Desert tortoise - Knowledge (XXG)

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tortoise population dynamics. It is not known if the population would still decline if disease were completely absent from the system; are tortoises more susceptible to disease during drought conditions? How does a non-native diet impact a tortoise's ability to ward off pathogens? What are the causes of immunity exhibited by some desert tortoises? The 2008 USFWS draft recovery plan suggests that populations of tortoises that are uninfected, or only recently infected, should likely be considered research and management priorities. Tortoises are known to show resistance to disease in some areas, an effort to identify and maintain these individuals in the populations is essential. Furthermore, increasing research on the social behavior of these animals, and garnering a greater understanding of how behavior facilitates disease transmission would be advantageous in understanding rates of transmission. Finally, translocation of tortoises should be done with extreme caution; disease is typically furtive and moving individuals or populations of tortoises across a landscape can have

1174:(2006) tested blood samples for URTD (n = 179) and herpesvirus (n = 109) from captive tortoises found near Barstow, CA and Hesperia, CA. Demographic and health data were collected from the tortoises, as well from other reptiles housed in the same facility. Of these, 45.3% showed signs of mild disease, 16.2% of moderate disease, and 4.5% of severe disease, and blood tests revealed that 82.7% of tortoises had antibodies to mycoplasma, and 26.6% had antibodies to herpesvirus (which means the tortoises were seropositive for these two diseases, and indicate previous exposure to the causative agents). With an estimated 200,000 captive desert tortoises in California, their escape or release into the wild is a real threat to uninfected wild populations of tortoises. Projections from this study suggest that about 4400 tortoises could escape from captivity in a given year, and with an 82% exposure rate to URTD, the wild population may be at greater risk than previously thought. 1307: 625:, rock shelters, and pallets to regulate body temperature and reduce water loss. Burrows are tunnels dug into soil by desert tortoises or other animals, rock shelters are spaces protected by rocks and/or boulders, and pallets are depressions in the soil. The use of the various shelter types is related to their availability and climate. The number of burrows used, the extent of repetitive use, and the occurrence of burrow sharing are variable. Males tend to occupy deeper burrows than females. Seasonal trends in burrow use are influenced by desert tortoise sex and regional variation. Desert tortoise shelter sites are often associated with plant or rock cover. Desert tortoises often lay their eggs in nests dug in sufficiently deep soil at the entrance of burrows or under shrubs. Nests are typically 8 to 25 centimetres (3 to 10 inches) deep. 1283: 1295: 1271: 770: 1137:. Areas infected with CD appear discolored, dry, rough and flakey, with peeling, pitting, and chipping through multiple cornified layers. Lesions are usually first located on the plastron (underside) of the tortoises, although lesions on the carapace (upper side) and fore limbs are not uncommon. In advanced cases, exposed areas become infected with bacteria, fungi, and exposed tissue and bone may become necrotic. CD was evident as early as 1979 and was initially identified on the Chuckwalla Bench Area of Critical Environmental Concern in Riverside County, California. Currently, the means of transmission are unknown, although hypotheses include 552:(lower shell) is concave compared to a female tortoise. Males have larger tails than females do. Their shells are high-domed, and greenish-tan to dark brown in color. The high domes of their shells allow for space for their lungs, which helps them maintain thermoregulation, also known as maintaining internal temperature. Desert tortoises can grow to 10–15 cm (4–6 in) in height. They can range in weight from 8 to 15 pounds, or 3.5 kg to 7 kg. The front limbs have sharp, claw-like scales and are flattened for digging. Back legs are skinnier and very long. 1516: 719:

to 135 days; some eggs may overwinter and hatch the following spring. In a laboratory experiment, temperature influenced hatching rates and hatchling sex. Incubation temperatures from 27 to 31 °C (81 to 88 °F) resulted in hatching rates exceeding 83%, while incubation at 25 °C (77 °F) resulted in a 53% hatching rate. Incubation temperatures less than 31 °C (88 °F) resulted in all-male clutches. Average incubation time decreased from 124.7 days at 25 °C (77 °F) to 78.2 days at 31 °C (88 °F).

851:. During periods of adequate rainfall, they drink copiously from any pools they find, and eliminate solid urates. The tortoises can increase their body weight by up to 40% after copious drinking. Adult tortoises can survive a year or more without access to water. During the summer and dry seasons, they rely on the water contained within cactus fruits and mesquite grass. To maintain sufficient water, they reabsorb water in their bladders, and move to humid burrows in the morning to prevent water loss by evaporation. 711: 1219: 1248:

tortoise diseases into wild populations. Strategies may include encouraging people to not breed their captive tortoises, ensure that different species of turtles and tortoises are not housed in the same facility (which would help to prevent the spread of novel diseases into the desert tortoise population), ensure captive tortoises are adequately housed to prevent them from escaping into the wild, and to ensure that captive turtles and tortoises are never released into the wild.

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nature, droughts, roadkill, or vandals may have attracted ravens and threatened the healthy tortoises as any predator bird need only feed once on a small tortoise to remember it as a viable food source. The National Park Service did not take the measures they were urged to. They responded with "We simply do not believe that such regulations are warranted at this time." and no further action has been taken.

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A desert tortoise can empty its bladder as one of its defense mechanisms. This can leave the tortoise in a very vulnerable condition in dry areas, since the tortoise will no longer have a backup water supply. If a tortoise is seen in the wild, you should not handle, or pick them up unless they are in

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The desert tortoise grows slowly, often taking 16 years or longer to reach about 20 cm (8 in) in length. The growth rate varies with age, location, gender and precipitation. It can slow down from 12 mm/year for ages 4–8 years to about 6.0 mm/year for ages 16 to 20 years. Males and

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Months later, the female lays a clutch of four to eight hard-shelled eggs, which have the size and shape of ping-pong balls, usually in June or July. The eggs hatch in August or September. Wild female tortoises produce up to three clutches a year depending on the climate. Their eggs incubate from 90

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The desert tortoise lives about 50 to 80 years; it grows slowly and generally has a low reproductive rate. It spends most of its time in burrows, rock shelters, and pallets to regulate body temperature and reduce water loss. It is most active after seasonal rains and is inactive during most of the

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Berry, K. H. and J. Van Abbema. 1997. Demographic consequences of disease in two desert tortoise populations in California, USA. Proceedings: conservation, restoration, and management of tortoises and turtles – an international conference 11–16 July 1993, State University of New York, Purchase, New

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Before obtaining a desert tortoise as a pet, it is best to check the laws and regulations of the local area and/or state. Desert tortoises may not be captured from the wild. They may, however, be given as a gift from one private owner to another. Desert tortoises need to be kept outdoors in a large

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Upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) is a chronic, infectious disease responsible for population declines across the entire range of the desert tortoise. It was identified in the early 1970s in captive desert tortoise populations, and later identified in the wild population. URTD is caused by the

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While tortoises are made to withstand tough conditions and high temperatures, they are unable to cope with the dangers of human development, such as the use of off-roading vehicles. These vehicles that come along at high speeds have the potential to crush and kill tortoises, running over their eggs

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Tortoises mate in the spring and autumn. Male desert tortoises grow two large white glands around the chin area, called chin glands, that signify mating season. A male circles around female, biting her shell in the process. He then climbs upon the female and insert his penis (a white organ, usually

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Desert tortoises have been severely affected by disease. Both upper respiratory tract disease and cutaneous dyskeratosis have caused precipitous population declines and die-offs across the entire range of this charismatic species. Both of these diseases are extremely likely to be caused by people,

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Mycoplasmae appear to be highly virulent (infectious) in some populations, while chronic, or even dormant in others. The mechanism (whether environmental or genetic) responsible for this diversity is not understood. Infection is characterized by both physiological and behavioral changes: nasal and

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Shelters are important for controlling body temperature and water regulation, as they allow desert tortoises to slow their rate of heating in summer and provide protection from cold during the winter. The humidity within burrows prevents dehydration. Burrows also provide protection from predators.

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to 1,600 m (5,300 ft) in Arizona, though they are most common from around 300 to 1,050 m (1,000 to 3,500 ft). Estimates of densities vary from less than 8/km (21/sq mi) on sites in southern California to over 500/km (1,300/sq mi) in the western Mojave Desert, although

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Two case studies outlined the spread of disease in desert tortoises. The Daggett Epidemiology of Upper Respiratory Tract Disease project, which provides supporting disease research for the Fort Irwin translocation project, lends an example of the spread of disease. In 2008, 197 health evaluations

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Temperature strongly influences desert tortoise activity level. Although desert tortoises can survive body temperatures from below freezing to over 40 °C (104 °F), most activity occurs at temperatures from 26 to 34 °C (79 to 93 °F). The influence of temperature is reflected in

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Wild populations of tortoises must be managed effectively to minimize the spread of diseases, which includes research and education. Despite significant research being conducted on desert tortoises and disease, a considerable knowledge gap still exists in understanding how disease affects desert

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population, under an emergency rule in 1989. All desert tortoises are protected under law of the United States based on similarity of appearance to tortoises of the protected Mojave population. It is unlawful to touch, harm, harass, or collect wild desert tortoises. It is, however, possible to

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of California. Biologists discovered numerous gunshot wounds (holes) on dead tortoise shells which could likely have been caused long after natural death as these shells can take five years to disintegrate and make useful targets for well intentioned target shooters. These shells left behind by

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The desert tortoise is one of the few known tortoises in existence that has been observed engaging in homosexual intercourse Same-sex intercourse happens in many species, There is no one answer as to why this occurs. One possible explanation for this could be the social component of gaining and

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As a corollary to research, education may help prevent captive tortoises from coming into contact with wild populations. Education campaigns through veterinarians, government agencies, schools, museums, and community centers throughout the range of the desert tortoise could limit the spread of

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and the social nature of these animals, suggests that disease-free individuals may be vulnerable to spread of disease, and that transmission can occur rapidly. Thus, wild tortoises that are close to the urban-wildlife interface may be vulnerable to spread of disease as a direct result of human

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of the US Army expanded into an area that was habitat for about 2,000 desert tortoises, and contained critical desert tortoise habitat (a designation by the US Fish and Wildlife Service). In March 2008, about 650 tortoises were moved by helicopter and vehicle, up to 35 km away. The Desert

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Although desert tortoises spend the majority of their time in shelter, movements of up to 200 m (660 ft) per day are common. The common, comparatively short-distance movements presumably represent foraging activity, traveling between burrows, and possibly mate-seeking or other social

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Desert tortoises can live in areas with ground temperatures exceeding 60 °C (140 °F) because of their ability to dig burrows and escape the heat. At least 95% of their lives are spent in burrows. There, they are also protected from freezing winter weather while dormant, from November

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22 million caring for the tortoises on or near the site during construction. Despite this, in a 2011 Revised Biological Assessment for the Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System, the Bureau of Land Management anticipated the loss or significant degradation of 1,420 hectares (3,520 acres) of

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are all natural predators of the desert tortoise. They prey on eggs, juveniles, which are 50–75 mm (2–3 in) long with a thin, delicate shell, or, in some cases, adults. Ravens are thought to cause significant levels of juvenile tortoise predation in some areas of the Mojave Desert –

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The annual death rate of adults is typically a few percent, but is much higher for young desert tortoises. Only 2–5% of hatchlings are estimated to reach maturity. Estimates of survival from hatching to 1 year of age for Mojave Desert tortoises range from 47 to 51%. Survival of Mojave Desert

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daily activity patterns, with desert tortoises often active late in the morning during spring and fall, early in the morning and late in the evening during the summer, and occasionally becoming active during relatively warm winter afternoons. The activity generally increases after rainfall.

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embedded on their backs for reference. According to Arizona Game and Fish Commission Rule R12-4-407 A.1, they may be possessed if the tortoises are obtained from a captive source which is properly documented. Commission Order 43: Reptile Notes 3: one tortoise per family member.

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Scientists have divided the desert tortoise into three species: Agassiz's and Morafka's desert tortoises, with a third species, Goode's thornscrub tortoise, in northern Sinaloan and southern Sonora, Mexico. An isolated population of Agassiz's desert tortoise occurs in the

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Desert tortoises are sensitive to the soil type, owing to their reliance on burrows for shelter, reduction of water loss, and regulation of body temperature. The soil should crumble easily during digging and be firm enough to resist collapse. Desert tortoises prefer sandy

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Mack, J. and K. H. Berry. 2009. Development of an epidemiological model of upper respiratory tract disease (Mysoplasmosis) in desert tortoises using the Daggett study area: Year 2, 2008. Proceedings of the thirty-fourth annual meeting and symposium. The desert tortoise

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for den construction might be found. They range from near sea level to around 1,050 m (3,500 ft) in elevation. Tortoises show very strong site fidelity, and have well-established home ranges where they know where their food, water, and mineral resources are.

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most estimates are less than 150/km (390/sq mi). The home range generally consists of 4 to 40 hectares (10 to 100 acres). In general, males have larger home ranges than females, and home range size increases with increasing resources and rainfall.

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Hohman, Judy; Stine, Peter; Bransfield, Ray; Kramer, Karla; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1990). "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Determination of Threatened Status for the Mojave Population of the Desert Tortoise".

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Desert tortoises reach their reproductive maturity at ages 15 to 20, when they become longer than 18 cm (7 in). However, it is possible for them to mature faster as 10-year-old females that are able to reproduce have been observed.

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Each desert tortoise uses about 5 to 25 burrows per year. Some burrows are used repeatedly, sometimes for several consecutive years. Desert tortoises share burrows with various mammals, reptiles, birds, and invertebrates, such as

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The lifespan of a desert tortoise can vary from 50 to 80 years. The main causes of mortality in desert tortoises include predators, human-related causes, diseases, and environmental factors such as drought, flooding, and fire.

1328: 606:, and tend to avoid sands or soils with low water-holding capacity, excess salts, or low resistance to flooding. They may consume soil to maintain adequate calcium levels, and may prefer sites with higher calcium content. 2674:

Brown, M. B., K. H. Berry, I. M. Schumacher, K. A. Nagy, M. M. Christopher, and P. A. Klein (1999). "Seroepidemiology of upper respiratory tract disease in the desert tortoise in the western Mojave Desert of California".

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and URTD is easily linked with people releasing captive tortoises into the wild. The combination of scientific research and public education is imperative to curb the spread of disease and aid the tortoise in recovery.

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In 2011, on the basis of DNA, geographic, and behavioral differences between desert tortoises east and west of the Colorado River, it was decided that two species of desert tortoises exist: Agassiz's desert tortoise

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by about 70% In 2016, based on a large-scale genetic analysis, ecological and morphological data, researchers proposed a split between the Sonoran and Sinaloan populations. This southernmost member of the

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Their activity depends on location, peaking in late spring for the Mojave Desert and in late summer to fall in Sonoran Desert; some populations exhibit two activity peaks during one year. Desert tortoises

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Campbell, Jackie; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (1989). "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Emergency Determination of Endangered Status for the Mojave Population of the Desert Tortoise".

689:), beetles, spiders, and scorpions. One burrow can host up to 23 desert tortoises – such sharing is more common for desert tortoises of opposite sexes than for desert tortoises of the same sex. 475:

facilitates survival during freezing temperatures and low food availability. Desert tortoises can tolerate water, salt, and energy imbalances on a daily basis, which increases their lifespans.

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tortoise habitat and the harm of 57–274 adult tortoises, 608 juveniles, and 236 eggs inside the work area, and 203 adult tortoises and 1,541 juvenile tortoises outside the work area. The

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of a female, which is located around the tail. The male may make grunting noises once atop a female, and may move his front legs up and down in a constant motion, as if playing a drum.

1629:"The dazed and confused identity of Agassiz's land tortoise, Gopherus agassizii (Testudines: Testudinidae) with the description of a new species and its consequences for conservation" 6891: 1109:, and lethargic or erratic behavior. These pathogens are likely transmitted by contact with an infected individual. Epidemiological studies of wild desert tortoises in the western 6937: 561:

through February or March. Within their burrows, these tortoises create a subterranean environment that can be beneficial to other reptiles, mammals, birds, and invertebrates.

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Tortoise Preserve Committee protects roughly 2,000 hectares (5,000 acres) of desert tortoise habitat from human activity. This area includes 1,760 hectares (4,340 acres) in

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Lewis-Winokur, Vanessa; Winokur, Robert M. (1995). "Incubation temperature affects sexual differentiation, incubation time, and posthatching survival in desert tortoises (

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during winters, roughly from November to February–April. Females begin brumating later and emerge earlier than males; juveniles emerge from brumation earlier than adults.

6987: 3097: 2718: 2647: 2580: 2506: 1162:. The spread of disease was tracked over two years, and clinical signs of URTD spread from the core area to adjacent, outlying locations during this time. Overlaying 6782: 1610: 6997: 6847: 1133:(CD) is a shell disease of unknown origin and has unknown implications on desert tortoise populations. Observationally, it is typified by shell lesions on the 569:

of northwestern Arizona. They live in a different type of habitat, from sandy flats to rocky foothills. They have a strong proclivity in the Mojave Desert for

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These tortoises may attain a length of 25 to 36 cm (10 to 14 in), with males being slightly larger than females. A male tortoise has a longer

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area of dry soil and with access to vegetation and water. An underground den and a balanced diet are crucial to the health of captive tortoises.

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Jacobson, E. R.; T. J. Wronski; J. Schumacher; C. Reggiardo & K. H. Berry (1994). "Cutaneous dyskeratosis in free ranging desert tortoises,

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only seen upon careful inspection during mating, as it is hidden inside the male and can only be coaxed out with sexual implication) into the

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behaviors. Long-distance movements could potentially represent dispersal into new areas and/or use of peripheral portions of the home range.

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imminent danger. Handling of tortoises may have consequences for the animal, such as the development of upper respiratory tract infections.

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Edwards, T., C. J. Jarchow, C. A. Jones, and K. E. Bonine (2010). "Tracing Genetic Lineages of Captive Desert Tortoises in Arizona".

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The second study indicated that captive tortoises can be a source of disease to wild Agassiz's desert tortoise populations. Johnson

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Desert tortoise populations in some areas have declined by as much as 90% since the 1980s, and the Mojave population is listed as

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Jacobson, E. R., J. M. Gaskin, M. B. Brown, R. K. Harris, C. H. Gardiner, J. L. Lapointe, H. P. Adams, and C. Reggiardo (1991).

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Turtles of the World 2017 Update: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status

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turtles of the world 2017 update: Annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status

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Much of the tortoise's water intake comes from moisture in the grasses and wildflowers they consume in the spring. A large

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is distributed in western Arizona, southeastern California, southern Nevada, and southwestern Utah. The specific name

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London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, printers). x + 311p. + Plates I-III. (

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Berry, K. H.; M. M. Christopher (2001). "Guidelines for the field evaluation of desert tortoise health and disease".

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Catalogue of the Chelonians, Rhynchocephalians, and Crocodiles in the British Museum (Natural History). New Edition.

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Murphy, Robert; Berry, Kristin; Edwards, Taylor; Leviton, Alan; Lathrop, Amy; Riedle, J. Daren (June 28, 2011).

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females grow at similar rates; females can grow slightly faster when young, but males grow larger than females.

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Homer, B. L.; C. Li; K. H. Berry; N. D. Denslow; E. R. Jacobson; R. H. Sawyer & J. E. Williams (2001).

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Desert Tortoise Adoption Program in Utah, Joshua Tree Tortoise Rescue Project in California, or through

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Murphy, Robert; Berry, Kristin; Edwards, Taylor; Leviton, Alan; Lathrop, Amy; Riedle, J. Daren (2011).

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Revised Biological Assessment for the Ivanpah Solar Electric Generating System (Ivanpah SEGS) Project

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In the summer of 2010, Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility filed a lawsuit against the

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Desert tortoise with an estimated age of 63 years. Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area, NV

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Brown, M. B., I. M. Schumacher, P. A. Klein, K. Harris, T. Correll, and E. R. Jacobson (1994).

2312: 6947: 6826: 6710: 6271: 5254: 5206: 5197: 5080: 4657: 4218: 4045: 4040: 3808: 3697: 3543: 3538: 3293: 3271: 3263: 3255: 3241: 3184: 2931: 2875: 2832: 2788: 2743:. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, California and Nevada Region, Sacramento, California (2008). 2692: 2629: 2480: 2273: 2163: 2110: 2098: 2034: 1890: 1761: 1738: 1672: 1654: 1495: 1409:. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. May 4, 2023 666: 6914: 2555: 1695:"The desert tortoise trichotomy: Mexico hosts a third, new sister-species of tortoise in the 1544: 847:

wastes. During very dry times, they may give off waste as a white paste rather than a watery

6886: 6063: 5451: 5426: 5387: 5335: 5066: 4611: 4264: 4134: 3826: 3706: 3462: 3071: 3021: 2921: 2867: 2822: 2778: 2770: 2684: 2619: 2611: 2470: 2223: 2197: 2131: 2069: 2026: 1986: 1880: 1870: 1728: 1718: 1662: 1644: 1442: 1375: 650: 610: 433: 6689: 3292:. The Peterson Field Guide Series ®. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin. xiii + 533 pp. 3233: 3229: 6860: 6511: 6159: 5888: 5856: 5493: 5402: 5178: 4764: 4509: 4378: 4246: 3936: 3921: 3722: 2421: 2382: 2362: 1614: 1596: 832: 513: 333: 310: 3067: 3017: 2753:

Schumacher, I. M.; M. B. Brown; E. R. Jacobson; B. R. Collins & P. A. Klein (1993).

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Deane K. (2018). "The 'hibernation' process and post 'hibernation' care of tortoises".

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more humans are making their way in and out of the desert tortoises' home environment.

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population has been negatively affected by upper respiratory tract disease, cutaneous

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reported that 35% of desert tortoises in the Phoenix area are hybrids between either

1159: 1110: 1101:, or eyelid, the fleshy portion that is in contact with the tortoises eye globe) and 1051: 1001: 911: 658: 570: 464: 448: 440: 280: 178: 74: 3083: 2949:

Jacobson, E. R. (1994). "Causes of mortality and diseases in tortoises – A review".

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frequently near urbanized areas. The most significant threats to tortoises include

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Another potential threat to the desert tortoise's habitat is a series of proposed

496:). The new species name is in honor of the late Professor David Joseph Morafka of 37: 1042:, which includes viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. More specifically, the 1013:(BLM) expects that most of the juvenile tortoises on the project will be killed. 471:

year. This inactivity helps reduce water loss during hot periods, whereas winter

367: 6904: 6834: 6769: 6669: 6499: 6454: 6300: 6285: 6207: 6199: 6191: 6167: 6047: 6031: 6015: 5931: 5923: 5872: 5848: 5840: 5832: 5700: 5652: 5575: 5500: 5365: 5321: 5247: 5233: 5185: 5042: 4960: 4898: 4891: 4884: 4799: 4741: 4733: 4650: 4642: 4589: 4579: 4205: 4055: 3597: 3530: 1163: 674: 629:

The availability of adequate burrow sites influences desert tortoise densities.

545: 3136: 2871: 2827: 2810: 2688: 2475: 2454: 1960: 467:. The desert tortoise is the official state reptile in California and Nevada. 6578: 6491: 6477: 6438: 6215: 6135: 6103: 6087: 6055: 5993: 5966: 5947: 5864: 5669: 5589: 5582: 5530: 5507: 5417: 5284: 5016: 4823: 4756: 4673: 4665: 4568: 4559: 3890: 3818: 3454: 3399: 3393: 3158: 2809:

Homer, B. L.; K. H. Berry; M. B. Brown & G. Ellis, E. R. Jacobson (1998).

2737:

Draft revised recovery plan for the Mojave population of the desert tortoise (

2030: 1276:

Closeup of desert tortoise at Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area, 2020

1106: 1063: 980: 825: 793: 168: 6660: 2926: 2905: 2038: 1875: 1723: 1658: 1649: 1356:

Berry, K.H.; Allison, L.J.; McLuckie, A.M.; Vaughn, M.; Murphy, R.W. (2021).

6570: 6430: 6414: 6343: 6307: 6257: 6250: 6175: 6151: 6095: 6039: 5746: 5538: 5486: 5444: 5157: 5115: 5023: 5009: 4995: 4988: 4981: 4974: 4946: 4791: 4619: 2014: 1628: 1086: 1085:, which are bacteria in the class Mollicutes and characterized by having no 1039: 976: 930:

in 1990, after being listed as endangered, or threatened in the case of the

900: 887: 879: 840: 809: 746: 500:, in recognition of his many contributions to the study and conservation of 472: 287: 118: 6800: 2935: 2879: 2696: 2455:"Chronic upper respiratory tract disease of free ranging desert tortoises ( 2226: 2200: 2114: 1894: 1742: 1676: 1402: 1312:

Photo showing rocky habitat of Desert tortoise at Red Rock Canyon NCA, 2020

3159:

Desert Tortoise documentary video: The Desert Tortoise: A Delicate Balance

2836: 2792: 2633: 2484: 935:

adopt captive tortoises through the Tortoise Adoption Program in Arizona,

508:

occurs east of the Colorado River in Arizona, as well as in the states of

6865: 6654: 6385: 6314: 6234: 6223: 6119: 5784: 5661: 5553: 5395: 5380: 5342: 5291: 5217: 5122: 5101: 5087: 5073: 4929: 4856: 4725: 4704: 4696: 4478: 4275: 4144: 3913: 3800: 3431: 3375: 3356: 3181:

The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians

2755:"Detection of antibodies to a pathogenic mycoplasma in desert tortoises ( 2554:

Berry, K. H., E. K. Spangenberg, B. L. Homer, and E. R. Jacobson (2002).

1447: 1430: 1098: 1055: 1004:

thermal project led the developers to hire some 100 biologists and spend

844: 817: 642: 549: 429: 198: 188: 138: 6725: 2962: 2540: 2238: 6761: 6529: 6278: 6183: 6079: 6023: 5603: 5596: 5478: 5328: 5314: 5171: 5136: 5051: 4953: 4493: 4484: 4083: 4032: 3387: 3381: 871: 821: 425: 148: 2003:

Biol. Exuberance: Desert Tortoise - Bagemihl (1999 AD), pages 232, 664

1097:

ocular discharge, palpebral edema (swelling of the upper and/or lower

828:, enabling more efficient digestion of plant material in the stomach. 6774: 6264: 5907: 4499: 4472: 4460: 3369: 3075: 1693:

Edwards T, Karl AE, Vaughn M, Rosen PC, Torres CM, Murphy RW (2016).

1090: 944: 883: 875: 704: 622: 599: 574: 509: 452: 158: 128: 6631: 1990: 6899: 5471: 4538: 3325: 1475: 1300:

Front view closeup of desert tortoise at Red Rock Canyon NCA, 2020

1217: 1134: 863: 848: 799: 792: 785: 768: 709: 91: 85: 3164: 2399:

Ivanpah solar project would disturb thousands of desert tortoises

1288:

Same desert tortoise at Red Rock Canyon NCA showing habitat, 2020

1025:

for not having taken measures to manage tortoise shooting in the

585:

Desert tortoises inhabit elevations from below mean sea level in

4967: 2811:"Pathology of diseases in wild desert tortoises from California" 836: 813: 603: 595: 578: 6738: 6635: 4433: 3329: 3318:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 125 pp. ( 3290:

A Field Guide to Western Reptiles and Amphibians, Third Edition

2300:

Feinstein wants desert swath off-limits to solar, wind projects

1005: 903:

by humans, and habitat conversion from invasive plant species (

2600:

causes upper respiratory tract disease in the desert tortoise"

1909:"Federal agencies partner to conserve Mojave desert tortoises" 824:

or other minerals. As with birds, stones may also function as

4429: 2906:"Soluble scute proteins of healthy and ill desert tortoises ( 1851:"The dazed and confused identity of Agassiz's land tortoise, 1617:. US Geological Survey (2011-06-28). Retrieved on 2019-08-22. 1494:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. 2999:) from the Greater Barstow Area, Mojave Desert, California" 2989:

Johnson, A. J.; D. J. Morafka & E. R. Jacobson (2006).

2015:"An overview of same-sex mounting in turtles and tortoises" 2013:

Rodrigues, João Fabrício Mota; Liu, Yuxiang (May 1, 2016).

1758:

Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife

987:

and burrows and significantly impacting their population.

835:

can store over 40% of the tortoise's body weight in water,

3260:

Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification

2341:

Desert Tortoises Get Trumped by California's Solar Plants

1038:

Reptiles are known to become infected by a wide range of

455:, and to the Sinaloan thornscrub of northwestern Mexico. 1608:

Genetic Analysis Splits Desert Tortoise into Two Species

1490:

Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011).

2415:

Lawsuit to protect varmints in Mojave National Preserve

1934:

Glass-Godwin, Lenela (April 2002). "Desert Survivor?".

3316:

A Check List of North American Amphibians and Reptiles

2995:

and tortoise herpesvirus in captive desert tortoises (

1105:, weight loss, changes in color and elasticity of the 812:. Grasses form the bulk of its diet, but it also eats 6644: 6561: 6554: 6547: 6509: 6395: 6368: 6233: 6003: 5981: 5974: 5965: 5898: 5764: 5726: 5651: 5644: 5613: 5461: 5425: 5416: 5216: 5195: 5041: 4928: 4919: 4866: 4846: 4837: 4782: 4714: 4578: 4567: 4558: 4526: 4517: 4508: 4377: 4273: 4255: 4232: 4204: 4166: 4143: 4125: 4082: 4054: 4031: 4011: 3955: 3912: 3889: 3845: 3817: 3799: 3767: 3660: 3596: 3560: 3529: 3471: 3453: 3420: 2518: 2516: 1481:(California) Desert Tortoise. Encyclopedia of Life. 2527:, in the Colorado Desert of Southern California". 2102: 1833:"DROUGHT: Lack of water threatens desert tortoise" 2356:Desert Tortoise Care at the Ivanpah Solar Project 2269:"Army suspends relocation of Ft. Irwin tortoises" 2126: 2124: 1150:were conducted, revealing 25.0–45.2% exposure to 1419:Note: Protected as a member of the Testudinidae. 1381:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-2.RLTS.T97246272A3150871.en 2448: 2446: 2444: 2325:Glass-Godwin (April 2002). "DESERT SURVIVOR?". 1949:Tortoise Adoption Program – Care and Husbandry 778:tortoises from 1 to 4 years of age is 71–89%. 621:Desert tortoises spend most of their lives in 6608:Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on 4445: 4418:Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based on 3341: 2093: 2091: 1915:. Victor Valley News Group. December 28, 2021 8: 3240:. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. xi + 378 pp. 3096:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2899: 2897: 2804: 2802: 2717:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2669: 2667: 2646:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2579:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2505:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1951:. Desertmuseum.org. Retrieved on 2013-01-06. 498:California State University, Dominguez Hills 6938:IUCN Red List critically endangered species 3153:Desert Tortoise data and information portal 1214:Management activities and spread of disease 1158:, respectively, in a core area adjacent to 1113:from 1992 to 1995 showed a 37% increase in 947:. When adopted in Nevada, they will have a 6632: 6558: 6551: 5978: 5971: 5648: 5422: 4925: 4843: 4575: 4564: 4532: 4523: 4514: 4452: 4438: 4430: 3424: 3348: 3334: 3326: 3238:Introduction to Herpetology, Third Edition 2984: 2982: 1591:. United States Forest Service. fs.fed.us 899:and fragmentation, illegal collection and 63: 36: 27: 2925: 2826: 2782: 2623: 2474: 1884: 1874: 1760:. New York City: DK Publishing. 624 pp. 1732: 1722: 1666: 1648: 1539: 1537: 1446: 1379: 6988:Fauna of the Lower Colorado River Valley 3304:, pp. 255–257 + Plate 22 + Map 63). 2732: 2730: 2728: 2247:Environmental Conservation Online System 463:is in honor of Swiss-American zoologist 3123:Integrated Taxonomic Information System 2914:American Journal of Veterinary Research 2759:) with upper respiratory tract disease" 2138:. National Park Service. March 21, 2022 1348: 1266: 3881:Saddle-backed Rodrigues giant tortoise 3875:Saddle-backed Mauritius giant tortoise 3089: 2710: 2639: 2572: 2498: 2374:Bureau of Land Management (2011-4-19) 2132:"Desert Tortoise (Gopherus agassizii)" 1756:Wilson, Don E.; Burnie, David (2005). 1582: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1574: 1431:"Checklist of Chelonians of the World" 3183:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp. 2285:Connor, Michael J., and Mark Massar, 1963:. DesertUSA. Retrieved on 2013-01-06. 1844: 1842: 1688: 1686: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1470: 1468: 1466: 405:— Morafka, Aguirre & Murphy, 1994 7: 6998:Natural history of the Mojave Desert 2951:Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 2529:Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 1961:Desert Tortoise wildlife information 1222:Tortoise Monitoring and Research at 2136:Mojave National Preserve California 1367:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 957:Fort Irwin National Training Center 937:Utah Division of Wildlife Resources 3262:. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. 3215:(1861). "New California Animals". 2563:Chelonian Conservation and Biology 2249:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 1000:Concerns about the impacts of the 14: 6953:Taxa named by James Graham Cooper 3226:, new species, pp. 120–121). 3155:, Mojave Desert Ecosystem Program 1492:The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles 859:Predation and conservation status 3444: 3195:, pp. 471–472 + Plate 328). 3142:The Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum 2763:Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2616:10.1128/iai.62.10.4580-4586.1994 2157:Sahagun, Louis (June 10, 2019). 1327: This article incorporates 1322: 1305: 1293: 1281: 1269: 968:, and 32 hectares (80 acres) in 105: 2775:10.1128/jcm.31.6.1454-1460.1993 2387:U.S. Department of the Interior 2365:. ivanpahsolar.com (2012-03-06) 2289:, "Tortoise Tracks." April 2006 1429:Uwe Fritz; Peter Havaš (2007). 1070:Upper respiratory tract disease 635:white-tailed antelope squirrels 439:. The species is native to the 3863:Domed Rodrigues giant tortoise 3857:Domed Mauritius giant tortoise 3729:Santiago Island giant tortoise 3056:Journal of Wildlife Management 3026:10.1016/j.jaridenv.2006.09.025 2105:Tortoise Behavior and Survival 1545:"Desert Tortoise Life History" 964:, 290 hectares (710 acres) in 928:Endangered Species Act of 1973 598:soils with varying amounts of 1: 6968:Reptiles of the United States 3682:Chatham Island giant tortoise 2267:Sahagun, Louis (2008-10-11) 2074:10.1080/17415349.2018.1466670 820:as a source of supplementary 714:Hatching baby desert tortoise 352:Gopherus polyphemus agassizii 6978:Fauna of the Colorado Desert 3749:Volcán Darwin giant tortoise 3744:Volcán Alcedo giant tortoise 3734:Pinzón Island giant tortoise 3006:Journal of Arid Environments 2860:Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2815:Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2677:Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2463:Journal of Wildlife Diseases 2413:Stade, Kristen (2010-07-28) 2298:Simon, Richard (2009-03-25) 1342:United States Forest Service 378:Gopherus polyphemus agassizi 6983:Fauna of the Sonoran Desert 6958:North American desert fauna 6621:List of Testudines families 4242:Flat-backed spider tortoise 4117:Speke's hinge-back tortoise 4107:Lobatse hinge-back tortoise 3932:Goode's thornscrub tortoise 3759:Western Santa Cruz tortoise 3739:Sierra Negra giant tortoise 3687:Eastern Santa Cruz tortoise 3217:Proc. California Acad. Sci. 1979:Canadian Journal of Zoology 1260:The desert tortoise is the 996:Ivanpah solar power project 534:Goode's thornscrub tortoise 465:Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz 45:Agassiz's desert tortoise, 7026: 6973:Fauna of the Mojave Desert 6943:Reptiles described in 1861 4102:Home's hinge-back tortoise 4097:Forest hinge-back tortoise 4092:Bell's hinge-back tortoise 3754:Volcán Wolf giant tortoise 3703:Hood Island giant tortoise 3692:Fernandina Island tortoise 3442: 2872:10.7589/0090-3558-37.3.427 2828:10.7589/0090-3558-34.3.508 2689:10.7589/0090-3558-35.4.716 2476:10.7589/0090-3558-27.2.296 2062:Veterinary Nursing Journal 1264:of California and Nevada. 808:The desert tortoise is an 18: 6604: 4535: 4467: 4416: 4112:Natal hinge-back tortoise 3677:Cerro Azul giant tortoise 3520:Aldabrachelys grandidieri 3427: 3364: 2437:Jarvis Mojave letter 2011 2420:October 21, 2013, at the 2311:Woody, Todd (2009-07-13) 2109:. Chicago: Rand McNally. 2031:10.1007/s10164-015-0456-2 1595:February 4, 2018, at the 1224:Joshua Tree National Park 1011:Bureau of Land Management 941:Bureau of Land Management 639:Ammospermophilus leucurus 490:Morafka's desert tortoise 253: 246: 227: 220: 102:Scientific classification 100: 83: 61: 52: 44: 35: 30: 4023:Hesperotestudo percrassa 3779:Cheirogaster bacharidisi 3713:Santa Fe Island tortoise 3698:Floreana Island tortoise 3652:Chelonoidis sombrerensis 3570:African spurred tortoise 2927:10.2460/ajvr.2001.62.104 2397:Ertz, Brian (2011-4-29) 2339:Dini, Jack (2010-10-31) 2327:Science Reference Center 1876:10.3897/zookeys.113.1353 1724:10.3897/zookeys.562.6124 1650:10.3897/zookeys.113.1353 1613:January 2, 2017, at the 1027:Mojave National Preserve 723:establishing dominance. 548:horn than a female, his 19:Not to be confused with 3942:Sonoran Desert tortoise 3258:, Brodie ED Jr (1982). 3165:Desert Tortoise Council 3149:, National Park Service 1374:: e.T97246272A3150871. 1237:unforeseen consequences 804:A young desert tortoise 21:Sonoran Desert tortoise 7008:ESA threatened species 3869:Réunion giant tortoise 3791:Cheirogaster schafferi 3785:Cheirogaster gymnesica 3622:Chelonoidis alburyorum 3616:Yellow-footed tortoise 3588:Centrochelys vulcanica 3582:Centrochelys burchardi 3576:Centrochelys atlantica 3551:Astrochelys rogerbouri 3481:Aldabra giant tortoise 2604:Infection and Immunity 1812:The Nature Conservancy 1517:"Gale - Product Login" 1329:public domain material 1226: 1125:Cutaneous dyskeratosis 1083:Mycoplasma testudineum 1062:(bladder stones), and 932:Beaver Dam Slope, Utah 805: 797: 790: 774: 715: 394:Scaptochelys agassizii 6993:Symbols of California 6874:Paleobiology Database 4402:Spur-thighed tortoise 4339:Stylemys nebrascensis 4333:Stylemys karakolensis 4291:Stylemys calaverensis 4196:Megalochelys sondaari 4184:Megalochelys cautleyi 4153:Asian forest tortoise 3899:Burmese star tortoise 3719:Pinta Island tortoise 3512:Aldabrachelys abrupta 1221: 1023:National Park Service 966:San Bernardino County 906:Brassica tournefortii 803: 796: 789: 772: 713: 609:With the creation of 520:reduced the range of 402:Scaptochelys agassizi 70:Critically Endangered 4392:Kleinmann's tortoise 4351:Stylemys oregonensis 4297:Stylemys canetotiana 3991:Hadrianus schucherti 3973:Hadrianus majusculus 3904:Indian star tortoise 3646:Chelonoidis sellovii 3640:Chelonoidis monensis 3628:Chelonoidis cubensis 2993:Mycoplasma agassizii 2598:Mycoplasma agassizii 2315:, The New York Times 1448:10.3897/vz.57.e30895 1078:Mycoplasma agassizii 577:where more suitable 516:. The acceptance of 447:of the southwestern 386:Geochelone agassizii 4397:Marginated tortoise 4327:Stylemys frizaciana 4190:Megalochelys margae 4074:Travancore tortoise 3997:Hadrianus utahensis 3979:Hadrianus octonaria 3667:Chelonoidis complex 3611:Red-footed tortoise 3224:Xerobates agassizii 3137:The Desert Tortoise 3117:Gopherus agassizii 3068:2010JWMan..74..801E 3018:2006JArEn..67..192J 2991:"Seroprevalence of 2457:Xerobates agassizii 2302:, Los Angeles Times 2220:(149): 32326–32331. 2019:Journal of Ethology 1867:2011ZooK..113...39M 1715:2016ZooK..562..131E 1641:2011ZooK..113...39M 1336:Gopherus agassizii 1139:autoimmune diseases 897:habitat destruction 687:Heloderma suspectum 671:Callipepla gambelii 359:& Wermuth, 1955 257:Xerobates agassizii 55:Conservation status 16:Species of tortoise 6963:Reptiles of Mexico 6690:Gopherus_agassizii 6676:Gopherus agassizii 6646:Gopherus agassizii 5729:Nanhsiungchelyidae 5694:Macrocephalochelys 4408:Testudo brevitesta 4387:Hermann's tortoise 4363:Stylemys uintensis 4345:Stylemys neglectus 4309:Stylemys conspecta 4214:Geometric tortoise 4178:Megalochelys atlas 4158:Impressed tortoise 4069:Forsten's tortoise 4064:Elongated tortoise 3985:Hadrianus robustus 3662:Galápagos tortoise 3634:Chelonoidis lutzae 3320:Gopherus agassizii 3302:Gopherus agassizii 3282:, pp. 62–63). 3193:Gopherus agassizii 3179:, King FW (1979). 2997:Gopherus agassizii 2908:Gopherus agassizii 2757:Gopherus agassizii 2739:Gopherus agassizii 2525:Gopherus agassizii 2381:2013-10-21 at the 2361:2012-06-09 at the 2241:Gopherus agassizii 2239:"Desert tortoise ( 2194:(63): 12178–12191. 2099:Auffenberg, Walter 1975:Gopherus agassizii 1853:Gopherus agassizii 1787:ielc.libguides.com 1588:Gopherus agassizii 1504:Gopherus agassizii 1477:Gopherus agassizii 1435:Vertebrate Zoology 1360:Gopherus agassizii 1227: 1188:Gopherus agassizii 1145:Impacts of disease 1075:infectious agents 806: 798: 791: 775: 716: 663:Athene cunicularia 651:collared peccaries 486:Gopherus agassizii 421:Gopherus agassizii 295:Gopherus agassizii 277:Xerobates agassizi 231:Gopherus agassizii 7003:Symbols of Nevada 6925: 6924: 6638:Taxon identifiers 6629: 6628: 6600: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6543: 6542: 6539: 6538: 5961: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5640: 5639: 5412: 5411: 4915: 4914: 4833: 4832: 4554: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4546: 4545: 4427: 4426: 4422:. Key: †=extinct. 4369:Stylemys undabuna 4219:Serrated tortoise 4003:Hadrianus vialovi 3967:Hadrianus corsoni 3837:Speckled padloper 3809:Angulate tortoise 3544:Radiated tortoise 3539:Angonoka tortoise 3440: 3439: 3298:978-0-395-98272-3 3280:Gopherus agassizi 3250:Gopherus agassizi 2661:York, USA.: 91–99 2610:(10): 4580–4586. 2403:The Wildlife News 2313:A Solar Land Rush 2274:Los Angeles Times 2164:Los Angeles Times 1985:(11): 2091–2097. 1835:. March 21, 2014. 1808:"Desert Tortoise" 1767:978-0-7894-7764-4 1697:Gopherus morafkai 1521:galeapps.gale.com 1500:978-1-4214-0135-5 991:Human development 611:off-road vehicles 494:Gopherus morafkai 451:and northwestern 412: 411: 329:Gopherus agassizi 307:Testudo aggassizi 265:Testudo agassizii 213:G. agassizii 95: 78: 7015: 6918: 6917: 6908: 6907: 6895: 6894: 6882: 6881: 6869: 6868: 6856: 6855: 6843: 6842: 6830: 6829: 6817: 6816: 6804: 6803: 6791: 6790: 6778: 6777: 6765: 6764: 6752: 6751: 6742: 6741: 6729: 6728: 6719: 6718: 6706: 6705: 6693: 6692: 6680: 6679: 6678: 6665: 6664: 6663: 6633: 6559: 6552: 6064:Chupacabrachelys 5979: 5972: 5649: 5427:Carettochelyidae 5423: 4926: 4844: 4576: 4565: 4533: 4524: 4515: 4454: 4447: 4440: 4431: 4321:Stylemys emiliae 4265:Leopard tortoise 4135:Pancake tortoise 4046:Greater padloper 3463:Russian tortoise 3448: 3447: 3425: 3350: 3343: 3336: 3327: 3207:Testudo agasizii 3133: 3131: 3129: 3102: 3101: 3095: 3087: 3076:10.2193/2009-199 3051: 3045: 3044: 3042: 3040: 3034: 3028:. Archived from 3003: 2986: 2977: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2946: 2940: 2939: 2929: 2901: 2892: 2891: 2855: 2849: 2848: 2830: 2806: 2797: 2796: 2786: 2769:(6): 1454–1460. 2750: 2744: 2734: 2723: 2722: 2716: 2708: 2671: 2662: 2658: 2652: 2651: 2645: 2637: 2627: 2591: 2585: 2584: 2578: 2570: 2560: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2520: 2511: 2510: 2504: 2496: 2478: 2450: 2439: 2434: 2428: 2411: 2405: 2395: 2389: 2372: 2366: 2353: 2347: 2337: 2331: 2330: 2322: 2316: 2309: 2303: 2296: 2290: 2283: 2277: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2235: 2229: 2221: 2214:Federal Register 2209: 2203: 2195: 2188:Federal Register 2182: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2154: 2148: 2147: 2145: 2143: 2128: 2119: 2118: 2108: 2095: 2086: 2085: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2010: 2004: 2001: 1995: 1994: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1952: 1946: 1940: 1939: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1888: 1878: 1846: 1837: 1836: 1829: 1823: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1795: 1793: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1753: 1747: 1746: 1736: 1726: 1709:(562): 131–158. 1690: 1681: 1680: 1670: 1652: 1624: 1618: 1605: 1599: 1584: 1549: 1548: 1541: 1532: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1513: 1507: 1488: 1482: 1472: 1461: 1460: 1450: 1426: 1420: 1418: 1416: 1414: 1399: 1393: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1383: 1353: 1345: 1326: 1325: 1309: 1297: 1285: 1273: 970:Riverside County 655:Dicolytes tajacu 529:genus was named 406: 398: 390: 389:— Honegger, 1980 382: 371: 364:Gopherus agassiz 360: 345: 341:Testudo agasizzi 337: 325: 321:Testudo agassizi 314: 303: 284: 273: 261: 233: 110: 109: 89: 72: 67: 66: 40: 31:Desert tortoise 28: 7025: 7024: 7018: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7013: 7012: 6928: 6927: 6926: 6921: 6913: 6911: 6903: 6898: 6890: 6885: 6877: 6872: 6864: 6861:Observation.org 6859: 6851: 6846: 6838: 6833: 6825: 6820: 6812: 6807: 6799: 6794: 6786: 6781: 6773: 6768: 6760: 6755: 6747: 6745: 6737: 6732: 6724: 6722: 6714: 6709: 6701: 6696: 6688: 6683: 6674: 6673: 6668: 6659: 6658: 6653: 6640: 6630: 6625: 6592: 6535: 6512:Sahonachelyidae 6505: 6391: 6364: 6229: 6160:Phosphatochelys 5999: 5953: 5894: 5889:Terlinguachelys 5857:Pneumatoarthrus 5760: 5722: 5636: 5609: 5457: 5408: 5212: 5191: 5179:Siebenrockiella 5037: 4911: 4862: 4829: 4778: 4765:Mesodermochelys 4710: 4571: 4542: 4504: 4463: 4458: 4428: 4423: 4412: 4373: 4357:Stylemys pygmea 4269: 4251: 4247:Spider tortoise 4228: 4200: 4162: 4139: 4121: 4078: 4050: 4041:Common padloper 4027: 4007: 3951: 3937:Gopher tortoise 3927:Desert tortoise 3922:Bolson tortoise 3908: 3885: 3841: 3813: 3795: 3763: 3723:Lonesome George 3656: 3592: 3556: 3525: 3503:A. g. hololissa 3467: 3449: 3445: 3436: 3429:Species of the 3416: 3360: 3354: 3322:, p. 121). 3252:, p. 155). 3209:, p. 156). 3173: 3171:Further reading 3147:Desert Tortoise 3127: 3125: 3113: 3110: 3105: 3088: 3053: 3052: 3048: 3038: 3036: 3035:on May 16, 2013 3032: 3001: 2988: 2987: 2980: 2974: 2970: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2903: 2902: 2895: 2857: 2856: 2852: 2808: 2807: 2800: 2752: 2751: 2747: 2735: 2726: 2709: 2673: 2672: 2665: 2659: 2655: 2638: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2571: 2558: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2522: 2521: 2514: 2497: 2452: 2451: 2442: 2435: 2431: 2422:Wayback Machine 2412: 2408: 2396: 2392: 2383:Wayback Machine 2373: 2369: 2363:Wayback Machine 2354: 2350: 2345:Hawaii Reporter 2338: 2334: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2310: 2306: 2297: 2293: 2284: 2280: 2266: 2262: 2252: 2250: 2237: 2236: 2232: 2211: 2210: 2206: 2184: 2183: 2179: 2169: 2167: 2156: 2155: 2151: 2141: 2139: 2130: 2129: 2122: 2097: 2096: 2089: 2059: 2058: 2054: 2012: 2011: 2007: 2002: 1998: 1991:10.1139/z95-246 1972: 1971: 1967: 1959: 1955: 1947: 1943: 1933: 1932: 1928: 1918: 1916: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1848: 1847: 1840: 1831: 1830: 1826: 1816: 1814: 1806: 1805: 1801: 1791: 1789: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1768: 1755: 1754: 1750: 1692: 1691: 1684: 1626: 1625: 1621: 1615:Wayback Machine 1606: 1602: 1597:Wayback Machine 1585: 1552: 1543: 1542: 1535: 1525: 1523: 1515: 1514: 1510: 1489: 1485: 1473: 1464: 1428: 1427: 1423: 1412: 1410: 1401: 1400: 1396: 1386: 1384: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1332: 1323: 1320: 1313: 1310: 1301: 1298: 1289: 1286: 1277: 1274: 1258: 1245: 1232: 1216: 1180: 1147: 1127: 1072: 1036: 1019: 998: 993: 861: 833:urinary bladder 784: 763: 742: 729: 700: 695: 619: 567:Black Mountains 558: 542: 514:Sinaloa, Mexico 481: 445:Sonoran Deserts 416:desert tortoise 404: 397:— Bramble, 1982 396: 388: 380: 366: 354: 343: 331: 324:— Ditmars, 1907 323: 309: 297: 279: 267: 259: 242: 235: 229: 216: 104: 96: 79: 68: 64: 57: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7023: 7022: 7019: 7011: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6930: 6929: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6919: 6909: 6896: 6883: 6870: 6857: 6844: 6831: 6818: 6805: 6792: 6779: 6766: 6753: 6743: 6730: 6720: 6707: 6694: 6681: 6666: 6650: 6648: 6642: 6641: 6636: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6623: 6616: 6615: 6614:. † = extinct. 6605: 6602: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6590: 6582: 6574: 6565: 6563: 6556: 6549: 6545: 6544: 6541: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6534: 6533: 6525: 6516: 6514: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6503: 6495: 6488: 6481: 6473: 6465: 6458: 6450: 6442: 6434: 6426: 6418: 6410: 6407:Albertwoodemys 6401: 6399: 6397:Podocnemididae 6393: 6392: 6390: 6389: 6382: 6374: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6363: 6362: 6354: 6347: 6340: 6333: 6325: 6318: 6311: 6304: 6297: 6294:Lomalatachelys 6289: 6282: 6275: 6268: 6261: 6254: 6247: 6239: 6237: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6227: 6219: 6211: 6203: 6195: 6187: 6179: 6171: 6163: 6155: 6147: 6144:Labrostochelys 6139: 6131: 6123: 6115: 6107: 6099: 6091: 6083: 6075: 6067: 6059: 6051: 6043: 6035: 6027: 6019: 6010: 6008: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5997: 5988: 5986: 5984:Araripemydidae 5976: 5969: 5963: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5951: 5943: 5935: 5927: 5919: 5911: 5902: 5900: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5884: 5876: 5868: 5860: 5852: 5844: 5836: 5828: 5820: 5812: 5804: 5796: 5788: 5780: 5771: 5769: 5762: 5761: 5759: 5758: 5750: 5742: 5733: 5731: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5720: 5712: 5704: 5697: 5689: 5686:Emarginachelys 5681: 5673: 5665: 5657: 5655: 5646: 5642: 5641: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5634: 5631:Sinaspideretes 5626: 5617: 5615: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5600: 5593: 5586: 5579: 5571: 5564: 5557: 5550: 5542: 5534: 5526: 5519: 5511: 5504: 5497: 5490: 5482: 5475: 5467: 5465: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5455: 5448: 5440: 5431: 5429: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5399: 5391: 5384: 5376: 5369: 5362: 5354: 5346: 5339: 5332: 5325: 5318: 5311: 5308:Hesperotestudo 5303: 5295: 5288: 5281: 5273: 5265: 5258: 5251: 5244: 5237: 5230: 5222: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5210: 5202: 5200: 5198:Platysternidae 5193: 5192: 5190: 5189: 5182: 5175: 5168: 5161: 5154: 5147: 5140: 5133: 5126: 5119: 5112: 5105: 5098: 5091: 5084: 5077: 5070: 5063: 5055: 5047: 5045: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5035: 5027: 5020: 5013: 5006: 4999: 4992: 4985: 4978: 4971: 4964: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4934: 4932: 4923: 4917: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4909: 4902: 4895: 4888: 4880: 4872: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4860: 4852: 4850: 4848:Dermatemydidae 4841: 4839:Kinosternoidea 4835: 4834: 4831: 4830: 4828: 4827: 4819: 4811: 4808:Procolpochelys 4803: 4795: 4786: 4784: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4776: 4768: 4760: 4752: 4745: 4737: 4729: 4720: 4718: 4716:Dermochelyidae 4712: 4711: 4709: 4708: 4700: 4692: 4684: 4677: 4669: 4661: 4654: 4646: 4638: 4630: 4623: 4615: 4608: 4605:Carolinochelys 4600: 4593: 4584: 4582: 4573: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4544: 4543: 4536: 4530: 4521: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4502: 4496: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4468: 4465: 4464: 4459: 4457: 4456: 4449: 4442: 4434: 4425: 4424: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4410: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4383: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4372: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4347: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4315:Stylemys copei 4311: 4305: 4303:Stylemys capax 4299: 4293: 4287: 4285:Stylemys botti 4280: 4278: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4267: 4261: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4249: 4244: 4238: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4210: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4199: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4173: 4171: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4160: 4155: 4149: 4147: 4141: 4140: 4138: 4137: 4131: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4088: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4060: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4048: 4043: 4037: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4025: 4018: 4016: 4014:Hesperotestudo 4009: 4008: 4006: 4005: 3999: 3993: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3969: 3962: 3960: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3949: 3947:Texas tortoise 3944: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3918: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3906: 3901: 3895: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3883: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3859: 3852: 3850: 3843: 3842: 3840: 3839: 3834: 3832:Karoo padloper 3829: 3823: 3821: 3815: 3814: 3812: 3811: 3805: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3793: 3787: 3781: 3774: 3772: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3715: 3710: 3700: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3679: 3673: 3671: 3670: 3669: 3658: 3657: 3655: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3636: 3630: 3624: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3606:Chaco tortoise 3602: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3591: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3554: 3546: 3541: 3535: 3533: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3523: 3515: 3507: 3499: 3496:A. g. daudinii 3491: 3484: 3477: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3466: 3465: 3459: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3428: 3422: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3365: 3362: 3361: 3355: 3353: 3352: 3345: 3338: 3330: 3324: 3323: 3305: 3283: 3278:(hardcover). ( 3253: 3227: 3210: 3196: 3172: 3169: 3168: 3167: 3162: 3156: 3150: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3109: 3108:External links 3106: 3104: 3103: 3062:(4): 801–807. 3046: 2978: 2968: 2941: 2920:(1): 104–110. 2893: 2866:(3): 427–450. 2850: 2821:(3): 508–523. 2798: 2745: 2724: 2683:(4): 716–727. 2663: 2653: 2586: 2546: 2512: 2469:(2): 296–316. 2440: 2429: 2406: 2390: 2367: 2348: 2332: 2317: 2304: 2291: 2278: 2260: 2230: 2204: 2177: 2149: 2120: 2087: 2068:(7): 197–200. 2052: 2025:(2): 133–137. 2005: 1996: 1965: 1953: 1941: 1926: 1900: 1861:(113): 39–71. 1838: 1824: 1799: 1773: 1766: 1748: 1682: 1635:(113): 39–71. 1619: 1600: 1550: 1533: 1508: 1483: 1462: 1421: 1394: 1347: 1319: 1316: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1268: 1257: 1254: 1244: 1241: 1231: 1228: 1215: 1212: 1204:G. berlandieri 1200:Texas tortoise 1179: 1176: 1156:M. testudineum 1146: 1143: 1126: 1123: 1103:conjunctivitis 1071: 1068: 1035: 1032: 1018: 1015: 997: 994: 992: 989: 860: 857: 783: 780: 762: 759: 741: 738: 728: 725: 699: 696: 694: 691: 667:Gambel's quail 659:burrowing owls 618: 615: 573:, washes, and 557: 554: 541: 538: 480: 477: 410: 409: 408: 407: 399: 391: 383: 375: 361: 349: 338: 326: 318: 304: 292: 274: 262: 251: 250: 244: 243: 236: 225: 224: 218: 217: 210: 208: 204: 203: 196: 192: 191: 186: 182: 181: 176: 172: 171: 166: 162: 161: 156: 152: 151: 146: 142: 141: 136: 132: 131: 126: 122: 121: 116: 112: 111: 98: 97: 84: 81: 80: 62: 59: 58: 53: 50: 49: 42: 41: 33: 32: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7021: 7020: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6916: 6910: 6906: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6849: 6845: 6841: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6744: 6740: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6721: 6717: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6686: 6682: 6677: 6671: 6667: 6662: 6656: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6634: 6622: 6618: 6617: 6613: 6612: 6607: 6606: 6603: 6589: 6588: 6587:Tacuarembemys 6583: 6581: 6580: 6575: 6573: 6572: 6567: 6566: 6564: 6560: 6557: 6553: 6550: 6546: 6532: 6531: 6526: 6524: 6523: 6522:Sahonachelys 6518: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6508: 6502: 6501: 6496: 6494: 6493: 6489: 6487: 6486: 6485:Peltocephalus 6482: 6480: 6479: 6474: 6472: 6471: 6470:Lapparentemys 6466: 6464: 6463: 6459: 6457: 6456: 6451: 6449: 6448: 6443: 6441: 6440: 6435: 6433: 6432: 6427: 6425: 6424: 6419: 6417: 6416: 6411: 6409: 6408: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6398: 6394: 6388: 6387: 6383: 6381: 6380: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6370:Pelomedusidae 6367: 6361: 6360: 6359:Yaminuechelys 6355: 6353: 6352: 6348: 6346: 6345: 6341: 6339: 6338: 6334: 6332: 6331: 6330:Prochelidella 6326: 6324: 6323: 6319: 6317: 6316: 6312: 6310: 6309: 6305: 6303: 6302: 6298: 6296: 6295: 6290: 6288: 6287: 6283: 6281: 6280: 6276: 6274: 6273: 6269: 6267: 6266: 6262: 6260: 6259: 6255: 6253: 6252: 6248: 6246: 6245: 6244:Acanthochelys 6241: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6232: 6226: 6225: 6220: 6218: 6217: 6212: 6210: 6209: 6204: 6202: 6201: 6196: 6194: 6193: 6188: 6186: 6185: 6180: 6178: 6177: 6172: 6170: 6169: 6164: 6162: 6161: 6156: 6154: 6153: 6148: 6146: 6145: 6140: 6138: 6137: 6132: 6130: 6129: 6128:Kinkonychelys 6124: 6122: 6121: 6116: 6114: 6113: 6112:Itapecuruemys 6108: 6106: 6105: 6100: 6098: 6097: 6092: 6090: 6089: 6084: 6082: 6081: 6076: 6074: 6073: 6072:Eotaphrosphys 6068: 6066: 6065: 6060: 6058: 6057: 6052: 6050: 6049: 6044: 6042: 6041: 6036: 6034: 6033: 6028: 6026: 6025: 6020: 6018: 6017: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6007: 6006:Bothremydidae 6002: 5996: 5995: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5980: 5977: 5973: 5970: 5968: 5964: 5950: 5949: 5944: 5942: 5941: 5936: 5934: 5933: 5928: 5926: 5925: 5920: 5918: 5917: 5916:Argillochelys 5912: 5910: 5909: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5897: 5891: 5890: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5881:Santanachelys 5877: 5875: 5874: 5869: 5867: 5866: 5861: 5859: 5858: 5853: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5835: 5834: 5829: 5827: 5826: 5825:Desmatochelys 5821: 5819: 5818: 5813: 5811: 5810: 5809:Calcarichelys 5805: 5803: 5802: 5797: 5795: 5794: 5793:Atlantochelys 5789: 5787: 5786: 5781: 5779: 5778: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5767:Protostegidae 5763: 5757: 5756: 5755:Jiangxichelys 5751: 5749: 5748: 5743: 5741: 5740: 5739:Anomalochelys 5735: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5717:Protochelydra 5713: 5711: 5710: 5709:Planiplastron 5705: 5703: 5702: 5698: 5696: 5695: 5690: 5688: 5687: 5682: 5680: 5679: 5674: 5672: 5671: 5666: 5664: 5663: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5647: 5643: 5633: 5632: 5627: 5625: 5624: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5612: 5606: 5605: 5601: 5599: 5598: 5594: 5592: 5591: 5587: 5585: 5584: 5580: 5578: 5577: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5563: 5562: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5551: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5541: 5540: 5535: 5533: 5532: 5527: 5525: 5524: 5520: 5518: 5517: 5516:Drazinderetes 5512: 5510: 5509: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5491: 5489: 5488: 5483: 5481: 5480: 5476: 5474: 5473: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5460: 5454: 5453: 5452:Carettochelys 5449: 5447: 5446: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5415: 5405: 5404: 5400: 5398: 5397: 5392: 5390: 5389: 5385: 5383: 5382: 5377: 5375: 5374: 5370: 5368: 5367: 5363: 5361: 5360: 5355: 5353: 5352: 5347: 5345: 5344: 5340: 5338: 5337: 5336:Malacochersus 5333: 5331: 5330: 5326: 5324: 5323: 5319: 5317: 5316: 5312: 5310: 5309: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5294: 5293: 5289: 5287: 5286: 5282: 5280: 5279: 5274: 5272: 5271: 5266: 5264: 5263: 5259: 5257: 5256: 5252: 5250: 5249: 5245: 5243: 5242: 5238: 5236: 5235: 5231: 5229: 5228: 5227:Aldabrachelys 5224: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5183: 5181: 5180: 5176: 5174: 5173: 5169: 5167: 5166: 5162: 5160: 5159: 5155: 5153: 5152: 5148: 5146: 5145: 5141: 5139: 5138: 5134: 5132: 5131: 5127: 5125: 5124: 5120: 5118: 5117: 5113: 5111: 5110: 5109:Leucocephalon 5106: 5104: 5103: 5099: 5097: 5096: 5092: 5090: 5089: 5085: 5083: 5082: 5078: 5076: 5075: 5071: 5069: 5068: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5060:Banhxeochelys 5056: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5033: 5028: 5026: 5025: 5021: 5019: 5018: 5014: 5012: 5011: 5007: 5005: 5004: 5000: 4998: 4997: 4993: 4991: 4990: 4986: 4984: 4983: 4979: 4977: 4976: 4972: 4970: 4969: 4965: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4956: 4955: 4951: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4942: 4941: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4922: 4921:Testudinoidea 4918: 4908: 4907: 4903: 4901: 4900: 4896: 4894: 4893: 4889: 4887: 4886: 4881: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4868:Kinosternidae 4865: 4859: 4858: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4816:Protosphargis 4812: 4810: 4809: 4804: 4802: 4801: 4796: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4781: 4775: 4774: 4769: 4767: 4766: 4761: 4759: 4758: 4753: 4751: 4750: 4746: 4744: 4743: 4738: 4736: 4735: 4730: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4713: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4699: 4698: 4693: 4691: 4690: 4685: 4683: 4682: 4678: 4676: 4675: 4670: 4668: 4667: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4653: 4652: 4647: 4645: 4644: 4639: 4637: 4636: 4631: 4629: 4628: 4624: 4622: 4621: 4616: 4614: 4613: 4609: 4607: 4606: 4601: 4599: 4598: 4594: 4592: 4591: 4586: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4574: 4572:(Sea turtles) 4570: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4557: 4541: 4540: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4497: 4495: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4482: 4480: 4476: 4474: 4470: 4469: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4450: 4448: 4443: 4441: 4436: 4435: 4432: 4421: 4415: 4409: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4380: 4376: 4370: 4366: 4364: 4360: 4358: 4354: 4352: 4348: 4346: 4342: 4340: 4336: 4334: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4322: 4318: 4316: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4298: 4294: 4292: 4288: 4286: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4272: 4266: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4231: 4225: 4224:Tent tortoise 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4185: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4165: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4148: 4146: 4142: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4127:Malacochersus 4124: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4081: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4053: 4047: 4044: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4034: 4030: 4024: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4010: 4004: 4000: 3998: 3994: 3992: 3988: 3986: 3982: 3980: 3976: 3974: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3954: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3917: 3915: 3911: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3888: 3882: 3878: 3876: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3858: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3844: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3827:Nama padloper 3825: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3810: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3798: 3792: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3780: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3766: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3704: 3701: 3699: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3653: 3649: 3647: 3643: 3641: 3637: 3635: 3631: 3629: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3599: 3595: 3589: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3577: 3573: 3571: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3547: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3516: 3514: 3513: 3508: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3498: 3497: 3492: 3490: 3489: 3488:A. g. arnoldi 3485: 3482: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3473:Aldabrachelys 3470: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3434: 3433: 3426: 3423: 3419: 3413: 3409: 3407: 3406:Testudinoidea 3404:Superfamily: 3403: 3401: 3397: 3395: 3391: 3389: 3385: 3383: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3366: 3363: 3358: 3351: 3346: 3344: 3339: 3337: 3332: 3331: 3328: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3306: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3277: 3276:0-307-47009-1 3273: 3270:(paperback), 3269: 3268:0-307-13666-3 3265: 3261: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3247: 3246:0-7167-0020-4 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3221: 3218: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3189:0-394-50824-6 3186: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3163: 3161:, NASA Dryden 3160: 3157: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3124: 3120: 3118: 3112: 3111: 3107: 3099: 3093: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3050: 3047: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2985: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2945: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2909: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2854: 2851: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2805: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2758: 2749: 2746: 2742: 2740: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2714: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2657: 2654: 2649: 2643: 2635: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2599: 2590: 2587: 2582: 2576: 2568: 2564: 2557: 2550: 2547: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2508: 2502: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2458: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2438: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2416: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2400: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2377: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2357: 2352: 2349: 2346: 2342: 2336: 2333: 2328: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2308: 2305: 2301: 2295: 2292: 2288: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2275: 2270: 2264: 2261: 2248: 2244: 2242: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2225: 2219: 2215: 2208: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2193: 2189: 2181: 2178: 2166: 2165: 2160: 2153: 2150: 2137: 2133: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2056: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2009: 2006: 2000: 1997: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1954: 1950: 1945: 1942: 1938:. p. 16. 1937: 1930: 1927: 1914: 1910: 1904: 1901: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1854: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1834: 1828: 1825: 1813: 1809: 1803: 1800: 1788: 1784: 1781:Jirik, Kate. 1777: 1774: 1769: 1763: 1759: 1752: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1702: 1698: 1689: 1687: 1683: 1678: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1623: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1609: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1589: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1551: 1546: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1522: 1518: 1512: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1478: 1474:Jones, Mike. 1471: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1425: 1422: 1408: 1404: 1398: 1395: 1382: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1352: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1339: 1338: 1335: 1330: 1317: 1308: 1303: 1296: 1291: 1284: 1279: 1272: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1262:state reptile 1256:State reptile 1255: 1253: 1249: 1242: 1240: 1238: 1229: 1225: 1220: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1178:Domestic pets 1177: 1175: 1173: 1168: 1165: 1161: 1160:Interstate 15 1157: 1153: 1144: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1124: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1111:Mojave Desert 1108: 1104: 1100: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1079: 1069: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1024: 1016: 1014: 1012: 1007: 1003: 1002:Ivanpah Solar 995: 990: 988: 984: 982: 978: 973: 971: 967: 963: 958: 953: 950: 949:computer chip 946: 942: 938: 933: 929: 925: 920: 918: 914: 913: 912:Bromus rubens 908: 907: 902: 898: 894: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 868:Gila monsters 865: 858: 856: 852: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 829: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 802: 795: 788: 781: 779: 771: 767: 760: 758: 754: 750: 748: 739: 737: 733: 726: 724: 720: 712: 708: 706: 697: 692: 690: 688: 684: 683:Gila monsters 680: 676: 672: 668: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 640: 636: 630: 626: 624: 616: 614: 612: 607: 605: 601: 597: 591: 588: 583: 580: 576: 572: 571:alluvial fans 568: 562: 555: 553: 551: 547: 539: 537: 535: 532: 528: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 478: 476: 474: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 449:United States 446: 442: 438: 435: 431: 427: 423: 422: 417: 403: 400: 395: 392: 387: 384: 381:— Frair, 1964 379: 376: 374: 369: 365: 362: 358: 353: 350: 348: 344:Kallert, 1927 342: 339: 335: 330: 327: 322: 319: 317: 312: 308: 305: 301: 296: 293: 291: 289: 282: 278: 275: 271: 266: 263: 258: 255: 254: 252: 249: 245: 240: 234: 232: 226: 223: 222:Binomial name 219: 215: 214: 209: 206: 205: 202: 201: 197: 194: 193: 190: 187: 184: 183: 180: 179:Testudinoidea 177: 175:Superfamily: 174: 173: 170: 167: 164: 163: 160: 157: 154: 153: 150: 147: 144: 143: 140: 137: 134: 133: 130: 127: 124: 123: 120: 117: 114: 113: 108: 103: 99: 93: 87: 82: 76: 71: 60: 56: 51: 48: 43: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 6645: 6610: 6585: 6577: 6569: 6528: 6520: 6498: 6490: 6483: 6476: 6468: 6462:Erymnochelys 6460: 6453: 6447:Cerrejonemys 6445: 6437: 6429: 6423:Brontochelys 6421: 6413: 6405: 6384: 6377: 6357: 6349: 6342: 6337:Pseudemydura 6335: 6328: 6320: 6313: 6306: 6299: 6292: 6284: 6277: 6270: 6263: 6256: 6249: 6242: 6222: 6214: 6206: 6198: 6190: 6182: 6174: 6166: 6158: 6150: 6142: 6134: 6126: 6118: 6110: 6102: 6094: 6086: 6078: 6070: 6062: 6054: 6046: 6038: 6030: 6022: 6014: 5992: 5946: 5940:Prionochelys 5938: 5930: 5922: 5914: 5906: 5887: 5879: 5871: 5863: 5855: 5847: 5839: 5831: 5823: 5817:Cratochelone 5815: 5807: 5801:Bouliachelys 5799: 5791: 5783: 5777:Alienochelys 5775: 5753: 5745: 5737: 5715: 5707: 5699: 5692: 5684: 5678:Chelydropsis 5676: 5668: 5660: 5629: 5623:Basilochelys 5621: 5602: 5595: 5588: 5581: 5574: 5566: 5559: 5552: 5547:Khunnuchelys 5545: 5537: 5529: 5521: 5514: 5506: 5499: 5492: 5485: 5477: 5470: 5463:Trionychidae 5450: 5443: 5437:Allaeochelys 5435: 5401: 5394: 5388:Stigmochelys 5386: 5379: 5371: 5364: 5357: 5351:Megalochelys 5349: 5341: 5334: 5327: 5320: 5313: 5306: 5298: 5290: 5283: 5276: 5268: 5262:Cylindraspis 5260: 5253: 5246: 5241:Centrochelys 5239: 5232: 5225: 5218:Testudinidae 5207:Platysternon 5205: 5186:Vijayachelys 5184: 5177: 5170: 5165:Rhinoclemmys 5163: 5156: 5149: 5142: 5135: 5130:Melanochelys 5128: 5121: 5114: 5107: 5100: 5093: 5086: 5079: 5072: 5065: 5058: 5050: 5030: 5022: 5015: 5008: 5001: 4994: 4987: 4980: 4973: 4966: 4959: 4952: 4945: 4940:Acherontemys 4938: 4906:Sternotherus 4904: 4897: 4890: 4883: 4875: 4855: 4822: 4814: 4806: 4798: 4790: 4773:Psephophorus 4771: 4763: 4755: 4747: 4740: 4732: 4724: 4703: 4695: 4689:Pacifichelys 4687: 4679: 4672: 4664: 4658:Lepidochelys 4656: 4649: 4641: 4635:Gigantatypus 4633: 4627:Eretmochelys 4625: 4618: 4610: 4603: 4595: 4588: 4569:Chelonioidea 4537: 4489: 4257:Stigmochelys 4169:Megalochelys 3926: 3848:Cylindraspis 3770:Cheirogaster 3562:Centrochelys 3549: 3518: 3510: 3501: 3494: 3486: 3483:(subspecies: 3430: 3412:Testudinidae 3319: 3315: 3301: 3289: 3279: 3259: 3249: 3237: 3223: 3222:: 118-123. ( 3219: 3216: 3206: 3202: 3199:Boulenger GA 3192: 3180: 3126:. Retrieved 3116: 3092:cite journal 3059: 3055: 3049: 3037:. Retrieved 3030:the original 3009: 3005: 2996: 2992: 2971: 2954: 2950: 2944: 2917: 2913: 2907: 2863: 2859: 2853: 2818: 2814: 2766: 2762: 2756: 2748: 2738: 2713:cite journal 2680: 2676: 2656: 2642:cite journal 2607: 2603: 2597: 2589: 2575:cite journal 2566: 2562: 2549: 2535:(1): 68–81. 2532: 2528: 2524: 2501:cite journal 2466: 2462: 2456: 2432: 2425: 2409: 2402: 2393: 2386: 2370: 2351: 2344: 2335: 2326: 2320: 2307: 2294: 2281: 2272: 2263: 2251:. Retrieved 2246: 2240: 2233: 2217: 2213: 2207: 2191: 2187: 2180: 2168:. Retrieved 2162: 2152: 2140:. Retrieved 2135: 2104: 2065: 2061: 2055: 2022: 2018: 2008: 1999: 1982: 1978: 1974: 1968: 1956: 1944: 1935: 1929: 1919:December 29, 1917:. Retrieved 1912: 1903: 1858: 1852: 1827: 1817:December 10, 1815:. Retrieved 1811: 1802: 1792:December 10, 1790:. Retrieved 1786: 1776: 1757: 1751: 1706: 1701:G. agassizii 1700: 1696: 1632: 1622: 1603: 1587: 1526:December 10, 1524:. Retrieved 1520: 1511: 1503: 1491: 1486: 1476: 1438: 1434: 1424: 1411:. Retrieved 1406: 1403:"Appendices" 1397: 1387:February 19, 1385:. Retrieved 1371: 1365: 1359: 1351: 1337: 1334: 1321: 1259: 1250: 1246: 1233: 1208: 1203: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1181: 1171: 1169: 1155: 1152:M. agassizii 1151: 1148: 1131:dyskeratosis 1128: 1119:seropositive 1115:M. agassizii 1114: 1095: 1089:and a small 1082: 1076: 1073: 1060:urolithiasis 1052:herpes virus 1048:dyskeratosis 1044:G. agassizii 1043: 1037: 1020: 999: 985: 974: 954: 921: 916: 910: 904: 893:urbanization 862: 853: 830: 807: 776: 764: 755: 751: 743: 734: 730: 721: 717: 701: 698:Reproduction 686: 678: 675:rattlesnakes 670: 662: 654: 646: 638: 631: 627: 620: 608: 592: 587:Death Valley 584: 563: 559: 543: 531:G. evgoodei, 530: 526: 522:G. agassizii 521: 517: 505: 501: 493: 485: 482: 469: 460: 457:G. agassizii 456: 437:Testudinidae 420: 419: 415: 413: 401: 393: 385: 377: 372: 363: 351: 346: 340: 328: 320: 315: 306: 294: 285: 276: 264: 260:Cooper, 1863 256: 230: 228: 212: 211: 199: 189:Testudinidae 47:G. agassizii 46: 25: 6835:NatureServe 6770:iNaturalist 6670:Wikispecies 6500:Stupendemys 6455:Cordichelys 6301:Mesoclemmys 6286:Hydromedusa 6208:Taphrosphys 6200:Sankuchemys 6192:Rhothonemys 6168:Polysternon 6048:Cearachelys 6032:Azabbaremys 6016:Araiochelys 5932:Ctenochelys 5924:Bashuchelys 5873:Rhinochelys 5849:Ocepechelon 5841:Notochelone 5833:Iserosaurus 5701:Macrochelys 5653:Chelydridae 5576:Palaeoamyda 5501:Cyclanorbis 5366:Psammobates 5359:Oligopherus 5322:Indotestudo 5270:Cymatholcus 5248:Chelonoidis 5234:Astrochelys 5043:Geoemydidae 4961:Deirochelys 4899:Staurotypus 4892:Kinosternon 4885:Hoplochelys 4800:Peritresius 4749:Dermochelys 4742:Cosmochelys 4734:Corsochelys 4651:Itilochelys 4643:Glarichelys 4590:Allopleuron 4580:Cheloniidae 4519:Superfamily 4206:Psammobates 4056:Indotestudo 3598:Chelonoidis 3531:Astrochelys 3308:Stejneger L 3286:Stebbins RC 3232:, Goin OB, 3128:February 6, 3012:: 192–201. 2957:(1): 2–17. 1936:Ranger Rick 1479:Cooper 1863 1196:G. morafkai 1192:G. morafkai 1167:influence. 1164:home ranges 981:solar farms 962:Kern County 895:, disease, 880:roadrunners 845:nitrogenous 826:gastroliths 540:Description 518:G. morafkai 506:G. morafkai 373:(ex errore) 347:(ex errore) 316:(ex errore) 88:Appendix II 6932:Categories 6579:Caririemys 6492:Podocnemis 6478:Latentemys 6439:Carbonemys 6379:Pelomedusa 6216:Ummulisani 6136:Kurmademys 6104:Inaechelys 6088:Galianemys 6056:Chedighaii 5994:Araripemys 5967:Pleurodira 5948:Toxochelys 5865:Protostega 5670:Chelydrops 5590:Pelodiscus 5583:Pelochelys 5531:Gilmoremys 5508:Cycloderma 5418:Trionychia 5285:Geochelone 5278:Floridemys 5144:Notochelys 5032:Wilburemys 5003:Malaclemys 4857:Dermatemys 4824:Puppigerus 4757:Eosphargis 4674:Miocaretta 4666:Mexichelys 4560:Cryptodira 4500:Testudines 4461:Testudines 3891:Geochelone 3819:Chersobius 3455:Agrionemys 3400:Cryptodira 3398:Suborder: 3394:Testudines 3386:Subclass: 3039:January 6, 2569:: 436–448. 1441:(2): 280. 1318:References 1129:Cutaneous 1107:integument 926:under the 924:threatened 727:Maturation 169:Cryptodira 165:Suborder: 159:Testudines 6892:agassizii 6619:See also 6571:Caribemys 6431:Caninemys 6415:Bauruemys 6344:Rheodytes 6308:Myuchelys 6251:Chelodina 6176:Puentemys 6152:Nigeremys 6096:Ilatardia 6040:Bothremys 5747:Basilemys 5561:Nilssonia 5539:Hutchemys 5487:Axestemys 5445:Anosteira 5300:Hadrianus 5158:Pangshura 5116:Malayemys 5081:Geoclemys 5024:Trachemys 5017:Terrapene 5010:Pseudemys 4996:Graptemys 4989:Glyptemys 4982:Emydoidea 4975:Actinemys 4947:Chrysemys 4792:Euclastes 4620:Eochelone 4471:Kingdom: 3958:Hadrianus 3368:Kingdom: 3312:Barbour T 3213:Cooper JG 3177:Behler JL 2253:April 28, 2047:254145807 2039:1439-5444 1659:1313-2970 1243:Education 1087:cell wall 1064:parasites 1040:pathogens 901:vandalism 888:fire ants 872:kit foxes 841:uric acid 810:herbivore 693:Lifecycle 473:brumation 461:agassizii 334:V. Tanner 300:Stejneger 288:ex errore 207:Species: 125:Kingdom: 119:Eukaryota 6948:Gopherus 6900:Species+ 6840:2.102027 6827:97246272 6788:10635254 6655:Wikidata 6386:Pelusios 6351:Rhinemys 6322:Platemys 6315:Phrynops 6235:Chelidae 6224:Zolhafah 6120:Jainemys 5785:Archelon 5662:Chelydra 5554:Lissemys 5396:Stylemys 5381:Solitudo 5343:Manouria 5292:Gopherus 5255:Chersina 5123:Mauremys 5102:Heosemys 5095:Hardella 5088:Geoemyda 5074:Cyclemys 4930:Emydidae 4877:Claudius 4726:Arabemys 4705:Tasbacka 4697:Syllomus 4612:Chelonia 4510:Suborder 4494:Diapsida 4485:Reptilia 4479:Chordata 4477:Phylum: 4473:Animalia 4276:Stylemys 4145:Manouria 3914:Gopherus 3801:Chersina 3432:tortoise 3410:Family: 3388:Anapsida 3382:Reptilia 3376:Chordata 3374:Phylum: 3370:Animalia 3357:Tortoise 3314:(1917). 3288:(2003). 3256:Smith HM 3236:(1978). 3201:(1889). 3084:86409153 2963:20095329 2936:11197546 2880:11504217 2705:22509874 2697:10574531 2541:20095336 2493:42473017 2418:Archived 2379:Archived 2359:Archived 2170:June 10, 2101:(1969). 2082:59535431 1895:21976992 1743:27006625 1677:21976992 1611:Archived 1593:Archived 1506:, p. 2). 1457:87809001 1230:Research 1198:and the 1182:Edwards 1099:palpebra 1056:necrosis 1054:, shell 1034:Diseases 1017:Lawsuits 818:bacteria 761:Lifespan 740:Activity 679:Crotalus 643:woodrats 617:Shelters 550:plastron 527:Gopherus 502:Gopherus 479:Taxonomy 430:tortoise 248:Synonyms 200:Gopherus 185:Family: 149:Reptilia 139:Chordata 135:Phylum: 129:Animalia 115:Domain: 75:IUCN 3.1 6915:6334687 6762:2441814 6661:Q914356 6530:Sokatra 6279:Emydura 6184:Rosasia 6080:Foxemys 6024:Arenila 5604:Trionyx 5597:Rafetus 5523:Dogania 5479:Apalone 5403:Testudo 5329:Kinixys 5315:Homopus 5172:Sacalia 5151:Orlitia 5137:Morenia 5052:Batagur 4954:Clemmys 4681:Natator 4597:Caretta 4498:Order: 4483:Class: 4379:Testudo 4084:Kinixys 4033:Homopus 3392:Order: 3380:Class: 3230:Goin CJ 3064:Bibcode 3014:Bibcode 2976:council 2888:6952651 2845:2657867 2837:9706560 2793:8314986 2634:7927724 2485:2067052 2142:May 11, 2115:2583084 1886:3187627 1863:Bibcode 1859:ZooKeys 1734:4768471 1711:Bibcode 1707:ZooKeys 1668:3187627 1637:Bibcode 1633:ZooKeys 1413:May 11, 919:spp.). 917:Erodium 884:coyotes 876:badgers 822:calcium 747:brumate 681:spp.), 647:Neotoma 623:burrows 575:canyons 556:Habitat 432:in the 426:species 424:) is a 357:Mertens 311:Ditmars 241:, 1863) 195:Genus: 155:Order: 145:Class: 90: ( 73: ( 6912:uBio: 6879:105217 6814:173856 6746:FEIS: 6739:456478 6723:ECOS: 6703:253655 6562: 6555: 6548: 6272:Elusor 6265:Elseya 6258:Chelus 5975: 5908:Adocus 5899: 5645: 5614: 5494:Chitra 5196: 4783: 4528:Family 3435:family 3421:Genera 3359:family 3296: 3274: 3266: 3244: 3234:Zug GR 3187: 3082: 2961: 2934: 2886: 2878: 2843: 2835: 2791: 2784:265561 2781: 2703: 2695: 2632: 2625:303146 2622: 2539: 2491: 2483: 2113: 2080: 2045: 2037: 1893: 1883: 1764: 1741: 1731: 1703:group" 1675: 1665: 1657: 1498: 1455: 1184:et al. 1172:et al. 1135:scutes 1091:genome 945:Nevada 886:, and 864:Ravens 843:, and 705:cloaca 600:gravel 510:Sonora 488:) and 453:Mexico 441:Mojave 434:family 370:, 1962 368:Malkin 336:, 1927 313:, 1907 302:, 1893 283:, 1884 281:Garman 272:, 1875 239:Cooper 6866:99806 6853:38772 6801:81632 6783:IRMNG 6775:40086 6716:3H2LD 5568:Palea 5472:Amyda 5373:Pyxis 5067:Cuora 4539:Genus 4490:Clade 4234:Pyxis 3707:Diego 3080:S2CID 3033:(PDF) 3002:(PDF) 2959:JSTOR 2884:S2CID 2841:S2CID 2701:S2CID 2559:(PDF) 2537:JSTOR 2489:S2CID 2227:32326 2201:12178 2078:S2CID 2043:S2CID 1453:S2CID 1407:CITES 1331:from 1194:, or 849:urine 814:herbs 579:soils 546:gular 92:CITES 86:CITES 6905:7348 6848:NCBI 6822:IUCN 6809:ITIS 6757:GBIF 6749:goag 6726:4481 6698:BOLD 4968:Emys 3294:ISBN 3272:ISBN 3264:ISBN 3242:ISBN 3185:ISBN 3130:2006 3098:link 3041:2013 2932:PMID 2876:PMID 2833:PMID 2789:PMID 2719:link 2693:PMID 2648:link 2630:PMID 2581:link 2507:link 2481:PMID 2426:Peer 2255:2024 2172:2019 2144:2023 2111:OCLC 2035:ISSN 1977:)". 1921:2021 1913:VVNG 1891:PMID 1819:2022 1794:2022 1762:ISBN 1739:PMID 1673:PMID 1655:ISSN 1528:2022 1496:ISBN 1415:2023 1389:2022 1372:2021 1190:and 1154:and 1081:and 1006:US$ 979:and 977:wind 955:The 915:and 837:urea 782:Diet 604:clay 602:and 596:loam 512:and 443:and 414:The 270:Cope 6796:ISC 6734:EoL 6711:CoL 6685:ADW 3300:. 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