977:
485:
42:
785:
530:, and if the branch breaks off in his hands, he is fated to go to the Underworld. She also tells Aeneas to bury his dead friend and prepare cattle for sacrifice. When Aeneas reaches the forest to find the golden branch, he is guided by birds to the tree, and the branch breaks into his hand. The branch, however, does not easily break off as the Sibyl said would happen to a person fated to go to the Underworld – the branch is described as "
703:
534:" ("hesitant"). The implications of this have been debated by scholars – some arguing that it means that Aeneas is not as heroic as he needs to be, others arguing that Aeneas has not yet fulfilled his destiny, and several arguing that he is still a hero, with this section added purely for drama. Aeneas buries Misenus and he and the Sibyl prepare a sacrifice to enter the Underworld.
776:. He enters the Underworld through the Spartan Gates and visits Dis and Proserpina to beg for the return of his bride. Overcome by the heartfelt song of Orpheus, Proserpina calls Eurydice to leave with her husband–on the condition that he does not look back until he reaches the exit. When he looks back, his wife disappears, and he is pained by grief for her death a second time.
574:, a man of his crew who fell overboard and died on their journey. Palinurus begs Aeneas to bury him so he can enter the Underworld. The Sibyl convinces Charon to carry them across the river Styx in exchange for the golden bough. Aeneas encounters Minos pronouncing judgment on souls and the souls that died for love:
334:
and his eventual death at sea at an old age. After
Tiresias instructs Odysseus to allow the spirits he wants to talk to drink the sacrificial blood he used to find Tiresias, he is again given the chance to see his mother, and she tells him of the suffering of his family as they await his return home.
207:
differs; sometimes an object or the rescue of a loved one is sought, while in other stories knowledge and secret revelations is the goal. The ability to enter the realm of the dead while still alive, and to return, is proof of the classical hero's exceptional status as more than mortal. A deity who
650:
have a rock constantly hanging over them at all times. Many others face the punishment of moving rocks, being stretched, and being tied to wheels. The two then enter the
Estates of the Blessed, where they see a utopian land where heroes and good people reside. There, Aeneas finds his father, who
737:
to attempt to get
Proserpina back. He agrees that she should be returned as long as Proserpina has not touched any food in the underworld. However, she has eaten pomegranate seeds, and cannot be returned to Ceres. To ensure compromise between Ceres and Dis, Jove divides the year into halves and
223:. In the Hero's journey, the hero travels to a forbidden, unknown realm; a katabasis is when that place is specifically the underworld. Pilar Serrano uses the term to encompass brief or chronic stays in the underworld as well, such as those of
537:
Aeneas first encounters several beings and monsters as he enters: Sorrows, Heartaches, Diseases, Senility, Terror, Hunger, Evil, Crime, Poverty, Death, Hard Labor, Sleep, Evil
Pleasures of Mind, War, Family Vengeance, Mad Civil Strife,
730:. As Proserpina is picking flowers, Pluto falls in love with her and decides to grab her and take her to the underworld in his chariot. Worried about her now-missing daughter, Ceres becomes distraught and searches for Proserpina.
298:, the land of the dead. Odysseus sets out an offering of honey, milk, wine, water, and barley before slaughtering two sheep to add fresh blood to the meal. The souls of many then appear to him. The first to appear to Odysseus is
179:; he visits the border of the realms before calling the dead to him using a blood rite, with it being disputed whether he was at the highest realm of the underworld or the lowest edge of the living world where he performed this.
670:
as well. In book 4, he includes an account of Juno's descent to Hades to bring her perceived justice to Ino. Ovid describes Juno's path to the underworld, noting
Cerberus' presence. Juno seeks the Furies (Tisiphone, Megara, and
738:
commands that
Proserpina must spend equal parts of the year between her mother and her husband. From that point on, Proserpina makes annual trips to the underworld, spending half the year there.
522:
occurs in book 6 of the epic. Unlike
Odysseus, Aeneas seeks to enter the Underworld, rather than bring the spirits of the dead to him through sacrifice. He begins his journey with a visit to the
683:. While in the underworld, Juno passes several souls who are being punished in Hades. Hades is also a person, and he needs to get rid of those souls because he needs them to fully recover (
302:, his crew member who died prior to leaving Circe's island. Elpenor asks Odysseus to give him a proper burial, and Odysseus agrees. The next to appear to Odysseus is his mother,
155:, also known as Hades. The term is also used in a broad sense of any journey to the realm of the dead in other mythological and religious traditions. A katabasis is similar to a
1958:
Louden, Bruce (2011), "Catabasis, Consultation, and the Vision: Odyssey 11, I Samuel 28, Gilgamesh 12, Aeneid 6, Plato's
Allegory of the Cave, and the Book of Revelation",
976:
484:
1995:
449:. Odysseus reassures Achilles of his son's bravery in fighting the Trojans. Odysseus then begins seeing figures of dead souls who do not talk directly to him:
473:. Odysseus ends his visit with Heracles, who asks about Odysseus' intention in Hades. Odysseus begins to get fearful as he waits for more heroes and leaves.
810:
526:(a priestess of Apollo) and asks for her assistance to journey to the Underworld and visit his father. The priestess tells him to find the
77:
638:, the place for the blessed. On the way, they pass the place for tortured souls and the Sibyl describes some of the tortured's fates.
2035:
41:
306:. As Odysseus has been away fighting the Trojan War for nearly 20 years, he is surprised and saddened by the sight of her soul.
784:
1914:
570:, the ferryman who leads souls into the Underworld, and the mass of people who are unburied. His first conversation is with
312:, the soul whom Odysseus came to see, next appears to him. Tiresias gives him several pieces of information concerning his
1167:
84:
240:(a going up) to distinguish itself from death; very rarely does a living hero decide to stay in the Underworld for ever.
527:
351:
859:
35:
1065:
1000:
699:). When the Furies agree to Juno's request, she happily returns to the heavens, where she is purified by Iris.
126:
1843:
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71:
109:
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themes such as the cyclical nature of time and existence, or the defeat of death and the possibility of
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As his mother leaves, Odysseus is then visited by a string of souls of past queens. He first sees
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1330:
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does not generally involve a physical visit, however. One of the most famous examples is that of
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326:(and the coming troubles as a consequence), warns Odysseus not to eat the livestock of the god
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1037:'s descent into a Hell-like region after taking on the bad karma of her executioner in pity
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1120:
264:
244:
144:
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17:
1341:
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31:
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or necromancy, where one experiences a vision of the underworld or its inhabitants; a
2048:
1923:
1345:
1125:
1095:
523:
489:
1193:
702:
1977:
1898:
Myths of the
Underworld Journey: Plato, Aristophanes, and the 'Orphic' Gold Tablets
1018:
1008:
431:
276:
727:
706:
Orpheus travels out of the
Underworld followed by the shade of his wife, Eurydice
1250:
1078:
591:
446:
213:
209:
54:
438:. He warns Odysseus to return to Ithaca in secret and be wary of his own wife.
402:
by Poseidon. Odysseus then sees a list of women whom he only briefly mentions:
1240:
1163:
1045:
966:
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830:
719:
497:
395:
323:
200:
140:
753:. When Hercules traveled to the Underworld to capture Cerberus as one of his
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980:
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894:
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643:
631:
627:
623:
571:
435:
423:
236:
757:, Cerberus spread white foam from his mouths, which grew poisonous plants.
1860:
1139:
970:
942:
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49:
45:
1059:, who are dragged alive into hell after committing misdeeds against the
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248:
188:
175:
2020:
Hell in Contemporary Literature: Western Descent Narratives since 1945
666:'s poetic collection of mythological stories, he includes accounts of
1971:, translated by Martin, Charles, New York: W. W. Norton & Company
1068:, who attempts to rescue his mother from starvation in the underworld
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988:
952:
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344:
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327:
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157:
132:
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91:
768:
in book 10 is the last major inclusion of the theme by Ovid in the
2022:, EUP, 2005. On modern examples of katabases, or descents to Hell.
1349:
1334:
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1188:
1107:
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204:
195:
found in a diverse number of religions from around the world. The
40:
445:, who asks after the well-being of his father Peleus and his son
1284:
1183:
1171:
745:
of Hercules in book 7. Ovid is telling the etiological story of
663:
603:
359:
336:
196:
2007:, translated by Ahl, Frederick, Oxford: Oxford University Press
1944:, translated by Lattimore, Richmond, New York: Harper & Row
422:, all also lovers of gods or heroes. Next to visit Odysseus is
1319:
294:, Odysseus follows the advice of Circe to consult Tiresias in
1367:
1365:
203:
or to the land of the dead and returns. The nature of the
89:
902:
during his 12th labor, on which occasion he also rescued
780:
Other examples in religious and mythological literature
1953:(online ed.), Oxford University Press, p. 98
219:
A katabasis is arguably a specific type of the famous
1352:
to find the source as a result of supernatural events
430:. Agamemnon tells Odysseus of his death by his wife,
1982:
Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, Serie II: Historia Antigua
1887:Collins, John J.; Fishbane, Michae l, eds. (1995),
1348:hero Bolot, who goes underground under the rule of
814:and in the final tablet of the Standard Babylonian
275:to learn of prophecies of his fate and that of the
772:. Orpheus is distraught by the death of his wife,
318:(homecoming) and his life after. Tiresias details
733:When Ceres discovers the kidnapping, she goes to
143:. Its original sense is usually associated with
1395:
651:tells him of the rich history of Rome to come.
151:more broadly, where the protagonist visits the
251:, who enters the underworld in order to bring
2028:Catábasis: el viaje infernal en la Antigüedad
879:is mourned and then recovered by his consort
8:
969:; they fail, and only Theseus is rescued by
169:, who performs something on the border of a
1387:
1994:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1889:Death, Ecstasy, and Other Worldly Journeys
330:, and prophesies Odysseus' return home to
1909:, Harvard University Press, p. 108,
1052:who travels to Hell to teach its denizens
987:after various transgressions against the
829:, in an attempt to overthrow her sister,
234:A katabasis is in general followed by an
208:returns from the underworld demonstrates
27:Journey into the underworld in literature
1984:, vol. 12, Madrid, pp. 129–179
642:has his liver eaten by a vulture daily.
259:, who seeks to consult with the prophet
1951:The Oxford Companion to World Mythology
1383:
1371:
1361:
1333:launches an invasion into the realm of
866:which mixed in Greek traditions as well
1987:
1715:
1703:
1691:
1679:
1667:
1655:
1643:
1631:
1619:
1607:
1595:
1403:
1216:'s and other wizards several trips to
1055:Several episodes of people, including
862:, although this story originates from
811:Gilgamesh, Enkidu, and the Netherworld
606:. Next, Aeneas sees heroes of battle:
1583:
1571:
1559:
1547:
1535:
1523:
1511:
1499:
1487:
1475:
1463:
1451:
1439:
1427:
1415:
893:from Hades, and again in his role as
255:back to the world of the living, and
199:or upper-world deity journeys to the
7:
2026:Herrero de Jáuregui, Miguel (2023).
1823:
1811:
1799:
1787:
1775:
1763:
1751:
1739:
1727:
1178:Norse religion and Finnish mythology
1123:as protagonist of his own poem, the
871:Greek mythology and Roman mythology
839:, to make amends for disrespecting
52:in his katabasis during Book 11 of
1896:Edmonds III, Radcliffe G. (2004),
1835:
322:'s anger at Odysseus' blinding of
173:and a katabasis in book 11 of the
25:
1960:Homer's Odyssey and the Near East
634:. The Sibyl then leads Aeneas to
48:consults the soul of the prophet
1976:Serrano, Pilar González (1999),
950:, to speak to his father in the
243:Famous examples of katabases in
187:The trip to the underworld is a
139: 'go') is a journey to the
741:Ovid also briefly mentions the
1891:, State University of New York
386:. Odysseus is then visited by
1:
2030:. Madrid: Alianza editorial.
1007:(dawn) is liberated from the
679:, namely Ino and her husband
378:, the mother of Oedipus, and
1962:, Cambridge University Press
1900:, Cambridge University Press
1322:, the Yoruba cultural centre
370:by Zeus, and Heracle's wife
358:(the founders of Thebes) by
105:'descent'; from
90:
30:For the Antarctic wind, see
1396:Collins & Fishbane 1995
2081:
1978:"Catábasis y resurrección"
1865:World History Encyclopedia
1337:to save soul of his mother
1303:Kaknu fights Body of Stone
860:Setne Khamwas and Si-Osire
847:Ancient Egyptian mythology
833:, queen of the netherworld
675:) to destroy the house of
566:. Next, Aeneas encounters
125:
108:
76:
75:
36:Katabasis (disambiguation)
29:
1907:The Poetics of Conversion
500:for his katabasis in the
441:Odysseus then encounters
362:. Then, he is visited by
122: 'down' and
18:Descent to the underworld
789:The return of Persephone
374:. He is also visited by
290:In the 11th book of the
1949:Leeming, David (2005),
1905:Freccero, John (1988),
852:The Magician Meryre in
808:, in the Sumerian text
1151:Liber scalae Machometi
991:
800:Mesopotamian mythology
796:
726:, who is kidnapped by
707:
507:
59:
34:. For other uses, see
1844:Description of Greece
1838:, p. 27 k cites
979:
895:patron of the theater
787:
705:
487:
392:Castor and Polydeuces
271:seeks out his father
193:comparative mythology
44:
1942:The Odyssey of Homer
1316:dying-and-rising god
1257:as recounted in the
1166:'s descent into the
1089:Apocalypse of Thomas
718:occurs in book 5 by
1932:, p. 27.
1418:, 10: 504 – 11: 50.
1374:, pp. 129–179.
1301:(Native American):
1116:Gospel of Nicodemus
1114:, described in the
1083:Apocalypse of Peter
149:Classical mythology
1859:Cartwright, Mark.
1406:, pp. 197–221
1273:Japanese mythology
1199:Helreið Brynhildar
1103:Apocalypse of Paul
992:
797:
722:, the daughter of
708:
508:
356:Amphion and Zethus
263:for knowledge. In
60:
2018:Rachel Falconer,
1253:'s expedition to
1168:World of Darkness
1112:Harrowing of Hell
864:Hellenistic Egypt
817:Epic of Gilgamesh
793:Frederic Leighton
610:, Parthenopaeus,
350:He next talks to
229:Castor and Pollux
104:
88:
16:(Redirected from
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1388:Edmonds III 2004
1381:
1375:
1369:
1340:Religion of the
1325:Religion of the
1299:Ohlone mythology
1260:Book of Taliesin
1234:'s descent into
1145:Israʾ and Miʿraj
622:, Thersilochus,
434:, and her lover
398:, mother of the
390:, the mother of
366:, the mother of
354:, the mother of
339:, the mother of
153:Greek underworld
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2015:
2013:Further reading
2003:Virgil (2007),
2002:
1986:
1975:
1966:
1957:
1948:
1939:
1929:The Greek Myths
1922:
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1382:
1378:
1370:
1363:
1359:
1308:Yoruba religion
1294:Maya Hero Twins
1247:Preiddeu Annwfn
1225:Welsh mythology
1206:'s rescue from
1170:as he conquers
1121:Dante Alighieri
856:(Posener, 1985)
854:Papyrus Vandier
782:
710:The next major
660:
482:
382:, the queen of
288:
265:Roman mythology
245:Greek mythology
185:
145:Greek mythology
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2043:
2042:
2036:
2023:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2009:
2000:
1973:
1964:
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1946:
1940:Homer (1975),
1937:
1924:Graves, Robert
1920:
1915:
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1600:
1588:
1586:, 11: 601–640.
1576:
1574:, 11: 550–600.
1564:
1562:, 11: 466–540.
1552:
1550:, 11: 385–461.
1540:
1538:, 11: 321–332.
1528:
1526:, 11: 298–320.
1516:
1514:, 11: 271–285.
1504:
1502:, 11: 266–270.
1492:
1490:, 11: 260–265.
1480:
1478:, 11: 235–259.
1468:
1466:, 11: 145–224.
1456:
1444:
1432:
1420:
1408:
1386:, p. 98;
1376:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1338:
1323:
1305:
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1290:Maya mythology
1287:
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1186:
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1087:Thomas in the
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1070:
1069:
1063:
1053:
1043:
1038:
1035:Avalokiteśvara
1026:
1025:
1021:descends into
1015:
1001:Vedic religion
974:
973:
965:try to abduct
956:
945:
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931:
926:
916:
906:
897:
883:
868:
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857:
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843:
834:
820:
781:
778:
749:'s poison for
659:
653:
481:
475:
426:, the king of
287:
281:
221:Hero's journey
210:eschatological
184:
181:
32:Katabatic wind
26:
24:
14:
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9:
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3:
2:
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2037:9788411482080
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2017:
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1983:
1979:
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1970:
1969:Metamorphoses
1967:Ovid (2010),
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1817:
1814:, 7: 575–595.
1813:
1808:
1805:
1802:, 5: 739–746.
1801:
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1790:, 5: 658–712.
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1778:, 5: 552–615.
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1754:, 4: 624–634.
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1730:, 4: 432–479.
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1718:, 6: 637–901.
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770:Metamorphoses
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72:Ancient Greek
69:
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58:
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19:
2027:
2019:
2004:
1981:
1968:
1959:
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1941:
1933:
1927:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1881:Bibliography
1868:. Retrieved
1864:
1854:
1842:
1831:
1826:, 10: 1–110.
1819:
1807:
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1459:
1447:
1442:, 11: 84–89.
1435:
1430:, 11: 51–83.
1423:
1411:
1399:
1391:
1384:Leeming 2005
1379:
1372:Serrano 1999
1266:
1265:
1258:
1239:
1223:
1222:
1204:Lemminkäinen
1177:
1176:
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1132:
1131:
1124:
1101:Paul in the
1094:
1073:Christianity
1072:
1071:
1028:
1027:
1019:Yudhishthira
994:
993:
983:pulled into
951:
921:, to rescue
911:, to rescue
889:, to rescue
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661:
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531:
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519:
511:
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478:
440:
432:Clytemnestra
349:
313:
308:
291:
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277:Roman Empire
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92:
67:
63:
61:
53:
2060:Epic poetry
1716:Virgil 2007
1704:Virgil 2007
1692:Virgil 2007
1680:Virgil 2007
1668:Virgil 2007
1656:Virgil 2007
1644:Virgil 2007
1632:Virgil 2007
1620:Virgil 2007
1608:Virgil 2007
1598:, 6: 1–124.
1596:Virgil 2007
1404:Louden 2011
1251:King Arthur
1214:Väinämöinen
1041:Kṣitigarbha
447:Neoptolemus
214:immortality
55:The Odyssey
2049:Categories
1916:0674192265
1870:2022-12-06
1861:"Tantalus"
1584:Homer 1975
1572:Homer 1975
1560:Homer 1975
1548:Homer 1975
1536:Homer 1975
1524:Homer 1975
1512:Homer 1975
1500:Homer 1975
1488:Homer 1975
1476:Homer 1975
1464:Homer 1975
1452:Homer 1975
1440:Homer 1975
1428:Homer 1975
1416:Homer 1975
1357:References
1331:King Gesar
1241:Mabinogion
1164:Hibil Ziwa
1046:Phra Malai
967:Persephone
925:from Hades
915:from Hades
841:Ereshkigal
831:Ereshkigal
755:12 Labours
720:Proserpina
695:, and the
626:, Idaeus,
624:Polyboetes
532:cunctantem
498:Underworld
396:Iphimedeia
324:Polyphemos
201:underworld
141:underworld
2055:Katabasis
1840:Pausanias
1824:Ovid 2010
1812:Ovid 2010
1800:Ovid 2010
1788:Ovid 2010
1776:Ovid 2010
1764:Ovid 2010
1752:Ovid 2010
1740:Ovid 2010
1728:Ovid 2010
1158:Mandaeism
1057:Devadatta
981:Devadatta
963:Pirithous
936:, son of
881:Aphrodite
762:katabasis
743:katabasis
712:katabasis
668:katabasis
644:Pirithous
632:Deiphobus
628:Agamemnon
572:Palinurus
512:katabasis
436:Aegisthus
424:Agamemnon
414:, Maera,
93:katábasis
85:romanized
78:κατάβασις
68:catabasis
64:katabasis
2065:Rhetoric
1990:citation
1140:Muhammad
1138:Prophet
1066:Moginlin
1029:Buddhism
1017:Emperor
995:Hinduism
971:Heracles
943:Odysseus
938:Tantalus
923:Eurydice
913:Alcestis
909:Heracles
900:Heracles
887:Dionysus
885:The god
774:Eurydice
689:Sisyphus
685:Tantalus
612:Adrastus
596:Laodamia
592:Pasiphae
584:Eriphyle
564:Cerberus
552:Chimaera
544:Briareus
471:Sisyphus
467:Tantalus
443:Achilles
420:Eriphyle
376:Epicaste
368:Heracles
320:Poseidon
310:Tiresias
304:Anticlea
273:Anchises
261:Tiresias
257:Odysseus
253:Eurydice
247:include
237:anabasis
183:Overview
167:Odysseus
50:Tiresias
46:Odysseus
1327:Mongols
1312:Obatala
1281:Izanami
1277:Izanagi
1218:Tuonela
1208:Tuonela
1194:Hermóðr
1142:in the
1081:in the
959:Theseus
919:Orpheus
904:Theseus
766:Orpheus
751:Theseus
714:in the
697:Belides
681:Athamas
636:Elysium
616:Glaucus
600:Caeneus
580:Procris
576:Phaedra
560:Harpies
556:Gorgons
496:to the
428:Mycenae
416:Clymene
412:Ariadne
408:Procris
404:Phaedra
400:Aloadae
380:Chloris
364:Alcmene
352:Antiope
300:Elpenor
292:Odyssey
285:Odyssey
249:Orpheus
225:Lazarus
189:mytheme
176:Odyssey
103:
87::
2034:
2005:Aeneid
1913:
1848:2.31.2
1836:Graves
1402:; and
1400:passim
1392:passim
1346:Kyrgyz
1314:, the
1292:: the
1255:Annwfn
1061:Buddha
1023:Naraka
989:Buddha
953:Aeneid
948:Aeneas
934:Pelops
929:Psyche
891:Semele
877:Adonis
837:Nergal
827:Ishtar
823:Inanna
806:Enkidu
795:(1891)
677:Cadmus
673:Alecto
640:Tityos
630:, and
608:Tydeus
602:, and
588:Evadne
568:Charon
562:, and
558:, the
554:, the
550:, the
546:, the
540:Scylla
520:Aeneid
516:Virgil
503:Aeneid
494:Aeneas
492:leads
479:Aeneid
469:, and
463:Tityos
418:, and
372:Megara
345:Neleus
341:Pelias
332:Ithaca
328:Helios
315:nostos
269:Aeneas
227:, and
171:nekyia
163:nekyia
158:nekyia
1350:Erlik
1342:Turks
1335:Erlik
1267:Other
1236:Annwn
1232:Pwyll
1189:Baldr
1133:Islam
1108:Jesus
1079:Peter
1013:Indra
1005:Ushas
985:Avici
791:, by
747:Medea
724:Ceres
693:Ixion
648:Ixion
620:Medon
548:Hydra
459:Orion
455:Minos
384:Pylos
296:Hades
205:quest
134:baínō
127:βαίνω
2032:ISBN
1996:link
1911:ISBN
1320:Ifẹ̀
1285:Yomi
1279:and
1184:Odin
1172:Ruha
1148:and
1050:monk
1048:, a
1009:Vala
961:and
760:The
735:Jove
664:Ovid
655:The
646:and
604:Dido
510:The
488:The
477:The
451:Ajax
394:and
388:Leda
360:Zeus
343:and
337:Tyro
283:The
197:hero
147:and
117:katà
110:κατὰ
101:lit.
1318:of
1283:in
1011:by
764:of
728:Dis
662:In
518:'s
514:of
191:of
66:or
2051::
1992:}}
1988:{{
1980:,
1926:,
1863:.
1398:,
1394:;
1390:,
1364:^
1344::
1329::
1310::
1275::
1249:,
1003::
691:,
687:,
618:,
614:,
598:,
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586:,
582:,
578:,
542:,
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410:,
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279:.
267:,
231:.
216:.
98:,
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62:A
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1998:)
1934:k
1873:.
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131:(
120:)
114:(
70:(
57:.
38:.
20:)
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