591:
and schisms. In the area of ethics we know that the
Byzantine ideal does not have that elevated and in many instances highly exaggerated notion of terrestrial human individual introduced into history by German feudalism. We know the inclination of the Byzantine ethical ideal to be disappointed in all that is of this world, in happiness, in the constancy of our own purity, in our capacity here, below, to attain complete moral perfection. We know that Byzantinism (as Christianity in general) rejects all hope of the universal well-being of nations; it is the strongest antithesis of the idea of well-being of nations; it is the strongest antithesis of the idea of humanity in the sense of universal worldly equality, universal worldly freedom, universal worldly perfectibility, and universal contentment.
3351:
145:, sole ruler and divinely ordained, and beneath him a multitude of officials and court functionaries operated the administrative machinery of the state. A key component of state power was the prestige of the imperial institution and its long antiquity. Ceremony and the granting of both honorific titles and valuable offices was therefore extensive and elaborate.
153:
Greek from Latin in 610. Titles inspired by their Greek tradition, often only rough approximation of Latin concepts, became common (i.e. "basileus" instead of "caesar" or "augustus" for the title of the emperor himself). Other titles changed meaning (for example, "Patriarch") or were devalued with time (such as "consul").
694:
governments, people's distrust of businessmen and elected politicians, and overall, to explain the difference between the West and South-East and
Eastern Europe. The word "Byzantinism" and related, like "Byzantine", have acquired negative connotations in several West European languages, including the
590:
When we mentally picture
Byzantinism we see before us as if... the austere, clear plan of a spacious and capacious structure. We know, for example, that in politics it means autocracy. In religion, it means Christianity with distinct features, which distinguish it from Western churches, from heresies
387:
At its summit was despotism, infinitely strengthened by the union of churchly and secular dominion; in the place of morality it imposed orthodoxy; in the place of unbridled and demoralized expression of the natural instincts, hypocrisy and pretense; in the face of despotism there was developed greed
330:
Of that
Byzantine empire, the universal verdict of history is that it constitutes, without a single exception, the most thoroughly base and despicable form that civilization has yet assumed. There has been no other enduring civilization so absolutely destitute of all forms and elements of greatness,
628:
Byzantium created a brilliant culture, may be, the most brilliant during the whole Middle Ages, doubtlessly the only one existing in
Christian Europe before the XI century. For many years, Constantinople remained the sole grand city of Christian Europe ranking second to none in splendour. Byzantium
349:
Its general aspect presents a disgusting picture of imbecility: wretched, nay, insane passions, stifles the growth of all that is noble in thoughts, deeds, and persons. Rebellion on the part of generals, depositions of the
Emperors by means or through the intrigues of the courtiers, assassinations
152:
in the 7th century many of the early Roman titles, grounded in the Latin language and the traditions of the old Roman
Republic had become obsolete in the now mostly Greek-speaking empire, although Latin survived longer in law and in the military. Heraclius formally changed the official language to
629:
literature and art exerted a significant impact on peoples around it. The monuments and majestic works of art, remaining after it, show us the whole lustre of byzantine culture. That's why
Byzantium held a significant place in the history of Middle Ages and, one must admit it, a merited one.
98:
and the elaborateness of its court ceremonies. Likewise, the "Byzantine system" also suggests a penchant for intrigue, plots and assassinations and an overall unstable political state of affairs. The term has been criticized by modern scholars for being a
502:, and then proceeds to impute Byzantium's supposed essence onto modern Balkans or Russia as the burden of history. ... As a discourse of "otherness", Byzantinism evolves from, and reflects upon, the West's worst dreams and nightmares about its own self.
673:
and other countries. The
Byzantines also preserved and copied classical manuscripts, and they are thus regarded as transmitters of classical knowledge, as important contributors to modern European civilisation, and as precursors of both
280:
and met, to their contemptuous disgust, a society where everyone read and wrote, ate food with forks and preferred diplomacy to war, it has been fashionable to pass the
Byzantines by with scorn and to use their name as synonymous with
331:
and none to which the epithet "mean" may be so emphatically applied ... The history of the empire is a monotonous story of the intrigues of priests, eunuchs, and women, of poisonings, of conspiracies, of uniform ingratitude.
1520:
2230:
258:
in 1204 only cemented those differences. Hence the European medieval stereotypes of the people of the Byzantine Empire portrayed them as perfidious, treacherous, servile, effeminate and unwarlike.
439:, critics of the Byzantine system pointed out that it has survived and "corrupted" other states, in particular, it has been used in the discourse of the political system, culture and society of
1019:
617:
In his article, "Was There Ever Byzantinism?" Alexander Mirkovic argued that many Western authors have created an imagined picture of Byzantium as a projection of their own anxieties.
375:
2463:
686:
In a modern context it can be used to denote undemocratic practices and the use of violence in political life; it has been often used in the context of South-Eastern European (
1443:
3339:
1693:
1594:
3027:
1604:
1537:
298:
Criticism of the Empire continued among historians of the 18th century and 19th century, particularly in the works of historians and philosophers influenced by
148:
Over the nearly fifteen hundred years of the empire's existence, different titles were adopted and discarded, and many lost or gained prestige. By the time of
971:
388:
masquerading as poverty, and deep cunning; in religious art and literature there was an incredible stubbornness in the constant repetition of obsolete motifs.
1552:
1547:
2628:
1614:
1589:
690:) politics. The "baggage" of Byzantine tradition is used to explain the delays in developing democratic institutions, the preference for the strong, even
2979:
2962:
1619:
1599:
2678:
2524:
2496:
2140:
2132:
1609:
1542:
2874:
2235:
3398:
3393:
2723:
3203:
2728:
614:, the second Rome being the Eastern Roman Empire, which outlived its western counterpart at Rome itself, the first Rome, by a thousand years.
3127:
1887:
1880:
1436:
1412:
751:
104:
95:
1265:
520:
While the Byzantine Empire was commonly seen in a negative fashion, there were exceptions. Byzantium was rehabilitated in France during the
2738:
2026:
2879:
1870:
3208:
2621:
1247:
404:
Critics pointed out that the Byzantine Empire and its successors were uninfluenced by such major shifts in Western philosophy as the
3309:
1875:
1393:
1360:
1312:
1231:
1207:
1183:
1159:
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2372:
1429:
761:
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or poisoning of the Emperors by their own wives and sons, women surrendering themselves to lusts and abominations of all kinds.
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3304:
3176:
3097:
2783:
2355:
2299:
2220:
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Modern historians point out that this negative reputation is not necessarily true, and at the very least, a very simplistic
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3161:
3076:
2831:
2616:
1211:
1187:
355:
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2215:
1966:
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2536:
2416:
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2113:
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1865:
207:
3388:
3149:
2673:
2529:
2314:
2205:
2092:
173:
1163:
1061:
566:, and a society and political system that comprises authoritative power of the monarch, devout following of the
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2200:
1687:
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1136:
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831:
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1124:
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1031:
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itself was coined in the 19th century. The term has primarily negative associations, implying complexity and
3413:
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2324:
2210:
646:
567:
405:
311:
169:
3279:
2869:
2711:
2155:
1961:
1935:
1930:
1703:
1679:
1675:
1642:
714:
409:
31:
129:(that survived a thousand years after the western one collapsed in 476) and thus had a complex system of
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2041:
1951:
1915:
1800:
1530:
1525:
483:
444:
116:
2588:
798:
243:
17:
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2118:
2061:
766:
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126:
2150:
2066:
2056:
1920:
1683:
1671:
1558:
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579:
543:
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2563:
2426:
1778:
1758:
1738:
1728:
1494:
1281:
211:
187:
620:
Some scholars focused on the positive aspects of Byzantine culture and legacy, French historian
246:
in the 11th century made the Empire an outcast to the Western European countries following the
3284:
3189:
3122:
3102:
3070:
3002:
2989:
2910:
2905:
2656:
2421:
2271:
1790:
1743:
1733:
1723:
1408:
1389:
1379:
1356:
1308:
1227:
1203:
1179:
1155:
1011:
987:
963:
922:
806:
771:
709:
666:
642:
563:
525:
521:
456:
448:
326:
were among the many Western writers of that period who were critical of the Byzantine system.
299:
235:
203:
142:
72:
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3154:
2947:
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2758:
2551:
2541:
2319:
2007:
1899:
1822:
1805:
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1753:
1667:
1452:
696:
559:
532:
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436:
393:
380:
223:
122:
49:
45:
3299:
3132:
3112:
3107:
3062:
3052:
3012:
3007:
2952:
2733:
2339:
2256:
2251:
1991:
1981:
1817:
1811:
1795:
1773:
1763:
1748:
1251:
1244:
638:
286:
262:
247:
195:
183:
3137:
3017:
2750:
2509:
2403:
2389:
2188:
2051:
1892:
1647:
741:
634:
575:
551:
539:
479:
464:
452:
277:
255:
100:
542:. The term Byzantinism was used in a positive context by 19th-century Russian scholar
206:
and the adaptation of Byzantine theories concerning political rule to German lands by
3372:
3057:
2934:
2900:
2638:
2573:
2546:
2431:
2046:
1986:
649:, which in turn occupies a central position in the history, societies and culture of
621:
555:
421:
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366:
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303:
227:
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2411:
1659:
1654:
1488:
1198:
Aleksandr Polunov, Thomas C. Owen, Larisa Georgievna Zakharova, Marshall S. Shatz,
495:
460:
138:
30:
This article is about the philosophical and political term. For architecture, see
1383:
1200:
Russia in the nineteenth century: autocracy, reform, and social change, 1814–1914
538:
As the Enlightenment swept Western Europe, French traditions found refuge in the
3319:
2788:
2598:
2365:
1971:
1956:
795:
Byzantinism: The Imaginary and Real Heritage of Byzantium in Southeastern Europe
746:
736:
509:
Byzantinism: The Imaginary and Real Heritage of Byzantium in Southeastern Europe
429:
413:
319:
266:
239:
231:
134:
130:
960:
The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and His Reign: A Study of Tenth-Century Byzantium
291:
The Emperor Romanus Lecapenus and His Reign: A Study of Tenth-Century Byzantium
2593:
2453:
2443:
2276:
2266:
1976:
610:
177:
1353:
Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans: Nationalism and the Destruction of Tradition
94:
This negative reputation stressed the confusing complexities of the Empire's
3142:
3022:
2514:
2382:
2329:
2261:
719:
691:
583:
571:
487:
425:
149:
88:
1421:
608:
In Russian political discourse, Russia is sometimes affectionately called
2668:
2568:
2519:
2377:
2309:
2097:
756:
658:
323:
60:
3034:
2920:
2861:
2360:
2334:
2012:
731:
654:
486:, Byzantinism also shares those fallacies with a closely related term,
80:
68:
2957:
2663:
2438:
2304:
687:
670:
662:
650:
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regards as undeniable the Byzantine contribution to the formation of
529:
468:
440:
269:
76:
64:
56:
52:
1266:"Politics of silence and confrontation: Was there ever Byzantinism?"
1152:
Russian Conservatism and Its Critics: A Study in Political Culture
307:
2942:
3268:
2699:
2484:
2176:
1843:
1464:
1425:
1245:
The new Third Rome? Moscow in the Russian culture of the 1990s
383:, an influential 19th-century historian shared Gibbon's view:
494:
Byzantinism begins from simple stereotypes, passes through
341:
A history of European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne
67:
and some other Orthodox countries in Eastern Europe like
376:
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
190:
is deeply rooted in Byzantinism, a phenomenon he calls
554:
needed to counter the "degenerating influence" of the
103:
that is not very representative of the reality of the
276:
Ever since our rough crusading forefathers first saw
156:
Among important qualities of the Empire was also the
1385:
The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500-1453
3185:
3085:
3043:
2988:
2933:
2888:
2860:
2817:
2749:
2710:
2637:
2495:
2402:
2348:
2287:
2244:
2187:
2131:
2106:
2075:
2034:
2025:
2000:
1944:
1908:
1854:
1712:
1628:
1575:
1506:
1477:
1226:, The Foundation for Economic Liberty, Inc, 2004,
1224:The Third Rome: Holy Russia, Tsarism and Orthodoxy
420:and authoritarian political culture, described as
645:recognise the major role of Byzantium in shaping
550:(1875) to describe the type of society which the
416:; and reduced the Byzantine political culture to
1006:Elizabeth Jeffreys, John Haldon, Robin Cormack,
1307:. University of California Press. p. 179.
626:
588:
492:
385:
379:(1776–1789), was a sharp critic of the Empire.
347:
328:
274:
1812:Spain (Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Islands)
369:, the first English historian to write a full
141:systems. At the apex of the pyramid stood the
125:is a modern term applied by Westerners to the
1437:
44:, is the political system and culture of the
8:
1305:Les grands Problèmes de l'histoire byzantine
3265:
2716:
2707:
2696:
2492:
2481:
2193:
2184:
2173:
2031:
1858:
1851:
1840:
1474:
1461:
1444:
1430:
1422:
624:described the Byzantine Empire by saying:
528:, in the works of such individuals as the
160:, the subjugation of church to the state.
921:. Krzeszowice: Dom Wydawnictwa 'Ostoja'.
877:
875:
1146:
1144:
1071:
1069:
1056:
1054:
1008:The Oxford Handbook of Byzantine Studies
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
272:view of the Byzantine Empire by saying:
202:). It started with the formation of the
1339:
1327:
1270:Gouden Hoorn: Tijdscrift over Byzantium
1041:
1039:
826:
824:
822:
783:
18:Derogatory use of 'Byzantine'
942:
940:
938:
862:
860:
858:
856:
843:
841:
839:
789:
787:
226:acquired a negative reputation in the
752:Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality
360:Lectures on the Philosophy of History
105:Byzantine aristocracy and bureaucracy
7:
962:, Cambridge University Press, 1988,
48:, and its spiritual successors the
1264:Mirkovic, Alexander (Spring 2001).
1178:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2004
63:especially, and to a lesser extent
182:According to the Polish historian
25:
3310:Greek scholars in the Renaissance
1274:Golden Horn: Journal of Byzantium
1010:, Oxford University Press, 2009,
986:, Oxford University Press, 2002,
490:. Angelov sums it up as follows:
252:siege and sack of Constantinopole
3349:
1407:(in Greek). Athens: Psychogios.
803:New approaches to Balkan studies
762:State church of the Roman Empire
398:The age of Constantine the Great
1699:Decline of the Byzantine Empire
1521:Constantinian–Valentinianic era
1154:, Yale University Press, 2007,
984:The Oxford history of Byzantium
524:, from the 17th century to the
473:provinces of the Ottoman Empire
371:history of the Byzantine Empire
137:which was derived from earlier
3399:Politics of the Ottoman Empire
3394:Politics of the Russian Empire
2784:Great Palace of Constantinople
2525:Patriarchate of Constantinople
343:2 vols. (London 1869) II, 13f.
1:
678:and Slavic-Orthodox culture.
356:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
3246:University of Constantinople
2827:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
1977:Chartoularios tou vestiariou
1666:Byzantine successor states (
471:states (the former European
27:Political system and culture
2916:Saint Catherine's Monastery
1972:Chartoularios tou sakelliou
1967:Logothetes tou stratiotikou
1176:The Dostoevsky encyclopedia
801:, Nicholas Yatromanolakis,
242:in the 9th century and the
111:Aristocracy and bureaucracy
3430:
3305:Neo-Byzantine architecture
1926:Comes sacrarum largitionum
167:
114:
29:
3332:
3275:
3264:
2875:Sant'Apollinare in Classe
2719:
2706:
2695:
2491:
2480:
2196:
2183:
2172:
1861:
1850:
1839:
1473:
1460:
1403:Cameron, Averil (2009).
1222:Matthew Raphael Johnson,
917:Koneczny, Feliks (2005).
174:Cuius regio, eius religio
2449:Droungarios of the Fleet
1404:
1164:Google Print, pp.148–149
574:for peasants, and sharp
3379:19th-century neologisms
2963:Early Byzantine mosaics
2325:Domestic of the Schools
1303:Diehl, Charles (1947).
797:, in Dimitris Keridis,
641:, and both Cameron and
568:Russian Orthodox Church
558:. Leontiev praised the
443:(from the times of the
406:Investiture Controversy
312:Johann Gottfried Herder
170:Problem of two emperors
3409:Philosophical theories
3280:Byzantine commonwealth
2042:Praetorian prefectures
1962:Logothetes tou genikou
1936:Quaestor sacri palatii
1931:Comes rerum privatarum
1704:Fall of Constantinople
1643:Sack of Constantinople
715:Byzantine commonwealth
631:
606:
513:
435:After the fall of the
402:
364:
346:
296:
234:. The creation of the
199:
164:Byzantinism in Germany
32:Byzantine architecture
2980:Komnenian renaissance
2975:Macedonian period art
2880:Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
2852:Walls of Thessaloniki
1952:Logothetes tou dromou
1567:Twenty Years' Anarchy
1531:Valentinianic dynasty
1526:Constantinian dynasty
1202:, M.E. Sharpe, 2005,
601:Byzantism and Slavdom
578:; he also criticized
570:, the maintenance of
548:Byzantism and Slavdom
445:Grand Duchy of Moscow
200:Bizantynizm niemiecki
117:Byzantine bureaucracy
3177:Units of measurement
2911:Panagia Gorgoepikoos
2804:Pammakaristos Church
2652:Corpus Juris Civilis
2603:Missionary activity
2062:Exarchate of Ravenna
1888:Imperial bureaucracy
1388:. London: Cardinal.
793:Dimiter G. Angelov,
767:Symphonia (theology)
726:Corpus Juris Civilis
676:Renaissance humanism
507:Dimiter G. Angelov,
127:Eastern Roman Empire
2701:Culture and society
2564:Ecumenical councils
2067:Exarchate of Africa
2057:Quaestura exercitus
1921:Magister officiorum
1916:Praetorian prefects
1559:Byzantine Dark Ages
1365:Google Print, p.100
1355:, Routledge, 2002,
1351:Cathie Carmichael,
1330:, pp. 186–277.
1280:(2). Archived from
1212:Google Print, p.175
1188:Google Print, p.235
805:, Brassey's, 2003,
597:Konstantin Leontiev
580:universal education
544:Konstantin Leontiev
212:Holy Roman Emperors
3404:Political theories
3118:Flags and insignia
2764:Baths of Zeuxippus
2647:Codex Theodosianus
2537:Oriental Orthodoxy
1495:Later Roman Empire
1380:Obolensky, Dimitri
1284:on 27 October 2011
1250:2009-01-06 at the
919:German Byzantinism
799:Ellen Elias-Bursać
192:German Byzantinism
50:Orthodox Christian
3366:
3365:
3328:
3327:
3285:Byzantine studies
3260:
3259:
3256:
3255:
3071:Alexander Romance
2929:
2928:
2906:Nea Moni of Chios
2769:Blachernae Palace
2691:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2657:Code of Justinian
2505:Eastern Orthodoxy
2476:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2398:
2397:
2272:Scholae Palatinae
2168:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2133:Foreign relations
2127:
2126:
2021:
2020:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1634:(1204–1453)
1414:978-960-453-529-3
1020:Google Print, p.9
996:Google Print, p.v
972:Google Print, p.9
958:Steven Runciman,
815:Google Print, p.3
772:Tsarist autocracy
710:Byzantine studies
643:Dimitri Obolensky
564:tsarist autocracy
526:French Revolution
522:Age of Absolutism
457:tsarist autocracy
449:tsardom of Russia
300:The Enlightenment
236:Holy Roman Empire
204:Holy Roman Empire
16:(Redirected from
3421:
3389:Byzantine Empire
3353:
3266:
3209:Imperial Library
3155:Byzantine Greeks
2896:Daphni Monastery
2847:Panagia Chalkeon
2842:Hagios Demetrios
2809:Prison of Anemas
2759:Basilica Cistern
2717:
2708:
2697:
2552:West Syriac Rite
2542:Alexandrian Rite
2493:
2486:Religion and law
2482:
2417:Maritime themata
2373:Palaiologan army
2226:Military manuals
2194:
2185:
2174:
2032:
2008:Megas logothetes
1859:
1852:
1841:
1714:By modern region
1635:
1582:
1581:(717–1204)
1513:
1475:
1462:
1453:Byzantine Empire
1446:
1439:
1432:
1423:
1418:
1399:
1367:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1261:
1255:
1240:
1234:
1220:
1214:
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1190:
1172:
1166:
1148:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
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1097:
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1085:
1079:
1073:
1064:
1058:
1049:
1043:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1004:
998:
980:
974:
956:
950:
944:
933:
932:
914:
908:
902:
885:
879:
870:
864:
851:
845:
834:
828:
817:
791:
697:English language
682:Modern discourse
604:
560:Byzantine Empire
533:Pierre Poussines
511:
500:essentialization
484:constructed term
437:Byzantine Empire
400:
394:Jacob Burckhardt
381:Jacob Burckhardt
362:
344:
294:
244:East–West Schism
230:as early as the
224:Byzantine Empire
123:Byzantine Empire
46:Byzantine Empire
21:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3418:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3362:
3359:
3324:
3300:Cyrillic script
3271:
3252:
3197:
3181:
3081:
3063:Digenes Akritas
3039:
2984:
2925:
2889:Other locations
2884:
2856:
2813:
2745:
2734:Cross-in-square
2702:
2683:
2633:
2487:
2468:
2394:
2344:
2340:Varangian Guard
2283:
2257:East Roman army
2252:Late Roman army
2240:
2179:
2160:
2123:
2102:
2071:
2017:
1996:
1992:Epi ton deeseon
1982:Epi tou eidikou
1940:
1904:
1846:
1827:
1814:
1717:
1715:
1708:
1694:Palaiologan era
1636:
1633:
1624:
1595:Nikephorian era
1583:
1580:
1571:
1514:
1512:(330–717)
1511:
1502:
1482:
1469:
1456:
1450:
1415:
1406:
1402:
1396:
1378:
1375:
1370:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1287:
1285:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1252:Wayback Machine
1242:Evgeny Pavlov,
1241:
1237:
1221:
1217:
1197:
1193:
1173:
1169:
1150:Richard Pipes,
1149:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1122:
1118:
1110:
1106:
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1086:
1082:
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1037:
1029:
1025:
1005:
1001:
981:
977:
957:
953:
945:
936:
929:
916:
915:
911:
903:
888:
880:
873:
865:
854:
846:
837:
829:
820:
792:
785:
781:
776:
705:
684:
639:medieval Europe
605:
595:
518:
512:
506:
401:
392:
363:
354:
345:
335:
295:
287:Steven Runciman
285:
263:Steven Runciman
220:
210:and subsequent
184:Feliks Koneczny
180:
166:
119:
113:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3427:
3425:
3417:
3416:
3414:Otto the Great
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3371:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3347:
3342:
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3325:
3323:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3262:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3248:
3238:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3055:
3049:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2892:
2890:
2886:
2885:
2883:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2866:
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2832:Byzantine Bath
2829:
2823:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2751:Constantinople
2747:
2746:
2744:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2631:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2510:Byzantine Rite
2501:
2499:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2392:
2390:Grand domestic
2387:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2356:Komnenian army
2352:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2254:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2233:
2231:Military units
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2201:Battle tactics
2197:
2191:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2029:
2023:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2004:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1895:
1893:Medieval Greek
1885:
1884:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1862:
1856:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1720:
1718:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1648:Fourth Crusade
1639:
1637:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1605:Macedonian era
1602:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1538:Theodosian era
1535:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1517:
1515:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1485:
1483:
1478:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1413:
1400:
1394:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1344:
1342:, p. 261.
1332:
1320:
1313:
1295:
1256:
1235:
1215:
1191:
1167:
1140:
1135:Angelov 2003,
1128:
1123:Angelov 2003,
1116:
1111:Angelov 2003,
1104:
1099:Angelov 2003,
1092:
1087:Angelov 2003,
1080:
1075:Angelov 2003,
1065:
1060:Angelov 2003,
1050:
1045:Angelov 2003,
1035:
1030:Angelov 2003,
1023:
999:
975:
951:
946:Angelov 2003,
934:
927:
909:
904:Angelov 2003,
886:
881:Angelov 2003,
871:
866:Angelov 2003,
852:
847:Angelov 2003,
835:
830:Angelov 2003,
818:
782:
780:
777:
775:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
742:Hellenoturkism
739:
734:
729:
722:
717:
712:
706:
704:
701:
683:
680:
635:Averil Cameron
593:
576:class division
552:Russian Empire
540:Russian Empire
517:
514:
504:
480:generalization
465:Ottoman Empire
453:Russian Empire
390:
352:
333:
283:
278:Constantinople
265:described the
256:Fourth Crusade
219:
216:
188:German culture
165:
162:
115:Main article:
112:
109:
101:generalization
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3426:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3267:
3263:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3204:Encyclopedias
3202:
3201:
3199:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3128:Hellenization
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:Everyday life
3084:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3058:Acritic songs
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2901:Hosios Loukas
2899:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2694:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2574:Monophysitism
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2547:Armenian Rite
2545:
2543:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2479:
2465:
2464:Naval battles
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2171:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1987:Protasekretis
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1842:
1838:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1632:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1615:Komnenian era
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1579:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1554:
1553:Heraclian era
1551:
1549:
1548:Justinian era
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1510:
1505:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1454:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1416:
1410:
1405:Οι Βυζαντινοί
1401:
1397:
1395:9780351176449
1391:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1362:
1361:0-415-27416-8
1358:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1314:9780299809256
1310:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1232:0-9742303-0-8
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1184:0-313-30384-3
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1174:K. A. Lantz,
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430:imperialistic
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422:authoritarian
419:
418:caesaropapism
415:
411:
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389:
384:
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378:
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372:
368:
367:Edward Gibbon
361:
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337:William Lecky
332:
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317:
316:William Lecky
313:
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304:Edward Gibbon
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55:countries of
54:
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33:
19:
3294:
3069:
2837:Hagia Sophia
2819:Thessalonica
2794:Hagia Sophia
2774:Chora Church
2712:Architecture
2589:Great Schism
2579:Paulicianism
2557:Miaphysitism
2412:Karabisianoi
1716:or territory
1676:Thessalonica
1660:Latin Empire
1655:Frankokratia
1630:
1590:Isaurian era
1577:
1508:
1493:
1489:Roman Empire
1479:
1384:
1352:
1347:
1340:Cameron 2009
1335:
1328:Cameron 2009
1323:
1304:
1298:
1286:. Retrieved
1282:the original
1277:
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983:
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724:
685:
632:
627:
619:
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609:
607:
600:
589:
547:
537:
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508:
496:reductionism
493:
477:
461:Soviet Union
447:through the
434:
403:
397:
386:
374:
365:
359:
348:
340:
329:
297:
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261:Medievalist
260:
248:Roman Church
221:
191:
181:
155:
147:
120:
93:
84:
41:
37:
36:
3320:Megali Idea
3295:Byzantinism
2998:Agriculture
2789:Hagia Irene
2622:Kievan Rus'
2599:Mount Athos
2422:Cibyrrhaeot
2366:Vestiaritai
2221:Mercenaries
2098:Catepanates
1957:Sakellarios
1876:Family tree
1801:Mesopotamia
1620:Angelid era
1600:Amorian era
1288:17 February
747:Megali Idea
737:Eurasianism
455:– see also
414:Renaissance
410:Reformation
320:Montesquieu
254:during the
240:Charlemagne
232:Middle Ages
135:bureaucracy
131:aristocracy
85:Byzantinism
83:. The term
38:Byzantinism
3373:Categories
3315:Third Rome
3241:University
3224:Philosophy
3214:Inventions
3077:Historians
3045:Literature
3028:Varangians
2870:San Vitale
2799:Hippodrome
2779:City Walls
2679:Mutilation
2674:Hexabiblos
2594:Bogomilism
2584:Iconoclasm
2454:Megas doux
2444:Greek fire
2427:Aegean Sea
2300:Kleisourai
2277:Excubitors
2267:Bucellarii
2119:Despotates
2088:Kleisourai
2027:Provincial
1871:Coronation
1845:Governance
1610:Doukid era
1543:Leonid era
779:References
692:autocratic
633:Historian
611:Third Rome
281:decadence.
250:, and the
178:Cameralism
168:See also:
96:ministries
3143:Octoechos
3023:Silk Road
2515:Hesychasm
2383:Paramonai
2330:Hetaireia
2262:Foederati
2151:Diplomacy
2146:Diplomats
2052:Provinces
1881:Empresses
1684:Trebizond
1480:Preceding
1382:(1974) .
720:Caesarism
647:Orthodoxy
584:democracy
572:obshchina
488:Balkanism
218:Criticism
150:Heraclius
89:autocracy
42:Byzantism
3236:Scholars
3229:Rhetoric
3219:Medicine
3194:Learning
3093:Calendar
2970:Painters
2669:Basilika
2607:Bulgaria
2569:Arianism
2520:Hayhurum
2497:Religion
2459:Admirals
2378:Allagion
2310:Droungos
2216:Generals
2178:Military
2141:Treaties
2047:Dioceses
1866:Emperors
1779:Sardinia
1759:Dalmatia
1739:Bulgaria
1729:Anatolia
1688:Theodoro
1682: /
1678: /
1670: /
1248:Archived
1137:pp.13–14
1113:pp.12–13
883:pp.17–18
757:Red tape
703:See also
659:Bulgaria
594:—
562:and the
505:—
467:and the
426:despotic
412:and the
391:—
353:—
334:—
324:Voltaire
284:—
270:European
267:medieval
61:Bulgaria
3384:Balkans
3345:Outline
3290:Museums
3190:Science
3167:Slavery
3123:Gardens
3103:Cuisine
3035:Dynatoi
3003:Coinage
2990:Economy
2958:Mosaics
2921:Mystras
2862:Ravenna
2724:Secular
2612:Moravia
2361:Pronoia
2335:Akritai
2320:Tagmata
2295:Themata
2236:Revolts
2206:Battles
2114:Kephale
2083:Themata
2013:Mesazon
1855:Central
1791:Maghreb
1744:Corsica
1734:Armenia
1724:Albania
1467:History
1373:Sources
1276:].
732:Ecumene
667:Georgia
655:Romania
482:. As a
459:), the
451:to the
373:in his
143:Emperor
81:Ukraine
73:Georgia
69:Belarus
3355:Portal
3270:Impact
3150:People
3098:Cities
2948:Enamel
2729:Sacred
2664:Ecloga
2530:Saints
2439:Dromon
2315:Bandon
2305:Tourma
2288:Middle
2211:Beacon
2093:Bandon
2076:Middle
1945:Middle
1900:Senate
1823:Thrace
1806:Serbia
1784:Sicily
1769:Greece
1754:Cyprus
1672:Epirus
1668:Nicaea
1578:Middle
1455:topics
1411:
1392:
1359:
1311:
1230:
1206:
1182:
1158:
1125:pp.6–7
1032:pp.8–9
1014:
990:
966:
925:
906:pp.4–5
809:
688:Balkan
671:Serbia
663:Russia
651:Greece
603:(1875)
530:Jesuit
516:Praise
469:Balkan
463:, the
441:Russia
428:, and
408:, the
322:, and
293:, 1988
208:Otto I
196:Polish
176:; and
77:Russia
65:Serbia
57:Greece
53:Balkan
3340:Index
3172:Death
3162:Women
3133:Music
3113:Dress
3108:Dance
3053:Novel
3013:Trade
3008:Mints
2953:Glass
2943:Icons
2739:Domes
2617:Serbs
2432:Samos
2245:Early
2035:Early
1909:Early
1818:Syria
1796:Malta
1774:Italy
1764:Egypt
1749:Crete
1680:Morea
1509:Early
1272:[
308:Hegel
139:Roman
40:, or
3138:Lyra
3018:silk
2629:Jews
2404:Navy
2349:Late
2189:Army
2156:Wars
2107:Late
2001:Late
1631:Late
1409:ISBN
1390:ISBN
1357:ISBN
1309:ISBN
1290:2013
1228:ISBN
1204:ISBN
1180:ISBN
1156:ISBN
1101:p.18
1089:p.13
1077:p.12
1062:p.10
1012:ISBN
988:ISBN
964:ISBN
923:ISBN
832:p.11
807:ISBN
582:and
556:West
498:and
222:The
133:and
121:The
79:and
59:and
2935:Art
2639:Law
1047:p.9
948:p.6
868:p.6
849:p.8
546:in
475:).
238:by
3375::
1363:,
1268:.
1210:,
1186:,
1162:,
1143:^
1068:^
1053:^
1038:^
1018:,
994:,
970:,
937:^
889:^
874:^
855:^
838:^
821:^
813:,
786:^
699:.
669:,
665:,
661:,
657:,
653:,
599:,
586:.
535:.
432:.
424:,
396:,
358:,
339:,
318:,
314:,
310:,
306:,
302:.
289:,
214:.
198::
186:,
172:;
107:.
91:.
75:,
71:,
1690:)
1686:–
1674:–
1561:"
1557:"
1445:e
1438:t
1431:v
1417:.
1398:.
1317:.
1292:.
1278:8
931:.
194:(
34:.
20:)
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