673:, Kurds from different republics of the USSR held rallies. On May 20, 1989, a sizable and well-organized demonstration conducted by Kurds occurred in Moscow's Pushkin Square. Representing groups from nine Soviet republics, the demonstrators subsequently marched to Ismailovsky Park the following day, as documented by Soviet media outlets, including television. Particularly notable among the demonstrators were women from the Central Asian republics, where the majority of adult Kurds are female due to the forced deportations and disappearances of their male relatives over the preceding fifty years. Their spokeswoman, Mezihe Ghefûr, made the statement about legacy of Kurdish deportations and the problems of the Kurds in the USSR.
41:
676:
On August 17, 1989, the
Supreme Soviet enacted a law stipulating the repatriation of all Soviet citizens who had been subjected to deportation during Stalin's regime, with the restoration of their previous rights. Nevertheless, its implementation faced significant challenges. While certain groups,
646:
that the reason for the sharp decline in the number of Kurds in the census was their "assimilation", because they were "scattered among several other nationalities", as a "typical Soviet euphemism for the forcible deportations of 1937 and 1944 and the resettlement in Soviet republics largely in
596:. Vanly continues that "hile this may be true in the case of the Kurds deported from Azerbaijan, it fails to explain why Armenia and Georgia followed suit". He writes that it appears that the deportations were instigated by pressure from
641:
The census data from 1970, which recorded 88,930 Kurds in Soviet Union, reflects, together with the manipulation of the figures, the fact of mass deportation of Kurds. Vanly criticizes the explanation of Soviet philologist
496:
634:
might have a total population of 300±350,000 of whom some two-thirds would be
Kurdish, and in Transcaucasia as a whole Kurds would have numbered close to one million, including 500,000 in
189:
336:
351:
226:
489:
346:
341:
482:
221:
434:
1088:
439:
424:
121:
627:, and Siberia. Some among them were able to eventually return to Transcaucasia. However, the precise figures regarding the deported population remain unknown.
324:
429:
314:
277:
179:
698:
534:
449:
129:
28:
374:
1058:
194:
156:
601:
329:
199:
558:
309:
1053:
1048:
518:
304:
1093:
1029:
996:
956:
948:
920:
886:
616:
593:
577:
255:
204:
576:
or its anticipation. Nor can the deportation of 1944 be connected with the war. In this respect they differ from the cases of the
612:
238:
209:
1073:
624:
620:
561:, when 8,694 Kurds were deported. Most adult males were deported separately from females and children with their fate unknown.
292:
214:
151:
1078:
409:
297:
260:
319:
272:
243:
32:
661:
Vanly places responsibility for the enforced deportations of the Kurds on Stalin and
Baghirov and their adherents.
267:
184:
1068:
1063:
1021:
584:". He refers to Professor Shakero Mihoyi, according to whom the deportations transpired at the instigation of
459:
978:
469:
87:
541:. During the July 1937 deportation, approximately 1,325 Kurds were deported. In March, 3,240 Kurds and
1083:
250:
231:
856:
974:
913:
Reflections on the Gulag: With a
Documentary Index on the Italian Victims of Repression in the USSR
569:
852:
585:
464:
1025:
992:
962:
952:
942:
926:
916:
892:
882:
876:
863:
670:
399:
908:
677:
like the Volga
Germans, were able to return to a welcoming homeland, for others such as the
573:
389:
369:
91:
605:
394:
379:
75:
40:
857:"Punished Peoples" of the Soviet Union: The Continuing Legacy of Stalin's Deportations"
678:
643:
631:
514:
384:
146:
45:
1042:
655:
651:
581:
938:
904:
686:
550:
542:
538:
526:
522:
982:
1013:
611:
Not all
Transcaucasian Kurds were subjected to deportation for resettlement in
944:
Against Their Will: The
History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR
635:
930:
896:
588:, the Azerbaijani government's leader, who maintained close connections with
988:
909:"Soviet Repression of Foreigners: The Great Terror, the Gulag, Deportations"
682:
57:
554:
546:
1018:
Nested
Nationalism: Making and Unmaking Nations in the Soviet Caucasus
572:
emphasizes that "the deportations of 1937 were quite unrelated to the
597:
589:
282:
911:. In Dundovich, Elena; Gori, Francesca; Guercetti, Emanuela (eds.).
638:, had it not been for deportations and other forms of persecution".
630:
According to Vanly's calculations, "in 1990 the four districts of
966:
510:
419:
161:
867:
681:
and the Kurds, their original territories had been colonized by
530:
101:
553:
were also sent to the "special colonies", including those in
783:
781:
779:
766:
764:
762:
107:
97:
81:
71:
63:
53:
21:
717:
490:
8:
689:, posing serious barriers to their return.
557:, and were resettled there, as part of the
497:
483:
116:
18:
729:
22:Deportation of Kurds in the Soviet Union
710:
699:Population transfer in the Soviet Union
448:
408:
360:
170:
137:
128:
29:Population transfer in the Soviet Union
753:
741:
835:
823:
811:
799:
787:
770:
7:
1089:Forced migration in the Soviet Union
67:July 1937, March 1944, November 1944
16:Soviet forced displacement (1937–44)
559:deportation of the Meskhetian Turks
352:Between Poland and Soviet Lithuania
984:The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview
375:German–Soviet population transfers
14:
949:Central European University Press
347:Between Poland and Soviet Belarus
342:Between Poland and Soviet Ukraine
549:. In November 1944 the Kurds of
190:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
39:
915:. Milano: Feltrinelli Editore.
685:, and in the case of Kurds, by
878:The Caucasus under Soviet rule
654:(from the Azerbaijan SSR) and
650:Among the deported Kurds were
48:within Azerbaijan SSR in 1920s
1:
1059:History of the Kurdish people
600:, as Turkey was concurrently
533:in 1937 and 1944 and sent to
450:Massive labor force transfers
947:. Budapest; New York City:
33:Mass operations of the NKVD
1110:
602:engaged in the deportation
130:Forced population transfer
1054:1940s in the Soviet Union
1049:1930s in the Soviet Union
658:(from the Armenian SSR).
180:Azerbaijanis from Armenia
38:
26:
1094:History of Transcaucasia
1022:Cornell University Press
981:; Sperl, Stefan (eds.).
288:Kurds from Transcaucasia
875:Marshall, Alex (2012).
718:Human Rights Watch 1991
460:Twenty-five-thousanders
1074:Anti-Kurdish sentiment
979:Kreyenbroek, Philip G.
337:Polish and Soviet Jews
881:. London: Routledge.
470:Virgin Lands campaign
88:Forcible displacement
1079:Persecution of Kurds
975:Vanly, Ismet Cheriff
606:its Kurdish populace
111:"Frontier cleansing"
570:Ismet Cheriff Vanly
545:were deported from
535:special settlements
513:were deported from
195:Chechens and Ingush
132:in the Soviet Union
853:Human Rights Watch
586:Mir Jafar Baghirov
465:NKVD labor columns
420:POW Administration
157:Forced settlements
862:. New York City.
744:, p. 75, 85.
671:Mikhail Gorbachev
507:
506:
400:Operation Vistula
115:
114:
1101:
1069:Ethnic cleansing
1064:Kurdish diaspora
1035:
1002:
970:
934:
900:
871:
861:
839:
833:
827:
821:
815:
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803:
797:
791:
785:
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768:
757:
751:
745:
739:
733:
727:
721:
715:
574:Second World War
499:
492:
485:
390:Operation Priboi
370:June deportation
310:Meskhetian Turks
117:
92:ethnic cleansing
43:
19:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1039:
1038:
1032:
1014:Goff, Krista A.
1012:
1009:
1007:Further reading
999:
973:
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736:
728:
724:
716:
712:
707:
695:
667:
647:Central Asia".
567:
503:
474:
444:
404:
395:Operation Vesna
380:Operation North
356:
166:
131:
84:
76:Caucasian Kurds
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1107:
1105:
1097:
1096:
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1081:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1030:
1020:. Ithaca, NY:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
997:
971:
957:
935:
921:
901:
887:
872:
847:
844:
841:
840:
838:, p. 169.
828:
826:, p. 168.
816:
814:, p. 166.
804:
802:, p. 165.
792:
790:, p. 162.
775:
773:, p. 160.
758:
756:, p. 154.
746:
734:
732:, p. 500.
722:
709:
708:
706:
703:
702:
701:
694:
691:
679:Crimean Tatars
666:
663:
644:Magomet Isayev
578:Crimean Tatars
566:
563:
529:secret police
515:Azerbaijan SSR
505:
504:
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501:
494:
487:
479:
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467:
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456:
453:
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437:
432:
427:
422:
416:
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410:WWII POW labor
406:
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403:
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397:
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387:
385:Operation Osen
382:
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366:
363:
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344:
339:
334:
333:
332:
327:
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320:NKVD operation
312:
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301:
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298:NKVD operation
290:
285:
280:
275:
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265:
264:
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261:NKVD operation
253:
248:
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244:NKVD operation
236:
235:
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232:NKVD operation
229:
219:
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215:NKVD operation
207:
205:Crimean Tatars
202:
197:
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176:
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147:Dekulakization
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46:Kurdistan Uezd
44:
36:
35:
24:
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15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1033:
1031:9781501753275
1027:
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998:0-203-99341-1
994:
990:
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976:
972:
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960:
958:9789639241688
954:
950:
946:
945:
940:
939:Polian, Pavel
936:
932:
928:
924:
922:9788807990588
918:
914:
910:
906:
905:Polian, Pavel
902:
898:
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888:9781136938245
884:
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755:
750:
747:
743:
738:
735:
731:
730:Marshall 2012
726:
723:
720:, p. 71.
719:
714:
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704:
700:
697:
696:
692:
690:
688:
684:
680:
674:
672:
664:
662:
659:
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656:Arab Shamilov
653:
652:Nadir Nadirov
648:
645:
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637:
633:
628:
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614:
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603:
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591:
587:
583:
582:Volga Germans
579:
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256:Ingrian Finns
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52:
47:
42:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
1017:
983:
943:
912:
877:
836:Vanly (1992)
831:
824:Vanly (1992)
819:
812:Vanly (1992)
807:
800:Vanly (1992)
795:
788:Vanly (1992)
771:Vanly (1992)
749:
737:
725:
713:
687:Azerbaijanis
675:
668:
660:
649:
640:
629:
610:
568:
551:Georgian SSR
543:Azerbaijanis
539:Central Asia
523:Armenian SSR
519:Georgian SSR
508:
287:
227:from Romania
98:Perpetrators
1084:Deportation
754:Polian 2004
742:Polian 2003
305:Lithuanians
83:Attack type
1043:Categories
967:2003019544
705:References
636:Azerbaijan
625:Uzbekistan
621:Tajikistan
613:Kazakhstan
435:Hungarians
361:Operations
251:Harbinites
152:Evacuation
989:Routledge
931:803610496
897:782991038
632:Kurdistan
617:Kirghizia
440:Romanians
330:1955–1959
325:1944–1946
273:Karachays
210:Estonians
1016:(2021).
977:(1992).
941:(2004).
907:(2003).
868:91076226
855:(1991).
693:See also
683:Russians
592:and the
580:and the
425:Japanese
293:Latvians
138:Policies
122:a series
120:Part of
58:Caucasus
54:Location
27:Part of
846:Sources
565:History
555:Siberia
547:Tbilisi
525:by the
430:Germans
278:Koreans
268:Kalmyks
222:Germans
200:Chinese
185:Balkars
171:Peoples
1028:
995:
965:
955:
929:
919:
895:
885:
866:
669:Under
665:Legacy
598:Turkey
590:Stalin
527:Soviet
521:, and
283:Kumyks
239:Greeks
108:Motive
72:Target
860:(PDF)
511:Kurds
315:Poles
162:Gulag
1026:ISBN
993:ISBN
963:LCCN
953:ISBN
927:OCLC
917:ISBN
893:OCLC
883:ISBN
864:LCCN
594:OGPU
531:NKVD
509:The
102:NKVD
64:Date
31:and
604:of
537:in
1045::
1024:.
991:.
987:.
961:.
951:.
925:.
891:.
778:^
761:^
623:,
619:,
615:,
608:.
517:,
124:on
90:,
1034:.
1001:.
969:.
933:.
899:.
870:.
498:e
491:t
484:v
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