:
2803:. Retrieved
2800:Roxanne Reid
2799:
2790:
2778:. Retrieved
2763:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2714:. Retrieved
2707:the original
2700:
2691:
2679:. Retrieved
2675:the original
2668:
2658:
2646:. Retrieved
2637:
2628:
2620:
2605:Ons reptiele
2604:
2599:
2591:
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2574:. Retrieved
2565:
2555:
2528:
2524:
2481:. Retrieved
2470:
2461:
2436:
2430:
2426:
2401:. Retrieved
2392:
2382:
2370:. Retrieved
2363:the original
2358:
2345:
2333:. Retrieved
2324:
2316:
2307:
2303:
2278:. Retrieved
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1816:: 175–204 .
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1783:the original
1778:
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1715:. Retrieved
1709:: 303–314 .
1706:
1702:
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1682:10 September
1680:. Retrieved
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1636:. Retrieved
1626:
1602:. Retrieved
1588:
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1534:
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1495:veterinarian
1481:Labour Court
1447:index finger
1435:safari guide
1424:life support
1375:
1362:
1342:procoagulant
1338:haemorrhagic
1306:cardiotoxins
1278:dendrotoxins
1267:
1219:bulbar palsy
1204:
1178:
1165:
1132:honey badger
1116:tawny eagles
1105:
1087:South Africa
1060:
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1018:envenomation
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937:South Africa
861:Burkina Faso
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188:
187:
175:
42:Black mamba
36:
4307:Dendroaspis
4173:iNaturalist
4093:Wikispecies
3901:13 February
3827:Smithsonian
3693:10 February
3663:10 February
3519:8 September
3295:: 126–142.
3255:19 November
3213:: 173–189.
2716:7 September
2681:7 September
1855:10 November
1749:. pp.
1717:10 November
1638:12 December
1604:19 November
1450:afterwards.
1352:potential.
1310:fasciculins
1227:paresthesia
989:terrestrial
877:South Sudan
825:supralabial
751:Description
450:", and the
372:neurotoxins
345:terrestrial
306:black mamba
176:Dendroaspis
4296:Categories
3868:1 February
3838:1 February
3780:8 February
2372:8 February
2310:: 171–178.
2280:3 December
1884:16 October
1824:9 November
1789:11 January
1555:References
1439:Hoedspruit
1386:tourniquet
1334:haemolytic
1324:and cause
1314:mambalgins
1274:nucleoside
1243:gag reflex
1231:dysarthria
1207:neurotoxic
1173:polyvalent
1152:marsh owls
1095:rock hyrax
1079:bushbabies
951:region of
913:Mozambique
821:anal scale
805:See also:
766:king cobra
496:described
398:The first
338:king cobra
316:of highly
151:Suborder:
4269:polylepis
4016:USA Today
3577:: 59–64.
3438:0028-0836
3351:2073-9990
3245:217018550
2962:1 January
2335:28 August
2009:ignored (
1999:cite book
1492:Bulgarian
1420:intubated
1378:first aid
1376:Standard
1372:Treatment
1368:content.
1350:analgesic
1235:dysphagia
1144:Serengeti
1128:Mongooses
1102:Predation
1091:passerine
1083:Transvaal
1046:oviparous
967:(IUCN)'s
801:Scalation
455:polylepis
408:John Kirk
386:(IUCN)'s
376:antivenom
330:described
183:Species:
155:Serpentes
111:Kingdom:
105:Eukaryota
4191:10373938
4078:Wikidata
3995:24 March
3985:Newsweek
3958:Archived
3954:blitz.bg
3895:Archived
3890:HuffPost
3862:Archived
3832:Archived
3774:Archived
3769:BBC News
3750:Archived
3723:Archived
3687:Archived
3657:Archived
3630:26 April
3624:Archived
3599:24231215
3591:27890775
3546:Archived
3510:Archived
3498:28905944
3446:23034652
3355:Archived
3317:42454467
3309:25688917
3249:Archived
3237:28843532
3178:29045429
3096:22142525
3061:40171925
3005:Archived
2953:Archived
2924:21155772
2848:25796346
2780:23 March
2774:Archived
2755:10491072
2642:Archived
2570:Archived
2547:11990107
2477:Archived
2397:Archived
2329:Archived
2165:12 March
2159:Archived
2133:12 March
1991:27603205
1878:Archived
1849:Archived
1818:Archived
1739:(1980).
1711:Archived
1676:Archived
1463:venomoid
1459:dry bite
1433:trainee
1270:proteome
1185:necrosis
1181:protease
1085:area of
993:arboreal
969:Red List
933:Botswana
929:Zimbabwe
917:Eswatini
901:Tanzania
881:Ethiopia
865:Cameroon
794:gunmetal
485:name is
420:holotype
394:Taxonomy
357:woodland
353:savannah
349:arboreal
322:Elapidae
237:Synonyms
165:Elapidae
161:Family:
145:Squamata
135:Reptilia
125:Chordata
121:Phylum:
115:Animalia
101:Domain:
78:IUCN 3.1
4165:2469875
4084:Q188690
3964:11 July
3570:Toxicon
3506:4916503
3454:4337253
3418:Bibcode
3361:2 March
3169:5646754
3053:8083480
3014:7 March
3001:7244896
2902:Bibcode
2827:Toxicon
2710:(video)
2453:1563464
2191:84, 120
1982:5014348
1949:Bibcode
1499:Haskovo
1474:machete
1443:Limpopo
1431:British
1255:vertigo
1239:dyspnea
1075:hyraxes
1067:rodents
1057:Feeding
997:diurnal
963:on the
953:Senegal
941:Namibia
905:Burundi
889:Somalia
885:Eritrea
778:maxilla
526:lumping
506:Eritrea
436:δένδρον
432:dendron
382:on the
361:diurnal
314:species
312:) is a
214:Günther
171:Genus:
141:Order:
131:Class:
76: (
4279:190302
4276:uBio:
4256:109051
4217:177584
4204:700483
4152:DNDAPO
4139:795080
4108:ARKive
3934:24 May
3923:News24
3597:
3589:
3552:12 May
3504:
3496:
3452:
3444:
3436:
3410:Nature
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3349:
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3176:
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2576:5 June
2545:
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2241:
2197:
2099:
2045:
1989:
1979:
1969:
1757:
1485:Zambia
1288:-type
1286:kunitz
1251:ataxia
1223:miosis
1215:ptosis
1189:murine
1050:clutch
945:Angola
943:, and
925:Zambia
921:Malawi
909:Rwanda
897:Uganda
483:Ngindo
479:imamba
477:word "
430:words
216:, 1864
4243:83260
4186:IRMNG
4178:30405
4126:34M6Q
3595:S2CID
3513:(PDF)
3502:S2CID
3472:(PDF)
3450:S2CID
3406:(PDF)
3313:S2CID
3241:S2CID
3057:S2CID
3008:(PDF)
2985:(PDF)
2956:(PDF)
2945:(PDF)
2805:1 May
2483:3 May
2449:JSTOR
2403:3 May
2366:(PDF)
2355:(PDF)
1517:Notes
1162:Venom
1063:birds
949:Dakar
893:Kenya
790:khaki
774:fangs
524:), a
471:λεπίς
467:lepis
444:ἀσπίς
440:aspis
366:In a
4230:8624
4225:NCBI
4212:IUCN
4199:ITIS
4160:GBIF
4147:EPPO
3997:2022
3966:2020
3936:2019
3903:2019
3870:2015
3840:2015
3782:2019
3695:2019
3665:2019
3632:2014
3587:PMID
3554:2010
3521:2020
3494:PMID
3442:PMID
3434:ISSN
3382:ISBN
3363:2015
3347:ISSN
3305:PMID
3257:2021
3233:PMID
3174:PMID
3118:ISBN
3092:PMID
3049:PMID
3016:2019
2997:PMID
2964:2019
2920:PMID
2869:ISBN
2844:PMID
2807:2019
2782:2022
2751:PMID
2718:2018
2683:2018
2650:2019
2578:2019
2543:PMID
2485:2020
2405:2019
2374:2019
2337:2020
2282:2010
2239:ISBN
2195:ISBN
2167:2021
2135:2021
2097:ISBN
2043:ISBN
2011:help
1987:PMID
1967:ISBN
1886:2017
1857:2017
1826:2017
1791:2017
1755:ISBN
1719:2017
1707:1864
1684:2018
1640:2013
1606:2021
1589:2021
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1312:and
1154:and
1118:and
1077:and
1071:bats
1010:Naja
1001:bask
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463:πολύ
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247:List
4134:EoL
4121:CoL
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