526:
and representatives of religious organisations regardless of their specific religion, etc. This period was also characterized by the presence of strong armed anti-communist and fascist groups in central Serbia, Kosovo, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, and
Slovenia. Some represented a serious challenge to
834:
The entire period of the existence of the OZNA (1944–1946), was characterized by improvisation and usage of unlawful practices, including occasional mass killings, in its work against the "enemies of the people." With the notion of having conducted the "revolution," all the OZNA members, from top to
868:
This period was also characterized by the strong presence of armed anti-communist groups operating in central Serbia, Kosovo, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Croatia, and
Slovenia. Some of them represented a serious challenge to the new communist authorities. In combating them, the OZNA, supported by the units
521:
Throughout its existence, the OZNA used illegal practices which included occasional mass murders of the "enemies of the people", under the justification of conducting the "revolution". The "enemies of the people" included not only local anti-communist forces but also notable individuals who did not
432:
The fifth section was formed as a counterintelligence service against foreign agent networks in
Yugoslavia; that is, foreign intelligence services. (In 1946, this section merged with the new third section, which was created after the military counterintelligence service became independent).
835:
bottom, were ruthless and merciless toward many of the local anti-communist forces, POWs, prominent local figures who did not support the communists, prosperous individuals that possessed different wealth, and of course all kinds of representatives of the Church, no matter which religion.
390:
The first section (intelligence) organised intelligence activity in other countries, enemy state institutions, and occupied territory. It recruited agents and sent them to work outside the borders of the liberated territory. It collected intelligence on enemy agent networks, police,
276:), which in article number 27 stated that the court reaches its decisions whether the accused are guilty or not based on its free evaluation, regardless of the evidence. Based on the investigations performed by the OZNA, the military courts reached their decisions.
482:
Since the OZNA was left without its third section after the military counter-intelligence service became independent, it formed a new third section unconnected to the previous one. It focused initially on reconstruction and combatting operations of the
531:
murdered prisoners without any investigation or trial, sometimes also murdering civilians associated with them. The majority of the atrocities committed by communists were hidden from the public during the period of SFRJ.
284:
Until the OZNA was established, intelligence and security tasks were carried out by several organizations. In spring 1944, the tasks were carried out by the
Section for Protection of People in central and western
547:
after they gained control over Serbia in autumn 1944. The report of this commission presented a list of 59,554 registered deaths after communist victory in Serbia since autumn 1944 who died from various reasons.
498:
The fourth section continued filing information they had been collected within the OF VOS since 1941. From initial information files on 4,000 people, by the end of the war the number had increased to 17,750.
459:
The "military" and "civil" part of the OZNA began to separate in 1945 and split in March, 1946. At that time, the new splinter organizations, the
Administrative Directorate for Security of JA –
968:
617:
Zbornik dokumenata i podataka o narodnooslobodilačkom ratu naroda
Jugoslavije: Dokumenta Centralnog komiteta KP Jugoslavije i Vrhovnog štaba NOV i PO Jugoslavije i Generalštaba JA
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on political groups which had either joined the national liberation movement or stayed outside it, on enemy agent activities, and on armed groups of national traitors and
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The sixth section performed tasks dealing with counter-intelligence protection of transportation, but was absorbed soon after its establishment by the second sector.
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proclaimed by special directive (March 24, 1945) a new organization of the JA – OZNA. The OZNA was in direct command of counter-intelligence protection of military
869:
of the KNOJ, executed the captured "outlaws" without any additional investigations or trials, including sometimes even the civilian accomplices of these "outlaws."
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state machinery, and quisling military units. This was essentially an offensive intelligence service, directed against foreign countries and occupied territory.
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The fourth section performed statistical and technical tasks, processed information, and kept records. This section also included special photography,
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Kod ustanovljenja istine о delu i krivnji optuženog sud nije formalno vezan ni za kakva dokazna sredstva, već donosi svoju odluku po slobodnoj oceni.
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The author talks about numerous examples of civilians and soldiers that collaborated with the Nazis like Zdenko Blažeković and Nikola Mandić.
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302:
456:, institutions, and units. Sections were set up within independent corps. This third OZNA section was in force until the end of July, 1945.
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345:, a military organization whose unitary structure and centralized leadership were to ensure a tough political line in the intelligence and
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Tomasevich talks about collaboration, and uses Milan Nedić, that commanded the 3rd Army Group during the Nazi invasion.
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of intelligence and security could not satisfy the growing needs of the
Supreme Staff. The OZNA was created as an
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support the communists, collaborators with the occupying Axis powers, wealthy individuals, captured members of
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The second section (counterintelligence service in the liberated territory) collected information from trusted
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Most of those atrocities remained hidden throughout the period of socialist
Yugoslavia until recent times.
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services. All OZNA tasks were divided into four groups, each comprising an organizational unit:
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the new communist authorities. In combating armed anti-communist groups, the OZNA and
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atrocities that were committed by members of the
Yugoslav Partisan Movement
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A fifth and sixth section were formed in the OZNA in March and April 1945.
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War and revolution in
Yugoslavia, 1941-1945: occupation and collaboration
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protection of armed forces and was active only in the NOVJ & PO (
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297:; the centers of territorial intelligence in Croatia, Vojvodina and
883:"Intelligence and Security Services in Tito's Yugoslavia 1944–1966"
849:"Intelligence and Security Services in Tito's Yugoslavia 1944–1966"
815:"Intelligence and Security Services in Tito's Yugoslavia 1944–1966"
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The OZNA was led by a chief who was directly subordinate to the
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491:). Later, the third section assumed operations for all foreign
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People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia and Partisan Detachments
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620:. Vol. 13. Vojnoistorijski institut. 1982. p. 182.
239:
The OZNA was founded on 13 May 1944 according to decision of
711:. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. p. 179.
444:
When the National Liberation Army changed its name into the
604:. Vojnoizdavački i novinski centar. 1997. p. 243.
659:. Darko Stuparić. Zagreb: Minerva. 1997. p. 41.
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until his downfall in 1966, and a close associate of
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Croatian Armed Forces (Independent State of Croatia)
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268:, Tito signed the Military Courts Regulations (
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517:Mass killings of the "enemies of the people"
30:
784:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
18:Department for the Protection of the People
1271:Government agencies disestablished in 1946
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1202:Department of State Security (Securitate)
1051:Main Directorate of State Security (GUGB)
921:. Ministry of Justice, Republic of Serbia
639:harv error: no target: CITEREFKulić1964 (
1281:Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1084:Directorate of State Security (Sigurimi)
1041:Joint State Political Directorate (OGPU)
386:technical/statistics under Mijat Vuletić
1261:Government agencies established in 1944
1251:Aftermath of World War II in Yugoslavia
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543:established the commission to research
213:Department for Protection of the People
31:Department for Protection of the People
27:Security agency of Communist Yugoslavia
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746:Cossacks in the German army, 1941-1945
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264:On 24 May 1944, only a day before the
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1003:Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc
656:Tko je tko u NDH: Hrvatska 1941.-1945
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303:Slovene National Liberation Committee
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1266:1946 disestablishments in Yugoslavia
1179:Ministry of Public Security (UB/MBP)
231:that existed between 1944 and 1946.
1138:Ministry for State Security (Stasi)
448:(JA) on March 1, 1945, the OZNA of
1286:Eastern Bloc intelligence agencies
1066:Committee for State Security (KGB)
25:
1256:1944 establishments in Yugoslavia
1230:Counterintelligence Service (KOS)
1102:Committee for State Security (DS)
1036:State Political Directorate (GPU)
487:intelligence service (especially
1161:Ministry of Internal Affairs III
1156:State Protection Authority (ÁVH)
1061:Ministry of State Security (MGB)
1031:Extraordinary Commission (Cheka)
919:www.komisija1944.mpravde.gov.rs
426:, radio centers, and decoders.
136:Department for State Protection
86:Одделение за заштита на народот
1276:Yugoslav intelligence agencies
558:Directorate for State Security
473:Directorate for State Security
372:army security under Jeftimije
1:
450:Democratic Federal Yugoslavia
274:Uredba o vojnim sudovima NOVJ
881:Dimitrijević, Bojan (2019).
847:Dimitrijević, Bojan (2019).
813:Dimitrijević, Bojan (2019).
409:The third section organized
253:Marko), a top member of the
243:and under the leadership of
56:Odjeljenje za zaštitu naroda
743:Newland, Samuel J. (2007).
564:Counterintelligence Service
359:counter-intelligence under
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215:, commonly known under its
41:Odeljenje za zaštitu naroda
40:
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778:Tomasevich, Jozo (1975).
705:Tomasevich, Jozo (2001).
465:Kontra-Obaveštajna Služba
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71:Oddelek za zaščito naroda
35:
690:: CS1 maint: others (
506:of the Yugoslav Army,
467:) was formed from the
266:Operation Rösselsprung
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1184:Security Service (SB)
749:. London: Routledge.
575:Crusaders (guerrilla)
493:intelligence services
115:13 May 1944
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537:Government of Serbia
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580:Operation Gvardijan
541:Ministry of Justice
353:intelligence under
245:Aleksandar Ranković
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915:"Registar Žrtava"
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374:Jefto Šašić
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361:Pavle Pekić
219:acronym as
1245:Categories
1212:Yugoslavia
896:3 November
862:3 November
828:3 November
635:Kulić 1964
586:References
440:Activities
309:; and the
299:Montenegro
289:, part of
223:, was the
151:March 1946
147:March 1946
127:Preceding
119:1944-05-13
93:Macedonian
925:6 October
765:191875091
686:cite book
400:informers
323:Macedonia
295:Vojvodina
255:Politburo
144:Dissolved
1094:Bulgaria
727:45820953
675:38358479
552:See also
539:and its
477:civilian
469:military
393:quisling
315:partisan
307:Slovenia
280:Function
235:Founding
204:Belgrade
170:military
107:overview
63:Croatian
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508:Marshal
489:Gestapo
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293:, and
287:Bosnia
112:Formed
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993:Gulag
886:(PDF)
852:(PDF)
818:(PDF)
566:(KOS)
383:, and
381:]
368:]
180:civil
927:2019
898:2019
864:2019
830:2019
796:OCLC
786:ISBN
761:OCLC
751:ISBN
723:OCLC
713:ISBN
692:link
671:OCLC
661:ISBN
641:help
535:The
529:KNOJ
337:The
221:OZNA
211:The
176:UDBA
461:KOS
419:).
227:of
166:KOS
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