72:
35:
83:
529:
171:
largely responsible for its bloat, along with stacking too many new and unproven features into its design. Uneven progress across areas and unexpected challenges meant that major technical fixes and redesigns could halt the program's movement, requiring planes to be remedied even as they were being delivered.
130:
countries, even including West German designs to fill gaps, the Class 119 was unreliable. Only 200 were built in ten years as East
Germany cancelled the contract prematurely. No other country purchased the Class 119, but after 1990 unified German rail had to deal with them until they were replaced.
170:
has been described as designed by committee, due to being overscheduled, over budget, and underperforming expectations. It was originally conceived to serve the widely varying needs of multiple branches of the military all in one simple platform. This multi-interest approach has been pinpointed as
142:
was standardizing ATM, parties from the United States wanted a 64-byte payload. Parties from Europe wanted 32-byte payloads. Most of the
European parties eventually came around to the arguments made by the Americans, but France and a few others held out for a shorter cell length of 32 bytes. A
42:
The term is used to refer to suboptimal traits that such a process may produce as a result of having to compromise between the requirements and viewpoints of the participants, particularly in the presence of poor leadership or poor technical knowledge, such as needless complexity, internal
117:
restrictions. Only the USSR was allowed to continue building powerful diesel engines, but they were too heavy for East
Germany where some lines were limited to low axle load locomotives. Not allowed to continue building their own designs, the East Germans managed to have Romanian
295:
63:" expresses the same idea. The term is also common in other fields of design such as graphic design, architecture or industrial design. In automotive design, this process is often blamed for unpopular or poorly designed cars.
158:
and the Wider
Community" in 2009, listing as a compromise all the schools and communities merged into it. The name lasted seven years before its headmistress, who called the name "so embarrassing", cut it to simply
55:
style, members of the organizations are not included and the final outcome is the responsibility of the leader. The phrase, "a camel is a horse designed by committee" is often used to describe design by committee.
299:
71:
487:
2011:
95:
2080:
2085:
866:
454:
59:
The term is especially common in technical parlance; and stresses the need for technical quality over political feasibility. The proverb "
391:
2029:
824:
2039:
252:
167:
2270:
1889:
563:
416:
334:
1392:
533:
441:
2034:
216:
2105:
1658:
1181:
758:
748:
362:
1911:
1894:
1616:
1456:
891:
807:
780:
320:
283:
60:
150:
formed by the merger of several other schools: it was officially named the "Knowsley Park Centre for
Learning, Serving
1208:
770:
181:
designed by other companies with as many as 78 buttons as an example of design by committee when training employees.
2275:
2137:
2049:
1419:
958:
135:
2232:
1901:
1516:
1511:
1441:
1382:
1186:
1171:
982:
898:
44:
34:
2447:
2237:
1994:
1906:
1668:
1355:
1285:
1146:
1002:
913:
787:
1330:
2202:
2167:
2095:
2054:
2006:
1864:
1683:
1641:
1606:
1586:
1350:
38:
Remote controls with as many as 78 buttons have been cited as an example of a product designed by committee.
1722:
1591:
1556:
1007:
908:
881:
819:
2403:
2187:
2070:
1884:
1690:
1663:
1653:
1621:
1611:
1576:
1491:
1436:
1431:
1414:
1360:
1198:
1151:
1012:
876:
797:
653:
82:
2357:
2212:
2172:
1926:
1879:
1700:
1648:
1571:
1561:
1461:
1424:
1404:
1335:
1325:
733:
723:
680:
658:
613:
556:
319:
D. Stevenson, "Electropolitical
Correctness and High-Speed Networking, or, Why ATM is like a Nose",
2152:
2075:
1984:
1869:
1717:
1695:
1601:
1581:
1446:
1290:
1203:
970:
923:
704:
221:
185:
155:
98:, especially when referring to the design of languages and technical standards, as demonstrated by
43:
inconsistency, logical flaws, banality, and the lack of a unifying vision. This design process by
522:
138:(ATM) cell size of 53 bytes. The choice of 53 bytes was political rather than technical. When the
2389:
2265:
2217:
2192:
1631:
1466:
1451:
1310:
1126:
997:
943:
675:
160:
48:
2417:
193:
as a vehicle designed by committee, which was largely designed based on feedback from extensive
2372:
2342:
2147:
2100:
1956:
1946:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1727:
1566:
1551:
1506:
1496:
1481:
1476:
1409:
1345:
1340:
1243:
1078:
975:
953:
903:
861:
851:
765:
643:
583:
495:
462:
260:
206:
1387:
392:"The making of an education catastrophe – schools in Knowsley were dubbed 'wacky warehouses'"
134:
An example of a technical decision said to be a typical result of design by committee is the
2347:
2312:
2287:
2000:
1974:
1936:
1742:
1678:
1626:
1531:
1521:
1501:
1377:
1295:
1248:
1218:
1193:
1161:
1121:
1061:
992:
831:
2452:
2337:
2317:
2297:
2292:
2282:
2177:
1812:
1802:
1787:
1747:
1712:
1705:
1636:
1596:
1365:
1238:
1228:
1136:
1093:
1073:
802:
753:
549:
231:
127:
523:
Rod
Johnson explains what is wrong with design by committee in the development of Java EE
363:"Can a new drive change the fortunes of schools in one of Britain's most deprived areas?"
2362:
2307:
2260:
2242:
2044:
1792:
1782:
1777:
1752:
1546:
1526:
1399:
1370:
1320:
1253:
1223:
1213:
1176:
1098:
1056:
1051:
933:
928:
918:
836:
814:
648:
638:
339:
178:
123:
528:
2441:
2367:
2352:
2332:
2255:
2157:
1989:
1979:
1807:
1797:
1772:
1737:
1300:
1233:
1156:
1131:
1083:
1068:
775:
695:
190:
87:
26:
term for a project that has many designers involved but no unifying plan or vision.
2250:
2227:
2197:
2182:
1471:
1088:
1029:
841:
792:
743:
718:
670:
663:
110:
106:
75:
296:"Occurrences of "Design by committee" in Google Groups USENET archives, 1981–1992"
2327:
2322:
2302:
2222:
2142:
1951:
1856:
1166:
1141:
1113:
1042:
987:
965:
713:
690:
685:
628:
623:
194:
51:, where the project leader decides on the design. The difference is that in an
2424:
1941:
1536:
1315:
1037:
1017:
871:
709:
387:
226:
211:
174:
23:
499:
466:
264:
2410:
2396:
2207:
1931:
1916:
1874:
1486:
1046:
886:
147:
52:
78:
diesel locomotive built 1976 to 1985 in communist
Romania for East Germany
1541:
588:
2162:
2090:
700:
151:
114:
143:
53-byte size (48 bytes plus 5 byte header) was the compromise chosen.
1921:
572:
99:
109:
diesel locomotive, built from 1976 to 1985 in communist
Romania for
633:
139:
81:
70:
33:
1673:
2126:
1829:
1274:
601:
545:
197:
testing, and was released to negative reviews and poor sales.
146:
An example described as naming by committee was a school near
335:"Knowsley school to have one of "longest names in the world""
541:
417:"Lessons to be learned from Knowsley's schools (letters)"
455:"Apple TV Remote Expected to Add Touch Pad in Redesign"
253:"Metro Matters; The State Of the State Of (Whatever)"
2063:
2022:
1965:
1855:
1107:
1026:
942:
850:
732:
612:
86:The poor reception and commercial failure of the
557:
8:
2123:
1852:
1826:
1271:
609:
598:
564:
550:
542:
96:information and communications technology
2081:Good Design Award (Museum of Modern Art)
47:is in contrast to autocratic design, or
243:
126:. With a mixture of parts from several
90:was attributed to design by committee.
2086:Good Design Award (Chicago Athenaeum)
488:"Biggest Automaker Needs Big Changes"
7:
361:Boffey, Daniel (13 November 2016).
284:Biggest Automaker Needs Big Changes
2030:American Institute of Graphic Arts
14:
2040:Design and Industries Association
251:Kolbert, Elizabeth (1998-01-26).
527:
486:Weisman, Jonathan (2005-06-11).
2035:Chartered Society of Designers
535:too many cooks spoil the broth
217:The blind men and the elephant
61:too many cooks spoil the broth
1:
2106:Prince Philip Designers Prize
749:Architectural lighting design
532:The dictionary definition of
453:Chen, Brian X. (2015-05-04).
94:The term is commonly used in
16:Term for a visionless project
1912:Electronic design automation
1895:Virtual home design software
867:Automotive suspension design
442:The F-35 may be unsalvagable
122:assemble a successor to the
771:Environmental impact design
333:Turner, Ben (28 May 2009).
2469:
2050:International Forum Design
1420:Engineering design process
136:Asynchronous Transfer Mode
105:An alleged example is the
2385:
2133:
2122:
1851:
1825:
1281:
1270:
1172:Integrated circuit design
1094:Stage/set lighting design
983:Hardware interface design
899:Hardware interface design
608:
597:
579:
321:Proceedings of TriCom '93
168:F-35 Joint Strike Fighter
2007:Industrial design rights
1995:Fashion design copyright
1907:Design quality indicator
1356:Creative problem-solving
1147:Electrical system design
1003:Sonic interaction design
914:Photographic lens design
788:Healthy community design
2203:New product development
2168:Enterprise architecture
2096:IF Product Design Award
2055:Design Research Society
1607:Reliability engineering
1659:Top-down and bottom-up
1008:User experience design
909:Packaging and labeling
882:Electric guitar design
820:Landscape architecture
91:
79:
39:
2188:Innovation management
2071:European Design Award
1837:Intellectual property
1654:Theory of constraints
1617:Responsibility-driven
1457:For manufacturability
1361:Creativity techniques
1199:Nuclear weapon design
1013:User interface design
877:Corrugated box design
798:Interior architecture
85:
74:
37:
2233:Unintelligent design
2213:Philosophy of design
1927:Design specification
1880:Comprehensive layout
1452:For behaviour change
1425:Probabilistic design
1187:Power network design
724:Visual merchandising
681:Instructional design
659:Postage stamp design
2153:Creative industries
2076:German Design Award
1985:Design infringement
1870:Architectural model
1209:Organization design
1204:Nucleic acid design
1152:Experimental design
705:Traffic sign design
390:(29 January 2017).
222:Wisdom of the crowd
186:The Washington Post
20:Design by committee
2218:Process simulation
2193:Intelligent design
1517:Intelligence-based
1512:Integrated topside
1442:Framework-oriented
1127:Behavioural design
998:Information design
676:Information design
459:The New York Times
257:The New York Times
161:The Prescot School
113:due to Soviet-era
92:
80:
49:design by dictator
40:
2435:
2434:
2381:
2380:
2148:Conceptual design
2118:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2101:James Dyson Award
1957:Website wireframe
1947:Technical drawing
1821:
1820:
1669:Transgenerational
1410:Ecological design
1286:Activity-centered
1266:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1244:Spacecraft design
1038:Public art design
976:Video game design
954:Experience design
924:Production design
904:Motorcycle design
862:Automotive design
766:Ecological design
644:Film title design
423:. 6 February 2017
207:Condorcet paradox
30:Usage of the term
2460:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2124:
2001:Geschmacksmuster
1975:Community design
1853:
1827:
1587:Process-centered
1383:Design–bid–build
1351:Cradle-to-cradle
1331:Concept-oriented
1272:
1249:Strategic design
1219:Processor design
1194:Mechanism design
1162:Geometric design
1122:Algorithm design
1062:Jewellery design
993:Immersive design
887:Furniture design
832:Landscape design
610:
599:
566:
559:
552:
543:
531:
510:
509:
507:
506:
483:
477:
476:
474:
473:
450:
444:
439:
433:
432:
430:
428:
413:
407:
406:
404:
402:
384:
378:
377:
375:
373:
358:
352:
351:
349:
347:
330:
324:
317:
311:
310:
308:
307:
298:. Archived from
292:
286:
281:
275:
274:
272:
271:
248:
177:reportedly uses
2468:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2448:Group processes
2438:
2437:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2418:
2411:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2377:
2178:Futures studies
2129:
2110:
2059:
2018:
1967:
1961:
1847:
1846:
1817:
1723:Value sensitive
1713:User innovation
1592:Public interest
1557:Object-oriented
1277:
1258:
1239:Software design
1229:Research design
1182:Physical design
1137:Database design
1111:
1109:
1103:
1079:Property design
1074:Game art design
1028:
1022:
945:
938:
853:
846:
803:Interior design
754:Building design
735:
728:
615:
604:
593:
575:
570:
519:
514:
513:
504:
502:
492:Washington Post
485:
484:
480:
471:
469:
452:
451:
447:
440:
436:
426:
424:
415:
414:
410:
400:
398:
386:
385:
381:
371:
369:
360:
359:
355:
345:
343:
332:
331:
327:
318:
314:
305:
303:
294:
293:
289:
282:
278:
269:
267:
250:
249:
245:
240:
232:Overengineering
203:
179:remote controls
128:planned economy
120:23 August Works
69:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2466:
2464:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2440:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2246:
2245:
2243:Wicked problem
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2128:Related topics
2127:
2120:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2045:Design Council
2042:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2012:European Union
2004:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1971:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1861:
1859:
1849:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1698:
1693:
1691:Usage-centered
1688:
1687:
1686:
1684:Design for All
1676:
1671:
1666:
1664:Transformation
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1612:Research-based
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1577:Platform-based
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1527:KISS principle
1524:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1437:Fault-tolerant
1434:
1432:Error-tolerant
1429:
1428:
1427:
1417:
1415:Energy neutral
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1371:Design fiction
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1254:Systems design
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1224:Protein design
1221:
1216:
1214:Process design
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1177:Circuit design
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1099:Textile design
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1057:Costume design
1052:Fashion design
1049:
1040:
1034:
1032:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
979:
978:
973:
963:
962:
961:
950:
948:
940:
939:
937:
936:
934:Service design
931:
929:Sensory design
926:
921:
919:Product design
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
895:
894:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
858:
856:
848:
847:
845:
844:
839:
837:Spatial design
834:
829:
828:
827:
817:
815:Keyline design
812:
811:
810:
800:
795:
790:
785:
784:
783:
781:Computer-aided
773:
768:
763:
762:
761:
751:
746:
740:
738:
730:
729:
727:
726:
721:
716:
707:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
667:
666:
661:
656:
649:Graphic design
646:
641:
639:Exhibit design
636:
631:
626:
620:
618:
606:
605:
602:
595:
594:
592:
591:
586:
580:
577:
576:
571:
569:
568:
561:
554:
546:
540:
539:
525:
518:
517:External links
515:
512:
511:
478:
445:
434:
408:
379:
353:
340:Liverpool Echo
325:
312:
287:
276:
242:
241:
239:
236:
235:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
202:
199:
189:described the
68:
65:
31:
28:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2465:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2416:
2414:
2409:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2395:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2358:specification
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2271:architectural
2269:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2238:Visualization
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2158:Cultural icon
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2125:
2121:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2062:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:Organizations
2021:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1990:Design patent
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1980:Design around
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1840:Organizations
1839:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1701:User-centered
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1649:Tableless web
1647:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1572:Participatory
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1462:For Six Sigma
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1405:Domain-driven
1403:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1393:architect-led
1391:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1336:Configuration
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1301:Brainstorming
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1273:
1269:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1234:Social design
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1157:Filter design
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1132:Boiler design
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1106:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1084:Scenic design
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1069:Floral design
1067:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
977:
974:
972:
969:
968:
967:
964:
960:
957:
956:
955:
952:
951:
949:
947:
941:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
893:
890:
889:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
859:
857:
855:
849:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
826:
823:
822:
821:
818:
816:
813:
809:
806:
805:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
782:
779:
778:
777:
776:Garden design
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
760:
759:Passive solar
757:
756:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
739:
737:
734:Environmental
731:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
711:
708:
706:
702:
699:
697:
696:Retail design
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
621:
619:
617:
614:Communication
611:
607:
600:
596:
590:
587:
585:
582:
581:
578:
574:
567:
562:
560:
555:
553:
548:
547:
544:
538:at Wiktionary
537:
536:
530:
526:
524:
521:
520:
516:
501:
497:
493:
489:
482:
479:
468:
464:
460:
456:
449:
446:
443:
438:
435:
422:
418:
412:
409:
397:
393:
389:
383:
380:
368:
364:
357:
354:
342:
341:
336:
329:
326:
323:, April 1993.
322:
316:
313:
302:on 2022-12-23
301:
297:
291:
288:
285:
280:
277:
266:
262:
258:
254:
247:
244:
237:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
204:
200:
198:
196:
192:
191:Pontiac Aztek
188:
187:
182:
180:
176:
172:
169:
164:
162:
157:
153:
149:
144:
141:
137:
132:
129:
125:
121:
116:
112:
108:
103:
101:
97:
89:
88:Pontiac Aztek
84:
77:
73:
66:
64:
62:
57:
54:
50:
46:
36:
29:
27:
25:
21:
2228:STEAM fields
2198:Lean startup
2183:Indie design
1999:
1966:Intellectual
1718:Value-driven
1696:Use-centered
1602:Regenerative
1582:Policy-based
1542:Mind mapping
1447:For assembly
1388:Design–build
1306:By committee
1305:
1291:Adaptive web
1089:Sound design
1047:glass design
1045: /
1030:applied arts
971:Level design
842:Urban design
793:Hotel design
744:Architecture
719:Video design
712: /
703: /
671:Illustration
664:Print design
634:Brand design
534:
503:. Retrieved
491:
481:
470:. Retrieved
458:
448:
437:
425:. Retrieved
421:The Guardian
420:
411:
399:. Retrieved
396:The Guardian
395:
382:
370:. Retrieved
367:The Guardian
366:
356:
344:. Retrieved
338:
328:
315:
304:. Retrieved
300:the original
290:
279:
268:. Retrieved
256:
246:
184:
183:
173:
165:
145:
133:
124:DR Class 118
119:
111:East Germany
107:DR Class 119
104:
93:
76:DR Class 119
58:
41:
19:
18:
2266:competition
2223:Slow design
2173:Form factor
2143:Concept art
1952:HTML editor
1632:Sustainable
1467:For testing
1311:By contract
1167:Work design
1142:Drug design
1114:engineering
988:Icon design
966:Game design
944:Interaction
892:Sustainable
825:Sustainable
714:Type design
691:Photography
686:News design
629:Book design
624:Advertising
603:Disciplines
388:Cobain, Ian
195:focus group
2442:Categories
2426:Wiktionary
2419:Wikisource
2373:technology
2343:principles
1942:Storyboard
1768:management
1763:leadership
1728:Privacy by
1567:Parametric
1537:Metadesign
1507:Integrated
1497:High-level
1482:Generative
1477:Functional
1346:Continuous
1341:Contextual
1316:C-K theory
1276:Approaches
1018:Web design
872:CMF design
852:Industrial
710:Typography
505:2023-04-22
472:2023-04-22
427:2 December
401:2 December
372:2 December
346:2 December
306:2013-01-09
270:2023-04-22
238:References
227:Tiger team
212:Groupthink
175:Apple Inc.
102:archives.
53:autocratic
24:pejorative
2412:Wikiquote
2398:Wikibooks
2348:rationale
2313:knowledge
2288:education
2208:OODA loop
1932:Prototype
1917:Flowchart
1875:Blueprint
1743:computing
1679:Universal
1627:Safe-life
1532:Low-level
1522:Iterative
1502:Inclusive
1487:Geodesign
1378:Defensive
1326:Co-design
1296:Affective
500:0190-8286
467:0362-4331
265:0362-4331
148:Liverpool
45:consensus
2405:Wikinews
2338:paradigm
2318:language
2298:engineer
2293:elements
2283:director
1968:property
1813:thinking
1803:strategy
1788:research
1748:controls
1706:Empathic
1637:Systemic
1597:Rational
1552:New Wave
1366:Critical
589:Designer
201:See also
67:Examples
2391:Commons
2363:studies
2308:history
2276:student
2261:classic
2249:Design
2163:.design
2091:Graphex
1793:science
1783:pattern
1778:methods
1753:culture
1736:Design
1547:Modular
1400:Diffuse
1321:Closure
1043:Ceramic
701:Signage
584:Outline
156:Whiston
152:Prescot
115:Comecon
2453:Design
2368:studio
2353:review
2333:museum
2256:change
2064:Awards
1937:Sketch
1922:Mockup
1902:CAutoD
1843:Awards
1808:theory
1798:sprint
1773:marker
1738:choice
1112:&
1110:design
946:design
854:design
736:design
654:Motion
616:design
573:Design
498:
465:
263:
100:USENET
2251:brief
2138:Agile
1857:Tools
1834:Tools
1472:For X
1108:Other
1027:Other
140:CCITT
22:is a
2328:load
2323:life
2303:firm
1890:CAID
1758:flow
1674:TRIZ
1562:Open
496:ISSN
463:ISSN
429:2017
403:2017
374:2017
348:2017
261:ISSN
166:The
1885:CAD
1865:AAD
1642:SOD
1622:RWD
1492:HCD
959:EED
808:EID
163:".
2444::
494:.
490:.
461:.
457:.
419:.
394:.
365:.
337:.
259:.
255:.
154:,
565:e
558:t
551:v
508:.
475:.
431:.
405:.
376:.
350:.
309:.
273:.
159:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
