88:
plain. Only Arab villages would be spared. On
October 17, 1987 a population census was conducted, in which respondents could only choose "Arab" or "Kurdish" as their nationality; anyone who refused to identify as "Arab" (including minorities such as
73:, Iraq began clearing swaths of land along its northern border with Iran. During the first waves of clearances, residents were given five days to leave their homes and as many as 500 villages were then destroyed, mostly in the
101:) was labeled "Kurdish" regardless of ethnicity, and when the Al-Anfal Campaign was officially launched several months later, all non-Arabs were targeted. The total of Kurdish villages that were destroyed during the 1987–1989
333:
115:
28:
36:
156:
In late 1991, the international community launched a large-scale project to reconstruct housing in 1,500 of the 4,000 destroyed villages of northern Iraq.
343:
328:
175:
323:
280:
230:
220:
205:
170:
74:
338:
132:
139:
121:
70:
318:
81:
54:
During the mid-1970s, hundreds of
Kurdish villages were destroyed in the northern governorates of
63:
55:
165:
276:
226:
201:
102:
85:
59:
48:
24:
270:
151:
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Conflict, Democratization, and the Kurds in the Middle East: Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria
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127:
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84:
instructed that "no house was to be left standing" in the
Kurdish villages of the
195:
32:
94:
16:
Part of the ethnic cleansing of Kurds from Iraq during the 1970s and 80s
98:
21:
destruction of
Kurdish villages during the Iraqi Arabization campaign
47:
Some 4,000 villages were destroyed from 1975 until the end of the
222:
Masses in Flight: The Global Crisis of
Internal Displacement
197:
Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal
Campaign against the Kurds
62:(Shorsh Resool estimate: 369), and around 150 in
334:Military operations involving chemical weapons
225:, Brookings Institution Press, 1998, pg. 63.
116:Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in North Iraq
8:
200:, Human Rights Watch, 1993. pg. xii, 20.
37:Iraqi–Kurdish Autonomy Agreement of 1970
215:
213:
187:
269:Romano, David; Gurses, Mehmet (2014).
176:Kurdish villages depopulated by Turkey
7:
219:Roberta Cohen, Francis Mading Deng.
275:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 51.
14:
344:Forcibly depopulated communities
109:Major population damaging events
23:refers to villages razed by the
329:Former populated places in Iraq
69:In 1977–78, in response to the
66:(Shorsh Resool estimate: 154).
250:Black, George. (1993). pg. 37.
241:Black, George. (1993). pg. 36.
1:
302:Black, George. (1993). pg. 4.
259:Black, George, (1993) pg. 58.
324:Persecution of Kurds in Iraq
140:1991 Kurdish refugee crisis
75:As Sulaymaniyah Governorate
360:
149:
105:is estimated to be 2,000.
31:" of areas, excluded from
133:Halabja chemical attack
80:In the spring of 1987,
27:government during its "
122:Feyli Kurdish genocide
71:1975 Algiers Agreement
150:Further information:
29:Arabization campaign
82:Ali Hassan al-Majid
171:Civil war in Iraq
103:Al-Anfal Campaign
49:Al-Anfal Campaign
351:
339:Kurdish refugees
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152:Kurdish refugees
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51:in late 1980s.
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25:Ba'athist Iraqi
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128:Anfal genocide
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13:
10:
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286:. Retrieved
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146:Resettlement
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319:Arabization
288:December 7,
313:Categories
182:References
126:1986-1989
35:under the
91:Assyrians
33:Kurdistan
160:See also
95:Turkmens
99:Yazidis
43:History
279:
229:
204:
120:1980s
114:1970s
64:Diyala
56:Ninawa
86:Erbil
60:Duhok
290:2015
277:ISBN
227:ISBN
202:ISBN
97:and
58:and
19:The
315::
212:^
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39:.
292:.
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