1594:
demanded his blood. Soldiers found Cloedt and the dying man was hanged from the window, along with several dozen others in his force. Italian and
Spanish soldiers, on their rampage through the city, slaughtered the rest of the garrison, even the men who tried to surrender. Women, who had taken refuge in some of the churches, were initially spared, but when the fire started, they were forced into the street. Contemporary accounts refer to children, women, and old men, their clothes in sparks or flames, trying to escape the conflagration, only to be trapped by the enraged soldiers; if they escaped the flames and the Spanish, they still had to elude the Italians. Parma wrote to the king (of Spain) that over 4000 lay dead in the ditches. English observers confirmed this report, and elaborated that only 8 buildings remained standing.
1573:, plus 2,000 mounted, experienced Italian, Spanish, and some German soldiers, plus some 45 cannons, which Parma distributed on the redoubt across the river, and on the heights some short distance from the city walls. Prior to the cannonade, Parma requested the capitulation of the city, which was declined, officially with great politeness, but as Parma's emissary returned to the Spanish camp, he was followed by jeers and insults from the townsmen. The next day, being the feast of St. James, and the patron day for the Spanish, the battle was not joined, however, reports circulated in the Spanish camp that two soldiers, captured in the previous days' sorties, had been roasted alive in the market square to desecrate the Holy day.
1562:
1577:
162:
135:
216:
177:
1509:, an important Protestant garrison in the Electorate of Cologne. After the city refused to capitulate, Parma's army reduced the city to rubble through a combination of artillery fire, destructive house-to-house fighting, and plundering; during the battle, a fire started that destroyed most of the rest of the city. Approximately 3,000 civilians died, out of a population of around 4,500, and the entire garrison was killed.
196:
150:
79:
1593:
Cloedt, gravely injured (his leg was reportedly nearly ripped off and he had five other serious wounds), had been carried into the town. The
Spanish and Italian forces entered the town from opposing ends, and met in the middle. Parma was reportedly inclined to honor the garrison commander; Ernst
1589:
Once the cannonade began, Parma's 45 artillery pounded at the walls for 30 hours with iron cannonballs weighing 30 to 50 pounds, in total 2700 rounds were fired. The
Spanish made several attacks, each repelled. With the ninth assault, the outer wall was breached, and soldiers
1606:; Parma had lost fewer than 500 of his own force, and the Protestant rebels had lost a significant geographical and militarily strategic point, and one of their more intrepid young commanders in Cloedt. Parma had nearly unfettered access to the Electorate's northern regions, called the
1545:
of
Burgundy, and for its efforts, the emperor had granted Neuss the right to mint its own coins and to incorporate the imperial arms in its own coat of arms. In June, the Duke of Parma approached the city and surrounded its landed fortifications; he was supported by
1602:
Although Parma had taken the city, his
Protestant opponents took some comfort in the fact that the city had been destroyed in the process and was of no use as a garrison. Yet this was in no way a
1537:
in command of the city. Cloedt had a garrison of 1600 men, mostly
Germans and Dutch soldiers; some had military experience, but many were recent recruits. One hundred years earlier it had
398:
1839:
281:
1389:
391:
426:
1590:
poured into the city, the
Italians from one end, and the Spanish from the other. They met in the marketplace in the middle (see map of the city—above).
1481:
384:
1032:
1844:
1477:
274:
1610:, from which he could mount an attack on the rebellious provinces of the Netherlands. Gebhard renounced of the Electorate in 1588. Despite
537:
1205:
1050:
677:
637:
500:
435:
1252:
1102:
422:
1217:
804:
704:
363:
1834:
1357:
1159:
851:
557:
1569:
Parma had an impressive force at his command; in addition to
Mansfeld's 2000 troops, he had another 6,000 or so foot and
1413:
1667:, vol. 3, 1851, p. 188, reported Parma had as many as 18,000 troops; most sources settle the number at closer to 10,000: See
1555:
1502:
834:
348:
267:
220:
1062:
1027:
916:
754:
1580:
The
Electorate of Cologne, circa 1580. The City of Cologne, although part of the archdiocese, was not part of the Electorate.
1518:
1398:
1222:
846:
826:
140:
29:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1379:
1418:
1247:
749:
624:
572:
477:
452:
303:
1435:
1077:
587:
492:
333:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1465:
1342:
1327:
1322:
1164:
991:
986:
891:
689:
358:
343:
1374:
1270:
1237:
1144:
1092:
1001:
971:
966:
926:
921:
906:
901:
744:
654:
582:
318:
1534:
1403:
1227:
1127:
886:
866:
694:
664:
614:
522:
200:
1264:
323:
1445:
1337:
1280:
1260:
1242:
1132:
981:
941:
861:
856:
759:
714:
619:
1423:
1185:
1172:
1149:
1122:
1082:
1006:
956:
729:
699:
567:
353:
313:
1561:
1440:
1369:
1310:
1305:
1290:
1285:
1256:
1232:
1197:
1154:
1117:
1112:
1107:
976:
961:
881:
814:
789:
784:
577:
338:
170:
161:
143:
134:
1522:
1408:
1347:
1087:
1072:
996:
876:
734:
669:
547:
517:
467:
408:
1473:
1352:
1332:
1295:
1067:
1037:
946:
936:
931:
911:
871:
769:
719:
532:
482:
457:
328:
1384:
659:
604:
592:
512:
487:
308:
17:
1551:
1547:
896:
809:
609:
167:
154:
116:
1614:
unchallenged possession, Parma continued to acquire and fortify towns throughout the region.
1611:
1542:
779:
724:
709:
552:
542:
472:
462:
204:
181:
1603:
1300:
1275:
1097:
794:
774:
764:
649:
629:
562:
1538:
1042:
1018:
527:
215:
195:
176:
149:
1813:
1799:
951:
447:
1498:
739:
291:
70:
376:
44:
31:
1576:
1525:, reinforced and supplied the city and took most of his troops north, to
78:
1570:
1517:
Neuss had been seized by supporters of the
Protestant Prince-Elector
1575:
1560:
1530:
1526:
1506:
104:
380:
263:
259:
1794:
Der Kampf um das Erzstift Köln zur Zeit der Kurfürsten.
1685:
Nuntiaturberichte aus Deutschland: Der Kampf um Köln,
1806:. Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1959.
1760:Princeton, 1959. pp. 152–246; Motley, Chapter IX.
237:Troops: 8,000 infantry, 2,000 cavalry
63:
1758:A History of Modern Germany, The Reformation,
392:
275:
8:
1804:A History of Modern Germany, The Reformation
1774:The history of Holland and the Dutch nation
1665:The history of Holland and the Dutch nation
399:
385:
377:
282:
268:
260:
60:
1840:Military history of the Holy Roman Empire
1786:. Düsseldorf: Schwann'schen. (1863–1880).
83:Great city fire after the siege of Neuss.
1627:
232:Garrison: 1,600 Dutch and German
7:
1734:Motley, Chapter IX. Leonard Ennen,
1776:, vol. 3, London: G. Willis, 1851.
1523:Adolf, Count of Moers and Neuenahr
1503:Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma's
1497:occurred in July 1586, during the
251:Civilian and military dead: 4,000+
25:
1705:Ein Ministerium unter Philipp II.
1565:Engraved map of the city of Neuss
95:July 1586, concluded 26 July 1586
1738:v. 5, specifically p. 178. 1880.
1638:v. 5, specifically p. 178. 1880.
1556:Salentin VII of Isenburg-Grenzau
221:Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma
214:
194:
175:
160:
148:
133:
77:
18:Destruction of Neuss (July 1586)
1652:Der Kampf um das Erzstift Köln,
1756:Ennen, p. 178; Hajo Holborn,
1673:Der Kampf um das Erzstift Koln
1519:Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg
1505:troops surrounded the city of
1:
1845:1586 in the Holy Roman Empire
1796:Köln: DuMont-Schauberg. 1878.
249:Garrison: no known survivors
1861:
1736:Geschichte der Stadt Köln,
1636:Geschichte der Stadt Köln,
1835:European wars of religion
1792:Hennes, Johann Heinrich.
1784:Geschichte der Stadt Köln
1772:Davies, Charles Maurice.
1677:Geschichte der Stadt Köln
418:
299:
243:
226:
187:
126:
87:
76:
68:
1539:resisted a lengthy siege
201:Hermann Friedrich Cloedt
1707:published 1895, p. 575.
1663:Charles Maurice Davies
1654:Cologne, 1878, p. 178.
1581:
1566:
188:Commanders and leaders
1579:
1564:
244:Casualties and losses
1533:, leaving the young
1495:Destruction of Neuss
1358:2nd Cape St. Vincent
1248:2nd 's-Hertogenbosch
1160:1st Cape St. Vincent
1103:1st 's-Hertogenbosch
1019:1st English Channel
835:Ten Years, 1588–1598
64:Destruction of Neuss
45:51.20028°N 6.69389°E
1747:Motley, Chapter IX.
1623:Citations and notes
1348:3rd English Channel
1173:Twelve Years' Truce
1155:2nd English Channel
1063:1st Schenckenschans
917:3rd Geertruidenberg
852:2nd Geertruidenberg
558:1st Geertruidenberg
41: /
1703:Martin Philipson,
1612:Ernst of Bavaria's
1582:
1567:
1521:in February 1586.
1281:2nd Schenkenschans
1223:2nd Bergen op Zoom
847:1st Bergen op Zoom
1830:Conflicts in 1586
1825:House of Isenburg
1820:House of Mansfeld
1782:Ennen, Leonard.
1552:Francisco Verdugo
1548:Karl von Mansfeld
1513:Situation in 1586
1490:
1489:
410:Eighty Years' War
372:
371:
258:
257:
168:Ernest of Bavaria
155:Dutch States Army
141:Gebhard Truchsess
122:
121:
117:Ernest of Bavaria
50:51.20028; 6.69389
16:(Redirected from
1852:
1791:
1781:
1761:
1754:
1748:
1745:
1739:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1717:
1714:
1708:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1670:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1632:
1543:Charles the Bold
1535:Friedrich Cloedt
1456:2nd San Salvador
1451:1st San Salvador
1424:2nd Saint Martin
1399:1st Saint Martin
413:
411:
401:
394:
387:
378:
294:
284:
277:
270:
261:
219:
218:
209:
199:
198:
182:Army of Flanders
180:
179:
165:
164:
153:
152:
138:
137:
89:
88:
81:
61:
56:
55:
53:
52:
51:
46:
42:
39:
38:
37:
34:
21:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1810:
1809:
1789:
1779:
1769:
1764:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1680:
1668:
1662:
1658:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1634:Leonard Ennen,
1633:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1604:Pyrrhic victory
1600:
1587:
1515:
1491:
1486:
1470:
1380:Bay of Matanzas
1317:European waters
1202:
1169:
1139:European waters
1047:
1033:Gulf of Almería
1013:European waters
831:
821:European waters
674:
634:
599:European waters
497:
432:
429:
427:List of battles
414:
409:
407:
405:
375:
374:
373:
368:
295:
290:
288:
250:
238:
234:Artillery: none
233:
213:
205:
193:
174:
173:
159:
147:
146:
132:
107:
82:
49:
47:
43:
40:
35:
32:
30:
28:
27:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1858:
1856:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1812:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1797:
1787:
1777:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1749:
1740:
1727:
1725:Ennen, p. 178.
1718:
1716:Ennen, p. 186.
1709:
1689:
1656:
1650:J. H. Hennes,
1640:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1599:
1596:
1586:
1583:
1514:
1511:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1482:Historiography
1469:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1419:Southern Chile
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1257:2nd Maastricht
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1212:Western Europe
1209:
1208:
1201:
1200:
1189:
1188:
1180:Western Europe
1177:
1176:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1057:Western Europe
1054:
1053:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1028:Bayona Islands
1025:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
841:Western Europe
838:
837:
830:
829:
823:
822:
818:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
692:
690:1st Maastricht
684:Western Europe
681:
680:
673:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
644:Western Europe
641:
640:
633:
632:
627:
622:
617:
615:Haarlemmermeer
612:
607:
601:
600:
596:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
507:Western Europe
504:
503:
496:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
442:Western Europe
439:
438:
431:
430:
419:
416:
415:
406:
404:
403:
396:
389:
381:
370:
369:
367:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
300:
297:
296:
289:
287:
286:
279:
272:
264:
256:
255:
252:
246:
245:
241:
240:
235:
229:
228:
224:
223:
211:
190:
189:
185:
184:
157:
129:
128:
124:
123:
120:
119:
113:
109:
108:
103:
101:
97:
96:
93:
85:
84:
74:
73:
66:
65:
59:
58:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1857:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1805:
1801:
1800:Holborn, Hajo
1798:
1795:
1788:
1785:
1778:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1706:
1699:Hennes, 179;
1693:
1690:
1687:Berlin, 1892.
1686:
1678:
1674:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1628:
1622:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1584:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1563:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1323:2nd Gibraltar
1321:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1271:5th Rheinberg
1269:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1238:2nd Oldenzaal
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1165:1st Gibraltar
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1128:4th Rheinberg
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1093:3rd Rheinberg
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1017:
1016:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1002:1st Oldenzaal
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
972:2nd Rheinberg
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
932:2nd Luxemburg
930:
928:
925:
923:
922:2nd Coevorden
920:
918:
915:
913:
912:1st Luxemburg
910:
908:
907:1st Coevorden
905:
903:
902:2nd Steenwijk
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
844:
843:
842:
836:
833:
832:
828:
827:Ponta Delgada
825:
824:
820:
819:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
805:1st Rheinberg
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
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1370:1st Salvador
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1338:Lizard Point
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1296:2nd Roermond
1265:1st Roermond
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1179:
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1145:Dover Strait
1113:Hoogstraaten
1083:Lekkerbeetje
1056:
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867:2nd Deventer
840:
839:
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695:2nd Mechelen
683:
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665:1st Deventer
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523:1st Mechelen
506:
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453:Valenciennes
448:Beeldenstorm
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329:Cologne Riot
206:
127:Belligerents
115:Victory for
69:Part of the
26:
1790:(in German)
1780:(in German)
1701:(in German)
1697:(in German)
1683:J. Hansen,
1681:(in German)
1669:(in German)
1648:(in German)
1608:Niederstift
1499:Cologne War
1430:East Indies
1375:Puerto Rico
1243:4th Groenlo
1198:Playa Honda
1192:East Indies
1175:, 1609–1621
1133:3rd Groenlo
1078:San Andreas
982:2nd Groenlo
942:1st Groenlo
877:Knodsenburg
862:2nd Zutphen
810:1st Zutphen
765:3rd Antwerp
750:Steenbergen
740:2nd Antwerp
650:1st Antwerp
625:Reimerswaal
588:Schoonhoven
578:Mookerheyde
478:Heiligerlee
344:Poppersdorf
292:Cologne War
71:Cologne War
48: /
1814:Categories
1123:2nd Lingen
1088:Nieuwpoort
1068:Zaltbommel
1007:1st Lingen
987:Bredevoort
670:Borgerhout
573:Valkenburg
548:IJsselmeer
538:Middelburg
493:Le Quesnoy
468:Oosterweel
1675:, Ennen,
1598:Aftermath
1478:Aftermath
1414:Itamaracá
1390:Trujillo
1353:The Downs
1328:2nd Cádiz
1311:4th Hulst
1306:3rd Hulst
1291:3rd Venlo
1286:4th Breda
1261:2nd Venlo
1233:3rd Breda
1206:1621–1648
1150:2nd Sluis
1118:3rd Sluis
1108:2nd Grave
1051:1599–1609
1038:1st Cádiz
997:Ootmarsum
977:1st Meurs
962:2nd Hulst
927:Groningen
882:1st Hulst
857:2nd Breda
815:1st Sluis
790:1st Venlo
785:1st Grave
745:Eindhoven
720:Noordhorn
715:1st Breda
678:1579–1588
638:1576–1579
620:Zuiderzee
593:Zierikzee
583:Oudewater
501:1572–1576
483:Jemmingen
458:Wattrelos
436:1566–1572
349:2nd Neuss
334:1st Neuss
309:Godesberg
304:Oberstift
36:6°41′38″E
33:51°12′1″N
1671:Hennes,
1436:Mormugão
1394:Campeche
1385:Abrolhos
1364:Americas
1023:Flanders
992:Enschede
967:Turnhout
952:2nd Lier
897:Caudebec
887:Nijmegen
872:Delfzijl
735:1st Lier
660:Rijmenam
655:Gembloux
605:Flushing
488:Jodoigne
359:Nijmegen
354:2nd Bonn
314:1st Bonn
227:Strength
100:Location
1618:Sources
1571:Tercios
1446:Malacca
1409:Cabañas
1343:Dunkirk
1228:Fleurus
725:Niezijl
610:Borsele
553:Alkmaar
543:Haarlem
533:Naarden
513:Brielle
423:Origins
207:†
171:Cologne
144:Cologne
1585:Battle
1554:, and
1466:Cavite
1461:Manila
1276:Leuven
1218:Jülich
1186:Aachen
1098:Ostend
1043:Azores
957:Calais
780:Boksum
770:Arnhem
730:Lochem
710:Kollum
563:Leiden
473:Dahlen
463:Lannoy
203:
112:Result
1531:Venlo
1527:Moers
1507:Neuss
1474:Peace
1441:Galle
1333:Slaak
1301:Kallo
1253:Meuse
947:Lippe
892:Rouen
800:Neuss
775:Empel
760:Aalst
755:Ghent
700:Diest
630:Lillo
568:Delft
105:Neuss
1679:and
1558:.
1529:and
1493:The
1073:Rees
795:Axel
528:Goes
518:Mons
339:Werl
166:Pro-
139:Pro-
92:Date
1541:by
937:Huy
1816::
1802:,
1550:,
1501:.
1480:–
1476:–
1263:,
1259:,
425:–
1392:·
1267:)
1255:(
1021:·
400:e
393:t
386:v
283:e
276:t
269:v
20:)
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