Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE) - Knowledge (XXG)

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leave as many of the towers standing as they were of the greatest eminence; that is, Phasaelus, and Hippicus, and Mariamne; and so much of the wall enclosed the city on the west side. This wall was spared, in order to afford a camp for such as were to lie in garrison , as were the towers also spared, in order to demonstrate to posterity what kind of city it was, and how well fortified, which the Roman valor had subdued; but for all the rest of the wall , it was so thoroughly laid even with the ground by those that dug it up to the foundation, that there was left nothing to make those that came thither believe it had ever been inhabited. This was the end which Jerusalem came to by the madness of those that were for innovations; a city otherwise of great magnificence, and of mighty fame among all mankind.

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whole city was in Roman hands – and in ruins. In recompense for the ferocious fighting they had been required to endure, the soldiers were given free rein to loot and kill, until eventually Titus ordered that the city be razed to the ground, 'leaving only the loftiest of the towers, Phasael, Hippicus and Mariamme, and the portion of the wall enclosing the city on the west: the latter as an encampment for the garrison that was to remain, and the towers to indicate to posterity the nature of the city and of the strong defences which had yet yielded to Roman prowess. All the rest of the wall encompassing the city was so completely levelled to the ground as to leave future visitors to the spot no ground for believing that it had ever been inhabited.'

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no one came to retrieve precious legal documents, or bury the dead. Up until this date the Bar Kokhba documents indicate that towns, villages and ports where Jews lived were busy with industry and activity. Afterwards there is an eerie silence, and the archaeological record testifies to little Jewish presence until the Byzantine era, in En Gedi. This picture coheres with what we have already determined in Part I of this study, that the crucial date for what can only be described as genocide, and the devastation of Jews and Judaism within central Judea, was 135 CE and not, as usually assumed, 70 CE, despite the siege of Jerusalem and the Temple's destruction

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they neared the Sanctuary they pretended not even to hear Caesar's commands and urged the men in front to throw in more firebrands. The partisans were no longer in a position to help; everywhere was slaughter and flight. Most of the victims were peaceful citizens, weak and unarmed, butchered wherever they were caught. Round the Altar the heaps of corpses grew higher and higher, while down the Sanctuary steps poured a river of blood and the bodies of those killed at the top slithered to the bottom.

1151:, 70 CE (August 30), Roman forces overwhelmed the defenders and set fire to the Temple. Resistance continued for another month, but eventually the upper and lower parts of the city were taken as well, and the city was burned to the ground. Titus spared only the three towers of the Herodian citadel as a testimony to the city's former might. The siege had a major toll on human life, with many people being killed and enslaved, and large parts of the city destroyed. This victory gave the 1457:, whose students smuggled him out of the city in a coffin in order to deal with Vespasian. This, however, was insufficient to deal with the madness that had now gripped the Zealot leadership in Jerusalem and the reign of terror it unleashed upon the population of the city. Josephus describes various acts of savagery committed against the people by its own leadership, including the torching of the city's food supply in an apparent bid to force the defenders to fight for their lives. 1692:, who estimates that about a million people lived in all of the land of Israel at the time, about half of them Jews, and that sizable Jewish populations remained in the area after the war was over, even in the hard-hit region of Judea. Schwartz, however, believes that the captive number of 97,000 is more reliable. It has also been noted that the revolt had not deterred pilgrims from visiting Jerusalem, and a large number became trapped in the city and perished during the siege. 1635: 229: 1838: 6221: 5348: 1681:. Josephus goes on to report that after the Romans killed the armed and elderly people, 97,000 were enslaved. Josephus records that many people were sold into slavery, and that of the inhabitants of Jerusalem, 40,000 individuals survived, and the emperor let them to go wherever they chose. Before and during the siege, according to Josephus' account, there were multiple waves of desertions from the city. 2318:

destroyed by great fire. The large urban drainage channel and the Pool of Siloam in the Lower City silted up and ceased to function, and in many places the city walls collapsed. Following the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 CE, a new era began in the city's history. The Herodian city was destroyed and a military camp of the Tenth Roman Legion established on part of the ruins. In

4123: 5358: 2213: 4315:. Getty Publications, 2005 p. 33. "It seems clear that by choosing a seemingly neutral name – one juxtaposing that of a neighboring province with the revived name of an ancient geographical entity (Palestine), already known from the writings of Herodotus – Hadrian was intending to suppress any connection between the Jewish people and that land." 1926:, otherwise known as the Flavian Amphitheater, built in Rome between 70 and 82 CE, is believed to have been partially financed by the spoils of the Roman victory over the Jews. Archaeological discoveries have found a block of travertine that bears dowel holes that show the Jewish Wars financed the building of the amphitheater. 1566:

Roman soldiers set fire to an apartment adjacent to the Temple, starting a conflagration which the Jews subsequently made worse. Later Christian sources, traced back to Tacitus, claim that Titus personally authorized the destruction, a perspective that modern scholars generally support, though the debate remains unsettled.

1817:(later known as Bar Kokhba) established an independent state that was conquered by the Romans in 135 CE. The revolt resulted in the extensive depopulation of Judean communities, more so than during the First Jewish–Roman War. The Jewish communities of Judea were devastated to an extent which some scholars describe as a 1577:

and now saw it as a desert, but lament and mourn sadly at so great a change. For the war had laid all signs of beauty quite waste. Nor had anyone who had known the place before, had come on a sudden to it now, would he have known it again. But though he were at the city itself, yet would he have inquired for it.

1768:. Both Herodium and Machaerus fell to the Roman army within the next two years, with Masada remaining as the final stronghold of the Judean rebels. In 73 CE, the Romans breached the walls of Masada and captured the fortress, with Josephus claiming that nearly all of the Jewish defenders had committed mass 1311:"lest he should suspect that so strong a wall was built in order to make some innovation in public affairs." It was only completed later, to a lesser strength and in much haste, when the First Jewish–Roman War broke out and the defenses of Jerusalem had to be bolstered. Nine towers adorned the third wall. 4248:

These texts, combined with the relics of those who hid in caves along the western side of the Dead Sea, tells us a great deal. What is clear from the evidence of both skeletal remains and artefacts is that the Roman assault on the Jewish population of the Dead Sea was so severe and comprehensive that

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The capitulation of the rest of Jerusalem was rapid. Those parts of the lower city already under Roman control were deliberately set on fire. The erection of new towers to break down the walls of the upper city was completed on 7 Elul (in mid-August), and the troops forced their way in. By 8 Elul the

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were stained with ash or even burned and turned into lime, glass vessels exploded and warped from the heat of the fire until they could not be recovered in the laboratory. In contrast, pottery and basalt survived. The layer of ash and charred wood left over from the fires reached an average height of

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While the Romans would have won the war in any case, the Jewish civil war both hastened their victory and immensely increased the casualties. One horrendous example: In expectation of a Roman siege, Jerusalem's Jews had stockpiled a supply of dry food that could have fed the city for many years. But

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discovered traces of great fire that damaged the Upper City's residential buildings. The fires consumed all organic matter. In houses where there was a beamed ceiling between the floors, the fire caused the top of the building to collapse, along with the top rows of stone, and they buried everything

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As the legions charged in, neither persuasion nor threat could check their impetuosity: passion alone was in command. Crowded together around the entrances many were trampled by their friends, many fell among the still hot and smoking ruins of the colonnades and died as miserably as the defeated. As

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And truly, the very view itself was a melancholy thing; for those places which were adorned with trees and pleasant gardens, were now become desolate country every way, and its trees were all cut down. Nor could any foreigner that had formerly seen Judaea and the most beautiful suburbs of the city,

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fought amongst themselves, and they lacked proper leadership, resulting in poor discipline, training, and preparation for the battles that were to follow. At one point they destroyed the food stocks in the city, a drastic measure thought to have been undertaken perhaps in order to enlist a merciful

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A fortified stronghold, it might have held for a significant amount of time, if not for the intense civil war that then broke out between moderates and Zealots. In the summer of 69 CE, Vespasian departed Judea for Rome and in December became Emperor, with command of the Roman legions passing to his

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After the destruction of the Herodian city of Jerusalem by the Romans in 70 CE, a military camp of the Tenth Roman Legion was established on part of the ruins to guard the former center of the revolt. This is clearly stated by Josephus (Jos. BJ, 7:1–5, 17; Vita, 422); it can be understood from the

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Now as soon as the army had no more people to slay or to plunder, because there remained none to be the objects of their fury (for they would not have spared any, had there remained any other work to be done), Caesar gave orders that they should now demolish the entire city and Temple, but should

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According to Josephus, when the Romans reached Antonia they tried to destroy the wall which protected it. They removed four stones only, but during the night the wall collapsed. "That night the wall was so shaken by the battering rams in that place where John had used his stratagem before, and had

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Josephus goes on to say that the Jews then attacked the Romans on the east, near the Mount of Olives, but Titus drove them back to the valley. Zealots set the north-west colonnade on fire (v. 165). The Romans set the next one on fire, and the Jews wanted it to burn (v. 166), and they also trapped

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The Roman historian Tacitus later wrote: "... the total number of the besieged of every age and both sexes was six hundred thousand; there were arms for all who could use them, and the number ready to fight was larger than could have been anticipated from the total population. Both men and women

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The account of Josephus described Titus as moderate in his approach and, after conferring with others, ordering that the 500-year-old Temple be spared. According to Josephus, it was the Jews who first used fire in the Northwest approach to the Temple to try and stop Roman advances. Only then did

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Until the modern period, the destruction of the Temple was the most cataclysmic moment in the history of the Jewish people. Without the Temple, the Sadducees no longer had any claim to authority, and they faded away. The sage Yochanan ben Zakkai, with permission from Rome, set up the outpost of

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attributed the destruction of the Temple and Jerusalem as punishment from God for the "baseless" hatred that pervaded Jewish society at the time. Many Jews in despair are thought to have abandoned Judaism for some version of paganism, and many others sided with the growing Christian sect within

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wrote that "While remains relating to the destruction of the Temple are scant, those pertaining to the Temple Mount walls and their close vicinity, the Upper City, the western part of the city, and the Tyropoeon Valley are considerable. It was found that in most cases the archaeological record

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After Jewish allies killed a number of Roman soldiers, Josephus claims that Titus sent him to negotiate with the defenders; this ended with Jews wounding the negotiator with an arrow, and another sally was launched shortly after. Titus was almost captured during this sudden attack, but escaped.

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The Roman legions quickly crushed the remaining Jewish resistance. Some of the remaining Jews escaped through hidden tunnels and sewers, while others made a final stand in the Upper City. This defense halted the Roman advance as they had to construct siege towers to assail the remaining Jews.

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The historical description is consistent with the archeological finds. Collapses of massive stones from the walls of the Temple Mount were exposed lying over the Herodian street running along the Western Wall of the Temple Mount. The residential buildings of the Ophel and the Upper City were

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text of a diploma of 93 CE: "(veterani) qui militaverunt Hierosolymnis in legione X Fretense", and it is also clear from epigraphic finds from the town. A bulk of military small finds recovered from several sites around the Old City indicates the presence of the XFretensis in Jerusalem

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one of the warring Zealot factions burned the entire supply, apparently hoping that destroying this "security blanket" would compel everyone to participate in the revolt. The starvation resulting from this mad act caused suffering as great as any the Romans inflicted.

1958:, located south of the Dead Sea, this dating system was uniformly used in the Jewish section of the cemetery. One inscription, for example, belonging to a woman named Marsa, says she "she died on the fifth day, 17 days into the month of Elul, the fourth year of 1496:

made little progress, but the fighting itself eventually set the walls on fire; a Roman soldier threw a burning stick onto one of the Temple's walls. Destroying the Temple was not among Titus's goals, possibly due in large part to the massive expansions done by

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and is later reflected in Christian writings, asserts that Titus explicitly authorized the destruction of the Temple, which was also functioning as a key fortress. Modern scholarship generally supports this latter account, although the issue remains debated.

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undermined their banks, that the ground then gave way, and the wall fell down suddenly." (v. 28) Following this, Titus had raised banks beside the court of the Temple: on the north-west corner, on the north side, and on the west side (v. 150).

3739: 3714: 6101: 1450:, whose men were entrenched in the forecourts of the Temple. The Zealots resolved to prevent the city from falling into Roman hands by all means necessary, including the murder of political opponents and anyone standing in their way. 1299:", lay north of the first and was sparsely populated. It contained that section of Jerusalem within the Herodian "second wall" (which was still standing), though it was itself surrounded by the new "third wall", built by king 6144: 4302:, p. 334: "In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Judaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature." 1729:

Some 700 Judean prisoners were paraded through the streets of Rome in chains during the triumph, among them Simon bar Giora and John of Giscala. Simon bar Giora was executed by being thrown to his death from the

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Die Judaea-Capta-Münze und das Motiv der Palme. Römisches Siegessymbol oder Repräsentation Judäas? (The Judaea Capta coin and the image of the palm tree: Roman symbol of victory, or representation of Judaea?)

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Josephus stated that Agrippa wanted to build a wall at least 5 meters thick, literally impenetrable by contemporary siege engines. Agrippa, however, never moved beyond the foundations, out of fear of emperor

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Baker, Eric W.. The Eschatological Role of the Jerusalem Temple: An Examination of the Jewish Writings Dating from 586 BCE to 70 CE. Germany: Anchor Academic Publishing, 2015, pp.

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In the centuries following the destruction of the Temple, some Jewish communities adopted a new Hebrew calendar that designated the year of the Temple's destruction as the starting point. In

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Book V, sect. 99 (Ch. 3, paragraph 1 in Whiston's translation); dates given are approximations since the correspondence between the calendar Josephus used and modern calendars is uncertain.

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Jerusalem retained its importance in Jewish life and culture even after its destruction, and it became a symbol of hope for return, rebuilding and renewal of national life. The belief in a

1178:. The loss of the mother-city and Second Temple necessitated a reshaping of Jewish culture to ensure its survival. With sacrificial worship no longer possible, Jewish practices shifted to 4803: 3801:

Geva, H. ed., 2010 Jewish Quarter Excavations in the Old City of Jerusalem Conducted by Nahman Avigad, 1969–1982 IV: The Burnt House of Area B and Other Studies. Final Report. Jerusalem.

1586: 60: 526: 4743: 309: 2070: 1132:. Within three weeks, the Romans broke the first two walls of the city, but a stubborn rebel standoff prevented them from penetrating the third and thickest wall. According to 609: 2090: 599: 4425:. Novum Testamentum et Orbis Antiquus/Studien zur Umwelt des Neuen Testaments (NTOA/StUNT) (Book 70) (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. pp. 61, 64–67. 1526:. According to Josephus, the excitement of the Roman troops led them to fuel the flames beyond control. In contrast, another historiographic tradition, which traces back to 5396: 2754:

Under the leadership of R. Yohanan ben Zakkai and his circle at Yavneh, Judaism sought to reconstitute itself and find a new equilibrium in the face of the disaster of 70.

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Over the years, various remains that provide evidence of Jerusalem's destruction have been discovered, leading scholars to believe that Josephus' description is accurate.

1464:. Titus then had a wall built to girdle the city in order to starve out the population more effectively. After several failed attempts to breach or scale the walls of the 4331: 3769:"The Sack of Jerusalem in 70 CE: Flavius Josephus' Description and the Archaeological Record / חורבן ירושלים בשנת 70 לסה"נ: תיאורו של יוסף בן מתתיהו והממצא הארכאולוגי" 2066:(1637). Oil on canvas, 147 × 198.5 cm. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. Depicts the destruction and looting of the Second Temple by the Roman army led by Titus. 302: 4275:

David Goodblatt, 'The political and social history of the Jewish community in the Land of Israel,' in William David Davies, Louis Finkelstein, Steven T. Katz (eds.)

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After the fall of Jerusalem and the destruction of the city and its temple, there were still a few Judean strongholds in which the rebels continued holding out, at

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intervention on behalf of the besieged Jews, or as a stratagem to make the defenders more desperate, supposing that was necessary in order to repel the Roman army.

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that remained in the home under them. There are buildings where traces remain only in part of the house, and there are buildings that have been completely burned.

1431:. By May, this was breached and the Second Wall also was taken shortly afterwards, leaving the defenders in possession of the Temple and the upper and lower city. 3990: 1962:, 362 years after the destruction of the Temple." This calendar system was used by other Jewish communities in the Levant during late antiquity, and later in the 6846: 6407: 1068: 4557: 6861: 1825:, Golan, Bet Shean Valley, and the eastern, southern, and western edges of Judea. Emperor Hadrian wiped the name Judaea off the map and replaced it with 1522:

Josephus's account absolves Titus of any culpability for the destruction of the Temple, but this may merely reflect his desire to procure favor with the

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through the streets. Up until this parading, these items had only ever been seen by the High Priest of the Temple. This event was memorialized in the

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Josephus wrote that 1.1 million people, the majority of them Jewish, were killed during the siege – a death toll he attributes to the celebration of

1343:. By July 69 all of Judea but Jerusalem had been pacified and the city, now hosting rebel leaders from all over the country, came under Roman siege. 5001: 4276: 3129:(1st ed.). Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, published in cooperation with the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. pp. 15–20. 1786:

In 132 CE, six decades after the suppression of the revolt, another revolt known as the Bar Kokhba revolt erupted in Judaea. The construction of a

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fell on 7 September, and the city was completely under Roman control by 8 September. The Romans continued to pursue those who had fled the city.

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some Roman soldiers when they wanted to climb over the wall. They had burned wood under the wall when Romans were trapped on it (v. 178–183).

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There were still those wishing to negotiate with the Romans and bring a peaceful end to the siege. The most prominent of these was

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In the early Roman period, Jerusalem had two distinct precincts. The first encompassed the regions within the "first wall", the

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The enmities between John of Gischala and Simon bar Giora were papered over only when the Roman siege engineers began to erect

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marks the destruction of the First and Second Temples, which according to Jewish tradition, occurred on the same day on the

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Josephus had acted as a mediator for the Romans and, when negotiations failed, witnessed the siege and aftermath. He wrote:

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Massive stone collapses from the Temple Mount's walls were discovered laying over the Herodian street that runs along the

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and the Upper City, and was heavily built up, though less so at its wealthy parts. The second, known as the "suburb" or "

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showed the same determination; and if they were to be forced to change their home, they feared life more than death".

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in the Herodian Quarter, for example, shows signs of a fire that raged at the site during the city's destruction.

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at 6:421 is to Titus's siege, though difficulties exist with its interpretation, then at the time, according to

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Overlooking the Temple compound, the fortress provided a perfect point from which to attack the Temple itself.

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The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World: The Jews of Palestine from Alexander the Great to the Arab

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Many of the people of the surrounding area are also thought to have been driven from the land or enslaved.

6856: 6826: 6646: 6132: 6014: 5624: 5606: 5016: 4952: 4788: 3579:, The Cambridge History of Judaism, vol. 4, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 194–195, 1704: 1468:, the Romans finally launched a secret attack. Despite early successes in repelling the Roman sieges, the 1030: 1010: 849: 475: 6759: 6486: 6464: 4763: 2182: 1911:

in Rome. The monument was built to celebrate the conquest of Jerusalem and it is said to have housed the

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have been discovered in several locations, indicating that a lengthy burning damaged the limestones. The

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Rewriting Ancient Jewish History: The History of the Jews in Roman Times and the New Historical Method

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prior to the entry of the Romans. With the fall of Masada, the First Jewish–Roman War came to an end.

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began his siege a few days before Passover, on 14 Xanthicus (April), surrounding the city with three

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mere decades earlier. Titus had wanted to seize it and transform it into a temple dedicated to the

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in the Lower City silted up and stopped working, and the city walls collapsed in numerous places.

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The siege and destruction of Jerusalem has inspired writers and artists through the centuries.

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The fire left its mark even on household utensils and objects that were in the same buildings.

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escaped Jerusalem during the siege and secured Roman permission to establish a study center in

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started besieging Jerusalem. The city had been taken over by several rebel factions following

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Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism: A Parallel History of their Origins and Early Development

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as anti-Temple and view the destruction of the temple as punishment for rejection of Jesus.

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Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv / קתדרה: לתולדות ארץ ישראל ויישובה

1260:, Jerusalem was the center of religious and national life for Jews, including those in the 6742: 6580: 6518: 6506: 6496: 6369: 6280: 6266: 6009: 5994: 5979: 5911: 5799: 5727: 5540: 5323: 5309: 5276: 5173: 5163: 5095: 5085: 4967: 4895: 4890: 4716: 4459: 3745: 3720: 3478: 3448: 2985:

The Bar Kokhba war reconsidered: new perspectives on the second Jewish revolt against Rome

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traditions and eventually became the mainstream form of Judaism. Jewish sects such as the

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Reich, R. and Billig, Y. 2008. Jerusalem, The Robinson's Arch Area. NEAEHL 5: 1809–1811.

17: 6876: 6689: 6592: 6565: 6196: 6068: 6057: 6024: 6004: 5722: 5707: 5432: 5333: 5282: 4996: 4905: 4857: 4709: 4109: 2380: 2218: 1936:

to celebrate the capture of Judaea and the destruction of the Temple by his son Titus.

1912: 1893: 1881: 1846: 1655: 1411: 1324: 1230:

established a military camp on Jerusalem's ruins. the city was later re-founded as the

1175: 1164: 1102: 788: 783: 428: 380: 228: 3050:

Cohen, Shaye J. D. (1996). "Judaism to Mishnah: 135–220 AD". In Hershel Shanks (ed.).

2396: 1837: 1171:, which still stands today. The treasures looted from the Temple were put on display. 6810: 6700: 6678: 6575: 6570: 6306: 6285: 6201: 5989: 5953: 5819: 5809: 5744: 5739: 5697: 5692: 5646: 5488: 5266: 5211: 5206: 3220: 3068:

Aelia Capitolina – Jerusalem in the Roman Period: In Light of Archaeological Research

2918: 2645:"Judaism in a Time of Crisis: Four Responses to the Destruction of the Second Temple" 2574: 2412: 2294:

Aelia Capitolina – Jerusalem in the Roman period: in light of archaeological research

2053: 1944: 1885: 1857: 1842: 1731: 1723: 1689: 1647: 1616: 1611: 1560: 1510: 1502: 1493: 1179: 1168: 1156: 1148: 1110: 960: 955: 30:

For the siege by Nebuchadnezzar that led to the destruction of the First Temple, see

3275: 1714:

Titus and his soldiers celebrated victory upon their return to Rome by parading the

1323:, also known as the Great Jewish Revolt, broke following the appointment of prefect 6695: 6602: 6597: 6550: 6469: 6052: 5948: 5776: 5766: 5405: 4988: 3859: 2091:

The Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans Under the Command of Titus, 70

2011: 1966:, serving as a means to mark significant life events such as births and marriages. 1897: 1803: 1662: 1643: 1639: 1375: 1336: 1223: 1090: 819: 812: 798: 164: 4682:. TEAMS Middle English Texts. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Medieval Institute Publications 4628: 3584: 1856:

celebrated the fall of Jerusalem by building two monumental triumphal arches. The

4025: 3642: 1738:

after being judged a rebel and a traitor, while John of Giscala was sentenced to

6658: 6587: 6474: 6348: 5256: 3395:

Theocratic Democracy: The Social Construction of Religious and Secular Extremism

1620: 1603: 1556: 1183: 3028: 2888: 2826: 1932:: Judaea Capta coins were a series of commemorative coins originally issued by 1607:

coincides with the historical description, pointing to Josephus' reliability".

6491: 6102:

Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount

6042: 5906: 5712: 5685: 5586: 5553: 4538: 2945:"The Camp of the Tenth Legion in Jerusalem: An Archaeological Reconsideration" 2900: 2869: 2810: 2779: 2739: 2710: 2644: 2625: 2529: 2312: 2208: 2158: 1877: 1428: 1367: 1264:. The Second Temple attracted tens and maybe hundreds of thousands during the 4181: 3976: 3828: 3780: 3212: 3144: 3126:

Jerusalem: portrait of the city in the Second Temple period (538 BCE – 70 CE)

2960: 2834: 2656: 2404: 2365: 2357: 2118:. Depicts the destruction and looting of the Second Temple by the Roman army. 1109:. Following a five-month siege, the Romans destroyed the city, including the 120: 107: 5901: 5789: 5636: 5221: 5178: 5168: 5006: 4558:"How Rembrandt Understood the Destruction of Jerusalem (and Poussin Didn't)" 3893:"Chronology of the War According to Josephus: Part 7, The Fall of Jerusalem" 2341: 2267: 1933: 1923: 1908: 1880:

on the arch depicts soldiers carrying spoils from the Temple, including the

1869: 1810: 1795: 1761: 1719: 1363: 1332: 1300: 1211: 1207: 1187: 1098: 518: 182: 177: 95: 4215:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period,

3573:"The destruction of the Jerusalem Temple: its meaning and its consequences" 4278:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period

4141:. Routledge Studies in Ancient History. Taylor & Francis. p. 92. 4030:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period

3956: 3577:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period

3124: 2731:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period

2511:

For the Freedom of Zion: The Great Revolt of Jews against Romans, 66–74 CE

1427:

The thrust of the siege began in the west at the Third Wall, north of the

5374: 5069: 4721: 4169: 3735: 3710: 1865: 1818: 1757: 1678: 1421: 1417: 1359: 1335:, a talented and unassuming general. In early 68 CE, Vespasian landed at 1308: 1133: 1117: 965: 294: 202: 4028:. In Davies, William David; Finkelstein, Louis; Katz, Steven T. (eds.). 3836: 3812: 3788: 3768: 2968: 2944: 2766:

Stemberger, Guenter (2003), Neusner, Jacob; Avery-Peck, Alan J. (eds.),

5417: 5409: 5118: 4084:

Bandits, Prophets, and Messiahs: Popular Movements in the Time of Jesus

2573:

and Second Temples is still mourned annually during the Jewish fast of

1985: 1822: 1769: 1527: 1469: 1340: 1215: 844: 802: 193: 4478:"Contesting Scripture and Soil: Liturgical Dates and Seasonal Dieting" 2849: 2690: 2605: 2509: 2292: 1288:

celebrated it as "by far, the most famous of the cities of the East".

6385: 6343: 5921: 5853: 5702: 3094:"The Enigma of the Name Īliyā (= Aelia) for Jerusalem in Early Islam" 2115: 2079: 2000: 1765: 1591: 1137: 3188: 3093: 1845:, which depicts the valuables seized from the Temple, including the 1631:

about a meter, and the rock falls reached up to two meters and more.

1420:, Jerusalem was thronged with many people who had come to celebrate 3204: 2734:. Vol. 4. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 268. 6235: 5011: 4419:

Andrea Moresino-Zipper (2009). Gerd Theissen; et al. (eds.).

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in William David Davies, Louis Finkelstein, Steven T. Katz (eds.)

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Josephus' death toll figures have been rejected as impossible by

4197:

The Cambridge History of Judaism: The late Roman-Rabbinic period

1907:, also known as the Forum of Vespasian, was built under Emperor 1873: 1328: 1278:

square mile) and had an estimated population of 200,000. In his

1160: 6389: 6239: 5378: 4725: 298: 4070:

Abraham's Knife: The Mythology of the Deicide in Anti-Semitism

2875:

Yavneh to continue develop of Pharisaic, or rabbinic, Judaism.

2716:

Yavneh to continue develop of Pharisaic, or rabbinic, Judaism.

1474: 4400:

Alföldy, Géza (1995). "Eine Bauinschrift Aus Dem Colosseum".

2811:"The Broken Axis: Rabbinic Judaism and the Fall of Jerusalem" 2514:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. pp. 3–5. 2056:(8th century). The back side of the casket depicts the siege. 1174:

The destruction of Jerusalem marked a major turning point in

1992:

The destruction was an important point in the separation of

1646:(Jerusalem) thrown onto the street by Roman soldiers on the 4621:

Jerusalem: Fall of a City – Rise of a Vision

4026:"Political, social and economic life in the land of Israel" 3487:. A.M. Auburn and Buffalo. John E. Beardsley. p. 150. 3054:. Washington DC: Biblical Archaeology Society. p. 196. 2078:(1846). Oil on canvas, 585 × 705 cm. Neue Pinakothek, 1339:

and began suppression of the revolt with operations in the

4262:

Teaching about genocide: issues, approaches and resources.

4176:(1st ed.). New York: Viking Press. pp. 186–300. 3457:. A.M. Auburn and Buffalo. John E. Beardsley. p. 28. 1222:

continued to spread his teachings, leading to the rise of

2643:

Neusner, Jacob (28 November 2017), Hinnells, John (ed.),

1806:

are thought to have been major catalysts for the revolt.

1331:

entrusted the job of crushing the rebellion in Judaea to

2607:

Rome and Jerusalem: The Clash of Ancient Civilizations

1876:, to commemorate the siege and fall of Jerusalem. The 3915: 3913: 3864:"When the Priests Trumpeted the Onset of the Sabbath" 3193:

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

2385:

Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research

3813:"Recent Discoveries in the City of David, Jerusalem" 2587: 2585: 2583: 1202:, This event was foundational in the development of 6709: 6423: 6357: 6331: 6315: 6294: 6273: 6174: 6110: 6082: 6033: 5967: 5941: 5934: 5894: 5833: 5775: 5666: 5659: 5617: 5574: 5528: 5502: 5446: 5425: 5416: 5244: 5199: 5144: 5117: 5094: 5078: 5035: 4987: 4980: 4945: 4924: 4876: 4840: 4819: 4811: 4771: 3187:Roth, Helena; Gadot, Yuval; Langgut, Dafna (2019). 1218:faded into obscurity, while surviving followers of 34:. For other sieges upon the city of Jerusalem, see 4054:Diasporas and Exiles: Varieties of Jewish Identity 3571:Goldenberg, Robert (2006), Katz, Steven T. (ed.), 2200:(2021), an Israeli animated historical drama film. 4086:. Philadelphia: Trinity Press. pp. 126–127. 3811:Reich, Ronny; Shukron, Eli; Lernau, Omri (2007). 3232: 3230: 2465: 2463: 1163:to celebrate the victory over the Jews, with two 4281:, Cambridge University Press, 2006 pp. 404–430 . 3375: 3373: 3027:. The University of South Dakota. Archived from 2893:Aelia Capitolina – Jerusalem in the Roman Period 1900:in 82 CE. Only a few traces of it remain today. 4585:A Companion to the Flavian Age of Imperial Rome 3025:The On-line Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces 1571: 1515: 1434:The Jewish defenders were split into factions. 1155:legitimacy to claim control over the empire. A 1101:, the center of Jewish rebel resistance in the 45: 4313:The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine 3189:"Wood Economy in Early Roman Period Jerusalem" 2768:"The Formation of Rabbinic Judaism, 70–640 CE" 1841:The victory was commemorated in Rome with the 6401: 6251: 5390: 4737: 4484:, Oxford University Press, pp. 243–244, 3318: 3316: 3014: 3012: 1892:constructed at the southeast entrance to the 1062: 310: 86:(4 months, 3 weeks and 4 days) 8: 6785:Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire 4676:Livingston, Michael (2004). "Introduction". 3886: 3884: 2379:Ben-Ami, Doron; Tchekhanovets, Yana (2011). 1226:as a new, separate religion. After the war, 4200:, Cambridge University Press, 1984 pp. 106. 4174:Flavius Josephus: Selections from His Works 4019: 4017: 4015: 3958:The ancient Jews from Alexander to Muhammad 3506: 3504: 2887:Weksler-Bdolah, Shlomit (9 December 2019), 2815:Journal of the American Academy of Religion 1546:Progress of the Roman army during the siege 6408: 6394: 6386: 6258: 6244: 6236: 5938: 5663: 5422: 5397: 5383: 5375: 5196: 4984: 4816: 4744: 4730: 4722: 4402:Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 4233:The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea 4032:. Cambridge University Press. p. 24. 3989:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2110:(1867). Oil on canvas, 183 × 252 cm. 2103:The Destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem 2060:The Destruction of the Temple at Jerusalem 1446:'s group murdered another faction leader, 1069: 1055: 505: 338: 317: 303: 295: 59: 42: 4490:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199284177.003.0007 4225: 4223: 4194:William David Davies, Louis Finkelstein, 3353:Passover in the Works of Flavius Josephus 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 1654:The great urban drainage channel and the 1252:Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period 1167:erected to commemorate it, including the 2549:. Oxford University Press. p. 212. 2446:. Conquest Routledge. pp. 129–130. 1327:and his demand to receive Temple funds. 6556:Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula 5191:History of the Jews in the Roman Empire 3398:. Oxford University Press. p. 91. 2342:"A History of the Jewish War, AD 66–74" 2280: 1860:, which stills stands today, was built 1705:First Jewish-Roman War § Aftermath 1410:, to the east. If the reference in his 1362:places the siege in the second year of 1085:of 70 CE was the decisive event of the 517: 467: 446: 398: 362: 341: 239: 4471: 4469: 4455: 4445: 3982: 3566: 3564: 3562: 2127:The Siege and Destruction of Jerusalem 2033:'Siege and destruction of Jerusalem', 1610:In the 1970s and 1980s, a team led by 1366:, which corresponds to year 70 of the 66:Destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem 3950: 3948: 3946: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3299:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 42. 3118: 3116: 3114: 2774:(1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 78–79, 2684: 2682: 2149:a Middle English poem (c. 1370–1390). 2071:The Destruction of Jerusalem by Titus 1673:Deaths, enslavement, and displacement 7: 6847:Jews and Judaism in the Roman Empire 6664:Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain 5795:The Western Wall Heritage Foundation 5357: 4172:(1974). Wasserstein, Abraham (ed.). 3517:The History of the Jews in Antiquity 3162:. Canaan Publishing House. pp. 2889:"The Camp of the Legion X Fretensis" 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2335: 2333: 2286: 2284: 1798:and the construction of a temple to 1720:Table of the Bread of God's Presence 1399:) on the western side and a fourth ( 657:Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem 1970:In Jewish and Christian eschatology 4556:Soloveichik, Meir (12 July 2018). 4476:Sivan, Hagith (14 February 2008), 4294:, Harvard University Press, 1976, 3542:"A.D. 70 Titus Destroys Jerusalem" 2772:The Blackwell Companion to Judaism 2082:. An allegorical depiction of the 1130:short-lived provisional government 1116:In April 70 CE, three days before 27:Part of the First Jewish–Roman War 25: 6862:Sieges involving the Roman Empire 4705:The Temple Mount and Fort Antonia 4211:'The Bar Kochba revolt, 132-135,' 3767:רייך, רוני; Reich, Ronny (2009). 3699:. Peeters Publishers. p. 86. 3425:. 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Routledge. pp. 116–119. 3276:"Josephus: Of the War, Book VI" 3065:Shlomit Weksler-Bdolah (2019). 3019:Lehmann, Clayton Miles (2007). 2651:, Routledge, pp. 399–413, 2487:, (Osprey Publishing), p. 62. 4292:A History of the Jewish People 4058:University of California Press 3695:Hadas-Lebel, Mireille (2006). 2988:. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 36–. 1: 6182:Status quo of Holy Land sites 5152:Emergence of Rabbinic Judaism 4710:Map of the siege of Jerusalem 3961:. Cambridge. pp. 85–86. 3674:. David C Cook. p. 103. 3585:10.1017/chol9780521772488.009 3484:The Works of Flavius Josephus 3454:The Works of Flavius Josephus 2728:Katz, Steven T., ed. (2006). 2319: 2037: 2035:La Passion de Nostre Seigneur 1861: 172:Judean provisional government 6097:Temple Mount Sifting Project 4082:Horsley, Richard A. (2000). 3620:. AuthorHouse. p. 761. 3392:Ben-Yehuda, Nachman (2010). 2569:The destruction of both the 2508:Maclean Rogers, Guy (2021). 1667:Trumpeting Place inscription 1665:. Among these stones is the 835:Church of the Holy Sepulchre 84:14 April – 8 September 70 CE 6123:Assassination of Abdullah I 5755:Holyland Model of Jerusalem 5272:First Jewish Revolt coinage 4779:Siege of Jerusalem (63 BCE) 4652:"Mourning, Memory, and Art" 4482:Palestine in Late Antiquity 4236:. Oxford University Press. 3356:. Brill. pp. 115–131. 2809:Goldenberg, Robert (1977). 2248:Holyland Model of Jerusalem 2166:The Lost Wisdom of the Magi 1864:82 CE by the Roman Emperor 1093:army led by future emperor 32:Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC) 6893: 6837:Flavian military campaigns 6817:Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE) 6365:Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE) 6145:2015–2016 wave of violence 5874:Pro–Wailing Wall Committee 5760:Schick models of Jerusalem 4135:Tropper, Amram D. (2016). 4124:The Other Side of the Coin 3817:Israel Exploration Journal 3644:The Jewish Revolt AD 66–74 3617:70 A.D.: A War of the Jews 3419:Telushkin, Joseph (1991). 3296:The Jewish Revolt AD 66–74 2949:Israel Exploration Journal 2485:The Jewish Revolt AD 66–74 1973: 1779: 1749: 1702: 1596:Wohl Archaeological Museum 1594:showing signs of burning, 1554: 1266:Three Pilgrimage Festivals 1249: 1126:a period of massive unrest 46:Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE) 29: 6793: 6738:Roman conquest of Britain 6215: 5342: 5297:Siege of Jerusalem (poem) 4925:Judea coast and highlands 4800: 4759: 3647:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 3071:. Brill. pp. 54–58. 2901:10.1163/9789004417076_003 2895:, Brill, pp. 19–50, 2780:10.1002/9780470758014.ch5 2740:10.1017/chol9780521772488 2346:Journal of Jewish Studies 2014:remains a cornerstone of 1943:, the annual fast day of 1746:Suppression of the revolt 1190:gatherings. According to 1089:(66–73 CE), in which the 447:Judea coast and highlands 336: 275: 259: 208: 158: 76: 58: 50: 6000:Monastery of the Virgins 4981:Belligerents and leaders 4794:Jacob and Simon uprising 4625:University of Nottingham 3323:Levick, Barbara (1999). 3158:Har-El, Menashe (1977). 2848:Karesh, Sara E. (2006). 2827:10.1093/jaarel/xlv.3.353 2689:Karesh, Sara E. (2006). 2657:10.4324/9781351152761-20 2604:Goodman, Martin (2008). 2543:Bunson, Matthew (1995). 2084:destruction of Jerusalem 908:Greek Orthodox Patriarch 18:Destruction of Jerusalem 6832:70s in the Roman Empire 6435:Roman conquest of Italy 6187:Hashemite custodianship 6092:Archaeological remnants 5846:Western Wall Commission 5510:Fountain of Qasim Pasha 4582:Zissos, Andrew (2015). 4024:Schwartz, Seth (1984). 3955:Schwartz, Seth (2014). 3668:Dr Robert Wahl (2006). 3123:Levine, Lee I. (2002). 2851:Encyclopedia of Judaism 2692:Encyclopedia of Judaism 2610:. 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Oil on canvas, 1867. 53:First Jewish–Roman War 6765:Domitian's Dacian War 6684:Liberators' civil war 6302:Seventeenth of Tammuz 6274:Periods of observance 5864:Temple Mount Faithful 5454:Dome of the Ascension 5290:Legend of Destruction 5232:Temple of Peace, Rome 4784:Judas uprising (6 CE) 3293:Sheppard, Si (2013). 3280:penelope.uchicago.edu 2943:Geva, Hillel (1984). 2197:Legend of Destruction 2125: 2032: 1997:from its Jewish roots 1980:Christian eschatology 1840: 1780:Further information: 1750:Further information: 1703:Further information: 1637: 1589: 1555:Further information: 1545: 1315:Outbreak of rebellion 1250:Further information: 1206:, which emerged from 276:Casualties and losses 121:31.77806°N 35.23583°E 6770:Trajan's Dacian Wars 6455:Roman–Hernician wars 6339:Book of Lamentations 5859:The Temple Institute 5631:Al-Aqsa is in danger 5515:Fountain of Qayt Bay 5227:Judaea Capta coinage 4812:Military engagements 3922:The Wars of the Jews 3671:Foundations of Faith 3641:Si Sheppard (2013). 3021:"Palestine: History" 2297:. Brill. p. 3. 2076:Wilhelm von Kaulbach 1930:Judaea Capta coinage 1258:Second Temple Period 1111:Second Jewish Temple 570:Second Temple Period 6867:Sieges of Jerusalem 6822:1st-century battles 6669:Roman–Parthian Wars 6460:Roman–Volscian wars 6440:Roman–Etruscan Wars 5959:Hall of Hewn Stones 5869:Platoon of the Wall 5825:Western Wall Tunnel 5785:Little Western Wall 5681:Ark of the Covenant 5484:Dome of the Spirits 5474:Dome of the Prophet 5438:Marwani Prayer Hall 5060:Eleazar ben Hanania 4715:27 May 2011 at the 4631:on 20 February 2020 4354:"The Arch of Titus" 4052:Wettstein, Howard: 2258:Kamsa and Bar Kamsa 2183:Lori Banov Kaufmann 1466:Fortress of Antonia 882:Demographic history 117: / 6775:Roman–Persian Wars 6674:Caesar's civil war 6546:Roman–Seleucid war 6445:Roman-Aequian wars 6417:Ancient Roman wars 6207:Navel of the World 6192:Entry restrictions 5879:Women for the Wall 5494:Dome of Yusuf Agha 5469:Dome of al-Khalili 5157:Yohanan ben Zakkai 5127:Menahem ben Yehuda 4679:Siege of Jerusalem 4656:Jewish Ideas Daily 4381:. Cals.cornell.edu 4336:by Peter Schäfer, 3940:, Book VI, 378–386 3936:Flavius Josephus, 2649:Neusner on Judaism 2323: 130 CE 2145:Siege of Jerusalem 2135: 2044: 2022:In popular culture 1976:Jewish eschatology 1886:victory procession 1850: 1794:over the ruins of 1652: 1600: 1548: 1455:Yohanan ben Zakkai 1196:Yohanan ben Zakkai 1192:Rabbinic tradition 1083:siege of Jerusalem 860:Al-Quds University 190:Peasantry faction 126:31.77806; 35.23583 36:Siege of Jerusalem 6804: 6803: 6760:Jewish–Roman wars 6632:Sulla's civil war 6626:Bellum Octavianum 6514:Illyro-Roman Wars 6487:Roman–Gallic wars 6465:Roman–Sabine wars 6383: 6382: 6323:Seudah HaMafseket 6295:Days of obervance 6233: 6232: 6078: 6077: 6020:Solomon's Stables 5930: 5929: 5884:Women of the Wall 5655: 5654: 5602:Cotton Merchants' 5575:Walls and entries 5459:Dome of the Chain 5372: 5371: 5240: 5239: 5186:Bar Kokhba revolt 5140: 5139: 5132:Eleazar ben Ya'ir 5109:Eleazar ben Simon 5079:Peasantry faction 5050:Joseph ben Gurion 5045:Ananus ben Ananus 4976: 4975: 4820:Early engagements 4764:Jewish–Roman wars 4595:978-1-118-87817-0 4499:978-0-19-928417-7 4432:978-3-525-53390-1 4342:978-3-16-148076-8 4321:978-0-89236-800-6 4300:978-0-674-39731-6 4290:H.H. Ben-Sasson, 4243:978-0-19-955448-5 4170:Josephus, Flavius 4148:978-1-317-24708-1 4093:978-1-56338-273-4 4039:978-0-521-77248-8 3968:978-1-107-04127-1 3681:978-0-7814-4380-7 3654:978-1-78096-185-9 3627:978-1-4772-6585-7 3594:978-0-521-77248-8 3546:Christian History 3527:978-1-134-37137-2 3494:978-1-134-37137-2 3464:978-1-134-37137-2 3405:978-0-19-981323-0 3363:978-90-04-12372-4 3336:978-0-415-33866-0 3306:978-1-78096-184-2 3256:on 2 October 2009 3173:978-0-86628-002-0 3160:This Is Jerusalem 3136:978-0-8276-0956-3 3092:Jacobson, David. 3078:978-90-04-41707-6 2995:978-3-16-148076-8 2910:978-90-04-41707-6 2861:978-1-78785-171-9 2854:. Facts On File. 2789:978-1-57718-058-6 2749:978-0-521-77248-8 2702:978-1-78785-171-9 2695:. Facts On File. 2666:978-1-351-15276-1 2617:978-0-14-029127-8 2556:978-0-19-510233-8 2521:978-0-300-26256-8 2453:978-1-134-40317-2 2304:978-90-04-41707-6 2253:Jesus ben Ananias 2228:Council of Jamnia 2157:, book series by 1896:was built by the 1809:Supported by the 1782:Bar Kokhba revolt 1776:Bar Kokhba revolt 1740:life imprisonment 1736:Temple of Jupiter 1628:Limestone vessels 1448:Eleazar ben Simon 1240:Bar Kokhba revolt 1228:Legio X Fretensis 1220:Jesus of Nazareth 1079: 1078: 1016:Greater Jerusalem 840:Hebrew University 683:Before Common Era 667: 666: 503: 502: 498: 497: 342:Early engagements 293: 292: 246:Eleazar ben Simon 154: 153: 16:(Redirected from 6884: 6726:Marcomannic Wars 6637:Mithridatic Wars 6561:Celtiberian Wars 6450:Roman–Latin wars 6410: 6403: 6396: 6387: 6375:The Twelve Spies 6260: 6253: 6246: 6237: 6223: 6222: 5985:Antonia Fortress 5975:Foundation Stone 5939: 5935:Other components 5850:Advocacy groups 5841:Kotel compromise 5676:Solomon's Temple 5664: 5642:Al-Aqsa massacre 5529:Other structures 5479:Dome of the Rock 5464:Dome of al-Khidr 5423: 5399: 5392: 5385: 5376: 5360: 5359: 5350: 5349: 5329:Josephus problem 5262:Herodian Quarter 5197: 5104:John of Gischala 5065:Niger the Perean 5055:Joshua ben Gamla 5027:Herod Agrippa II 4985: 4946:Last strongholds 4878:Galilee campaign 4841:Gallus' campaign 4832:Alexandria riots 4817: 4806: 4746: 4739: 4732: 4723: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4673: 4667: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4627:. 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Translated by 3707: 3701: 3700: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3665: 3659: 3658: 3638: 3632: 3631: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3603: 3601: 3568: 3557: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3508: 3499: 3498: 3479:Whiston, William 3475: 3469: 3468: 3449:Whiston, William 3445: 3439: 3438: 3432: 3430: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3368: 3367: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3320: 3311: 3310: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3272: 3266: 3265: 3263: 3261: 3252:. 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Capitolina 556: 555: 529: 506: 468:Last strongholds 363:Gallus' campaign 339: 331: 329: 319: 312: 305: 296: 254: 241: 231: 219:Julius Alexander 170:Remnants of the 132: 131: 129: 128: 127: 122: 118: 115: 114: 113: 110: 78: 77: 63: 43: 21: 6892: 6891: 6887: 6886: 6885: 6883: 6882: 6881: 6807: 6806: 6805: 6800: 6789: 6755:Civil war of 69 6743:Boudican revolt 6712: 6705: 6581:Cantabrian Wars 6519:Macedonian Wars 6426: 6419: 6414: 6384: 6379: 6370:Alhambra Decree 6358:Historic events 6353: 6327: 6311: 6290: 6281:The Three Weeks 6269: 6267:The Three Weeks 6264: 6234: 6229: 6211: 6170: 6106: 6074: 6029: 6010:Ptolemaic Baris 5995:Hasmonean Baris 5963: 5926: 5917:Robinson's Arch 5912:Boaz and Jachin 5890: 5829: 5800:Mughrabi Bridge 5771: 5728:Temple treasury 5718:Solomon's Porch 5660:Jewish elements 5651: 5613: 5570: 5524: 5498: 5442: 5412: 5403: 5373: 5368: 5338: 5324:Flight to Pella 5304:The Dovekeepers 5277:Flavian dynasty 5236: 5195: 5174:Diaspora revolt 5164:Fiscus Judaicus 5136: 5113: 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499: 400:Northern revolt 355:Alexandria riot 332: 327: 325: 323: 250: 244: 235:John of Giscala 224:Simon bar Giora 217: 187: 146: 125: 123: 119: 116: 111: 108: 106: 104: 103: 102: 85: 70:Francesco Hayez 64: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6890: 6888: 6880: 6879: 6874: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6809: 6808: 6802: 6801: 6794: 6791: 6790: 6788: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6747: 6746: 6745: 6735: 6734: 6733: 6728: 6717: 6715: 6707: 6706: 6704: 6703: 6698: 6693: 6690:Bellum Siculum 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6655: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6634: 6629: 6622: 6621: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6600: 6595: 6593:Jugurthine War 6590: 6585: 6584: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6566:Lusitanian War 6563: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6542: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6516: 6511: 6510: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6489: 6484: 6483: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6431: 6429: 6427:Roman Republic 6421: 6420: 6415: 6413: 6412: 6405: 6398: 6390: 6381: 6380: 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5781: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5769: 5764: 5763: 5762: 5757: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5736: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5723:Temple menorah 5720: 5715: 5710: 5708:Holy of Holies 5705: 5700: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5683: 5672: 5670: 5661: 5657: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5627: 5621: 5619: 5615: 5614: 5612: 5611: 5610: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5589: 5584: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5568: 5567: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5543: 5538: 5536:Islamic Museum 5532: 5530: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5520:An-Nāranj Pool 5517: 5512: 5506: 5504: 5500: 5499: 5497: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5450: 5448: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5440: 5435: 5433:Al-Aqsa Mosque 5429: 5427: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5404: 5402: 5401: 5394: 5387: 5379: 5370: 5369: 5367: 5366: 5354: 5343: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5336: 5334:Temple menorah 5331: 5326: 5321: 5314: 5313: 5312: 5300: 5293: 5286: 5283:The Jewish War 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5248: 5246: 5245:Related topics 5242: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 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4324: 4304: 4283: 4268: 4253: 4242: 4219: 4202: 4187: 4161: 4147: 4127: 4116: 4110:The Jewish War 4099: 4092: 4074: 4061: 4045: 4038: 4011: 3996: 3967: 3942: 3938:The Jewish War 3929: 3909: 3880: 3851: 3842: 3823:(2): 153–169. 3803: 3794: 3775:(131): 25–42. 3752: 3727: 3702: 3687: 3680: 3660: 3653: 3633: 3626: 3606: 3593: 3558: 3533: 3526: 3512:Schäfer, Peter 3500: 3493: 3470: 3463: 3440: 3411: 3404: 3384: 3369: 3362: 3342: 3335: 3312: 3305: 3285: 3267: 3241: 3226: 3205:10.1086/705729 3179: 3172: 3150: 3135: 3110: 3084: 3077: 3057: 3042: 3008: 2994: 2974: 2955:(4): 239–254. 2935: 2909: 2879: 2860: 2840: 2801: 2788: 2758: 2748: 2720: 2701: 2678: 2665: 2635: 2616: 2596: 2579: 2562: 2555: 2535: 2520: 2489: 2476: 2459: 2452: 2438:Schäfer, Peter 2418: 2371: 2352:(1): 189–193. 2329: 2303: 2279: 2278: 2276: 2273: 2271: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2243:Herod's Temple 2240: 2235: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2222: 2219:History portal 2206: 2203: 2202: 2201: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2186: 2178:Rebel Daughter 2174: 2162: 2150: 2139: 2136: 2120: 2119: 2099: 2087: 2067: 2057: 2048: 2045: 2023: 2020: 1971: 1968: 1917:Herod's Temple 1913:Temple Menorah 1903:In 75 CE, the 1894:Circus Maximus 1847:Temple menorah 1834: 1831: 1777: 1774: 1747: 1744: 1711: 1708: 1700: 1697: 1674: 1671: 1656:Pool of Siloam 1617:Calcium oxides 1583: 1580: 1552: 1549: 1537:Herod's Palace 1507:Roman pantheon 1494:Battering rams 1356: 1353: 1325:Gessius Florus 1316: 1313: 1247: 1244: 1176:Jewish history 1103:Roman province 1077: 1076: 1074: 1073: 1066: 1059: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 997: 993: 992: 991: 988: 987: 984: 983: 981:US recognition 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 952: 951: 946: 941: 930: 924: 923: 922: 919: 918: 915: 913:Crusader kings 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 887: 886: 885: 884: 872: 871: 870: 867: 866: 863: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 816: 815: 813:Al-Aqsa Mosque 810: 796: 791: 786: 780: 774: 773: 772: 769: 768: 765: 764: 759: 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6865: 6863: 6860: 6858: 6857:Second Temple 6855: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6827:70s conflicts 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6799: 6798: 6792: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6766: 6763: 6761: 6758: 6756: 6753: 6751: 6748: 6744: 6741: 6740: 6739: 6736: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6723: 6722: 6721:Germanic wars 6719: 6718: 6716: 6714: 6708: 6702: 6701:War of Actium 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6691: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6679:War of Mutina 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6576:Sertorian War 6574: 6572: 6571:Numantine War 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6558: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6521: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6494: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6437: 6436: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6428: 6422: 6418: 6411: 6406: 6404: 6399: 6397: 6392: 6391: 6388: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6356: 6350: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6330: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6318: 6314: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6293: 6287: 6286:The Nine Days 6284: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6261: 6256: 6254: 6249: 6247: 6242: 6241: 6238: 6226: 6218: 6217: 6214: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6202:Well of Souls 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6153:2017 shooting 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6109: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6081: 6070: 6066: 6064: 6063:Warren's Gate 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6032: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5990:Birket Israel 5988: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5966: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5954:Southern Wall 5952: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5940: 5937: 5933: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5893: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5832: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5820:Western Stone 5818: 5816: 5815:Wilson's Arch 5813: 5811: 5810:Western Stone 5808: 5806: 5805:Placing notes 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5768: 5765: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5740:Temple denial 5738: 5734: 5733:Warren's Gate 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5694: 5693:Second Temple 5691: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5658: 5648: 5647:Al-Aqsa Flood 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5632: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5616: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5573: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5527: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5505: 5501: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5489:Dome of Yusuf 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5445: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5400: 5395: 5393: 5388: 5386: 5381: 5380: 5377: 5365: 5364: 5355: 5353: 5345: 5344: 5341: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5310:TV adaptation 5308: 5307: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5294: 5292: 5291: 5287: 5285: 5284: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5267:Corinth Canal 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5243: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5212:Arch of Titus 5210: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5200:Commemoration 5198: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5180: 5177: 5176: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5158: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5143: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5116: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5077: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5022:Flavius Silva 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4986: 4983: 4979: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4932:Zealot Temple 4930: 4929: 4927: 4923: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4886:2nd Sepphoris 4884: 4883: 4881: 4879: 4875: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4848:1st Sepphoris 4846: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4765: 4758: 4754: 4747: 4742: 4740: 4735: 4733: 4728: 4727: 4724: 4718: 4714: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4698: 4681: 4680: 4672: 4669: 4657: 4653: 4646: 4643: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4612: 4609: 4597: 4591: 4587: 4586: 4578: 4575: 4563: 4559: 4552: 4549: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4531: 4524: 4521: 4515: 4512: 4501: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4472: 4470: 4466: 4461: 4449: 4434: 4428: 4424: 4423: 4415: 4412: 4407: 4403: 4396: 4393: 4380: 4379:"Cornell.edu" 4374: 4371: 4359: 4355: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4339: 4335: 4334: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4311:Ariel Lewin. 4308: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4287: 4284: 4280: 4279: 4272: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4257: 4254: 4250: 4245: 4239: 4235: 4234: 4226: 4224: 4220: 4217:pp. 105–127 . 4216: 4212: 4209:Hanan Eshel, 4206: 4203: 4199: 4198: 4191: 4188: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4165: 4162: 4150: 4144: 4140: 4139: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4120: 4117: 4112: 4111: 4103: 4100: 4095: 4089: 4085: 4078: 4075: 4071: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4055: 4049: 4046: 4041: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4007: 4000: 3997: 3992: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3964: 3960: 3959: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3923: 3916: 3914: 3910: 3898: 3894: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3860:Demsky, Aaron 3855: 3852: 3846: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3807: 3804: 3798: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3743: 3742: 3737: 3731: 3728: 3722: 3718: 3717: 3712: 3706: 3703: 3698: 3691: 3688: 3683: 3677: 3673: 3672: 3664: 3661: 3656: 3650: 3646: 3645: 3637: 3634: 3629: 3623: 3619: 3618: 3610: 3607: 3596: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3559: 3547: 3543: 3537: 3534: 3529: 3523: 3519: 3518: 3513: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3490: 3486: 3485: 3480: 3474: 3471: 3466: 3460: 3456: 3455: 3450: 3444: 3441: 3437: 3424: 3423: 3415: 3412: 3407: 3401: 3397: 3396: 3388: 3385: 3381: 3376: 3374: 3370: 3365: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3346: 3343: 3338: 3332: 3328: 3327: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3308: 3302: 3298: 3297: 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2517: 2513: 2512: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2483:Si Shepperd, 2480: 2477: 2473: 2472: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2449: 2445: 2444: 2439: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2375: 2372: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2336: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2300: 2296: 2295: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2274: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2220: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2198: 2194: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2180: 2179: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2167: 2163: 2160: 2156: 2155: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2131:David Roberts 2128: 2124: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2104: 2100: 2097: 2096:David Roberts 2093: 2092: 2088: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2065: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2054:Franks Casket 2051: 2050: 2046: 2036: 2031: 2027: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1995: 1990: 1987: 1981: 1977: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1925: 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1890:Arch of Titus 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1859: 1858:Arch of Titus 1855: 1848: 1844: 1843:Arch of Titus 1839: 1833:Commemoration 1832: 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1807: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1783: 1775: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1753: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1732:Tarpeian Rock 1727: 1725: 1724:Arch of Titus 1721: 1717: 1709: 1706: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1690:Seth Schwartz 1686: 1682: 1680: 1672: 1670: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1657: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1636: 1632: 1629: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1612:Nahman Avigad 1608: 1605: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1581: 1578: 1570: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1550: 1544: 1540: 1538: 1532: 1529: 1525: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1503:Roman Emperor 1500: 1495: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1476: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1405: 1404: 1398: 1397: 1391: 1390: 1384: 1383: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1354: 1352: 1350: 1344: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1314: 1312: 1310: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1293:City of David 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1253: 1245: 1243: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1169:Arch of Titus 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1072: 1067: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1053: 1052: 1050: 1049: 1042: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 998: 990: 989: 982: 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 961:Jerusalem Day 959: 957: 956:Jerusalem Law 954: 950: 947: 945: 942: 940: 937: 936: 935: 932: 931: 927: 921: 920: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 883: 880: 879: 877: 874: 873: 869: 868: 861: 858: 856: 853: 851: 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 814: 811: 809: 806: 805: 804: 800: 797: 795: 792: 790: 787: 785: 782: 781: 777: 771: 770: 763: 760: 758: 755: 753: 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 719: 715: 714: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 686: 682: 681: 673: 672: 662: 658: 654: 650: 648: 647: 643: 641: 638: 637: 633: 631: 628: 627: 623: 621: 620:Late Medieval 618: 617: 613: 611: 608: 607: 603: 601: 598: 597: 593: 591: 588: 587: 583: 581: 578: 577: 574:538 BCE–70 CE 573: 571: 568: 567: 563: 561: 560:City of David 558: 557: 547: 544: 543: 541: 538: 537: 533: 532: 528: 524: 523: 520: 516: 512: 508: 507: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 473: 472: 471: 466: 461: 458: 456: 455:Zealot Temple 453: 452: 451: 450: 445: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 417: 415: 412: 410: 409:2nd Sepphoris 407: 406: 405: 404: 401: 397: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 371:1st Sepphoris 369: 368: 367: 366: 361: 356: 353: 351: 348: 347: 346: 345: 340: 335: 330: 320: 315: 313: 308: 306: 301: 300: 297: 288: 286:15,000–20,000 285: 283: 280: 279: 274: 270: 268:15,000–20,000 267: 264: 263: 258: 255: 253: 247: 242: 236: 233: 230: 225: 222: 220: 216: 213: 212: 207: 204: 201: 195: 192: 191: 189: 188: 184: 181: 179: 176: 175: 174: 173: 168: 166: 163: 162: 157: 149: 144: 143: 140:Roman victory 139: 136: 135: 130: 101: 97: 93: 90: 89: 83: 80: 79: 75: 71: 67: 62: 57: 54: 49: 44: 41: 37: 33: 19: 6795: 6750:Armenian War 6713:Roman Empire 6696:Perusine War 6688: 6624: 6603:Servile Wars 6598:Cimbrian War 6551:Galatian War 6470:Samnite Wars 6364: 6165:2023 clashes 6161:2022 clashes 6141:2009 clashes 6053:Huldah Gates 5949:Eastern Wall 5777:Western Wall 5767:Third Temple 5629: 5426:Prayer halls 5406:Temple Mount 5362: 5316: 5302: 5295: 5288: 5281: 4989:Roman Empire 4936: 4762:Part of the 4761: 4684:. Retrieved 4678: 4671: 4659:. Retrieved 4655: 4645: 4633:. Retrieved 4629:the original 4620: 4611: 4599:. Retrieved 4584: 4577: 4565:. Retrieved 4561: 4551: 4542: 4533: 4523: 4514: 4503:, retrieved 4481: 4436:. Retrieved 4421: 4414: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4383:. Retrieved 4373: 4361:. Retrieved 4357: 4348: 4332: 4327: 4312: 4307: 4291: 4286: 4277: 4271: 4261: 4256: 4247: 4232: 4214: 4205: 4196: 4190: 4173: 4164: 4152:. Retrieved 4137: 4130: 4119: 4108: 4102: 4083: 4077: 4064: 4048: 4029: 4005: 3999: 3957: 3937: 3932: 3920: 3900:. Retrieved 3896: 3871:. Retrieved 3867: 3854: 3845: 3820: 3816: 3806: 3797: 3772: 3740: 3730: 3715: 3705: 3696: 3690: 3670: 3663: 3643: 3636: 3616: 3609: 3600:16 September 3598:, retrieved 3576: 3549:. Retrieved 3545: 3536: 3516: 3483: 3473: 3453: 3443: 3434: 3427:. Retrieved 3421: 3414: 3394: 3387: 3380:Rocca (2008) 3352: 3345: 3325: 3295: 3288: 3279: 3270: 3258:. Retrieved 3254:the original 3244: 3237:Rocca (2008) 3196: 3192: 3182: 3159: 3153: 3125: 3101:. Retrieved 3097: 3087: 3067: 3060: 3051: 3045: 3033:. Retrieved 3029:the original 3024: 2999:. Retrieved 2984: 2977: 2952: 2948: 2938: 2929: 2922:, retrieved 2892: 2882: 2873: 2850: 2843: 2818: 2814: 2804: 2793:, retrieved 2771: 2761: 2753: 2730: 2723: 2714: 2691: 2670:, retrieved 2648: 2638: 2629: 2606: 2599: 2594:, pp. 51–52. 2592:Rocca (2008) 2565: 2545: 2538: 2510: 2484: 2479: 2469: 2442: 2388: 2384: 2374: 2349: 2345: 2316: 2293: 2195: 2176: 2164: 2161:(2014–2016). 2152: 2143: 2126: 2101: 2089: 2069: 2059: 2034: 2025: 2012:Third Temple 2009: 1994:Christianity 1991: 1983: 1959: 1953: 1938: 1928: 1921: 1902: 1851: 1808: 1804:Temple Mount 1788:Roman colony 1785: 1755: 1728: 1713: 1694: 1687: 1683: 1676: 1663:Western Wall 1660: 1653: 1644:Temple Mount 1640:Western Wall 1625: 1609: 1601: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1533: 1521: 1516: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1459: 1452: 1433: 1426: 1412: 1402: 1395: 1388: 1381: 1358: 1345: 1318: 1305: 1290: 1279: 1255: 1232:Roman colony 1224:Christianity 1173: 1159:was held in 1146: 1115: 1082: 1080: 1011:Municipality 994:Other topics 976:Islamization 944:Christianity 850:Biblical Zoo 820:Western Wall 799:Temple Mount 721: 600:Early Muslim 459: 281: 251: 169: 165:Roman Empire 159:Belligerents 65: 51:Part of the 40: 6711:Wars of the 6659:Gallic Wars 6588:Achaean War 6475:Pyrrhic War 6425:Wars of the 6349:Book of Job 6157:2021 crisis 6149:2017 crisis 6084:Excavations 6058:Lions' Gate 6048:Golden Gate 5968:Antiquities 5597:Inspector's 5257:Burnt House 4911:Mount Tabor 4539:Page, R. I. 4505:4 September 4456:|work= 4260:Totten, S. 3429:11 December 3260:18 December 3103:23 December 2171:Susie Helme 2041: 1504 1984:The Jewish 1884:, during a 1648:Ninth of Av 1621:Burnt House 1604:Ronny Reich 1557:Burnt House 1551:Destruction 1396:Apollinaris 1256:During the 1184:Torah study 1142:cannibalism 971:Judaization 903:Grand Mufti 898:Chief Rabbi 434:Mount Tabor 145:Territorial 124: / 6872:Tisha B'Av 6811:Categories 6731:Gothic War 6492:Punic Wars 6480:Social War 6307:Tisha B'Av 6137:1990 riots 6128:1969 arson 6043:Al-Mawazin 6015:Royal Stoa 5907:Mercy seat 5745:Tisha B'Av 5713:Molten Sea 5686:Tabernacle 5587:Al-Mawazin 5564:Khatuniyya 5559:Uthmaniyya 5554:Tankiziyya 5549:Ashrafiyya 5207:Tisha B'Av 4863:Beth–Horon 4408:: 195–226. 3919:Josephus, 3902:8 December 3098:Revision 4 3001:4 December 2870:1162305378 2821:(3): 353. 2711:1162305378 2626:1016414322 2575:Tisha B'Av 2530:1294393934 2313:1170143447 2275:References 2181:, book by 2169:, book by 2159:James Mace 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