490:
1275:). Based on this biologic process, it was thought that loading an implant during the osseointegration period would result in movement that would prevent osseointegration, and thus increase implant failure rates. As a result, three to six months of integrating time (depending on various factors) was allowed before placing the teeth on implants (restoring them). However, later research suggests that the initial stability of the implant in bone is a more important determinant of success of implant integration, rather than a certain period of healing time. As a result, the time allowed to heal is typically based on the density of bone the implant is placed in and the number of implants splinted together, rather than a uniform amount of time. When implants can withstand high torque (35
415:, removing bone in the direction of travel of the tooth and adding it to the space created. In order to generate a force on a tooth, an anchor point (something that will not move) is needed. Since implants do not have a periodontal ligament, and bone remodelling will not be stimulated when tension is applied, they are ideal anchor points in orthodontics. Typically, implants designed for orthodontic movement are small and do not fully osseointegrate, allowing easy removal following treatment. They are indicated when needing to shorten treatment time, or as an alternative to extra-oral anchorage. Mini-implants are frequently placed between the roots of teeth, but may also be sited in the roof of the mouth. They are then connected to a fixed brace to help move the teeth.
1674:
to the teeth with screws, but more recent advancements have allowed placement of crowns on the abutments with dental cement (akin to placing a crown on a tooth). This has created the potential for cement, that escapes from under the crown during cementation to get caught in the gingiva and create a peri-implantitis (see picture below). While the complication can occur, there does not appear to be any additional peri-implantitis in cement-retained crowns compared to screw-retained crowns overall. In compound implants (two stage implants), between the actual implant and the superstructure (abutment) are gaps and cavities into which bacteria can penetrate from the oral cavity. Later these bacteria will return into the adjacent tissue and can cause periimplantitis.
1467:
624:
962:
1140:
1128:
1323:
610:
815:
1337:
976:
510:
1806:
801:
1198:
the treatment time till the graft matures. Compared with invasive bone augmentation surgery, orthodontic tooth movement has the capacity to regenerate the deficient alveolar ridge and create adequate bone volume for implant placement. This is particularly useful when restoring one or two missing teeth with implants; however, the orthodontic implant site-switching technique can only be used when there is an edentulous area adjacent to healthy teeth that can be moved orthodontically into the edentulous site and generate healthy bone volume for implant placement.
990:
596:
829:
247:
374:(or fixed denture) is a group of teeth secured to dental implants so the prosthetic cannot be removed by the user. They are similar to conventional bridges, except that the prosthesis is supported and retained by one or more implants instead of natural teeth. Bridges typically connect to more than one implant and may also connect to teeth as anchor points. Typically the number of teeth will outnumber the anchor points with the teeth that are directly over the implants referred to as abutments and those between abutments referred to as
462:
1551:
1537:
450:
275:
1351:
787:
1481:
773:
394:) is a removable prosthesis which replaces teeth, using implants to improve support, retention and stability. They are most commonly complete dentures (as opposed to partial), used to restore edentulous dental arches. The dental prosthesis can be disconnected from the implant abutments with finger pressure by the wearer. To enable this, the abutment is shaped as a small connector (a button, ball, bar or magnet) which can be connected to analogous adapters in the underside of the dental prosthesis.
1797:
261:
95:
750:
on steroids, those on more potent bisphosphonates and people who have taken the drug for more than three years. The position paper recommends against placing implants in people who are taking high-dose or high-frequency intravenous therapy for cancer care. Otherwise, implants can generally be placed and the use of bisphosphonates does not appear to affect implant survival. Additional precaution can be taken by administering pentoxifylline and
1495:
1814:
1523:
1509:
42:
1853:
evidence of osseointegration and lasted for a number of years. The first use of titanium as an implantable material was by Bothe, Beaton and
Davenport in 1940, who observed how close the bone grew to titanium screws, and the difficulty they had in extracting them. Bothe et al. were the first researchers to describe what would later be called osseointegration (a name that would be marketed later on by
1789:
1593:). When this healing process is complete, the initial mechanical stability becomes biological stability. Primary stability is critical to implantation success until bone regrowth maximizes mechanical and biological support of the implant. Regrowth usually occurs during the 3–4 weeks after implantation. Insufficient primary stability, or high initial implant mobility, can lead to failure.
1678:
function of at least five years in the absence of pain, mobility, radiographic lucency and peri-implant bone loss of greater than 1.5 mm on the implant, the lack of suppuration or bleeding in the soft tissues and occurrence of technical complications/prosthetic maintenance, adequate function, and esthetics in the prosthetic. In addition, the patient should ideally be free of pain,
378:. Implant supported bridges attach to implant abutments in the same way as a single tooth implant replacement. A fixed bridge may replace as few as two teeth (also known as a fixed partial denture) and may extend to replace an entire arch of teeth (also known as a fixed full denture). In both cases, the prosthesis is said to be fixed because it cannot be removed by the denture wearer.
1372:
but enough retention to improve the quality of life for denture wearers, compared to conventional dentures. Regardless of the type of adapter, the female portion of the adapter that is housed in the denture will require periodic replacement, however the number and adapter type does not seem to affect patient satisfaction with the prosthetic for various removable alternatives.
522:
1364:
attachments to hold the denture in place. Significant retention can be created with multiple attachments and the use of semi-precision attachments (such as a small diameter pin that pushes through the denture and into the bar) which allows for little or no movement in the denture, but it remains removable. However, the same four implants angled in such a way to distribute
1893:, in the 1950s, was one of the first to insert titanium and other metal implants into the bones of the jaw. Artificial teeth were then attached to these pieces of metal. In 1965 Brånemark placed his first titanium dental implant into a human volunteer. He began working in the mouth as it was more accessible for continued observations and there was a high rate of
362:
for single-tooth replacement. Implants preserve the integrity of the teeth adjacent to the edentulous area, and it has been shown that dental implant therapy is less costly and more efficient over time than tooth-supported FPDs for the replacement of one missing tooth. The major disadvantage of dental implant surgery is the need for a surgical procedure.
678:
prosthetics they support. Concentrated forces can result in fracture of the bridgework, implant components, or loss of bone adjacent the implant. The ultimate location of implants is based on both biologic (bone type, vital structures, health) and mechanical factors. Implants placed in thicker, stronger bone like that found in the front part of the
1233:
478:
1185:(the small triangular piece of tissue between two teeth) shrinks back and leaves a triangular void between the implant and the adjacent teeth. Dentists can only expect 2–4 mm of papilla height over the underlying bone. A black triangle can be expected if the distance between where the teeth touch and bone is any greater.
1279:) and are splinted to other implants, there are no meaningful differences in long-term implant survival or bone loss between implants loaded immediately, at three months, or at six months. The corollary is that single implants, even in solid bone, require a period of no-load to minimize the risk of initial failure.
228:
surviving without complications or revisions) between 52% and 76%, with complications occurring up to 48% of the time. Artificial intelligence is relevant as the basis for clinical decision support systems at the present time. Intelligent systems are used as an aid in determining the success rate of implants.
1304:
structure to the internal thread on the implant. There does not appear to be any benefit, in terms of success, for cement versus screw-retained prosthetics, although the latter is believed to be easier to maintain (and change when the prosthetic fractures) and the former offers high esthetic performance.
1852:
The early part of the 20th century saw a number of implants made of a variety of materials. One of the earliest successful implants was the
Greenfield implant system of 1913 (also known as the Greenfield crib or basket). Greenfield's implant, an iridioplatinum implant attached to a gold crown, showed
1825:
evidence that humans have attempted to replace missing teeth with root form implants for thousands of years. Remains from ancient China (dating 4000 years ago) have carved bamboo pegs, tapped into the bone, to replace lost teeth, and 2000-year-old remains from ancient Egypt have similarly shaped pegs
1673:
like natural teeth. While large-scale, long-term studies are scarce, several systematic reviews estimate the long-term (five to ten years) survival of dental implants at 93–98 percent depending on their clinical use. During initial development of implant retained teeth, all crowns were attached
1411:
is a condition that may occur with implants due to bacteria, plaque, or design and it is on the rise. This disease begins as a reversible condition called peri-implant mucositis but can progress to peri-implantitis if left untreated, which can lead to implant failure. People are encouraged to discuss
1363:
When a removable denture is worn, retainers to hold the denture in place can be either custom made or "off-the-shelf" (stock) abutments. When custom retainers are used, four or more implant fixtures are placed and an impression of the implants is taken and a dental lab creates a custom metal bar with
1197:
is a common side effect of tooth removal (extraction) due to severe tooth decay, trauma, or infection that limits dental implant placement. Surgical bone augmentation is associated with limitations such as high cost, bone graft rejection or failure, pain, infection, and the addition of 6–12 months to
1039:
is necessary when there is a lack of bone. Also, it helps to stabilize the implant by increasing survival of the implant and decreasing marginal bone level loss. While there are always new implant types, such as short implants, and techniques to allow compromise, a general treatment goal is to have a
668:
can negatively affect the survival of implants. Nevertheless, a systemic study published in 2016 concluded that dental implants installed in the irradiated area of an oral cavity may have a high survival rate, provided that the patient maintains oral hygiene measures and regular follow-ups to prevent
423:
The introduction of small-diameter implants has provided dentists the means of providing edentulous and partially edentulous patients with immediate functioning transitional prostheses while definitive restorations are being fabricated. Many clinical studies have been done on the success of long-term
402:
Dental implants are used in orthodontic patients to replace missing teeth (as above) or as a temporary anchorage device (TAD) to facilitate orthodontic movement by providing an additional anchorage point. For teeth to move, a force must be applied to them in the direction of the desired movement. The
1677:
Criteria for the success of the implant supported dental prosthetic varies from study to study, but can be broadly classified into failures due to the implant, soft tissues or prosthetic components or a lack of satisfaction on the part of the patient. The most commonly cited criteria for success are
1645:
The long-term complications that result from restoring teeth with implants relate directly to the risk factors of the patient and the technology. There are the risks associated with appearance including a high smile line, poor gingival quality and missing papillae, difficulty in matching the form of
1400:
The same kinds of techniques used for cleaning teeth are recommended for maintaining hygiene around implants, and can be manually or professionally administered. Examples of this would be using soft toothbrushes or nylon-coated interproximal brushes. The one implication during professional treatment
1371:
Alternatively, stock abutments are used to retain dentures using a male-adapter attached to the implant and a female adapter in the denture. Two common types of adapters are the ball-and-socket style retainer and the button-style adapter. These types of stock abutments allow movement of the denture,
1295:
The platform between the implant and the abutment can be flat (buttress) or conical fit. In conical fit abutments, the collar of the abutment sits inside the implant which allows a stronger junction between implant and abutment and a better seal against bacteria into the implant body. To improve the
1173:
can be transplanted or, when a larger piece of tissue is needed, a finger of tissue based on a blood vessel in the palate (called a vascularized interpositional periosteal-connective tissue (VIP-CT) flap) can be repositioned to the area.Xenogeneic collagen matrices are used for gingival augmentation
897:
is adapted around the entire implant to provide a thick band of healthy tissue around the healing abutment. In contrast, an implant can be "buried", where the top of the implant is sealed with a cover screw and the tissue is closed to completely cover it. A second procedure would then be required to
538:
screw (resembling a tooth root) with a roughened or smooth surface. The majority of dental implants are made of commercially pure titanium, which is available in four grades depending upon the amount of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and iron contained. Cold work hardened CP4 (maximum impurity limits of N
1888:
he adopted the
Cambridge designed "rabbit ear chamber" for use in the rabbit femur. Following the study, he attempted to retrieve these expensive chambers from the rabbits and found that he was unable to remove them. Brånemark observed that bone had grown into such close proximity with the titanium
1800:
While studying bone cells in a rabbit tibia using a titanium chamber, Branemark was unable to remove it from bone. His realization that bone would adhere to titanium led to the concept of osseointegration and the development of modern dental implants. The original x-ray film of the chamber embedded
1617:
An implant is tested between 8 and 24 weeks to determine if it is integrated. There is significant variation in the criteria used to determine implant success, the most commonly cited criteria at the implant level are the absence of pain, mobility, infection, gingival bleeding, radiographic lucency
1156:
surrounding a tooth has a 2–3 mm band of bright pink, very strong attached mucosa, then a darker, larger area of unattached mucosa that folds into the cheeks. When replacing a tooth with an implant, a band of strong, attached gingiva is needed to keep the implant healthy in the long-term. This
942:
When tissue is inadequate, deficient or mutilated by the loss of teeth, adjacent bone or gingiva, implants are placed and allowed to osseointegrate, then the gingival flat is surgically placed around the healing abutments. The downside of a two-stage technique is the need for additional surgery and
934:
In the early stages of implant development (1970−1990) implant systems used a two-stage approach, believing that it improved the odds of initial implant survival. Subsequent research suggests that no difference in implant survival existed between one-stage and two-stage surgeries, and the choice of
921:
An increasingly common strategy to preserve bone and reduce treatment times includes the placement of a dental implant into a recent extraction site. On the one hand, it shortens treatment time and can improve aesthetics because the soft tissue envelope is preserved. On the other hand, implants may
749:
discussed that the risk of BRONJ from low dose oral therapy (or slow-release injectable) as between 0.01 and 0.06 percent for any procedure done on the jaws (implant, extraction, etc.). The risk is higher with intravenous therapy, procedures on the lower jaw, people with other medical issues, those
1632:
Integration failure is rare, particularly if a dentist's or oral surgeon's instructions are followed closely by the patient. Immediate loading implants may have a higher rate of failure, potentially due to being loaded immediately after trauma or extraction, but the difference with proper care and
361:
There is limited evidence that implant-supported single crowns perform better than tooth-supported fixed partial dentures (FPDs) on a long-term basis. However, taking into account the favorable cost-benefit ratio and the high implant survival rate, dental implant therapy is the first-line strategy
210:
The final prosthetic can be either fixed, where a person cannot remove the denture or teeth from their mouth, or removable, where they can remove the prosthetic. In each case an abutment is attached to the implant fixture. Where the prosthetic is fixed, the crown, bridge or denture is fixed to the
1415:
There are different interventions if peri-implantitis occurs, such as mechanical debridement, antimicrobial irrigation, and antibiotics. There can also be surgery such as open-flap debridement to remove bacteria, assess/smooth implant surface, or decontaminate implant surface. There is not enough
1040:
minimum of 10 mm (0.39 in) in bone height, and 6 mm (0.24 in) in width. Alternatively, bone defects are graded from A to D (A=10+ mm of bone, B=7–9 mm, C=4–6 mm and D=0–3 mm) where an implant's likelihood of osseointegrating is related to the grade of bone.
854:
roughly in half so that the final implant will have a thick band of tissue around it. The edges of tissue, each referred to as a flap, are pushed back to expose the bone. Flapless surgery is an alternate technique, where a small punch of tissue (the diameter of the implant) is removed for implant
150:
form an intimate bond to the bone. The implant fixture is first placed so that it is likely to osseointegrate, then a dental prosthetic is added. A variable amount of healing time is required for osseointegration before either the dental prosthetic (a tooth, bridge, or denture) is attached to the
1287:
An abutment is selected depending on the application. In many single crown and fixed partial denture scenarios (bridgework), custom abutments are used. An impression of the top of the implant is made with the adjacent teeth and gingiva. A dental lab then simultaneously fabricates an abutment and
222:
The risks and complications related to implant therapy divide into those that occur during surgery (such as excessive bleeding or nerve injury, inadequate primary stability), those that occur in the first six months (such as infection and failure to osseointegrate) and those that occur long-term
677:
The long-term success of implants is determined in part by the forces they have to support. As implants have no periodontal ligament, there is no sensation of pressure when biting so the forces created are higher. To offset this, the location of implants must distribute forces evenly across the
648:
and the jaws and the shape, size, and position of the bones of the jaws, adjacent and opposing teeth. There are few health conditions that absolutely preclude placing implants and there are certain conditions that can increase the risk of failure. Those with poor oral hygiene, heavy smokers and
1392:
on crowns should be expected to discolour, fracture or require repair approximately every ten years, although there is significant variation in the service life of dental crowns based on the position in the mouth, the forces being applied from opposing teeth and the restoration material. Where
1388:. Because of the more precarious blood supply to the gingiva, care should be taken with dental floss. Implants will lose bone at a rate similar to natural teeth in the mouth (e.g. if someone has periodontal disease, an implant can be affected by a similar disorder) but will otherwise last. The
1098:
to the local blood supply. The final decision about which bone grafting technique that is best is based on an assessment of the degree of vertical and horizontal bone loss that exists, each of which is classified into mild (2–3 mm loss), moderate (4–6 mm loss) or severe (greater than
227:
and mechanical failures). In the presence of healthy tissues, a well-integrated implant with appropriate biomechanical loads can have 5-year plus survival rates from 93 to 98 percent and 10-to-15-year lifespans for the prosthetic teeth. Long-term studies show a 16- to 20-year success (implants
1588:
The relevance of primary implant stability decreases gradually with regrowth of bone tissue around the implant in the first weeks after surgery, leading to secondary stability. Secondary stability is different from the initial stabilization, because it results from the ongoing process of bone
1303:
Regardless of the abutment material or technique, an impression of the abutment is then taken and a crown secured to the abutment with dental cement. Another variation on abutment/crown model is when the crown and abutment are one piece and the lag-screw traverses both to secure the one-piece
294:
The US has seen an increasing use of dental implants, with usage increasing from 0.7% of patients missing at least one tooth (1999–2000), to 5.7% (2015–2016), and was projected to potentially reach 26% in 2026. Implants are used to replace missing individual teeth (single tooth restorations),
930:
After an implant is placed the internal components are covered with either a healing abutment, or a cover screw. A healing abutment passes through the mucosa, and the surrounding mucosa is adapted around it. A cover screw is flush with the surface of the dental implant, and is designed to be
424:
usage of these implants. Based on the findings of many studies, mini dental implants exhibit excellent survival rates in the short to medium term (3–5 years). They appear to be a reasonable alternative treatment modality to retain mandibular complete overdentures from the available evidence.
1240:
The prosthetic phase begins once the implant is well integrated (or has a reasonable assurance that it will integrate) and an abutment is in place to bring it through the mucosa. Even in the event of early loading (less than three months), many practitioners will place temporary teeth until
1906:
but with different shapes and surface textures. There is limited evidence showing that implants with relatively smooth surfaces are less prone to peri-implantitis than implants with rougher surfaces and no evidence showing that any particular type of dental implant has superior long-term
1401:
is that metal instruments may cause damage to the metallic surface of the implant or abutment, which can lead to bacterial colonisation. To avoid this, there are specially designed instruments made with hard plastic or rubber. Additionally rinsing (twice daily) with antimicrobial
1164:
When an adequate band of attached tissue is absent, it can be recreated with a soft tissue graft. There are four methods that can be used to transplant soft tissue. A roll of tissue adjacent to an implant (referred to as a palatal roll) can be moved towards the lip (buccal),
1241:
osseointegration is confirmed. The prosthetic phase of restoring an implant requires an equal amount of technical expertise as the surgical because of the biomechanical considerations, especially when multiple teeth are to be restored. The dentist will work to restore the
158:
Success or failure of implants depends primarily on the thickness and health of the bone and gingival tissues that surround the implant, but also on the health of the person receiving the treatment and drugs which affect the chances of osseointegration. The amount of
291:(i.e. false teeth). Modern dental implants work through a biologic process where bone fuses tightly to the surface of specific materials such as titanium and some ceramics. The integration of implant and bone can support physical loads for decades without failure.
543:(signifying the titanium alloy containing 6 percent aluminium and 4 percent vanadium alloy) is slightly harder than CP4 and used in the industry mostly for abutment screws and abutments. Most modern dental implants also have a textured surface (through etching,
1633:
maintenance is well within statistical variance for this type of procedure. More often, osseointegration failure occurs when a patient is either too unhealthy to receive the implant or engages in behavior that contraindicates proper dental hygiene including
745:) the effects of the drugs linger for months or years but the risk appears to be very low. Because of this duality, uncertainty exists in the dental community about how to best manage the risk of BRONJ when placing implants. A 2009 position paper by the
2023:
Papaspyridakos P, Mokti M, Chen CJ, Benic GI, Gallucci GO, Chronopoulos V (October 2014). "Implant and prosthodontic survival rates with implant fixed complete dental prostheses in the edentulous mandible after at least 5 years: a systematic review".
572:-based) implants exist in one-piece (combining the screw and the abutment) or two-piece systems - the abutment being either cemented or screwed – and might lower the risk for peri‐implant diseases, but long-term data on success rates is missing.
1650:, where the geometry of the implants does not support the teeth in the same way the natural teeth did such as when there are cantilevered extensions, fewer implants than roots or teeth that are longer than the implants that support them (a poor
1288:
crown. The abutment is seated on the implant, a screw passes through the abutment to secure it to an internal thread on the implant (lag-screw). There are variations on this, such as when the abutment and implant body are one piece or when a
1646:
natural teeth that may have unequal points of contact or uncommon shapes, bone that is missing, atrophied or otherwise shaped in an unsuitable manner, unrealistic expectations of the patient or poor oral hygiene. The risks can be related to
1157:
is especially important with implants because the blood supply is more precarious in the gingiva surrounding an implant, and is theoretically more susceptible to injury because of a longer attachment to the implant than on a tooth (a longer
1826:
made of precious metals. Some
Egyptian mummies were found to have transplanted human teeth, and in other instances, teeth made of ivory. Etruscans produced the first pontics using single gold bands as early as 630 BC and perhaps earlier.
1766:
The most common complication being fracture or wear of the tooth structure, especially beyond ten years with fixed dental prostheses made of metal-ceramic having significantly higher ten-year survival compared those made of gold-acrylic.
2227:
Chappuis V, Buser R, Brägger U, Bornstein MM, Salvi GE, Buser D (December 2013). "Long-term outcomes of dental implants with a titanium plasma-sprayed surface: a 20-year prospective case series study in partially edentulous patients".
2113:
Pjetursson BE, Thoma D, Jung R, Zwahlen M, Zembic A (October 2012). "A systematic review of the survival and complication rates of implant-supported fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) after a mean observation period of at least 5 years".
1658:, lack of bone or low diameter implants increase the biomechanical risk. Finally there are technological risks, where the implants themselves can fail due to fracture or a loss of retention to the teeth they are intended to support.
1224:(toothless) site, it is possible to move the healthy adjacent teeth into this area, closing the edentulous space and simultaneously creating an implant site with enough bone adjacent to where implant placement was originally planned.
858:
Drilling at high speed: After reflecting the soft tissue, and using a surgical guide or stent as necessary, pilot holes are placed with precision drills at highly regulated speed to prevent burning or pressure necrosis of the
1842:, shaped to resemble teeth. Bone growth around two of the implants, and the formation of calculus, indicates that they were functional as well as esthetic. The fragment is currently part of the Osteological Collection of the
3942:
Salama H, Salama M (1993). "The role of orthodontic extrusive remodeling in the enhancement of soft and hard tissue profiles prior to implant placement: A systematic approach to the management of extraction site defects".
2164:
Bozini T, Petridis H, Garefis K, Garefis P (2011). "A meta-analysis of prosthodontic complication rates of implant-supported fixed dental prostheses in edentulous patients after an observation period of at least 5 years".
3184:
Ruggiero SL, Dodson TB, Assael LA, Landesberg R, Marx RE, Mehrotra B (May 2009). "American
Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons position paper on bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws--2009 update".
862:
Drilling at low speed: The pilot hole is expanded by using progressively wider drills (typically between three and seven successive drilling steps, depending on implant width and length). Care is taken not to damage the
700:
When a more exacting plan is needed beyond clinical judgment, the dentist will make an acrylic guide (called a stent) prior to surgery which guides optimal positioning of the implant. Increasingly, dentists opt to get a
1897:
in the general population offered more subjects for widespread study. He termed the clinically observed adherence of bone with titanium as "osseointegration". Since then implants have evolved into three basic types:
329:
treatment or injuries), can use connections to implants placed in the facial bones. Depending on the situation the implant may be used to retain either a fixed or removable prosthetic that replaces part of the face.
4254:
Assunção WG, Barão VA, Delben JA, Gomes EA, Tabata LF (June 2010). "A comparison of patient satisfaction between treatment with conventional complete dentures and overdentures in the elderly: a literature review".
2062:
Berglundh T, Persson L, Klinge B (2002). "A systematic review of the incidence of biological and technical complications in implant dentistry reported in prospective longitudinal studies of at least 5 years".
922:
have a slightly higher rate of initial failure. Conclusions on this topic are difficult to draw, however, because few studies have compared immediate and delayed implants in a scientifically rigorous manner.
1010:) envelope around it. It is common for either the bone or soft tissue to be so deficient that the surgeon needs to reconstruct it either before or during implant placement. All techniques of augmenting the
2983:
Smith
Nobrega A, Santiago JF, de Faria Almeida DA, Dos Santos DM, Pellizzer EP, Goiato MC (December 2016). "Irradiated patients and survival rate of dental implants: A systematic review and meta-analysis".
1055:(donor bone or synthetic bone substitute), covered with a semi-permeable membrane and allowed to heal. During the healing phase, natural bone replaces the graft, forming a new bony base for the implant.
350:, a small screw, or fused with the abutment as one piece during fabrication. Dental implants, in the same way, can also be used to retain a multiple tooth dental prosthesis either in the form of a
1889:
that it effectively adhered to the metal. Brånemark carried out further studies into this phenomenon, using both animal and human subjects, which all confirmed this unique property of titanium.
697:
to determine the long-term mechanical reliability of implants in a person's mouth where the implant is struck repeatedly with increasing forces (similar in magnitude to biting) until it fails.
3391:
Esposito M, Grusovin MG, Chew YS, Coulthard P, Worthington HV (2009). "One-stage versus two-stage implant placement. A Cochrane systematic review of randomised controlled clinical trials".
890:
so as not to overload the surrounding bone (overloaded bone can die, a condition called osteonecrosis, which may lead to failure of the implant to fully integrate or bond with the jawbone).
338:
Single tooth restorations are individual freestanding units not connected to other teeth or implants, used to replace missing individual teeth. For individual tooth replacement, an implant
1177:
Additionally, for an implant to look esthetic, a band of full, plump gingiva is needed to fill in the space on either side of implant. The most common soft tissue complication is called a
163:
that will be put on the implant and fixture during normal function is also evaluated. Planning the position and number of implants is key to the long-term health of the prosthetic since
4532:
Greenstein G, Cavallaro J, Romanos G, Tarnow D (August 2008). "Clinical recommendations for avoiding and managing surgical complications associated with implant dentistry: a review".
746:
995:
The maxillary sinus can limit the amount of bone height in the back of the upper jaw. With a "sinus lift", bone can be grafted under the sinus membrane increasing the height of bone.
943:
compromise of circulation to the tissue due to repeated surgeries. The choice of one or two stages now centers around how best to reconstruct the soft tissues around lost teeth.
1292:(prefabricated) abutment is used. Custom abutments can be made by hand, as a cast metal piece or custom milled from metal or zirconia, all of which have similar success rates.
1936:
Small-diameter implants are implants of low diameter with one-piece construction (implant and abutment) that are sometimes used for denture retention or orthodontic anchorage.
1849:
In modern times, a tooth replica implant was reported as early as 1969, but the polymethacrylate tooth analogue was encapsulated by soft tissue rather than osseointegrated.
713:
following computerized planning of a case from the CT scan. The use of CT scanning in complex cases also helps the surgeon identify and avoid vital structures such as the
1857:). In 1951, Gottlieb Leventhal implanted titanium rods in rabbits. Leventhal's positive results led him to believe that titanium represented the ideal metal for surgery.
1449:
is rare. An inability to place the implant in bone to provide stability of the implant (referred to as primary stability of the implant) increases the risk of failure to
3893:"Implant Site Changes in Three Different Clinical Approaches: Orthodontic Extrusion, Regenerative Surgery and Spontaneous Healing after Extraction: A Systematic Review"
632:
can be loaded to CAD/CAM software to create a simulation of the desired treatment. Virtual implants are then placed and a stent created on a 3D printer from the data.
4878:
299:(toothless) dental arches (implant retained fixed bridge, implant-supported overdenture). While use of dental implants in the US has increased, other treatments to
4831:
de Brandão ML, Vettore MV, Vidigal Júnior GM (March 2013). "Peri-implant bone loss in cement- and screw-retained prostheses: systematic review and meta-analysis".
1573:
Primary implant stability refers to the stability of a dental implant immediately after implantation. The stability of the titanium screw implant in the patient's
4176:
Atieh MA, Ibrahim HM, Atieh AH (October 2010). "Platform switching for marginal bone preservation around dental implants: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
734:
693:
The design of implants has to account for a lifetime of real-world use in a person's mouth. Regulators and the dental implant industry have created a series of
1629:. While there is significant variation in the rate that implants fail to integrate (due to individual risk factors), the approximate values are 1 to 6 percent
3294:
McCracken MS, Mitchell L, Hegde R, Mavalli MD (January 2010). "Variability of mechanical torque-limiting devices in clinical service at a US dental school".
1902:
Root form implants; the most common type of implant indicated for all uses. Within the root form type of implant, there are roughly 18 variants, all made of
1393:
implants are used to retain a complete denture, depending on the type of attachment, connections need to be changed or refreshed every one to two years. An
1099:
6 mm loss). Orthodontic extrusion or orthodontic implant site development can be used in selected cases for vertical/horizontal alveolar augmentation.
1843:
615:
Sometimes the final position and restoration of the teeth will be simulated on plaster models to help determine the number and position of implants needed.
3093:"Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff - Class II Special Controls Guidance Document: Root-form Endosseous Dental Implants and Endosseous Dental Abutments"
1368:
forces may be able to safely hold a fixed denture in place with comparable costs and number of procedures giving the denture wearer a fixed solution.
981:
When a greater amount of bone is needed, it can be taken from another site (commonly the back of the bottom jaw) and transplanted to the implant site.
741:, which is thought to put people at risk for death of bone when having minor oral surgery. At routine doses (for example, those used to treat routine
3709:"Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Enhance Vascularization and Epithelialization within 7 Days after Gingival Augmentation with Collagen Matrices in Rabbits"
5881:
967:
If bone width is inadequate it can be regrown using either artificial or cadaveric bone pieces to act as a scaffold for natural bone to grow around.
5337:"Interventions for replacing missing teeth: dental implants in zygomatic bone for the rehabilitation of the severely deficient edentulous maxilla"
1300:. The combination of conical fits and platform switching gives marginally better long term periodontal conditions compared to flat-top abutments.
539:.05 percent, C .10 percent, H .015 percent, Fe .50 percent, and O .40 percent) is the most commonly used titanium for implants. Grade 5 titanium,
2192:
Simonis P, Dufour T, Tenenbaum H (July 2010). "Long-term implant survival and success: a 10-16-year follow-up of non-submerged dental implants".
4011:
Borzabadi-Farahani A, Zadeh HH (2016). "Orthodontic
Therapy in Implant Dentistry: Orthodontic Implant Site Development". In Tolstunov L (ed.).
3807:
Borzabadi-Farahani A, Zadeh HH (2016). "Orthodontic
Therapy in Implant Dentistry: Orthodontic Implant Site Development". In Tolstunov L (ed.).
3591:
Borzabadi-Farahani A, Zadeh HH (2016). "Orthodontic
Therapy in Implant Dentistry: Orthodontic Implant Site Development". In Tolstunov L (ed.).
1006:, it needs to be surrounded by a healthy quantity of bone. In order for it to survive long-term, it needs to have a thick healthy soft tissue (
601:
To help the surgeon position the implants a guide is made (usually out of acrylic) to show the desired position and angulation of the implants.
61:
57:
5809:
5789:
5071:
4768:
Javed F, Romanos GE (August 2010). "The role of primary stability for successful immediate loading of dental implants. A literature review".
2779:
2621:
2448:
1170:
1112:
1213:
bone. For instance, the orthodontic forced eruption of hopeless teeth can augment the bone vertically and eliminate or reduce the amount of
931:
completely covered by mucosa. After an integration period, a second surgery is required to reflect the mucosa and place a healing abutment.
5886:
3707:
Kulakov A, Kogan E, Brailovskaya T, Vedyaeva A, Zharkov N, Krasilnikova O, Krasheninnikov M, Baranovskii D, Rasulov T, Klabukov I (2021).
3333:
1697:
Crown survival: metal-ceramic: 95.4 percent; all-ceramic: 91.2 percent; cumulative rate of ceramic or acrylic veneer fracture: 4.5 percent
1043:
To achieve an adequate width and height of bone, various bone grafting techniques have been developed. The most frequently used is called
1429:
Placement of dental implants is a surgical procedure and carries the normal risks of surgery including infection, excessive bleeding and
219:. Where the prosthetic is removable, a corresponding adapter is placed in the prosthetic so that the two pieces can be secured together.
5954:
5605:
5304:
Esposito M, Ardebili Y, Worthington HV (22 July 2014). "Interventions for replacing missing teeth: different types of dental implants".
1068:
1044:
4149:
Atieh MA, Atieh AH, Payne AG, Duncan WJ (2009). "Immediate loading with single implant crowns: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
171:
can be significant. The position of implants is determined by the position and angle of adjacent teeth, by lab simulations or by using
5535:
5516:
5497:
5478:
5421:
5402:
4815:
4725:
Papaspyridakos P, Chen CJ, Singh M, Weber HP, Gallucci GO (March 2012). "Success criteria in implant dentistry: a systematic review".
3550:
3430:
3076:
3051:
2593:
2676:
Chen Y, Kyung HM, Zhao WT, Yu WJ (March 2009). "Critical factors for the success of orthodontic mini-implants: a systematic review".
5573:
5554:
5459:
5440:
5288:
5261:
5120:
5046:
4028:
3824:
3636:
3608:
3575:
3334:"Timing of implant placement after tooth extraction: immediate, immediate-delayed or delayed implants? A Cochrane systematic review"
3270:
3168:
2826:
2801:
2720:
2657:
1466:
806:
Once the bone is exposed, a series of drills create and gradually enlarge a site (called an osteotomy) for the implant to be placed.
1923:
to retain a complete upper denture when bone is absent. While zygomatic implants offer a novel approach to severe bone loss in the
5814:
5799:
5640:
5635:
3652:
Santamaria MP, Rossato A, Miguel MM, Fonseca MB, Bautista CR, de Marco AC, Mathias-Santamaria IF, Ferreira Ferraz LF (May 2022).
3092:
5136:
Hodosh M, Shklar G, Povar M (September 1974). "The porous vitreous carbon/polymethcarylate tooth implant: preliminary studies".
3220:
Kumar MN, Honne T (December 2012). "Survival of dental implants in bisphosphonate users versus non-users: a systematic review".
820:
The implant fixture is turned into the osteotomy. Ideally, it is completely covered by bone and has no movement within the bone.
5860:
4999:
Goodacre CJ, Bernal G, Rungcharassaeng K, Kan JY (August 2003). "Clinical complications with implants and implant prostheses".
1621:
Dental implant success is related to operator skill, quality and quantity of the bone available at the site, and the patient's
1242:
5959:
5865:
5645:
2738:"Short-term objective and subjective evaluation of small-diameter implants used to support and retain mandibular prosthesis"
4483:
Esposito M, Maghaireh H, Grusovin MG, Ziounas I, Worthington HV, et al. (Cochrane Oral Health Group) (February 2012).
252:
Individual teeth were replaced with implants where it is difficult to distinguish the real teeth from the prosthetic teeth.
4917:
1805:
702:
1792:
Greenfield's basket: one of the earliest examples of a successful endosseous implant was
Greenfield's 1913 implant system
1245:, the esthetics of the smile, and the structural integrity of the teeth to evenly distribute the forces of the implants.
5949:
5906:
5850:
4373:
Grusovin MG, Coulthard P, Worthington HV, George P, Esposito M, et al. (Cochrane Oral Health Group) (August 2010).
1971:
1602:
Infection (pre-op antibiotics reduce the risk of implant failure by 33 percent but do not affect the risk of infection).
1578:
1322:
489:
433:
644:
Planning for dental implants focuses on the general health condition of the patient, the local health condition of the
471:
is longer than standard implants and used in people without adequate bone in the maxilla. It secures to the cheek bone.
5804:
4219:
Patzelt SB, Bahat O, Reynolds MA, Strub JR (December 2014). "The all-on-four treatment concept: a systematic review".
1336:
834:
A healing abutment is attached to the implant fixture, and the flap of gingiva is sutured around the healing abutment.
1445:
is created or the implant placed. Even when the lining of the maxillary sinus is perforated by an implant, long term
2443:. Palmer, Paul J., Howe, Leslie C., British Dental Association. (2nd ed.). London: British Dental Association.
2265:"Neural network system for analyzing statistical factors of patients for predicting the survival of dental implants"
5794:
1759:
10-year incidence of esthetic deficiency: 6.1 percent (2.4 to 9.7 percent with a confidence interval at 95 percent)
1178:
555:
potential of the implant. If C.P. titanium or a titanium alloy has more than 85% titanium content, it will form a
5979:
5974:
5911:
5824:
4375:"Interventions for replacing missing teeth: maintaining and recovering soft tissue health around dental implants"
3654:"Comparison of two types of xenogeneic matrices to treat single gingival recessions: A randomized clinical trial"
1626:
1542:
Fracture of abutment screws (arrow) in 3 implants required removal of the remainder of the screw and replacement.
1268:
1145:
When the metal of an implant becomes visible a connective tissue graft can be used to improve the mucosal height.
556:
1931:
functionally although it may offer a less invasive option, depending on the size of the reconstruction required.
1756:
10-year incidence of framework fracture: 6 percent (2.6 to 9.3 percent with a confidence interval at 95 percent)
5743:
1405:
has been shown to be beneficial. There is no evidence that one type of antimicrobial is better than the other.
311:
68:
495:
Ultrashort Plateau Root Form (PRF) or "finned" dental implants used in regions that would otherwise require a
4667:"Interventions for replacing missing teeth: antibiotics at dental implant placement to prevent complications"
1205:(PDL) surrounding the teeth and attached to the alveolar bone, the stretched fibres in the PDL stimulate the
733:
drugs, requires special consideration with implants because they have been associated with a disorder called
5829:
5598:
1881:
1854:
1434:
1236:
The steps taken to secure dental crowns on the implant fixture including placement of the abutment and crown
1079:
714:
694:
322:
3261:
5918:
5819:
5108:
1864:
in England on blood flow in living organisms. These workers devised a method of constructing a chamber of
1706:
1550:
1536:
1127:
5090:
Ancient "dental implants": a recently proposed example from France evaluated with other spurious examples
2774:
Arturo N. Natali (ed.) (2003). "Dental Biomechanics". Taylor & Francis, London / New York, 273 pp.,
5969:
5690:
5622:
1365:
907:
There are different approaches to placement dental implants after tooth extraction. The approaches are:
792:
An incision is made across the gingiva, and the flap of tissue is reflected to show the bone of the jaw.
314:(orthodontic mini implants). Orthodontic treatment might be required prior to placing a dental implant.
1585:
reconstruction, though early loading poses a higher risk of implant failure than conventional loading.
1514:
Fracture of an implant and abutment screw is a catastrophic failure and the fixture cannot be salvaged.
1139:
515:
An orthodontic implant is placed beside teeth to act as an anchor point to which braces can be secured.
4879:"A systematic review of the 5-year survival and complication rates of implant-supported single crowns"
3972:"Orthodontic considerations in restorative management of hypodontia patients with endosseous implants"
3768:"Orthodontic considerations in restorative management of hypodontia patients with endosseous implants"
882:; otherwise, the prepared site is tapped with an implant analog. It is then screwed into place with a
321:(removable prostheses used to fill a communication between the oral and maxillary or nasal cavities).
5964:
5670:
4621:
1861:
1202:
1095:
883:
408:
351:
339:
326:
152:
1796:
1480:
1296:
gingival seal around the abutment collar, a narrowed collar on the abutment is used, referred to as
935:
whether or not to "bury" the implant in the first stage of surgery became a concern of soft tissue (
509:
5855:
5845:
5768:
5685:
5655:
1966:
1743:
1651:
1182:
172:
4431:
Esposito M, Grusovin MG, Worthington HV, et al. (Cochrane Oral Health Group) (January 2012).
1078:
Other, more invasive procedures, also exist for larger bone defects including mobilization of the
682:
have lower failure rates than implants placed in lower density bone, such as the back part of the
562:
surface layer or veneer that encloses the other metals, preventing them from contacting the bone.
5896:
5733:
5705:
5695:
5675:
5591:
4909:
4750:
4201:
3689:
1877:
1381:
1297:
914:
Delayed immediate post-extraction implant placement (two weeks to three months after extraction).
375:
371:
160:
127:
1350:
961:
814:
274:
3356:
5723:
5569:
5550:
5531:
5512:
5493:
5474:
5455:
5436:
5417:
5398:
5366:
5317:
5284:
5278:
5257:
5232:
5153:
5116:
5088:
5067:
5042:
5016:
4978:
4901:
4848:
4811:
4785:
4742:
4704:
4686:
4647:
4590:
4549:
4514:
4462:
4404:
4321:
4272:
4236:
4193:
4158:
4131:
4077:
4024:
3993:
3952:
3924:
3873:
3820:
3789:
3748:
3730:
3681:
3673:
3632:
3604:
3571:
3546:
3520:
3502:
3463:
3426:
3400:
3348:
3311:
3276:
3266:
3229:
3202:
3164:
3130:
3072:
3047:
3011:
2965:
2916:
2875:
2822:
2797:
2775:
2757:
2749:
2716:
2693:
2653:
2627:
2617:
2589:
2549:
2514:
2473:
2454:
2444:
2414:
2345:
2304:
2286:
2245:
2209:
2174:
2131:
2080:
2041:
868:
710:
706:
665:
569:
468:
318:
288:
147:
123:
119:
94:
52:
4945:
1133:
When mucosa is missing, a free gingival graft of soft tissue can be transplanted to the area.
661:
and other diseases that affect the bones can increase the risk of early failure of implants.
5923:
5738:
5509:
Optimal implant positioning and soft tissue management for the Branemark system (in english)
5356:
5348:
5309:
5224:
5193:
Bothe RT, Beaton KE, Davenport HA (1940). "Reaction of bone to multiple metallic implants".
5145:
5008:
4968:
4960:
4893:
4840:
4777:
4734:
4694:
4678:
4637:
4629:
4580:
4541:
4504:
4496:
4452:
4444:
4394:
4386:
4311:
4303:
4264:
4228:
4185:
4121:
4113:
4067:
4057:
4016:
3983:
3914:
3904:
3863:
3853:
3812:
3779:
3738:
3720:
3665:
3596:
3510:
3494:
3455:
3303:
3256:
3194:
3122:
3069:
Optimal implant positioning and soft tissue management for the Branemark system (in english)
3001:
2993:
2955:
2947:
2936:"The effect of radiotherapy on survival of dental implants in head and neck cancer patients"
2906:
2865:
2855:
2685:
2541:
2506:
2404:
2396:
2335:
2294:
2276:
2237:
2201:
2123:
2072:
2033:
1951:
1700:
1662:
1590:
1450:
1408:
1389:
1272:
1003:
654:
623:
552:
544:
224:
196:
139:
4485:"Interventions for replacing missing teeth: management of soft tissues for dental implants"
3653:
2616:. Mora, Francis, Bouchard, Philippe (Second ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
609:
260:
5901:
5763:
5758:
4946:"Peri-implant diseases: Consensus Report of the Sixth European Workshop on Periodontology"
1920:
1885:
1813:
1779:
Dentures needing to be relined or having a retentive clip fracture : 16 to 19 percent
1438:
1194:
850:
Soft tissue reflection: An incision is made over the crest of bone, splitting the thicker
772:
726:
645:
540:
449:
412:
5528:
Risk Factors in Implant Dentistry: Simplified Clinical Analysis for Predictable Treatment
4808:
Risk Factors in Implant Dentistry: Simplified Clinical Analysis for Predictable Treatment
1996:
1685:
The rates of complications vary by implant use and prosthetic type and are listed below:
1661:
Long-term failures are due to either loss of bone around the tooth and/or gingiva due to
483:
A small diameter implant is a single piece implant (no abutment) that requires less bone.
183:. The prerequisites for long-term success of osseointegrated dental implants are healthy
5414:
Advanced osseointegration surgery: applications in the maxillofacial region (in english)
4625:
4102:"Interventions for replacing missing teeth: different times for loading dental implants"
4072:
4045:
3919:
3892:
3868:
3841:
3044:
Advanced osseointegration surgery: applications in the maxillofacial region (in english)
1884:, was interested in studying bone healing and regeneration. During his research time at
1253:
There are various options for when to attach teeth to dental implants, classified into:
800:
266:
Movement in a lower denture can be decreased by implants with ball and socket retention.
5753:
5748:
5715:
5665:
5361:
5336:
4699:
4666:
4642:
4609:
4509:
4484:
4457:
4432:
4399:
4374:
4316:
4291:
4126:
4101:
3743:
3708:
3515:
3482:
2960:
2935:
2870:
2843:
2409:
2384:
2299:
2264:
1956:
1912:
1890:
1827:
1394:
1201:
Orthodontic tooth movement can generate new bone. This is because of the fibres of the
1166:
1158:
1108:
975:
828:
559:
477:
204:
5012:
2545:
1528:
Fracture of an abutment (all-zirconia) requires replacement of the abutment and crown.
1494:
1486:
Recession of the gingiva leads to exposure of the metal abutment under a dental crown.
246:
5943:
5728:
5700:
5391:
5228:
5149:
4964:
4897:
4268:
3693:
3307:
2582:
2205:
2127:
1946:
1928:
1822:
1749:
15-year: 66.6 percent (44.3 to 86.4 percent with a confidence interval at 95 percent)
1728:
Progressive vertical bone loss, but still in function (peri-implantitis): 8.5 percent
1670:
1666:
1385:
1214:
1083:
1036:
1031:
1011:
738:
500:
347:
216:
135:
4913:
3249:"Radiotherapy and Dental Implant Applications in Patients with Head and Neck Cancer"
2263:
Lyakhov PA, Dolgalev AA, Lyakhova UA, Muraev AA, Zolotayev KE, Semerikov DY (2022).
41:
5928:
5660:
5650:
5352:
5313:
4754:
4682:
4610:"Clinical efficacy of early loading versus conventional loading of dental implants"
4500:
4448:
4390:
4205:
4117:
3483:"Dental Implant Outcomes in Grafted Sockets: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"
2997:
2076:
1976:
1961:
1835:
1830:
and his wife in 1931, at a site in Honduras dating back to 600 AD, found the lower
1679:
1647:
1622:
1276:
1091:
879:
742:
658:
548:
343:
307:
164:
46:
A titanium dental implant with a crown attached used for a single tooth replacement
17:
1788:
1762:
prosthetic screw loosening: 5 percent over five years to 15 percent over ten years
1522:
1433:
of the flap of tissue around the implant. Nearby anatomic structures, such as the
1014:
in preparation for implant placement are invasive and associated with a degree of
786:
595:
5251:
4877:
Jung RE, Pjetursson BE, Glauser R, Zembic A, Zwahlen M, Lang NP (February 2008).
74:
5891:
5630:
4781:
4339:
Wingrove S. "Focus on implant home care Before, during, and after restoration".
3988:
3971:
3784:
3767:
3248:
2689:
2324:"Predicting the Failure of Dental Implants Using Supervised Learning Techniques"
1869:
1574:
1508:
1087:
872:
650:
461:
455:
A standard 13 mm root form dental implant with pen beside it for size comparison
391:
168:
5174:
Greenfield EJ (1913). "Implantation of artificial crown and bridge abutments".
4062:
4046:"The orthodontic implant site-switching technique: a preliminary study in dogs"
4020:
3858:
3842:"The orthodontic implant site-switching technique: a preliminary study in dogs"
3816:
3600:
3459:
3198:
3126:
2510:
2281:
1380:
After placement, implants need to be cleaned (similar to natural teeth) with a
1342:
Underside of a denture; housing fits like a ball and socket to hold the denture
2631:
2385:"Trends in Dental Implant Use in the U.S., 1999-2016, and Projections to 2026"
1894:
1839:
1582:
1221:
1206:
1062:
1027:
864:
751:
496:
300:
296:
200:
115:
4738:
4690:
4307:
4292:"Number of implants for mandibular implant overdentures: a systematic review"
3734:
3677:
3506:
2753:
2532:
Arcuri MR (April 1995). "Titanium implants in maxillofacial reconstruction".
2458:
2400:
2349:
2290:
1731:
Failure after the first year 5 percent at five years, 7 percent at ten years
1416:
evidence to know which intervention is best in the case of peri-implantitis.
690:
also increase the force on implants and increase the likelihood of failures.
5614:
4545:
4189:
3593:
Vertical Alveolar Ridge Augmentation in Implant Dentistry: A Surgical Manual
3498:
2737:
1556:
Dental cement under the gingiva causes peri-implantitis and implant failure.
1446:
1442:
1402:
1232:
1094:
where the blood supply to the bone is transplanted with the source bone and
1052:
1048:
1015:
730:
404:
212:
5370:
5321:
5236:
5020:
4982:
4905:
4852:
4789:
4746:
4708:
4651:
4594:
4553:
4518:
4466:
4408:
4325:
4276:
4240:
4197:
4162:
4135:
4081:
4013:
Vertical Alveolar Ridge Augmentation in Implant Dentistry:A Surgical Manual
3997:
3928:
3877:
3809:
Vertical Alveolar Ridge Augmentation in Implant dentistry:A Surgical Manual
3793:
3752:
3685:
3524:
3467:
3404:
3352:
3315:
3280:
3233:
3206:
3134:
3015:
2969:
2920:
2879:
2761:
2697:
2518:
2497:
Sinn DP, Bedrossian E, Vest AK (May 2011). "Craniofacial implant surgery".
2418:
2308:
2249:
2213:
2178:
2135:
2084:
2045:
5454:. Hanover Park, Illinois: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. pp. 1–11.
5157:
4973:
4433:"Interventions for replacing missing teeth: treatment of peri-implantitis"
3956:
2860:
2844:"Effects of surface charges on dental implants: past, present, and future"
2715:. Hanover Park, Illinois: Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc. pp. 1–11.
2553:
846:
Most implant systems have five basic steps for placement of each implant:
5471:
Soft tissue and esthetic considerations in implant dentistry (in english)
3891:
Isola G, Nucera R, Damonte S, Ugolini A, De Mari A, Migliorati M (2022).
3669:
3423:
Soft tissue and esthetic considerations in implant dentistry (in english)
1903:
1865:
1831:
1430:
1210:
679:
629:
535:
355:
143:
131:
3909:
3006:
4844:
2951:
2895:"Zirconia dental implants: where are we now, and where are we heading?"
2819:
Nanomaterials and Nanosystems for Biomedical Applications (in English)
2340:
2323:
1924:
1655:
1634:
1472:
Bone loss (peri-implantitis) on implants over 7 years in a heavy smoker
1328:
Four lower implants to retain a complete denture with novaloc abutments
1153:
1007:
989:
936:
894:
851:
687:
683:
565:
387:
192:
188:
176:
5547:
Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry 5th edition (in English)
4633:
4585:
4568:
4232:
3725:
3332:
Esposito M, Grusovin MG, Polyzos IP, Felice P, Worthington HV (2010).
3161:
Clinical Periodontology and Implant Dentistry 5th edition (in English)
2911:
2894:
2241:
2037:
1500:
Black triangles caused by bone loss between implants and natural teeth
657:, increasing the chance of long-term failures. Long-term steroid use,
138:. The basis for modern dental implants is a biological process called
84:
1916:
1873:
887:
3378:
Peterson's Principles of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2nd Edition
3113:
Spector L (October 2008). "Computer-aided dental implant planning".
2934:
Shugaa-Addin B, Al-Shamiri HM, Al-Maweri S, Tarakji B (April 2016).
521:
5253:
Technological Systems in the Bio Industries: An International Study
4100:
Esposito M, Grusovin MG, Maghaireh H, Worthington HV (March 2013).
5096:. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants 14.1.
3247:
Somay E, Yilmaz B, Topkan E, Pehlivan B, Selek U (11 April 2023).
1812:
1804:
1795:
1787:
180:
4608:
Zhu Y, Zheng X, Zeng G, Xu Y, Qu X, Zhu M, Lu E (November 2015).
1074:
Vertical alveolar augmentation (increase in the height of a site)
878:
Placement of the implant: The implant screw is placed and can be
3222:
The European Journal of Prosthodontics and Restorative Dentistry
2794:
Materials in Dentistry: Principles and Applications (in English)
1581:. Sufficient initial stability may allow immediate loading with
917:
Late implantation (three months or more after tooth extraction).
705:
of the jaws and any existing dentures, then plan the surgery on
184:
5587:
947:
Additional procedures to augment deficient bone in implant site
346:(the dental prosthesis) is then connected to the abutment with
118:
that interfaces with the bone of the jaw or skull to support a
3481:
Ramanauskaite A, Borges T, Almeida BL, Correia A (July 2019).
2383:
Elani HW, Starr JR, Da Silva JD, Gallucci GO (December 2018).
2167:
The International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants
1412:
oral hygiene and maintenance of implants with their dentists.
5583:
3446:
Herford A, Dean J (2011). "Complications in Bone Grafting".
2678:
American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics
1809:
Panoramic radiograph of historic dental implants, taken 1978
1682:, able to chew and taste and be pleased with the esthetics.
1665:
or a mechanical failure of the implant. Because there is no
5169:
5167:
2736:
Brandt R, Hollis S, Ahuja S, Adatrow P, Balanoff W (2012).
1801:
in the rabbit tibia is shown (made available by Branemark).
1047:
where a defect is filled with either natural (harvested or
280:
A bridge of teeth can be supported by two or more implants.
207:
are sometimes required to recreate ideal bone and gingiva.
27:
Surgical component that interfaces with the bone of the jaw
5490:
Guided bone regeneration in implant dentistry (in english)
3543:
Guided bone regeneration in implant dentistry (in english)
342:
is first secured to the implant with an abutment screw. A
2474:"Orthodontic treatment & Dental implant in Sammamish"
1838:
woman, with three missing incisors replaced by pieces of
1271:, the body must grow bone to the surface of the implant (
366:
Implant retained fixed bridge or implant supported bridge
155:
is placed which will hold a dental prosthetic or crown.
5283:(Second ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 115.
3448:
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America
2499:
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America
747:
American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
5256:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 191.
5215:
Leventhal GS (1951). "Titanium, a metal for surgery".
4665:
Esposito M, Grusovin MG, Worthington HV (2013-07-31).
3262:
10.36255/radiotherapy-dental-implants-head-neck-cancer
5066:. St. Louis, Missouri: Saunders Elsevier. p. 6.
2478:
Modern Orthodontic Clinic in Sammamish & Bellevue
5109:"Chapter 2: Generic Root Form Component Terminology"
4290:
Lee JY, Kim HY, Shin SW, Bryant SR (November 2012).
1927:, it has not been shown to offer any advantage over
1776:
Loosening of removable denture retention: 33 percent
1618:
or peri-implant bone loss greater than 1.5 mm.
5874:
5838:
5782:
5714:
5621:
1742:10-year: 51.9 percent (32.3 to 75.5 percent with a
649:diabetics are all at greater risk for a variant of
317:An evolving field is the use of implants to retain
67:
51:
34:
5390:
2581:
1577:post surgery may be non-invasively assessed using
5433:Decision making in oral and maxillofacial surgery
3568:Decision making in oral and maxillofacial surgery
2650:Osseointegration and Dental Implants (in English)
1397:may also be useful for cleaning around implants.
287:The primary use of dental implants is to support
4994:
4992:
3037:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3029:
3027:
3025:
2893:Cionca N, Hashim D, Mombelli A (February 2017).
2001:American Elements: The Materials Science Company
1441:and blood vessels, can also be injured when the
1189:The orthodontic implant site-switching technique
325:, used to correct facial deformities (e.g. from
5566:Carranza's Clinical Periodontology (in English)
5041:. New Delhi: Elsevier India. pp. 301–302.
4569:"Rhinosinusitis in oral medicine and dentistry"
4221:Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research
3629:Carranza's Clinical Periodontology (in English)
3371:
3369:
3071:. Germany: Quintessence Books. pp. 21–33.
2742:The Journal of the Tennessee Dental Association
2230:Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research
2026:Clinical Implant Dentistry and Related Research
5564:Newman M, Takei H, Klokkevold P, eds. (2012).
5473:. Carol Stream, Illinois: Quintessence Books.
5416:. Carol Stream, Illinois: Quintessence Books.
4872:
4870:
4868:
4866:
4864:
4862:
4015:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 30–37.
3811:. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 30–37.
3627:Newman M, Takei H, Klokkevold P, eds. (2012).
3425:. Carol Stream, Illinois: Quintessence Books.
3046:. Carol Stream, Illinois: Quintessence Books.
2940:Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry
2671:
2669:
735:medication-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw
5599:
5530:. Paris, France: Quintessence International.
5335:Esposito M, Worthington HV (September 2013).
4810:. Paris, France: Quintessence International.
3327:
3325:
1860:In the 1950s research was being conducted at
1817:Sapphire blade type implants used in the past
1356:Xray of four Straumann implants and abutments
534:A typical conventional implant consists of a
8:
4095:
4093:
4091:
3487:Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Research
3416:
3414:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2565:
2563:
1308:Prosthetic procedures for removable dentures
911:Immediate post-extraction implant placement.
903:Timing of implants after extraction of teeth
5545:Lindhe J, Lang NP, Karring T, eds. (2008).
5341:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5210:
5208:
4801:
4799:
4720:
4718:
4671:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4489:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4437:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4379:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4151:The International Journal of Prosthodontics
4106:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3159:Lindhe J, Lang NP, Karring T, eds. (2008).
1844:Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
1220:Similarly, where there is a bone-deficient
754:both pre-operatively and post-operatively.
709:software. The stent can then be made using
5606:
5592:
5584:
5568:. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Saunders.
5039:Textbook of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
4044:Lu M, Li W, Wang Y, Yuan L, Cao M (2023).
3840:Lu M, Li W, Wang Y, Yuan L, Cao M (2023).
3631:. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier Saunders.
3154:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3042:Branemark PI, Worthington P, eds. (1992).
2643:
2641:
2322:Liu CH, Lin CJ, Hu YH, You ZH (May 2018).
40:
5452:Applications of orthodontic mini implants
5393:Tissue-integrated prostheses (in English)
5360:
5032:
5030:
4972:
4698:
4641:
4584:
4508:
4456:
4398:
4315:
4125:
4071:
4061:
3987:
3918:
3908:
3867:
3857:
3783:
3742:
3724:
3622:
3620:
3595:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 30–37.
3514:
3260:
3187:Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
3005:
2959:
2910:
2869:
2859:
2713:Applications of orthodontic mini implants
2584:Tissue-integrated prostheses (in English)
2441:A clinical guide to implants in dentistry
2408:
2339:
2298:
2280:
1715:Screw or abutment loosening: 12.7 percent
1260:Early loading (one week to twelve weeks).
5882:Index of oral health and dental articles
5651:Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopedics
3536:
3534:
2534:Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America
2363:
2361:
2359:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2145:
1997:"Dental Materials | AMERICAN ELEMENTS ®"
1915:; a long implant that can anchor to the
1718:Screw or abutment fracture: 0.35 percent
1283:Single teeth, bridges and fixed dentures
1231:
867:or bone cells by overheating. A cooling
93:
5306:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5115:(2nd ed.). Mosby. pp. 26–45.
3766:Borzabadi-Farahani, A (December 2012).
2842:Guo CY, Matinlinna JP, Tang AT (2012).
2108:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2057:
2055:
2018:
2016:
1988:
1669:on an implant, it does not fail due to
419:Small-diameter implants (mini-implants)
179:simulations and surgical guides called
134:, or facial prosthesis or to act as an
5397:. Berlin, German: Quintessence Books.
4296:The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
2588:. Berlin, German: Quintessence Books.
2372:. St. Louis, Missouri: Mosby Elsevier.
2071:(Suppl 3): 197–212, discussion 232–3.
31:
5810:Canadian Association of Orthodontists
5790:American Association of Orthodontists
5064:Phillips' Science of Dental Materials
4939:
4937:
4478:
4476:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4368:
4366:
4364:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4354:
3393:European Journal of Oral Implantology
3341:European Journal of Oral Implantology
2848:International Journal of Biomaterials
2796:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
2607:
2605:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
1217:required prior to implant placement.
1113:Subepithelial connective tissue graft
725:The use of bone-building drugs, like
7:
5887:Outline of dentistry and oral health
5549:. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Munksgaard.
5412:Branemark PI, Worthington P (1992).
4944:Lindhe J, Meyle J (September 2008).
3163:. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Munksgaard.
1608:Flap breakdown (less-than 5 percent)
1103:Soft tissue (gingiva) reconstruction
1090:or another large source of bone and
898:uncover the implant at a later date.
855:placement rather than raising flaps.
199:, pre-prosthetic procedures such as
5138:The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry
5001:The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry
2986:The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry
1625:, but the most important factor is
1263:Delayed loading (over three months)
778:An area with a single missing tooth
551:) to increase the surface area and
432:For implants used before 1981, see
80:
4953:Journal of Clinical Periodontology
4833:Journal of Clinical Periodontology
2821:. SpringerLink: Springer e-Books.
2065:Journal of Clinical Periodontology
25:
5492:. Hong Kong: Quintessence Books.
5435:. Chicago: Quintessence Pub. Co.
3945:Int. J. Periodontics Restor. Dent
3570:. Chicago: Quintessence Pub. Co.
3545:. Hong Kong: Quintessence Books.
1868:which was then embedded into the
1771:Removable dentures (overdentures)
1734:Incidence of veneer fracture at:
1171:connective tissue from the palate
1082:to allow placement of a fixture,
1071:(increase in the width of a site)
1022:Hard tissue (bone) reconstruction
306:Dental implants are also used in
5815:Dental Technologists Association
5800:British Dental Health Foundation
5641:Oral and maxillofacial radiology
5636:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
5229:10.2106/00004623-195133020-00021
4965:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2008.01283.x
4898:10.1111/j.1600-0501.2007.01453.x
4269:10.1111/j.1741-2358.2009.00299.x
3308:10.1111/j.1532-849X.2009.00524.x
2206:10.1111/j.1600-0501.2010.01912.x
2128:10.1111/j.1600-0501.2012.02546.x
1549:
1535:
1521:
1507:
1493:
1479:
1465:
1349:
1335:
1321:
1138:
1126:
988:
974:
960:
827:
813:
799:
785:
771:
765:Basic implant surgical procedure
622:
608:
594:
588:Techniques used to plan implants
520:
508:
488:
476:
460:
448:
334:Single tooth implant restoration
273:
259:
245:
5511:. Germany: Quintessence Books.
4886:Clinical Oral Implants Research
3253:Advancements in Cancer Research
3115:Dental Clinics of North America
2194:Clinical Oral Implants Research
2116:Clinical Oral Implants Research
1243:vertical dimension of occlusion
527:A one-piece all-ceramic implant
398:Orthodontic mini-implants (TAD)
98:Dental implant, 3D illustration
5646:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
5353:10.1002/14651858.CD004151.pub3
5314:10.1002/14651858.CD003815.pub4
4683:10.1002/14651858.CD004152.pub4
4501:10.1002/14651858.CD006697.pub2
4449:10.1002/14651858.CD004970.pub5
4391:10.1002/14651858.CD003069.pub4
4118:10.1002/14651858.CD003878.pub5
3970:Borzabadi-Farahani, A (2012).
3376:Peterson LJ, Miloro M (2004).
3255:. Exon Publications: 117–131.
2998:10.1016/j.prosdent.2016.04.025
2370:Contemporary Implant Dentistry
2077:10.1034/j.1600-051X.29.s3.12.x
1712:Implant fracture: 0.14 percent
1703:: 9.7 percent up to 40 percent
1694:Implant survival: 96.8 percent
1689:Single crown implants (5-year)
1597:Immediate post-operative risks
1045:guided bone graft augmentation
386:A removable implant-supported
295:multiple teeth, or to restore
239:Common uses of dental implants
1:
5389:Branemark PI, Zarb G (1989).
5013:10.1016/S0022-3913(03)00212-9
4567:Ferguson M (September 2014).
2614:Implant dentistry at a glance
2580:Branemark PI, Zarb G (1989).
2546:10.1016/S0030-6665(20)30549-1
2269:Frontiers in Neuroinformatics
1739:5-year: 13.5 to 30.6 percent,
1058:Three common procedures are:
653:that affects implants called
382:Implant-supported overdenture
142:, in which materials such as
5907:History of dental treatments
5280:Dental materials at a glance
5150:10.1016/0022-3913(74)90037-7
3976:Journal of Oral Implantology
3772:Journal of Oral Implantology
1972:Root analogue dental implant
1579:resonance frequency analysis
1257:Immediate loading procedure.
1169:can be transplanted, deeper
926:One versus two-stage surgery
673:Biomechanical considerations
434:History of dental treatments
5805:British Orthodontic Society
5488:Buser D, Schenk RK (1994).
4782:10.1016/j.jdent.2010.05.013
3989:10.1563/AAID-JOI-D-11-00022
3785:10.1563/AAID-JOI-D-11-00022
3541:Buser D, Schenk RK (1994).
2690:10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.08.017
1589:regrowth into the implant (
1174:after dental implantation.
664:It has been suggested that
390:(also an implant-supported
5996:
5955:Dental surgical procedures
5795:British Dental Association
5277:von Fraunhofer JA (2013).
5113:Dental Implant Prosthetics
4727:Journal of Dental Research
4063:10.1186/s13005-023-00373-2
4021:10.1002/9781119082835.ch04
3859:10.1186/s13005-023-00373-2
3817:10.1002/9781119082835.ch04
3601:10.1002/9781119082835.ch04
3460:10.1016/j.coms.2011.04.004
3199:10.1016/j.joms.2009.01.009
3127:10.1016/j.cden.2008.05.004
2511:10.1016/j.coms.2011.01.005
2389:Journal of Dental Research
2282:10.3389/fninf.2022.1067040
1120:Soft tissue reconstruction
1106:
1025:
954:Hard tissue reconstruction
737:(MRONJ). The drugs change
431:
5825:Indian Dental Association
4573:Australian Dental Journal
4534:Journal of Periodontology
4178:Journal of Periodontology
3658:Journal of Periodontology
3296:Journal of Prosthodontics
2652:. John Wiley & Sons.
1627:primary implant stability
1569:Primary implant stability
1267:For an implant to become
871:or water spray keeps the
81:
39:
5744:Scaling and root planing
5250:Carlsson B, ed. (2012).
4739:10.1177/0022034511431252
4308:10.4047/jap.2012.4.4.204
4050:Head & Face Medicine
3846:Head & Face Medicine
2748:(1): 34–38, quiz 38–39.
2401:10.1177/0022034518792567
1092:microvascular bone graft
884:torque controlled wrench
758:Main surgical procedures
5830:National Health Service
4546:10.1902/jop.2008.070067
4190:10.1902/jop.2010.100232
3499:10.5037/jomr.2019.10308
2648:Jokstad A, ed. (2009).
1919:by passing through the
1846:at Harvard University.
1723:Fixed complete dentures
1435:inferior alveolar nerve
1420:Risks and complications
1167:gingiva from the palate
1080:inferior alveolar nerve
893:Tissue adaptation: The
715:inferior alveolar nerve
5919:Infant oral mutilation
5820:General Dental Council
1876:. In 1952 the Swedish
1818:
1810:
1802:
1793:
1707:Peri-implant mucositis
1237:
640:General considerations
557:titanium-biocompatible
549:various-media blasting
167:forces created during
99:
5960:Restorative dentistry
5691:Restorative dentistry
5062:Anusavice KJ (2003).
2792:Ferracane JL (2001).
2505:(2): 321–35, vi–vii.
2472:Rooz D (2023-02-11).
1816:
1808:
1799:
1791:
1656:grinding of the teeth
1648:biomechanical factors
1459:Implant complications
1235:
1069:alveolar augmentation
370:An implant supported
211:abutment either with
97:
5671:Dental public health
5217:J Bone Joint Surg Am
4770:Journal of Dentistry
3670:10.1002/JPER.21-0212
1882:Per-Ingvar Brånemark
1862:Cambridge University
1855:Per-Ingvar Brånemark
1613:Failure to integrate
1203:periodontal ligament
721:Bisphosphonate drugs
409:periodontal ligament
5950:Implants (medicine)
5769:Socket preservation
5701:Dental traumatology
5696:Forensic odontology
5686:Geriatric dentistry
5681:Dental implantology
5656:Pediatric dentistry
5526:Renouard F (1999).
5195:Surg Gynecol Obstet
4806:Renouard F (1999).
4626:2015NatSR...515995Z
3910:10.3390/jcm11216347
2899:Periodontology 2000
2861:10.1155/2012/381535
2439:Palmer, R. (2008).
1967:Multi-unit abutment
1878:orthopaedic surgeon
1744:confidence interval
1652:crown-to-root ratio
1084:onlay bone grafting
842:Placing the implant
173:computed tomography
18:Dental implantation
5897:Dental instruments
5734:Root canal therapy
5706:Holistic dentistry
5676:Cosmetic dentistry
5507:Pallaci P (1995).
5087:Becker MJ (1999).
5037:Balaji SM (2007).
4959:(8 Suppl): 282–5.
4845:10.1111/jcpe.12041
4614:Scientific Reports
3067:Pallaci P (1995).
2952:10.4317/jced.52346
2341:10.3390/app8050698
2122:(Suppl 6): 22–38.
1819:
1811:
1803:
1794:
1605:Excessive bleeding
1382:periodontal scaler
1298:platform switching
1269:permanently stable
1238:
1002:For an implant to
356:removable dentures
323:Facial prosthetics
289:dental prosthetics
136:orthodontic anchor
108:endosseous implant
106:(also known as an
100:
5937:
5936:
5724:Dental extraction
5431:Laskin D (2007).
5107:Misch CE (2015).
5073:978-0-7020-2903-5
4634:10.1038/srep15995
4586:10.1111/adj.12193
4233:10.1111/cid.12068
3726:10.3390/dj9090101
3713:Dentistry Journal
3566:Laskin D (2007).
3193:(5 Suppl): 2–12.
3121:(4): 761–75, vi.
3095:. FDA. 2004-05-12
2912:10.1111/prd.12180
2780:978-0-415-30666-9
2623:978-1-119-29263-0
2450:978-0-904588-92-7
2395:(13): 1424–1430.
2368:Misch CE (2007).
2242:10.1111/cid.12056
2038:10.1111/cid.12036
711:stereolithography
688:grind their teeth
469:zygomatic implant
442:Types of implants
403:force stimulates
191:. Since both can
120:dental prosthesis
92:
91:
16:(Redirected from
5987:
5980:Prosthodontology
5975:Dental equipment
5924:Mouth assessment
5739:Root end surgery
5608:
5601:
5594:
5585:
5579:
5560:
5541:
5522:
5503:
5484:
5469:Sclar A (2003).
5465:
5446:
5427:
5408:
5396:
5375:
5374:
5364:
5332:
5326:
5325:
5301:
5295:
5294:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5212:
5203:
5202:
5190:
5184:
5183:
5171:
5162:
5161:
5133:
5127:
5126:
5104:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5084:
5078:
5077:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5034:
5025:
5024:
4996:
4987:
4986:
4976:
4950:
4941:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4922:
4916:. Archived from
4883:
4874:
4857:
4856:
4828:
4822:
4821:
4803:
4794:
4793:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4722:
4713:
4712:
4702:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4645:
4605:
4599:
4598:
4588:
4564:
4558:
4557:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4512:
4480:
4471:
4470:
4460:
4428:
4413:
4412:
4402:
4370:
4349:
4348:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4319:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4173:
4167:
4166:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4129:
4097:
4086:
4085:
4075:
4065:
4041:
4035:
4034:
4008:
4002:
4001:
3991:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3922:
3912:
3888:
3882:
3881:
3871:
3861:
3837:
3831:
3830:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3787:
3763:
3757:
3756:
3746:
3728:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3624:
3615:
3614:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3563:
3557:
3556:
3538:
3529:
3528:
3518:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3421:Sclar A (2003).
3418:
3409:
3408:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3373:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3355:. Archived from
3338:
3329:
3320:
3319:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3264:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3181:
3175:
3174:
3156:
3139:
3138:
3110:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3089:
3083:
3082:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3039:
3020:
3019:
3009:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2963:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2914:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2873:
2863:
2839:
2833:
2832:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2789:
2783:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2733:
2727:
2726:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2673:
2664:
2663:
2645:
2636:
2635:
2612:Malet J (2018).
2609:
2600:
2599:
2587:
2577:
2558:
2557:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2494:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2436:
2423:
2422:
2412:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2365:
2354:
2353:
2343:
2328:Applied Sciences
2319:
2313:
2312:
2302:
2284:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2161:
2140:
2139:
2110:
2089:
2088:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2020:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
1993:
1952:Dennis P. Tarnow
1701:Peri-implantitis
1663:peri-implantitis
1591:osseointegration
1564:First six months
1553:
1539:
1525:
1511:
1497:
1483:
1469:
1451:osseointegration
1409:Peri-implantitis
1353:
1339:
1325:
1273:osseointegration
1142:
1130:
992:
978:
964:
852:attached gingiva
831:
817:
803:
789:
775:
655:peri-implantitis
646:mucous membranes
626:
612:
598:
553:osseointegration
545:anodic oxidation
524:
512:
492:
480:
464:
452:
277:
263:
249:
225:peri-implantitis
197:tooth extraction
140:osseointegration
85:edit on Wikidata
77:
44:
32:
21:
5995:
5994:
5990:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5985:
5984:
5940:
5939:
5938:
5933:
5902:Dental material
5870:
5834:
5778:
5764:Tooth bleaching
5759:Tooth polishing
5710:
5617:
5612:
5582:
5576:
5563:
5557:
5544:
5538:
5525:
5519:
5506:
5500:
5487:
5481:
5468:
5462:
5450:Lee SL (2007).
5449:
5443:
5430:
5424:
5411:
5405:
5388:
5384:
5382:Further reading
5379:
5378:
5347:(9): CD004151.
5334:
5333:
5329:
5308:(7): CD003815.
5303:
5302:
5298:
5291:
5276:
5275:
5271:
5264:
5249:
5248:
5244:
5214:
5213:
5206:
5192:
5191:
5187:
5173:
5172:
5165:
5135:
5134:
5130:
5123:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5093:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5074:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5049:
5036:
5035:
5028:
4998:
4997:
4990:
4948:
4943:
4942:
4935:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4881:
4876:
4875:
4860:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4818:
4805:
4804:
4797:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4724:
4723:
4716:
4677:(7): CD004152.
4664:
4663:
4659:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4495:(2): CD006697.
4482:
4481:
4474:
4443:(1): CD004970.
4430:
4429:
4416:
4385:(8): CD003069.
4372:
4371:
4352:
4338:
4337:
4333:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4253:
4252:
4248:
4218:
4217:
4213:
4184:(10): 1350–66.
4175:
4174:
4170:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4112:(3): CD003878.
4099:
4098:
4089:
4043:
4042:
4038:
4031:
4010:
4009:
4005:
3969:
3968:
3964:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3839:
3838:
3834:
3827:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3651:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3626:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3578:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3553:
3540:
3539:
3532:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3454:(3): 2433–442.
3445:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3420:
3419:
3412:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3375:
3374:
3367:
3359:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3323:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3273:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3171:
3158:
3157:
3142:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3098:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3079:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3041:
3040:
3023:
2982:
2981:
2977:
2946:(2): e194-200.
2933:
2932:
2928:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2841:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2817:Reza M (2007).
2816:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2773:
2769:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2711:Lee SL (2007).
2710:
2709:
2705:
2675:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2647:
2646:
2639:
2624:
2611:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2579:
2578:
2561:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2482:
2480:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2451:
2438:
2437:
2426:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2367:
2366:
2357:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2163:
2162:
2143:
2112:
2111:
2092:
2061:
2060:
2053:
2022:
2021:
2014:
2005:
2003:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1943:
1921:maxillary sinus
1886:Lund University
1872:of the ears of
1786:
1773:
1725:
1691:
1643:
1615:
1599:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1559:
1558:
1557:
1554:
1545:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1526:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1512:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1461:
1460:
1439:maxillary sinus
1427:
1422:
1378:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1340:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1326:
1317:
1316:
1310:
1285:
1251:
1230:
1209:depositing new
1195:bone resorption
1191:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1107:Main articles:
1105:
1034:
1026:Main articles:
1024:
1000:
999:
998:
997:
996:
993:
984:
983:
982:
979:
970:
969:
968:
965:
956:
955:
949:
928:
905:
844:
839:
838:
837:
836:
835:
832:
823:
822:
821:
818:
809:
808:
807:
804:
795:
794:
793:
790:
781:
780:
779:
776:
767:
766:
760:
727:bisphosphonates
723:
717:and the sinus.
675:
669:complications.
642:
637:
636:
635:
634:
633:
627:
618:
617:
616:
613:
604:
603:
602:
599:
590:
589:
583:
578:
541:Titanium 6AL-4V
532:
531:
530:
529:
528:
525:
517:
516:
513:
505:
504:
493:
485:
484:
481:
473:
472:
465:
457:
456:
453:
444:
443:
437:
430:
421:
413:bone remodeling
400:
384:
368:
336:
285:
284:
283:
282:
281:
278:
269:
268:
267:
264:
255:
254:
253:
250:
241:
240:
234:
205:gingival grafts
88:
73:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5993:
5991:
5983:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5942:
5941:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5915:
5914:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5878:
5876:
5872:
5871:
5869:
5868:
5863:
5861:United Kingdom
5858:
5853:
5848:
5842:
5840:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5786:
5784:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5776:
5774:Dental implant
5771:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5754:Dental bonding
5751:
5749:Teeth cleaning
5746:
5741:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5720:
5718:
5716:Dental surgery
5712:
5711:
5709:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5666:Prosthodontics
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5627:
5625:
5619:
5618:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5603:
5596:
5588:
5581:
5580:
5574:
5561:
5555:
5542:
5537:978-0867153552
5536:
5523:
5518:978-0867153088
5517:
5504:
5499:978-0867152494
5498:
5485:
5480:978-0867153545
5479:
5466:
5460:
5447:
5441:
5428:
5423:978-0867152425
5422:
5409:
5404:978-0867151299
5403:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5376:
5327:
5296:
5289:
5269:
5262:
5242:
5223:(2): 473–474.
5204:
5185:
5163:
5128:
5121:
5099:
5079:
5072:
5054:
5047:
5026:
4988:
4974:1854/LU-515604
4933:
4858:
4823:
4817:978-0867153552
4816:
4795:
4760:
4714:
4657:
4600:
4559:
4540:(8): 1317–29.
4524:
4472:
4414:
4350:
4331:
4282:
4246:
4211:
4168:
4141:
4087:
4036:
4029:
4003:
3982:(6): 779–791.
3962:
3951:(4): 312–333.
3934:
3883:
3832:
3825:
3799:
3778:(6): 779–791.
3758:
3699:
3664:(5): 709–720.
3644:
3637:
3616:
3609:
3583:
3576:
3558:
3552:978-0867152494
3551:
3530:
3473:
3438:
3432:978-0867153545
3431:
3410:
3383:
3365:
3362:on 2014-03-26.
3347:(3): 189–205.
3321:
3286:
3271:
3239:
3212:
3176:
3169:
3140:
3105:
3084:
3078:978-0867153088
3077:
3059:
3053:978-0867152425
3052:
3021:
2992:(6): 858–866.
2975:
2926:
2905:(1): 241–258.
2885:
2834:
2827:
2809:
2802:
2784:
2767:
2728:
2721:
2703:
2665:
2658:
2637:
2622:
2601:
2595:978-0867151299
2594:
2559:
2524:
2489:
2464:
2449:
2424:
2375:
2355:
2314:
2255:
2219:
2184:
2141:
2090:
2051:
2012:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1957:Leonard Linkow
1954:
1949:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1913:Zygoma implant
1909:
1908:
1891:Leonard Linkow
1828:Wilson Popenoe
1785:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1751:
1750:
1747:
1746:at 95 percent)
1740:
1732:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1687:
1654:). Similarly,
1642:
1639:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1595:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1534:
1533:
1532:
1527:
1520:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1471:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1426:
1425:During surgery
1423:
1421:
1418:
1395:oral irrigator
1384:to remove any
1377:
1374:
1355:
1348:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1327:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1284:
1281:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1258:
1250:
1247:
1229:
1226:
1190:
1187:
1179:black triangle
1159:biologic width
1144:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1109:Gingival graft
1104:
1101:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1065:
1023:
1020:
1004:osseointegrate
994:
987:
986:
985:
980:
973:
972:
971:
966:
959:
958:
957:
953:
952:
951:
950:
948:
945:
939:) management.
927:
924:
919:
918:
915:
912:
904:
901:
900:
899:
891:
876:
860:
856:
843:
840:
833:
826:
825:
824:
819:
812:
811:
810:
805:
798:
797:
796:
791:
784:
783:
782:
777:
770:
769:
768:
764:
763:
762:
761:
759:
756:
722:
719:
674:
671:
641:
638:
628:
621:
620:
619:
614:
607:
606:
605:
600:
593:
592:
591:
587:
586:
585:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
560:titanium oxide
526:
519:
518:
514:
507:
506:
494:
487:
486:
482:
475:
474:
466:
459:
458:
454:
447:
446:
445:
441:
440:
439:
438:
429:
426:
420:
417:
399:
396:
383:
380:
367:
364:
335:
332:
279:
272:
271:
270:
265:
258:
257:
256:
251:
244:
243:
242:
238:
237:
236:
235:
233:
230:
151:implant or an
104:dental implant
90:
89:
82:
79:
78:
71:
65:
64:
55:
49:
48:
45:
37:
36:
35:Dental implant
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5992:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5947:
5945:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5879:
5877:
5873:
5867:
5866:United States
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5837:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5787:
5785:
5783:Organisations
5781:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5747:
5745:
5742:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5729:Tooth filling
5727:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5609:
5604:
5602:
5597:
5595:
5590:
5589:
5586:
5577:
5575:9781437704167
5571:
5567:
5562:
5558:
5556:9781405160995
5552:
5548:
5543:
5539:
5533:
5529:
5524:
5520:
5514:
5510:
5505:
5501:
5495:
5491:
5486:
5482:
5476:
5472:
5467:
5463:
5461:9780867154658
5457:
5453:
5448:
5444:
5442:9780867154634
5438:
5434:
5429:
5425:
5419:
5415:
5410:
5406:
5400:
5395:
5394:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5372:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5331:
5328:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5300:
5297:
5292:
5290:9781118646649
5286:
5282:
5281:
5273:
5270:
5265:
5263:9781461509158
5259:
5255:
5254:
5246:
5243:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5222:
5218:
5211:
5209:
5205:
5200:
5196:
5189:
5186:
5181:
5177:
5176:Dental Cosmos
5170:
5168:
5164:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5144:(3): 326–34.
5143:
5139:
5132:
5129:
5124:
5122:9780323078450
5118:
5114:
5110:
5103:
5100:
5092:
5091:
5083:
5080:
5075:
5069:
5065:
5058:
5055:
5050:
5048:9788131203002
5044:
5040:
5033:
5031:
5027:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5007:(2): 121–32.
5006:
5002:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4984:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4938:
4934:
4923:on 2017-09-25
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4892:(2): 119–30.
4891:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4871:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4842:
4839:(3): 287–95.
4838:
4834:
4827:
4824:
4819:
4813:
4809:
4802:
4800:
4796:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4776:(8): 612–20.
4775:
4771:
4764:
4761:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4721:
4719:
4715:
4710:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4661:
4658:
4653:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4604:
4601:
4596:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4579:(3): 289–95.
4578:
4574:
4570:
4563:
4560:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4528:
4525:
4520:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4479:
4477:
4473:
4468:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4421:
4419:
4415:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4369:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4346:
4342:
4335:
4332:
4327:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4286:
4283:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4263:(2): 154–62.
4262:
4258:
4257:Gerodontology
4250:
4247:
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4227:(6): 836–55.
4226:
4222:
4215:
4212:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4172:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4157:(4): 378–87.
4156:
4152:
4145:
4142:
4137:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4083:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4040:
4037:
4032:
4030:9781119082835
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4007:
4004:
3999:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3966:
3963:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3938:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3887:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3836:
3833:
3828:
3826:9781119082835
3822:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3803:
3800:
3795:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3762:
3759:
3754:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3703:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3648:
3645:
3640:
3638:9781437704167
3634:
3630:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3612:
3610:9781119082835
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3584:
3579:
3577:9780867154634
3573:
3569:
3562:
3559:
3554:
3548:
3544:
3537:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3477:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3442:
3439:
3434:
3428:
3424:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3384:
3379:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3335:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3272:9780645332094
3268:
3263:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3243:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3228:(4): 159–62.
3227:
3223:
3216:
3213:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3180:
3177:
3172:
3170:9781405160995
3166:
3162:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3109:
3106:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3080:
3074:
3070:
3063:
3060:
3055:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3022:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2979:
2976:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2930:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2835:
2830:
2828:9781402062896
2824:
2820:
2813:
2810:
2805:
2803:9780781727334
2799:
2795:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2729:
2724:
2722:9780867154658
2718:
2714:
2707:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2684:(3): 284–91.
2683:
2679:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2659:9780813804743
2655:
2651:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2586:
2585:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2540:(2): 351–63.
2539:
2535:
2528:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2490:
2479:
2475:
2468:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2442:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2376:
2371:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2310:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2236:(6): 780–90.
2235:
2231:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2188:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2173:(2): 304–18.
2172:
2168:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2032:(5): 705–17.
2031:
2027:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2002:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1982:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1947:Carl E. Misch
1945:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1929:bone grafting
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1895:missing teeth
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1823:archeological
1815:
1807:
1798:
1790:
1783:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1667:dental enamel
1664:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1640:
1638:
1637:or drug use.
1636:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1619:
1612:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1568:
1563:
1552:
1538:
1524:
1510:
1496:
1482:
1468:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1398:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1352:
1338:
1324:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1293:
1291:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1234:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1196:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1141:
1129:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1037:Bone grafting
1033:
1032:Bone grafting
1029:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1012:alveolar bone
1009:
1005:
991:
977:
963:
946:
944:
940:
938:
932:
925:
923:
916:
913:
910:
909:
908:
902:
896:
892:
889:
886:at a precise
885:
881:
877:
874:
870:
866:
861:
857:
853:
849:
848:
847:
841:
830:
816:
802:
788:
774:
757:
755:
753:
748:
744:
740:
739:bone turnover
736:
732:
728:
720:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
698:
696:
691:
689:
686:. People who
685:
681:
672:
670:
667:
662:
660:
656:
652:
647:
639:
631:
625:
611:
597:
580:
575:
573:
571:
567:
563:
561:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
537:
523:
511:
502:
498:
491:
479:
470:
463:
451:
435:
427:
425:
418:
416:
414:
410:
406:
397:
395:
393:
389:
381:
379:
377:
373:
365:
363:
359:
357:
353:
349:
348:dental cement
345:
341:
333:
331:
328:
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
304:
302:
298:
292:
290:
276:
262:
248:
231:
229:
226:
220:
218:
217:dental cement
214:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
165:biomechanical
162:
156:
154:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
96:
86:
76:
72:
70:
66:
63:
59:
56:
54:
50:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
5970:Oral surgery
5929:Oral hygiene
5912:Ancient Rome
5773:
5680:
5661:Periodontics
5565:
5546:
5527:
5508:
5489:
5470:
5451:
5432:
5413:
5392:
5344:
5340:
5330:
5305:
5299:
5279:
5272:
5252:
5245:
5220:
5216:
5198:
5194:
5188:
5179:
5175:
5141:
5137:
5131:
5112:
5102:
5089:
5082:
5063:
5057:
5038:
5004:
5000:
4956:
4952:
4925:. Retrieved
4918:the original
4889:
4885:
4836:
4832:
4826:
4807:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4733:(3): 242–8.
4730:
4726:
4674:
4670:
4660:
4617:
4613:
4603:
4576:
4572:
4562:
4537:
4533:
4527:
4492:
4488:
4440:
4436:
4382:
4378:
4344:
4341:RDH Magazine
4340:
4334:
4302:(4): 204–9.
4299:
4295:
4285:
4260:
4256:
4249:
4224:
4220:
4214:
4181:
4177:
4171:
4154:
4150:
4144:
4109:
4105:
4053:
4049:
4039:
4012:
4006:
3979:
3975:
3965:
3948:
3944:
3937:
3903:(21): 6347.
3900:
3897:J. Clin. Med
3896:
3886:
3849:
3845:
3835:
3808:
3802:
3775:
3771:
3761:
3716:
3712:
3702:
3661:
3657:
3647:
3628:
3592:
3586:
3567:
3561:
3542:
3490:
3486:
3476:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3422:
3396:
3392:
3386:
3377:
3357:the original
3344:
3340:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3252:
3242:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3190:
3186:
3179:
3160:
3118:
3114:
3108:
3097:. Retrieved
3087:
3068:
3062:
3043:
3007:11449/162230
2989:
2985:
2978:
2943:
2939:
2929:
2902:
2898:
2888:
2851:
2847:
2837:
2818:
2812:
2793:
2787:
2782:, pp. 69-87.
2770:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2712:
2706:
2681:
2677:
2649:
2613:
2583:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2481:. Retrieved
2477:
2467:
2440:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2369:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2272:
2268:
2258:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2200:(7): 772–7.
2197:
2193:
2187:
2170:
2166:
2119:
2115:
2068:
2064:
2029:
2025:
2004:. Retrieved
2000:
1991:
1977:Running room
1962:Implant bars
1859:
1851:
1848:
1820:
1765:
1709:: 50 percent
1684:
1680:paraesthesia
1676:
1660:
1644:
1631:
1623:oral hygiene
1620:
1616:
1587:
1572:
1428:
1414:
1407:
1399:
1379:
1370:
1362:
1315:Overdentures
1302:
1294:
1289:
1286:
1266:
1252:
1249:Healing time
1239:
1219:
1200:
1192:
1181:, where the
1176:
1163:
1151:
1077:
1057:
1042:
1035:
1001:
941:
933:
929:
920:
906:
880:self-tapping
845:
743:osteoporosis
724:
699:
692:
676:
666:radiotherapy
663:
659:osteoporosis
643:
564:
533:
422:
401:
385:
369:
360:
352:fixed bridge
337:
316:
308:orthodontics
305:
293:
286:
232:Medical uses
221:
209:
157:
111:
107:
103:
101:
29:
5965:Prosthetics
5892:Dental fear
5851:Philippines
5631:Endodontics
5623:Specialties
3399:(2): 91–9.
3380:. PMPH-USA.
3302:(1): 20–4.
1870:soft tissue
1834:of a young
1575:bone tissue
1403:mouthwashes
1376:Maintenance
1207:osteoblasts
1096:reconnected
1088:iliac crest
873:temperature
651:gum disease
428:Composition
392:overdenture
310:to provide
201:sinus lifts
5944:Categories
5839:By country
5201:: 598–602.
5182:: 364–369.
4927:2018-12-03
4056:(29): 29.
3852:(29): 29.
3719:(9): 101.
3099:2013-11-11
2854:: 381535.
2632:1021055256
2483:2023-02-21
2334:(5): 698.
2006:2024-02-14
1983:References
1917:cheek bone
1840:sea shells
1583:prosthetic
1222:edentulous
1215:bone graft
1086:using the
1063:Sinus lift
1051:) bone or
1028:Sinus lift
865:osteoblast
752:tocopherol
731:anti-RANKL
680:bottom jaw
501:bone graft
497:sinus lift
319:obturators
301:tooth loss
297:edentulous
213:lag screws
122:such as a
116:prosthesis
5615:Dentistry
4691:1469-493X
4620:: 15995.
3735:2304-6767
3694:238249598
3678:0022-3492
3507:2029-283X
3493:(3): e8.
2754:0040-3385
2459:422757942
2350:2076-3417
2291:1662-5196
1925:upper jaw
1821:There is
1641:Long term
1447:sinusitis
1443:osteotomy
1390:porcelain
1193:Alveolar
1053:allograft
1049:autograft
1016:morbidity
684:upper jaw
576:Technique
411:to cause
312:anchorage
223:(such as
5875:See also
5371:24009079
5322:25048469
5237:14824196
5021:12886205
4983:18724855
4914:13599504
4906:18067597
4853:23297703
4790:20546821
4747:22157097
4709:23904048
4652:26542097
4595:24861778
4554:18672980
4519:22336822
4467:22258958
4409:20687072
4326:23236572
4277:19467020
4241:23560986
4198:20575657
4163:19639076
4136:23543525
4082:37452379
4073:10347830
3998:21728818
3929:37452379
3920:10347830
3878:37452379
3869:10347830
3794:21728818
3753:34562975
3686:34598314
3525:31620270
3468:21622007
3405:20467608
3353:20847990
3316:19765196
3281:37756422
3234:23495556
3207:19371809
3135:18805228
3016:27460315
2970:27034761
2921:28000266
2880:23093962
2762:22870551
2698:19268825
2519:21492804
2419:30075090
2309:36567879
2250:23506385
2214:20636731
2179:21483883
2136:23062125
2085:12787220
2046:23311617
1941:See also
1907:success.
1904:titanium
1866:titanium
1832:mandible
1671:cavities
1431:necrosis
1366:occlusal
1228:Recovery
1211:alveolar
1067:Lateral
630:CT scans
581:Planning
570:zirconia
536:titanium
340:abutment
215:or with
153:abutment
148:zirconia
144:titanium
53:ICD-9-CM
5362:7197366
5158:4612143
4755:5383897
4700:6786879
4643:4635353
4622:Bibcode
4510:6599877
4458:6786958
4400:6866073
4317:3517958
4206:6507288
4127:7156879
3957:8300319
3744:8469508
3516:6788428
2961:4808316
2871:3472554
2554:7596615
2410:6854267
2300:9768332
1874:rabbits
1784:History
1635:smoking
1183:papilla
1154:gingiva
1008:gingiva
937:gingiva
895:gingiva
707:CAD/CAM
703:CT scan
566:Ceramic
407:in the
388:denture
376:pontics
303:exist.
193:atrophy
189:gingiva
177:CAD/CAM
169:chewing
132:denture
114:) is a
112:fixture
75:D003757
5856:Israel
5846:Canada
5572:
5553:
5534:
5515:
5496:
5477:
5458:
5439:
5420:
5401:
5369:
5359:
5320:
5287:
5260:
5235:
5156:
5119:
5070:
5045:
5019:
4981:
4912:
4904:
4851:
4814:
4788:
4753:
4745:
4707:
4697:
4689:
4650:
4640:
4593:
4552:
4517:
4507:
4465:
4455:
4407:
4397:
4324:
4314:
4275:
4239:
4204:
4196:
4161:
4134:
4124:
4080:
4070:
4027:
3996:
3955:
3927:
3917:
3876:
3866:
3823:
3792:
3751:
3741:
3733:
3692:
3684:
3676:
3635:
3607:
3574:
3549:
3523:
3513:
3505:
3466:
3429:
3403:
3351:
3314:
3279:
3269:
3232:
3205:
3167:
3133:
3075:
3050:
3014:
2968:
2958:
2919:
2878:
2868:
2825:
2800:
2778:
2760:
2752:
2719:
2696:
2656:
2630:
2620:
2592:
2552:
2517:
2457:
2447:
2417:
2407:
2348:
2307:
2297:
2289:
2248:
2212:
2177:
2134:
2083:
2044:
1437:, the
1386:plaque
888:torque
869:saline
372:bridge
327:cancer
195:after
181:stents
161:stress
128:bridge
5094:(PDF)
4949:(PDF)
4921:(PDF)
4910:S2CID
4882:(PDF)
4751:S2CID
4202:S2CID
3690:S2CID
3360:(PDF)
3337:(PDF)
1836:Mayan
1290:stock
859:bone.
695:tests
405:cells
344:crown
175:with
124:crown
83:[
5570:ISBN
5551:ISBN
5532:ISBN
5513:ISBN
5494:ISBN
5475:ISBN
5456:ISBN
5437:ISBN
5418:ISBN
5399:ISBN
5367:PMID
5318:PMID
5285:ISBN
5258:ISBN
5233:PMID
5221:33-A
5154:PMID
5117:ISBN
5068:ISBN
5043:ISBN
5017:PMID
4979:PMID
4902:PMID
4849:PMID
4812:ISBN
4786:PMID
4743:PMID
4705:PMID
4687:ISSN
4675:2013
4648:PMID
4591:PMID
4550:PMID
4515:PMID
4493:2012
4463:PMID
4405:PMID
4383:2010
4347:(9).
4322:PMID
4273:PMID
4237:PMID
4194:PMID
4159:PMID
4132:PMID
4078:PMID
4025:ISBN
3994:PMID
3953:PMID
3925:PMID
3874:PMID
3821:ISBN
3790:PMID
3749:PMID
3731:ISSN
3682:PMID
3674:ISSN
3633:ISBN
3605:ISBN
3572:ISBN
3547:ISBN
3521:PMID
3503:ISSN
3464:PMID
3427:ISBN
3401:PMID
3349:PMID
3312:PMID
3277:PMID
3267:ISBN
3230:PMID
3203:PMID
3165:ISBN
3131:PMID
3073:ISBN
3048:ISBN
3012:PMID
2966:PMID
2917:PMID
2876:PMID
2852:2012
2823:ISBN
2798:ISBN
2776:ISBN
2758:PMID
2750:ISSN
2717:ISBN
2694:PMID
2654:ISBN
2628:OCLC
2618:ISBN
2590:ISBN
2550:PMID
2515:PMID
2455:OCLC
2445:ISBN
2415:PMID
2346:ISSN
2305:PMID
2287:ISSN
2246:PMID
2210:PMID
2175:PMID
2132:PMID
2081:PMID
2042:PMID
1152:The
1111:and
1030:and
875:low.
729:and
187:and
185:bone
69:MeSH
62:23.6
58:23.5
5357:PMC
5349:doi
5310:doi
5225:doi
5146:doi
5009:doi
4969:hdl
4961:doi
4894:doi
4841:doi
4778:doi
4735:doi
4695:PMC
4679:doi
4638:PMC
4630:doi
4581:doi
4542:doi
4505:PMC
4497:doi
4453:PMC
4445:doi
4395:PMC
4387:doi
4312:PMC
4304:doi
4265:doi
4229:doi
4186:doi
4122:PMC
4114:doi
4068:PMC
4058:doi
4017:doi
3984:doi
3915:PMC
3905:doi
3864:PMC
3854:doi
3813:doi
3780:doi
3739:PMC
3721:doi
3666:doi
3597:doi
3511:PMC
3495:doi
3456:doi
3304:doi
3257:doi
3195:doi
3123:doi
3002:hdl
2994:doi
2990:116
2956:PMC
2948:doi
2907:doi
2866:PMC
2856:doi
2686:doi
2682:135
2542:doi
2507:doi
2405:PMC
2397:doi
2336:doi
2295:PMC
2277:doi
2238:doi
2202:doi
2124:doi
2073:doi
2034:doi
1277:Ncm
1161:).
547:or
499:or
354:or
203:or
146:or
110:or
5946::
5365:.
5355:.
5343:.
5339:.
5316:.
5231:.
5219:.
5207:^
5199:71
5197:.
5180:55
5178:.
5166:^
5152:.
5142:32
5140:.
5111:.
5029:^
5015:.
5005:90
5003:.
4991:^
4977:.
4967:.
4957:35
4955:.
4951:.
4936:^
4908:.
4900:.
4890:19
4888:.
4884:.
4861:^
4847:.
4837:40
4835:.
4798:^
4784:.
4774:38
4772:.
4749:.
4741:.
4731:91
4729:.
4717:^
4703:.
4693:.
4685:.
4673:.
4669:.
4646:.
4636:.
4628:.
4616:.
4612:.
4589:.
4577:59
4575:.
4571:.
4548:.
4538:79
4536:.
4513:.
4503:.
4491:.
4487:.
4475:^
4461:.
4451:.
4439:.
4435:.
4417:^
4403:.
4393:.
4381:.
4377:.
4353:^
4345:33
4343:.
4320:.
4310:.
4298:.
4294:.
4271:.
4261:27
4259:.
4235:.
4225:16
4223:.
4200:.
4192:.
4182:81
4180:.
4155:22
4153:.
4130:.
4120:.
4108:.
4104:.
4090:^
4076:.
4066:.
4054:19
4052:.
4048:.
4023:.
3992:.
3980:38
3978:.
3974:.
3949:13
3947:.
3923:.
3913:.
3901:11
3899:.
3895:.
3872:.
3862:.
3850:19
3848:.
3844:.
3819:.
3788:.
3776:38
3774:.
3770:.
3747:.
3737:.
3729:.
3715:.
3711:.
3688:.
3680:.
3672:.
3662:93
3660:.
3656:.
3619:^
3603:.
3533:^
3519:.
3509:.
3501:.
3491:10
3489:.
3485:.
3462:.
3452:23
3450:.
3413:^
3395:.
3368:^
3343:.
3339:.
3324:^
3310:.
3300:19
3298:.
3275:.
3265:.
3251:.
3226:20
3224:.
3201:.
3191:67
3189:.
3143:^
3129:.
3119:52
3117:.
3024:^
3010:.
3000:.
2988:.
2964:.
2954:.
2942:.
2938:.
2915:.
2903:73
2901:.
2897:.
2874:.
2864:.
2850:.
2846:.
2756:.
2746:92
2744:.
2740:.
2692:.
2680:.
2668:^
2640:^
2626:.
2604:^
2562:^
2548:.
2538:28
2536:.
2513:.
2503:23
2501:.
2476:.
2453:.
2427:^
2413:.
2403:.
2393:97
2391:.
2387:.
2358:^
2344:.
2330:.
2326:.
2303:.
2293:.
2285:.
2275:.
2273:16
2271:.
2267:.
2244:.
2234:15
2232:.
2208:.
2198:21
2196:.
2171:26
2169:.
2144:^
2130:.
2120:23
2118:.
2093:^
2079:.
2069:29
2067:.
2054:^
2040:.
2030:16
2028:.
2015:^
1999:.
1880:,
1453:.
1018:.
467:A
358:.
130:,
126:,
102:A
5607:e
5600:t
5593:v
5578:.
5559:.
5540:.
5521:.
5502:.
5483:.
5464:.
5445:.
5426:.
5407:.
5373:.
5351::
5345:9
5324:.
5312::
5293:.
5266:.
5239:.
5227::
5160:.
5148::
5125:.
5076:.
5051:.
5023:.
5011::
4985:.
4971::
4963::
4930:.
4896::
4855:.
4843::
4820:.
4792:.
4780::
4757:.
4737::
4711:.
4681::
4654:.
4632::
4624::
4618:5
4597:.
4583::
4556:.
4544::
4521:.
4499::
4469:.
4447::
4441:1
4411:.
4389::
4328:.
4306::
4300:4
4279:.
4267::
4243:.
4231::
4208:.
4188::
4165:.
4138:.
4116::
4110:3
4084:.
4060::
4033:.
4019::
4000:.
3986::
3959:.
3931:.
3907::
3880:.
3856::
3829:.
3815::
3796:.
3782::
3755:.
3723::
3717:9
3696:.
3668::
3641:.
3613:.
3599::
3580:.
3555:.
3527:.
3497::
3470:.
3458::
3435:.
3407:.
3397:2
3345:3
3318:.
3306::
3283:.
3259::
3236:.
3209:.
3197::
3173:.
3137:.
3125::
3102:.
3081:.
3056:.
3018:.
3004::
2996::
2972:.
2950::
2944:8
2923:.
2909::
2882:.
2858::
2831:.
2806:.
2764:.
2725:.
2700:.
2688::
2662:.
2634:.
2598:.
2556:.
2544::
2521:.
2509::
2486:.
2461:.
2421:.
2399::
2352:.
2338::
2332:8
2311:.
2279::
2252:.
2240::
2216:.
2204::
2181:.
2138:.
2126::
2087:.
2075::
2048:.
2036::
2009:.
568:(
503:.
436:.
87:]
60:-
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
