Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

70: 921: 52: 1601:. These institutions were required to submit resolution plans, or "living wills," which the FDIC would execute in the event of their failure. A new division, the Office of Complex Financial Institutions, was created to administer these responsibilities. The act also made the insurance limit increase permanent and required the FDIC to submit a restoration plan whenever the insurance fund balance falls below 1.35% of insured deposits. The insurance fund returned to a positive balance at the start of 2011 and reached its required balance in 2018. That year also saw no bank failures for the first time since the crisis. 957:: As soon as the appropriate chartering authority closes the bank or thrift, the FDIC is appointed receiver. The FDIC as insurer pays all of the failed institution's depositors with insured funds the full amount of their insured deposits. Depositors with uninsured funds and other general creditors (such as suppliers and service providers) of the failed institution do not receive either immediate or full reimbursement; instead, the FDIC as receiver issues them receivership certificates. A receivership certificate entitles its holder to a portion of the receiver's collections on the failed institution's assets. 1320: 1958: 886:, was unable to recover from the savings and loan crisis. The existence of two separate funds for the same purpose led banks to shift business from one to the other, depending on the benefits each could provide. In the 1990s, SAIF premiums were, at one point, five times higher than BIF premiums; several banks attempted to qualify for the BIF, with some merging with institutions qualified for the BIF to avoid the higher premiums of the SAIF. This drove up the BIF premiums as well, resulting in a situation where both funds were charging higher premiums than necessary. 1744: 3712: 1015:

Covered Insured Depository Institution ("CIDI") resolution plan for US insured depositories with assets of $ 50 billion or more. Most of the largest, most complex BHCs are subject to both rules, requiring them to file a 165(d) resolution plan for the BHC that includes the BHC's core businesses and its most significant subsidiaries (i.e., "material entities"), as well as one or more CIDI plans depending on the number of US bank subsidiaries of the BHC that meet the $ 50 billion asset threshold.

1393: 1628: 2101: 984: 602: 2034: 937:

all obligations and money due to the institution, preserve or liquidate its assets and property, and perform any other function of the institution consistent with its appointment. It also has the power to merge a failed institution with another insured depository institution and to transfer its assets and liabilities without the consent or approval of any other agency, court, or party with contractual rights. It may form a new institution, such as a

441: 2282: 2261: 2221: 2200: 2159: 2241: 1996: 4422: 2083: 2052: 2016: 4442: 4432: 1919: 1823: 1901: 1764: 61: 1646: 2121: 1705: 1687: 2180: 1862: 1976: 1666: 1803: 1937: 1841: 1880: 1782: 1723: 1442:. In addition, the Federal Deposit Insurance Reform Act of 2005 (P.L.109-171) allows for the boards of the FDIC and the National Credit Union Administration (NCUA) to consider inflation and other factors every five years beginning in 2010 and, if warranted, to adjust the amounts under a specified formula. 1290:

Without deposit insurance, bank depositors took the risk that their bank could run out of cash due to losses on its loans or an unexpected surge in withdrawals, leaving them with few options to recover their money. The failure of one bank might shift losses and withdrawal demands to others and spread

810:

For joint accounts, each co-owner is assumed (unless the account specifically states otherwise) to own the same fraction of the account as does each other co-owner (even though each co-owner may be eligible to withdraw all funds from the account). Thus if three people jointly own a $ 750,000 account,

1489:). Because of a confluence of events, much of the S&L industry was insolvent, and many large banks were in trouble as well. FSLIC's reserves were insufficient to pay off the depositors of all of the failing thrifts, and fell into insolvency. FSLIC was abolished in August 1989 and replaced by the 936:

The goals of receivership are to market the assets of a failed institution, liquidate them, and distribute the proceeds to the institution's creditors. The FDIC as receiver succeeds to the rights, powers, and privileges of the institution and its stockholders, officers, and directors. It may collect

776:

Each ownership category of a depositor's money is insured separately up to the insurance limit, and separately at each bank. Thus a depositor with $ 250,000 in each of three ownership categories at each of two banks would have six different insurance limits of $ 250,000, for total insurance coverage

532:

The FDIC is not supported by public funds; member banks' insurance dues are its primary source of funding. The FDIC charges premiums based upon the risk that the insured bank poses. When dues and the proceeds of bank liquidations are insufficient, it can borrow from the federal government, or issue

1589:

Although most failures were resolved through merger or acquisition, the FDIC's insurance fund was exhausted by late 2009. The largest FDIC payout for that year was for the failure of Florida-based BankUnited FSB, which cost the fund $ 5.6 billion out of $ 17 billion at the start of the year. Rather

1310:

The problem of bank instability was already apparent before the onset of the Great Depression. From 1921 to 1929, approximately 5,700 bank failures occurred, concentrated in rural areas. Nearly 10,000 failures occurred from 1929 to 1933, or more than one-third of all U.S. banks. A panic in February

1298:

After 1907, eight states established deposit insurance funds. Due to the lax regulation of banks and the widespread inability of banks to branch, small, local unit banks—often with poor financial health—grew in numbers, especially in the western and southern states. In 1921, there were about 31,000

1014:

To assist the FDIC in resolving an insolvent bank, covered institutions are required to submit a resolution plan which can be activated if necessary. In addition to the Bank Holding Company ("BHC") resolution plans required under the Dodd Frank Act under Section 165(d), the FDIC requires a separate

969:

In 1991, to comply with legislation, the FDIC amended its failure resolution procedures to decrease the costs to the deposit insurance funds. The procedures require the FDIC to choose the resolution alternative that is least costly to the deposit insurance fund of all possible methods for resolving

965:

that assumed the failed bank's deposits on behalf of the FDIC. This method fell into disuse after the law was revised in 1935 to allow the other options above, although it has been used occasionally when the FDIC determines that it is the most practical way to continue banking service to the failed

932:

Upon a determination that a bank is insolvent, its chartering authority—either a state banking department or the U.S. Office of the Comptroller of the Currency—closes it and appoints the FDIC as receiver. In its role as a receiver the FDIC is tasked with protecting the depositors and maximizing the

543:

The FDIC also examines and supervises certain financial institutions for safety and soundness, performs certain consumer-protection functions, and manages receiverships of failed banks. Quarterly reports are published indicating details of the banks' financial performance, including leverage ratio

1445:

FDIC-insured institutions are permitted to display a sign stating the terms of its insurance—that is, the per-depositor limit and the guarantee of the United States government. The FDIC describes this sign as a symbol of confidence for depositors. As part of a 1987 legislative enactment, Congress

1018:

On December 17, 2014, the FDIC issued guidance for the 2015 resolution plans of CIDIs of large bank holding companies (BHCs). The guidance provides clarity on the assumptions that are to be made in the CIDI resolution plans and what must be addressed and analyzed in the 2015 CIDI resolution plans

580:

When a bank becomes undercapitalized, the institution's primary regulator issues a warning to the bank. When the number drops below 6%, the primary regulator can change management and force the bank to take other corrective action. When the bank becomes critically undercapitalized the chartering

1340:

for bankers and depositors, and even denounced it as socialist. Yet public support was overwhelmingly in favor. On June 16, 1933, Roosevelt signed the 1933 Banking Act into law, creating the FDIC. The initial plan set by Congress in 1934 was to insure deposits up to $ 2,500 ($ 56,940 today) and

1074:

The president, with the consent of the Senate, also designates one of the appointed members as chairman of the board, to serve a five-year term and one of the appointed members as vice chairman of the board. The two ex officio members are the Comptroller of the Currency and the director of the

814:

The owner of a revocable trust account is generally insured up to $ 250,000 for each unique beneficiary (subject to special rules if there are more than five of them). Thus if there is a single owner of an account that is specified as in trust for (payable on death to, etc.) three different

933:

recoveries for the creditors of the failed institution. The FDIC as receiver is functionally and legally separate from the FDIC acting in its corporate role as deposit insurer. Courts have long recognized these dual and separate capacities as having distinct rights, duties and obligations.

1335:

himself was dubious about insuring bank deposits, saying, "We do not wish to make the United States Government liable for the mistakes and errors of individual banks, and put a premium on unsound banking in the future." Bankers likewise opposed insurance, arguing that it would create a

951:(P&A), in which deposits (liabilities) are assumed by an open bank, which also purchases some or all of the failed bank's loans (assets). The bank's assets that convey to the FDIC as receiver are sold and auctioned through various methods, including online, and using contractors. 1446:

passed a measure stating "it is the sense of the Congress that it should reaffirm that deposits up to the statutorily prescribed amount in federally insured depository institutions are backed by the full faith and credit of the United States", and similar language is used in

896:

was a critic of the system, saying, "We are, in effect, attempting to use government to enforce two different prices for the same item – namely, government-mandated deposit insurance. Such price differences only create efforts by market participants to

1070:

members. The three appointed members each serve six-year terms. These may continue to serve after the expiration of their terms of office until a successor has taken office. No more than three members of the board may be of the same political affiliation.

1433:

Congress approved a temporary increase in the deposit insurance limit from $ 100,000 to $ 250,000, which was effective from October 3, 2008, through December 31, 2010. On May 20, 2009, the temporary increase was extended through December 31, 2013. The

850:

of 2010, the FDIC is required to fund the DIF to at least 1.35% of all insured deposits; in 2020, the amount of insured deposits was approximately $ 8.9 trillion and therefore the fund requirement was $ 120 billion. During two banking crises—the

2139: 1520:

The final combined total for all direct and indirect losses of FSLIC and RTC resolutions was an estimated $ 152.9 billion. Of this total amount, U.S. taxpayer losses amounted to approximately $ 123.8 billion (81% of the total costs).

818:

On January 21, 2022, the Board of Directors passed a Final Rule to simplify the Ownership Categories by combining Revocable and Irrevocable Trusts into a single ownership category. The policy came into effect on April 4, 2022.

2415:

The latter plan was to insure all deposits up to $ 10,000 ($ 227,761), 75 percent of all deposits over $ 10,000 to $ 50,000 ($ 1,138,806), and 50 percent of anything over $ 50,000. Brackets indicate amount taking into account

4068: 1438:(P.L.111-203), which was signed into law on July 21, 2010, made the $ 250,000 insurance limit permanent, and extended the guarantee retroactively to January 1, 2008, meaning it covered uninsured deposits banks like 4086: 669:

The FDIC publishes a guide entitled "Your Insured Deposits", which sets forth the general characteristics of FDIC deposit insurance, and addresses common questions asked by bank customers about deposit insurance.

4101: 1506: 3003: 4131: 4843: 3914: 666:

bank is not considered to be a separate bank, even if the name differs. Non-US citizens are also covered by FDIC insurance as long as their deposits are in a domestic office of an FDIC-insured bank.

4126: 2334: 1435: 768:

or accounting errors, must be addressed through the bank or state or federal law. Deposit insurance also does not cover the failure of non-bank entities that use a bank to offer financial services.

522: 4858: 4838: 4091: 4073: 1510: 4290: 4275: 1493:(RTC). On December 31, 1995, the RTC was merged into the FDIC, and the FDIC became responsible for resolving failed thrifts. Supervision of thrifts became the responsibility of a new agency, the 732:

Even though the word deposit appears in the name, under federal law a safe deposit box is not a deposit account – it is merely a secured storage space rented by an institution to a customer.

1341:

adoption of a more generous, long-term plan after six months. However, the latter plan was abandoned for an increase of the insurance limit to $ 5,000 (equivalent to $ 113,881 in 2023).

593:

The FDIC insures deposits at member banks in the event that a bank fails—that is, the bank's regulating authority decides that it no longer meets the requirements for remaining in business.

4853: 2349: 2609: 4300: 1586:

that guaranteed deposits and unsecured debt instruments used for day-to-day payments. To promote depositor confidence, Congress temporarily raised the insurance limit to $ 250,000.

472: 834:(DIF) that it uses to pay its operating costs and the depositors of failed banks. The amount of each bank's premiums is based on its balance of insured deposits and the degree of 1295:

presented a bill to Congress proposing a national deposit insurance fund. No action was taken, as the legislature paid more attention to the agricultural depression at the time.

1590:

than borrowing from the FFB or the Treasury, the FDIC demanded three years of advance premiums from its member institutions and operated the fund with a negative net balance.

4330: 2699: 3952: 3907: 2339: 941:, to take over the assets and liabilities of the failed institution, or it may sell or pledge the assets of the failed institution to the FDIC in its corporate capacity. 556:

To qualify for deposit insurance, member banks must follow certain liquidity and reserve requirements. Banks are classified in five groups according to their risk-based

4078: 4868: 4848: 4828: 3754: 3654: 3541: 807:

All amounts that a particular depositor has in accounts in any particular ownership category at a particular bank are added together and are insured up to $ 250,000.

521:

were common. The insurance limit was initially US$ 2,500 per ownership category, and this has been increased several times over the years. Since the enactment of the

1558:, another large bank, avoided failure through last-minute merger arrangements at the FDIC's insistence. At the height of the crisis in late 2008, Treasury secretary 1291:

into a panic. During the Panics of 1893 and 1907, many banks filed bankruptcy due to bank runs. Both of the panics renewed discussion on deposit insurance. In 1893,

4873: 4402: 4315: 3439: 3007: 4818: 4340: 4310: 1478: 4833: 4425: 3900: 859:—the FDIC has expended its entire insurance fund. On these occasions it has met insurance obligations directly from operating cash, or by borrowing through the 703:, a separate institution chartered by Congress, provides protection against the loss of many types of such securities in the event of a brokerage failure, but 4116: 1598: 906: 494: 2344: 1546:. From 2008 to 2017 a total of 528 member institutions failed, with the annual number peaking at 157 in 2010. These included the largest failure to date, 4280: 3188:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

2832: 2380: 700: 465: 330: 3024: 525:

in 2010, the FDIC insures deposits in member banks up to $ 250,000 per ownership category. FDIC insurance is backed by the full faith and credit of the

4111: 3977: 1514: 1384:

The Banking Act of 1935 made the FDIC a permanent agency of the government and provided permanent deposit insurance maintained at the $ 5,000 level.

540:

As of June 2024, the FDIC provided deposit insurance at 4,539 institutions. As of Q2 2024, the Deposit Insurance Fund stood at $ 129.2 billion.

4285: 912:

As of December 31, 2022, the balance of FDIC's Deposit Insurance Fund is $ 128.2 billion. The year-end balance has increased every year since 2009.

4683: 4587: 4345: 108: 760:

Deposit accounts are insured only against the failure of a member bank. Deposit losses that occur in the course of the bank's business, such as

678:

Only the above types of accounts are insured. Some types of uninsured products, even if purchased through a covered financial institution, are:

3345: 2386: 1885: 1304: 621: 69: 4592: 51: 4213: 3967: 3609: 1583: 458: 2551: 2531: 2514: 4697: 4673: 3972: 3937: 3923: 3810: 2450: 2368: 2323: 1502: 1192: 203: 198: 3223: 2941: 2617: 1332: 3319: 920: 4823: 4478: 4335: 4244: 3962: 1470:

Federal deposit insurance received its first large-scale test since the Great Depression in the late 1980s and early 1990s during the

1448: 223: 2751: 4325: 3790: 2885: 3208:

How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

2910: 2692: 517:

to restore trust in the American banking system. More than one-third of banks failed in the years before the FDIC's creation, and

4612: 4602: 4305: 4223: 3795: 928:, is home to many administrative and support functions, though the most senior officials work at the main building in Washington 4718: 4713: 4521: 4106: 962: 839: 720: 526: 4597: 4020: 1543: 1537: 1319: 856: 4693: 3957: 3868: 3819: 3619:

Golembe, Carter, H. (1960). "The Deposit Insurance Legislation of 1933: An Examination of Its Antecedents and Its Purposes".

1057: 830:

The FDIC receives no funding from the federal budget. Instead it assesses premiums on each member and accumulates them in a

3256: 1957: 4663: 4617: 4254: 3305: 785: 741: 658:

Accounts at different banks are insured separately. All branches of a bank are considered to form a single bank. Also, an

241: 970:

the failed institution. Bids are submitted to the FDIC where they are reviewed and the least cost determination is made.

4678: 4607: 4392: 4295: 4198:

Credit by Banks and Persons Other Than Brokers or Dealers for the Purpose of Purchasing or Carrying Margin Stock (Reg U)

4169: 4159: 4154: 4063: 4053: 3215: 3195: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1056:

The board of directors is the governing body of the FDIC. The board is composed of five members, three appointed by the

890: 879: 631: 183: 3443: 4627: 4622: 4552: 4547: 4320: 4249: 3859: 3855: 1162: 233: 3517: 1524:

When the FDIC's Bank Insurance Fund was exhausted in 1990, it received authority from Congress to borrow through the

4863: 4668: 4647: 4577: 4572: 4562: 4557: 4259: 4218: 4058: 3942: 3466: 3275:"Reform of Deposit Insurance (including the adjustment to $ 250,000 and allowing for adjustments every five years)" 2329: 925: 246: 3882: 4703: 4048: 3840: 2374: 1324: 529:, and according to the FDIC, "since its start in 1933 no depositor has ever lost a penny of FDIC-insured funds". 380: 1528:(FFB). Using this facility, the FDIC borrowed $ 15 billion to strengthen the fund, and repaid the debt by 1993. 4723: 4030: 4025: 3565: 2365:– developed by the FDIC's Division of Risk Management Supervision (RMS) to rate each U.S. bank and credit union 1249: 1743: 1307:. From 1893 to the FDIC's creation in 1933, 150 bills were submitted in Congress proposing deposit insurance. 1127: 944:

The two most common ways for the FDIC to resolve a closed institution and fulfill its role as a receiver are:

753: 991:

Parts of this article (those related to the threshold change to $ 250 million from $ 50 million?) need to be

4708: 4637: 4516: 4376: 4121: 1471: 1465: 852: 420: 3873: 3711: 3320:"4000 – Advisory Opinions: Full Faith and Credit of U.S. Government Behind the FDIC Deposit Insurance Fund" 1371: 901:

the difference." Greenspan proposed "to end this game and merge SAIF and BIF". In February 2006, President

4642: 4471: 3491: 2727: 2318: 1525: 1292: 860: 811:

the entire account balance is insured because each depositor's $ 250,000 share of the account is insured.

641: 557: 534: 363: 308: 171: 1303:

initially included a provision for nationwide deposit insurance, but it was removed from the bill by the

822:

On April 1, 2024, the Board of Directors changed how accounts held under the same name would be insured.

4739: 4632: 4537: 3748: 3719:

White, Eugene, N. (1981). "State-Sponsored Insurance of Bank Deposits in the United States, 1907–1929".

3648: 2446: 794:

Revocable and irrevocable trust accounts (containing the words "Payable on death", "In trust for", etc.)

648: 293: 31: 3768: 1146: 3554:

FDIC Announces Organizational Changes to Help Implement Recently Enacted Regulatory Reform by Congress

4797: 4759: 4567: 4397: 4371: 4228: 4208: 4096: 4038: 3995: 2417: 2362: 1362: 1061: 711: 445: 298: 228: 3352: 1627: 1392: 4005: 2770: 2287: 2266: 2226: 2205: 2164: 2100: 1300: 1106: 510: 137: 4441: 4431: 1594: 847: 4506: 4164: 3785: 3736: 3691:

Walter, John (2005). "Depression-Era Bank Failures: The Great Contagion or the Great Shakeout?".

3679: 3636: 2001: 2675: 3206: 3186: 2948: 2033: 601: 4792: 4464: 4000: 3799: 3704: 3700: 3605: 3288: 2881: 2246: 1547: 617: 498: 2809: 2475: 1223:

has nominated the following to replace members of the board. They await Senate confirmation.

4779: 4774: 4501: 4043: 4015: 3845: 3781: 3728: 3671: 3628: 3323: 3202: 3182: 2308: 2144: 1749: 1571: 1482: 1285: 726: 663: 514: 407: 75: 3887: 2497: 2281: 2260: 2220: 2199: 2158: 4749: 4744: 4688: 4435: 4407: 3877: 2755: 2748: 2240: 1942: 1846: 1575: 1563: 627: 610: 502: 303: 280: 3578: 3041: 2572: 3553: 3378: 1995: 1574:

proposed that the FDIC should guarantee debts across the US financial sector, including

1396:

Bank sign indicating the original insurance limit offered by the FDIC of $ 2,500 in 1934

997:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

4769: 3892: 1808: 1787: 1671: 1172: 902: 893: 864: 835: 749: 745: 686: 3851: 17: 4812: 4754: 3740: 3683: 3662:

Shaw, Christopher (2015). "'The Man in the Street Is for It': The Road to the FDIC".

1981: 1728: 1559: 1311:

1933 spread so rapidly that most state governments ordered the closure of all banks.

1281: 1277: 878:(SAIF). This division reflected the FDIC's assumption of responsibility for insuring 634:(MMDAs, i.e., higher-interest savings accounts subject to check-writing restrictions) 402: 3864: 3274: 3260: 1452: 4445: 4189: 4010: 2106: 1918: 1567: 1498: 1337: 1202: 909:(FDIRA). Among other purposes, the act merged the BIF and SAIF into a single fund. 637: 582: 506: 368: 3568:, by Steve Quinlivan, article at dodd-frank.com, private website, August 10, 2010. 2795: 2082: 2051: 2015: 1822: 544:(but not CET1 Capital Requirements & Liquidity Coverage Ratio as specified in 3062: 3042:"Guidance for Covered Insured Depository Institution Resolution Plan Submissions" 4542: 4511: 4366: 4361: 3602:

Inside the FDIC: Thirty Years of Bank Failures, Bailouts, and Regulatory Battles

2645: 2313: 2185: 1900: 1651: 1579: 1035:

Sales strategies must be feasible and supported by considerable acquirer detail.

938: 791:

Joint accounts (accounts with more than one owner with equal rights to withdraw)

690: 415: 266: 3047:. PricewaterhouseCoopers Financial Services Regulatory Practice. December 2014. 3030:. PricewaterhouseCoopers Financial Services Regulatory Practice. December 2014. 3773: 3732: 3675: 1597:

of 2010 created new authorities for the FDIC to address risks associated with

1066: 694: 397: 3803: 3417: 4764: 1763: 1665: 1401: 1354:

Gave the FDIC the authority to regulate and supervise state non-member banks

1220: 898: 737: 545: 2138: 2120: 1802: 1704: 1686: 1645: 3815: 2646:"FDIC: When a Bank Fails - Facts for Depositors, Creditors, and Borrowers" 2406:

Around 491 commercial banks failed in 1893, and 243 between 1907 and 1908.

1936: 1840: 60: 4487: 2631: 1555: 1400:

The per-depositor insurance limit has increased over time to accommodate

843: 659: 518: 392: 2179: 1879: 1861: 1781: 4069:

Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978

3640: 1722: 1551: 1439: 870:

Between 1989 and 2006, there were two separate FDIC reserve funds: the

214: 4190:

Prohibition Against the Paying of Interest on Demand Deposits (Reg Q)

3025:"First take: Ten key points from the FDIC's resolution plan guidance" 2810:"FDIC Approves Final Rule Regarding Deposit Insurance Simplification" 1367:

Extended federal oversight to all commercial banks for the first time

1026:

The cause of CIDI failure must be a core business loss or impairment.

815:

beneficiaries, the funds in the account are insured up to $ 750,000.

710:

Exceptions have occurred, such as the FDIC bailout of bondholders of

358: 3632: 1975: 1380:

Allowed national banks to branch statewide, if allowed by state law.

1507:

Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act of 1989

961:

Originally the only resolution method was to establish a temporary

1391: 1358: 1318: 1029:

At least one "multiple acquirer strategy" is required in the plan.

919: 883: 765: 761: 682: 600: 2833:"The FDIC Changes The Rules On Insured Accounts Owned By Trusts" 4460: 3896: 2552:

FDIC Quarterly - Quarterly Banking Profile: Second Quarter 2022

2532:

FDIC Quarterly - Quarterly Banking Profile: Fourth Quarter 2021

2498:

FDIC Quarterly - Quarterly Banking Profile: Second Quarter 2024

1513:(FDICIA). Federally chartered thrifts are now regulated by the 4202:

Transactions Between Member Banks and Their Affiliates (Reg W)

2927: 1582:

resisted, and after negotiations the FDIC instead announced a

977: 867:

with the Treasury on which it can borrow up to $ 100 billion.

781:

Single accounts (accounts not falling into any other category)

3544:, By Yalman Onaran, Bloomberg Businessweek, October 13, 2011. 2728:"FDIC Law, Regulations, Related Acts – Rules and Regulations" 1511:

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991

1351:

Gave the FDIC authority to provide deposit insurance to banks

1505:). The primary legislative responses to the crisis were the 4456: 2916:. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. December 31, 2022. 2573:"Regulatory Monitors: Policing Firms in the Compliance Era" 1348:

Established the FDIC as a temporary government corporation.

1272:

Panics of 1893 and 1907 and the Great Depression: 1893–1933

800:

Corporation/partnership/unincorporated association accounts

797:

Employee Benefit Plan accounts (deposits of a pension plan)

2990:

Banks and Thrifts: Government Enforcement and Receivership

2669: 2667: 1474:(which also affected commercial banks and savings banks). 1377:

Prohibited banks from paying interest on checking accounts

581:

authority closes the institution and appoints the FDIC as

3380:

A Brief History of Deposit Insurance in the United States

2335:

List of bank failures in the United States (2008–present)

1456:, a 1989 amendment to the Federal Deposit Insurance Act. 1436:

Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act

647:

outstanding cashier's checks, interest checks, and other

523:

Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act

4165:

Reserve Requirements for Depository Institutions (Reg D)

2350:

List of financial regulatory authorities by jurisdiction

838:

that it poses to the FDIC. The DIF is fully invested in

152: 4224:

Availability of Funds and Collection of Checks (Reg CC)

3833: 3816:"Federal Deposit Insurance for Banks and Credit Unions" 3004:"First take: Resolution plan guidance to largest firms" 2876:

Sicilia, David B. & Cruikshank, Jeffrey L. (2000).

863:. Another option, which it has never used, is a direct 777:

of $ 1,500,000. The distinct ownership categories are:

624:(interest-bearing checking accounts with a hold option) 3440:"WaMu's Bank Split From Holding Company, Sparing FDIC" 2592: 2590: 1047:

The CIDI must be insolvent at the start of resolution.

1038:

A detailed financial and liquidity analysis is needed.

4844:

Financial regulatory authorities of the United States

4151:

Extensions of Credit by Federal Reserve Banks (Reg A)

3566:

FDIC Creates Office of Complex Financial Institutions

3006:. PricewaterhouseCoopers. August 2014. Archived from 4859:

Independent agencies of the United States government

4839:

Corporations chartered by the United States Congress

3418:"Bank Failures in Brief – Summary 2001 through 2022" 2610:"FDIC insurance limit of $ 250,000 is now permanent" 1481:(FSLIC) had been created to insure deposits held by 1032:

A deep level of granularity is expected in the plan.

4732: 4656: 4530: 4494: 4385: 4354: 4268: 4237: 4140: 3986: 3930: 719:Investments backed by the U.S. government, such as 147: 130: 122: 114: 104: 86: 81: 3953:Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council 3056: 3054: 2340:List of largest bank failures in the United States 4186:Privacy of Consumer Financial Information (Reg P) 2973:Senate Committee on Banking and Currency (1935). 3411: 3409: 3064:Managing the Crisis: The FDIC and RTC Experience 2905: 2903: 2676:"Deposit Insurance Funding: Assuring Confidence" 2441: 2439: 2437: 1517:(OCC), and state-chartered thrifts by the FDIC. 27:US government agency providing deposit insurance 4854:Government-owned companies of the United States 4403:History of central banking in the United States 3176: 3174: 3172: 1542:The FDIC faced its greatest challenge from the 4214:Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices (Reg AA) 2515:FDIC Quarterly: Second Quarter Banking Profile 2377:—The inspiration for the formation of the FDIC 1479:Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation 4472: 3908: 1599:systemically important financial institutions 1370:Separated commercial and investment banking ( 1075:Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB). 622:negotiable order of withdrawal (NOW) accounts 466: 8: 4583:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) 4174:Limitations on Interbank Liabilities (Reg F) 3867:of the Code of Federal Regulations from the 3753:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3653:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3257:"Changes in FDIC Deposit Insurance Coverage" 2546: 2544: 2476:"FDIC: Deposit Insurance Press Release FY24" 907:Federal Deposit Insurance Reform Act of 2005 573:Significantly undercapitalized: less than 6% 39: 3084: 3082: 2765: 2763: 2722: 2720: 2345:Title 12 of the Code of Federal Regulations 30:"FDIC" redirects here. For other uses, see 4479: 4465: 4457: 3915: 3901: 3893: 3769:"Your Bank Has Failed: What Happens Next?" 3019: 3017: 2389:- the United Kingdom's equivalent to FDIC 2381:National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund 1357:Funded the FDIC with loans in the form of 1225: 1082: 701:Securities Investor Protection Corporation 654:accounts denominated in foreign currencies 613:, which, by the FDIC definition, include: 473: 459: 351: 287: 164: 68: 59: 50: 4689:National Bituminous Coal Conservation Act 4112:Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act 3978:Office of the Comptroller of the Currency 3496:Frontline: Money, Power & Wall Street 3346:"The Cost of the Savings and Loan Crisis" 3259:. fdic.gov. July 21, 2010. Archived from 1515:Office of the Comptroller of the Currency 846:that supplements the premiums. Under the 576:Critically undercapitalized: less than 2% 4177:International Banking Operations (Reg K) 4083:Competitive Equality Banking Act of 1987 3542:James Wigand, the FDIC's Complexity Czar 1608: 1361:contributions from the Treasury and the 4869:Organizations based in Washington, D.C. 4849:Government agencies established in 1933 4829:1933 establishments in Washington, D.C. 4588:Federal Emergency Relief Administration 3516:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. 3243: 3224:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 3136: 2796:"FDIC: Understanding Deposit Insurance" 2658: 2632:"FDIC: Understanding Deposit Insurance" 2433: 2399: 1044:Resolution obstacles must be addressed. 1023:The assumption that the CIDI must fail. 784:Certain retirement accounts (including 379: 316: 182: 109:Federal government of the United States 4874:Deposit insurance in the United States 4205:Borrowers of Securities Credit (Reg X) 3746: 3646: 3556:, FDIC press release, August 10, 2010. 3492:"The Financial Crisis: The Interviews" 3467:"$ 5 Billion Said to Be Near for WaMu" 3124: 2790: 2788: 2596: 2387:Financial Services Compensation Scheme 38: 4819:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 4194:Credit by Brokers and Dealers (Reg T) 3968:Financial Stability Oversight Council 3948:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 3874:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 3841:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 3811:History including Boards of Directors 3222:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 3112: 3100: 3088: 2942:"Chapter 2 – The Resolutions Process" 2928:"FDIC: Institution & Asset Sales" 2456:from the original on 6 September 2024 1584:Temporary Liquidity Guarantee Program 487:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 40:Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation 7: 4834:Bank regulation in the United States 4709:Rural Electrification Administration 4674:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 4117:Emergency Economic Stabilization Act 3973:National Credit Union Administration 3938:Consumer Financial Protection Bureau 3924:Bank regulation in the United States 3163: 2897:Sicilia & Cruikshank, pp. 97–98. 2880:, pp. 96–97. New York: McGraw-Hill. 2705:from the original on 4 February 2024 2566: 2564: 2369:Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation 2324:Federal Deposit Insurance Reform Act 1503:National Credit Union Administration 1460:S&L and bank crisis of the 1980s 1041:Key legal issues must be considered. 567:Adequately capitalized: 8% or higher 495:United States government corporation 4664:Works Progress Administration (WPA) 3604:. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 882:after another federal insurer, the 707:against a decrease in their values. 3963:Federal Reserve Board of Governors 3579:"List of Chairpersons of the FDIC" 3438:Shen, Linda (September 26, 2008). 876:Savings Association Insurance Fund 605:Example of FDIC insurance coverage 74:Headquarters on 17th Street NW in 25: 4623:Public Works Administration (PWA) 4593:Frazier–Lemke Farm Bankruptcy Act 4553:Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) 4035:Interest Rate Control Act of 1966 3791:Concise Encyclopedia of Economics 3149:Kennedy, Susan Estabrook (2021). 949:Purchase and assumption agreement 651:drawn on the accounts of the bank 4648:Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) 4613:National Recovery Administration 4603:National Industrial Recovery Act 4440: 4430: 4421: 4420: 4170:Electronic Fund Transfer (Reg E) 4160:Home Mortgage Disclosure (Reg C) 4155:Equal Credit Opportunity (Reg B) 3796:Library of Economics and Liberty 3710: 2571:Van Loo, Rory (August 1, 2018). 2280: 2259: 2239: 2219: 2198: 2178: 2157: 2137: 2119: 2099: 2081: 2050: 2032: 2014: 1994: 1974: 1956: 1935: 1917: 1899: 1878: 1860: 1839: 1821: 1801: 1780: 1762: 1742: 1721: 1703: 1685: 1664: 1644: 1626: 982: 537:on terms that the bank decides. 439: 4719:United States Housing Authority 4219:Community Reinvestment (Reg BB) 3721:The Journal of Economic History 2771:"FDIC: Insured or Not Insured?" 1315:Establishment of the FDIC: 1933 963:deposit insurance national bank 924:The FDIC's satellite campus in 564:Well capitalized: 10% or higher 527:government of the United States 382:Electronic funds transfer (EFT) 4694:National Labor Relations Board 4684:Judicial Procedures Reform Act 3958:Federal Housing Finance Agency 3820:Congressional Research Service 2371:– Canadian counterpart to FDIC 1327:signs the Banking Act of 1933. 1058:president of the United States 786:Individual Retirement Accounts 609:FDIC deposit insurance covers 570:Undercapitalized: less than 8% 509:. The FDIC was created by the 1: 4618:National Youth Administration 3306:"FDIC: Symbol of Confidences" 2975:Banking Act of 1935: Hearings 2557:(Report). Vol. 16. 2022. 2537:(Report). Vol. 16. 2021. 2520:(Report). Vol. 16. 2024. 2503:(Report). Vol. 19. 2024. 2357:Related agencies and programs 1485:institutions ("S&Ls", or 1116:January 5, 2023 (as chairman) 916:Resolution of insolvent banks 880:savings and loan associations 632:money market deposit accounts 4679:Farm Security Administration 4393:Banking in the United States 4064:Electronic Fund Transfer Act 4054:Home Mortgage Disclosure Act 3465:Dash, Eric (April 7, 2008). 3216:American Antiquarian Society 3196:American Antiquarian Society 2088:Andrew C. Hove Jr. (Acting) 2057:Andrew C. Hove Jr. (Acting) 2021:Andrew C. Hove Jr. (Acting) 1495:Office of Thrift Supervision 1491:Resolution Trust Corporation 891:Chair of the Federal Reserve 4628:Public Works of Art Project 4548:Agricultural Adjustment Act 4250:Federal savings association 4079:Depository Institutions Act 3883:FDIC Statistics at a Glance 3856:Code of Federal Regulations 3780:Kaufman, George G. (2002). 3621:Political Science Quarterly 3442:. Bloomberg. Archived from 1388:Historical insurance limits 1163:Comptroller of the Currency 331:National Credit Union Share 234:Federal savings association 4890: 4669:Federal Project Number One 4578:Farm Credit Administration 4573:Homeowners Refinancing Act 4558:Civil Works Administration 4059:Community Reinvestment Act 3943:Farm Credit Administration 3151:The Banking Crisis of 1933 2754:December 10, 2007, at the 2383:– NCUA counterpart to FDIC 2330:Fractional-reserve banking 1544:2007–2008 financial crisis 1538:2007–2008 financial crisis 1535: 1532:2007–2008 financial crisis 1463: 1275: 1114:August 2005 (as director); 926:Arlington County, Virginia 857:2007–2008 financial crisis 501:to depositors in American 29: 4824:Banks established in 1933 4788: 4704:Rural Electrification Act 4416: 4229:Truth in Savings (Reg DD) 4183:Loans to Insiders (Reg O) 4049:Fair Credit Reporting Act 3888:FDIC List of Failed Banks 3733:10.1017/S0022050700044326 3676:10.1017/S0898030614000359 3664:Journal of Policy History 3403:FDIC Annual Report (1993) 2867:FDIC Annual Report (2009) 2858:FDIC Annual Report (1991) 2849:FDIC Annual Report (2020) 2375:Depositors Insurance Fund 1550:, and the sixth largest, 1325:Franklin Delano Roosevelt 324:Federal Deposit Insurance 67: 58: 49: 44: 4724:Fair Labor Standards Act 4209:Truth in Lending (Reg Z) 4180:Consumer Leasing (Reg M) 4031:Bank Holding Company Act 4026:Federal Credit Union Act 3996:Independent Treasury Act 2911:"Statistics at a Glance" 2693:"Statistics At A Glance" 2447:"Statistics At A Glance" 1501:remained insured by the 1305:House of Representatives 1250:Christy Goldsmith Romero 1060:with the consent of the 446:United States portal 170:This article is part of 4638:Railroad Retirement Act 4517:American Liberty League 4377:Thrift Financial Report 2126:John N. Reich (Acting) 1472:savings and loan crisis 1466:Savings and loan crisis 853:savings and loan crisis 662:bank that is part of a 642:certificates of deposit 552:Membership requirements 4107:Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act 3600:Bovenzi, John (2015). 3010:on September 15, 2017. 2988:Zisman, Barry Stuart. 2319:FDIC problem bank list 1526:Federal Financing Bank 1397: 1344:The 1933 Banking Act: 1328: 1293:William Jennings Bryan 929: 861:Federal Financing Bank 832:Deposit Insurance Fund 649:negotiable instruments 606: 535:Federal Financing Bank 309:Certificate of deposit 92:; 91 years ago 18:Deposit Insurance Fund 4740:Franklin D. Roosevelt 4633:Reciprocal Tariff Act 4538:Emergency Banking Act 4238:Types of bank charter 3326:on September 22, 2021 3263:on November 22, 2010. 2478:(Press release). FDIC 1536:Further information: 1395: 1363:Federal Reserve Banks 1333:Franklin D. Roosevelt 1322: 1299:banks in the US. The 1276:Further information: 1079:Current board members 923: 754:homeowner's insurance 604: 513:, enacted during the 333:Insurance Fund (NCUA) 126:$ 1.96 billion (2024) 32:FDIC (disambiguation) 4760:Henry Morgenthau Jr. 4608:National Housing Act 4568:Executive Order 6102 4398:Fair debt collection 4372:CAMELS rating system 4097:Truth in Savings Act 4074:Monetary Control Act 4039:Truth in Lending Act 2878:The Greenspan Effect 2420:inflation from 1934. 2363:CAMELS rating system 1924:George A. LeMaistre 1605:List of chairpersons 1260:Martin J. Gruenberg 1062:United States Senate 905:signed into law the 842:and therefore earns 772:Ownership categories 712:Continental Illinois 348:Payment and transfer 229:Federal savings bank 4006:Federal Reserve Act 3931:Federal authorities 3782:"Deposit Insurance" 3446:on October 23, 2012 3358:on October 29, 2008 3289:"FDIC Interim rule" 3103:, pp. 537–538. 2977:. pp. 638–639. 2620:on October 2, 2012. 2577:Faculty Scholarship 2288:Martin J. Gruenberg 2267:Martin J. Gruenberg 2227:Martin J. Gruenberg 2206:Martin J. Gruenberg 2165:Martin J. Gruenberg 1828:Kenneth A. Randall 1754:September 17, 1957 1737:September 17, 1957 1636:September 11, 1933 1633:Walter J. Cummings 1301:Federal Reserve Act 1107:Martin J. Gruenberg 872:Bank Insurance Fund 840:Treasury securities 803:Government accounts 721:Treasury securities 511:Banking Act of 1933 138:Martin J. Gruenberg 41: 4598:Glass–Steagall Act 4563:Communications Act 4507:New Deal Coalition 4021:Glass–Steagall Act 3865:12 CFR Chapter III 3852:12 CFR Chapter III 3786:David R. Henderson 3693:Economic Quarterly 3518:2009 Annual Report 3471:The New York Times 2831:Erskine, Matthew. 2231:November 29, 2012 2214:November 28, 2012 2170:November 16, 2005 2152:November 15, 2005 2002:L. William Seidman 1963:Irvine H. Sprague 1906:Robert E. Barnett 1734:September 6, 1957 1716:September 6, 1957 1509:(FIRREA), and the 1398: 1372:Glass–Steagall Act 1329: 1138:December 21, 2028 1119:December 21, 2028 1052:Board of directors 966:bank's community. 930: 744:products, such as 727:safe deposit boxes 607: 589:Insurance coverage 326:Corporation (FDIC) 90:June 16, 1933 4864:New Deal agencies 4806: 4805: 4495:Causes and legacy 4454: 4453: 4269:State authorities 4144:Board regulations 4102:Riegle-Neal IBBEA 4001:National Bank Act 3611:978-1-118-99408-5 2992:. pp. 13–14. 2954:on March 17, 2013 2299: 2298: 2272:February 5, 2022 2254:February 4, 2022 2247:Jelena McWilliams 2042:October 25, 1991 2027:October 25, 1991 2024:October 17, 1991 2009:October 16, 1991 2006:October 21, 1985 1989:October 21, 1985 1966:February 7, 1979 1951:February 7, 1979 1813:January 22, 1964 1796:January 22, 1964 1772:January 20, 1961 1757:January 20, 1961 1677:October 15, 1945 1659:October 15, 1945 1656:February 1, 1934 1639:February 1, 1934 1548:Washington Mutual 1264: 1263: 1257:December 21, 2028 1217: 1216: 1147:Jonathan McKernan 1012: 1011: 674:Items not insured 618:checking accounts 533:debt through the 499:deposit insurance 483: 482: 428: 427: 339: 338: 317:Account insurance 187: 163: 162: 16:(Redirected from 4881: 4780:Robert F. 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Heimann 1909:March 18, 1976 1894:March 18, 1976 1891:March 16, 1976 1873:March 16, 1976 1847:William B. Camp 1831:April 21, 1965 1816:April 21, 1965 1793:August 4, 1963 1775:August 4, 1963 1769:Erle Cocke Sr. 1607: 1564:Federal Reserve 1540: 1534: 1468: 1462: 1447: 1429:2008: $ 250,000 1426:1980: $ 100,000 1390: 1317: 1288: 1274: 1269: 1238:Term expiration 1175: 1154:January 5, 2023 1135:January 5, 2023 1115: 1081: 1054: 1008: 1002: 999: 996: 987: 983: 976: 918: 874:(BIF), and the 828: 774: 676: 599: 591: 554: 479: 440: 438: 437: 430: 429: 412: 381: 375: 349: 341: 340: 335: 332: 328: 325: 285: 281: 273: 272: 271: 261: 253: 252: 251: 219: 215: 204:Monetary policy 188: 184: 172: 169: 151: 143: 96: 94: 91: 82:Agency overview 73: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4887: 4885: 4877: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4811: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4800: 4795: 4789: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4770:Herbert Hoover 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4736: 4734: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4691: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4653: 4651: 4650: 4645: 4643:Securities Act 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4491: 4486: 4484: 4483: 4476: 4469: 4461: 4452: 4451: 4449: 4448: 4438: 4428: 4417: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4389: 4387: 4383: 4382: 4380: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4272: 4270: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4241: 4239: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4195: 4192: 4187: 4184: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4148: 4146: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3992: 3990: 3987:Major federal 3984: 3983: 3981: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3945: 3940: 3934: 3932: 3928: 3927: 3922: 3920: 3919: 3912: 3905: 3897: 3891: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3871: 3862: 3849: 3838: 3827: 3826:External links 3824: 3823: 3822: 3813: 3808: 3777: 3764: 3761: 3760: 3759: 3727:(3): 537–557. 3716: 3688: 3659: 3627:(2): 181–200. 3616: 3610: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3588: 3570: 3558: 3546: 3534: 3508: 3483: 3457: 3430: 3405: 3396: 3369: 3337: 3311: 3297: 3280: 3266: 3248: 3246:, p. 193. 3236: 3220:1800–present: 3168: 3156: 3141: 3139:, p. 188. 3129: 3117: 3105: 3093: 3091:, p. 538. 3078: 3050: 3033: 3013: 2995: 2980: 2965: 2933: 2919: 2899: 2890: 2869: 2860: 2851: 2842: 2823: 2801: 2784: 2759: 2741: 2716: 2684: 2674:Ellis, Diane. 2663: 2651: 2637: 2623: 2601: 2586: 2560: 2540: 2523: 2506: 2489: 2467: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2418:consumer price 2408: 2398: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2391: 2390: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2285: 2277: 2276: 2273: 2270: 2264: 2256: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2244: 2236: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2224: 2216: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2203: 2195: 2194: 2191: 2190:June 26, 2006 2188: 2183: 2175: 2174: 2173:June 26, 2006 2171: 2168: 2162: 2154: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2142: 2134: 2133: 2130: 2129:July 12, 2001 2127: 2124: 2116: 2115: 2114:July 11, 2001 2112: 2109: 2104: 2096: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2078: 2077: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2047: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2037: 2029: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2011: 2010: 2007: 2004: 1999: 1991: 1990: 1987: 1984: 1979: 1971: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1953: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1940: 1932: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1922: 1914: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1883: 1875: 1874: 1871: 1870:April 1, 1970 1868: 1865: 1857: 1856: 1855:April 1, 1970 1853: 1852:March 9, 1970 1850: 1844: 1836: 1835: 1834:March 9, 1970 1832: 1829: 1826: 1818: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1809:Joseph W. Barr 1806: 1798: 1797: 1794: 1791: 1788:James J. Saxon 1785: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1759: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1747: 1739: 1738: 1735: 1732: 1726: 1718: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1710:Henry E. Cook 1708: 1700: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1692:Maple T. Harl 1690: 1682: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672:Preston Delano 1669: 1661: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1649: 1641: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1606: 1603: 1595:Dodd–Frank Act 1533: 1530: 1464:Main article: 1461: 1458: 1453:§ 1825(d) 1431: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1423:1974: $ 40,000 1421: 1420:1969: $ 20,000 1418: 1417:1966: $ 15,000 1415: 1414:1950: $ 10,000 1412: 1409: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1381: 1378: 1375: 1368: 1365: 1355: 1352: 1349: 1316: 1313: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1262: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1215: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1200: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1173:Michael J. Hsu 1170: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1130: 1125: 1121: 1120: 1117: 1112: 1109: 1104: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1095:Assumed office 1093: 1090: 1087: 1080: 1077: 1053: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1010: 1009: 990: 988: 981: 975: 972: 959: 958: 955:Deposit payoff 952: 917: 914: 903:George W. Bush 894:Alan Greenspan 865:line of credit 848:Dodd–Frank Act 827: 824: 805: 804: 801: 798: 795: 792: 789: 782: 773: 770: 758: 757: 735: 734: 733: 723: 717: 716: 715: 708: 675: 672: 656: 655: 652: 645: 635: 625: 598: 595: 590: 587: 578: 577: 574: 571: 568: 565: 553: 550: 481: 480: 478: 477: 470: 463: 455: 452: 451: 450: 449: 432: 431: 426: 425: 424: 423: 418: 411: 410: 405: 400: 395: 389: 386: 385: 377: 376: 374: 373: 372: 371: 366: 355: 350: 347: 346: 343: 342: 337: 336: 329: 322: 319: 318: 314: 313: 312: 311: 306: 301: 296: 286: 279: 278: 275: 274: 270: 269: 263: 262: 259: 258: 255: 254: 250: 249: 244: 238: 237: 236: 231: 226: 220: 213: 212: 209: 208: 207: 206: 201: 193: 192: 186:Banking in the 180: 179: 161: 160: 149: 145: 144: 142: 141: 134: 132: 128: 127: 124: 120: 119: 116: 112: 111: 106: 102: 101: 88: 84: 83: 79: 78: 65: 64: 56: 55: 47: 46: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4886: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4787: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4755:Harry Hopkins 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4731: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4482: 4477: 4475: 4470: 4468: 4463: 4462: 4459: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4427: 4419: 4418: 4415: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4394: 4391: 4390: 4388: 4384: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4306:New Hampshire 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282: 4279: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4267: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4255:National bank 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4201: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4139: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3993: 3991: 3985: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3918: 3913: 3911: 3906: 3904: 3899: 3898: 3895: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3847: 3842: 3839: 3835: 3830: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3814: 3812: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3792: 3787: 3783: 3778: 3776: 3775: 3770: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3717: 3713: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3547: 3543: 3538: 3535: 3519: 3512: 3509: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3484: 3476:September 27, 3472: 3468: 3461: 3458: 3450:September 27, 3445: 3441: 3434: 3431: 3419: 3412: 3410: 3406: 3400: 3397: 3382: 3381: 3377:FDIC (1998). 3373: 3370: 3354: 3347: 3341: 3338: 3325: 3321: 3315: 3312: 3307: 3301: 3298: 3290: 3284: 3281: 3276: 3270: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3249: 3245: 3240: 3237: 3225: 3217: 3210: 3209: 3204: 3197: 3190: 3189: 3184: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3169: 3166:, p. 47. 3165: 3160: 3157: 3152: 3145: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3130: 3127:, p. 44. 3126: 3121: 3118: 3115:, p. 539 3114: 3109: 3106: 3102: 3097: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3067:. Vol. 1 3066: 3065: 3061:FDIC (1998). 3057: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3037: 3034: 3026: 3020: 3018: 3014: 3009: 3005: 2999: 2996: 2991: 2984: 2981: 2976: 2969: 2966: 2950: 2943: 2937: 2934: 2929: 2923: 2920: 2912: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2886:0-07-134919-7 2883: 2879: 2873: 2870: 2864: 2861: 2855: 2852: 2846: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2827: 2824: 2811: 2805: 2802: 2797: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2777:September 15, 2772: 2766: 2764: 2760: 2757: 2753: 2750: 2745: 2742: 2734:September 15, 2729: 2723: 2721: 2717: 2701: 2694: 2688: 2685: 2677: 2670: 2668: 2664: 2661:, p. 69. 2660: 2655: 2652: 2647: 2641: 2638: 2633: 2627: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2605: 2602: 2599:, p. 39. 2598: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2567: 2565: 2561: 2553: 2547: 2545: 2541: 2533: 2527: 2524: 2516: 2510: 2507: 2499: 2493: 2490: 2477: 2471: 2468: 2452: 2448: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2427: 2419: 2412: 2409: 2403: 2400: 2393: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2348: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2336: 2333: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2306: 2301: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2279: 2278: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2251:June 5, 2018 2250: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2237: 2234:June 5, 2018 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2211:July 9, 2011 2210: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2197: 2196: 2193:July 8, 2011 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2181: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2156: 2155: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2140: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2122: 2118: 2117: 2113: 2111:May 26, 1998 2110: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2094:May 25, 1998 2093: 2091:June 1, 1997 2090: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2079: 2076:June 1, 1997 2075: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2066: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2049: 2048: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2035: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2013: 2012: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1992: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1982:William Isaac 1980: 1977: 1973: 1972: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1955: 1954: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1927:June 1, 1977 1926: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1915: 1912:June 1, 1977 1911: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1881: 1877: 1876: 1872: 1869: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1858: 1854: 1851: 1848: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1833: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1779: 1778: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1765: 1761: 1760: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1729:Ray M. Gidney 1727: 1724: 1720: 1719: 1715: 1713:May 10, 1953 1712: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1698:May 10, 1953 1697: 1694: 1691: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1663: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1643: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1624: 1620: 1618:Term started 1617: 1615:Chairpersons 1614: 1611: 1610: 1604: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1591: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1560:Henry Paulson 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1539: 1531: 1529: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1499:credit unions 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1467: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1443: 1441: 1437: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1411:1935: $ 5,000 1410: 1408:1934: $ 2,500 1407: 1406: 1405: 1403: 1394: 1387: 1385: 1379: 1376: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1345: 1342: 1339: 1334: 1326: 1321: 1314: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1296: 1294: 1287: 1283: 1282:Panic of 1907 1279: 1278:Panic of 1893 1271: 1266: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1189: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1157:May 31, 2024 1156: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124:Vice chairman 1123: 1122: 1118: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1084: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1063: 1059: 1051: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1020: 1016: 1006: 994: 989: 980: 979: 973: 971: 967: 964: 956: 953: 950: 947: 946: 945: 942: 940: 934: 927: 922: 915: 913: 910: 908: 904: 900: 895: 892: 887: 885: 881: 877: 873: 868: 866: 862: 858: 854: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 825: 823: 820: 816: 812: 808: 802: 799: 796: 793: 790: 787: 783: 780: 779: 778: 771: 769: 767: 763: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 736: 731: 730: 728: 724: 722: 718: 713: 709: 706: 702: 698: 697: 696: 692: 688: 684: 681: 680: 679: 673: 671: 667: 665: 661: 653: 650: 646: 643: 639: 638:time deposits 636: 633: 629: 626: 623: 619: 616: 615: 614: 612: 603: 596: 594: 588: 586: 585:of the bank. 584: 575: 572: 569: 566: 563: 562: 561: 559: 558:capital ratio 551: 549: 547: 541: 538: 536: 530: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 508: 507:savings banks 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 476: 471: 469: 464: 462: 457: 456: 454: 453: 447: 436: 435: 434: 433: 422: 419: 417: 414: 413: 409: 406: 404: 403:Wire transfer 401: 399: 396: 394: 391: 390: 388: 387: 384: 378: 370: 367: 365: 362: 361: 360: 357: 356: 354: 353: 345: 344: 334: 327: 321: 320: 315: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 291: 290: 289: 284: 277: 276: 268: 265: 264: 257: 256: 248: 245: 243: 242:National bank 240: 239: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 221: 218: 211: 210: 205: 202: 200: 197: 196: 195: 194: 191: 189:United States 181: 178: 175: 167: 166: 158: 150: 146: 139: 136: 135: 133: 129: 125: 123:Annual budget 121: 117: 113: 110: 107: 103: 89: 85: 80: 77: 71: 66: 62: 57: 53: 48: 43: 37: 33: 19: 4582: 4446:Banks portal 4386:Other topics 4336:Pennsylvania 4245:Credit union 4011:McFadden Act 3947: 3844: 3789: 3772: 3749:cite journal 3724: 3720: 3696: 3692: 3670:(1): 36–60. 3667: 3663: 3649:cite journal 3624: 3620: 3601: 3594:Bibliography 3582: 3573: 3561: 3549: 3537: 3527:February 12, 3525:. Retrieved 3511: 3499:. Retrieved 3495: 3486: 3474:. Retrieved 3470: 3460: 3448:. Retrieved 3444:the original 3433: 3421:. Retrieved 3399: 3387:. Retrieved 3379: 3372: 3360:. Retrieved 3353:the original 3340: 3328:. Retrieved 3324:the original 3314: 3300: 3283: 3269: 3261:the original 3251: 3244:Golembe 1960 3239: 3229:February 29, 3227:. Retrieved 3207: 3187: 3159: 3150: 3144: 3137:Golembe 1960 3132: 3120: 3108: 3096: 3069:. Retrieved 3063: 3036: 3008:the original 2998: 2989: 2983: 2974: 2968: 2956:. Retrieved 2949:the original 2936: 2922: 2893: 2877: 2872: 2863: 2854: 2845: 2836: 2826: 2814:. Retrieved 2804: 2775:. Retrieved 2744: 2732:. Retrieved 2707:. Retrieved 2687: 2659:Bovenzi 2015 2654: 2640: 2626: 2618:the original 2613: 2604: 2580: 2576: 2526: 2509: 2492: 2482:February 23, 2480:. Retrieved 2470: 2458:. 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