20:
490:
582:
19:
100:
577:
138:
612:
667:-only, beginning in September 2023. Lithuania and Estonia quickly followed suit. While policies have previously been in place to encourage the use of Latvian over Russian in education settings, these rules were inconsistently enforced and schools were not monitored. All public schools in Latvia will use Latvian as the language of education by September 2025.
303:) and 9 place names without Chinese names; then sent a written report to Beijing on December 27, 1963, containing suggestions for renaming Russian place names, as well as a note that some place names needed further study. On December 26, 1964, the State Council of the People's Republic of China approved the proposal for the derussification of place names.
412:
Development, Erbol
Tleshev. According to him, the alphabet was compiled taking into account the language system of the Kazakh language and the opinions of experts. The Director of the Institute of Linguistics, Erden Kazybek, said that each letter of the alphabet will mean one sound and will not include additional graphic characters.
655:
resulted in a significant ethnic
Russian minority, who, almost without exception, spoke only Russian. Derussification efforts began with switching the language of official business from Russian to the local Baltic languages, and restoring traditional nationality and citizenship laws. In parallel with
225:
seemed set on greatly reducing the number of officially recognized nationalities by contracting the official list of nationalities in the 1939 census, compared with the 1926 census. The term korenizatsiia went out of use in the latter half of the 1930s, replaced by more bureaucratic expressions, such
524:
economy took precedent. However, the processes of derussification and decommunisation are intimately linked, and some key steps were made spontaneously and unsystematically. As of 2022, the decommunisation process is largely complete within
Ukraine, and so more energies have been devoted recently to
392:
All dedicated
Russian-language schools were closed down, and their students sent to Turkmen schools across the country. The Turkmen government reduced Russian-language instruction to one hour a week, blocked most Russian-language media, and later curtailed access to Russian-language material in the
315:
Thus, in
Tajikistan during the first ten years of independence, the number of Russians decreased from 400,000 to 60,000. In 2010, the Russian language in the republic was deprived of the status of a language of interethnic communication. The rapid derussification of many other cities and regions of
311:
In most of the
Central Asian and Transcaucasian republics of the former Soviet Union, the share and size of the Russian population fell particularly rapidly due to mass emigration, natural decline, and a prolonged population explosion among indigenous peoples who began to increase their presence in
262:
During the Soviet era, a significant number of ethnic
Russians and Ukrainians migrated to other Soviet republics, and many of them settled there. According to the last census in 1989, the Russian 'diaspora' in the Soviet republics had reached 25 million. Some historians evaluating the Soviet
411:
On
September 28, 2017, the Parliament of Kazakhstan held a hearing at which the draft of the new alphabet based on Latin was presented. The alphabet will consist of 25 characters. The project of the alphabet was presented by the director of the Coordination and Methodological Center of Language
736:
Elsewhere in the USSR, the late 1930s and the outbreak of World War II also saw some significant changes: elements of korenizatsiya were phased out... the
Russians were officially anointed as the 'elder brothers' of the Soviet family of nations, whilst among historians Tsarist imperialism was
295:", demanded Heilongjiang Province to derussify place names within its jurisdiction. Subsequently, the Heilongjiang Provincial Department of Civil Affairs conducted studies and identified 20 Russian place names that were used in the past but now have Chinese names (mainly streets in
251:, was declared to mean a willingness to fight for the Socialist fatherland. In 1938, Russian became a mandatory subject of study in all non-Russian schools. In general, the cultural and linguistic russification reflected the overall centralization imposed by Stalin. The
1157:
461:
since its independence, and it is
Moldova's sole official language today. Russian is still in use but not as important as it was in the Soviet era, since it has no special status in the country and its usage as mother tongue has been declining for some time.
119:, almost all Christians, who made up 47% of the population according to the 1897 census, left these territories. The share of Slavs in the region, which at that time was 10.6% of the population (including 7.7% of Russians proper), dropped to a few thousand
489:
240:" were new enemies of the Russian people which had suppressed the Russian language. The policy of indigenization was abandoned. In the following years, the Russian language became a compulsory subject in all Soviet schools.
419:
signed a decree on the translation of the Kazakh alphabet from Cyrillic to Latin. The document, published on October 27, envisages a gradual transition to Latin graphics by 2025. The decree also approved a new alphabet.
457:" and it ceased being written in the Latin alphabet, changing to Cyrillic. This policy would only be reversed in 1989, after large demonstrations imbued with patriotic feeling. Romanian is an official language in the
49:. The term may also refer to the marginalization of the Russian language, culture and other attributes of the Russian-speaking society through the promotion of other, usually autochthonous, languages and cultures.
216:
By the mid-1930s, with purges in some of the national areas, the policy of korenizatsiia took a new turn, and by the end of the 1930s the policy of promoting local languages began to be balanced by greater
536:
Against the background of the invasion, de-Russification began in earnest in Ukraine. Street names were changed and Soviet-Russian monuments were demolished in villages and towns. Changes were made in
243:
The pre-revolution Russian nationalism was also rehabilitated. Many of the heroes of Russian history were re-appropriated for glorification. The Russian people became the "elder brother" of the
1131:
681:
24:
1387:"Left Behind? A Critical Study of the Russian-speaking Minority Rights to Citizenship and Language in the Post-Soviet Baltic States. Lessons from Nationalising Language Policies"
686:
1288:
787:
Pål Kolstø, "Political construction sites: Nation-building in Russia and the post-Soviet States". Boulder, Colorado: Westview press 2000, pp. 81–104 uncorrected version,
1105:
1315:
850:
1249:
1040:
944:
1188:
1340:
123:
from Russia, most of whom returned to the Soviet Union in the mid-1920s and mid-1960s. The Greek, Armenian and Georgian communities ceased to exist.
600:
210:
45:
or certain parts of them, aimed at restoring national identity of indigenous peoples: their language, culture and historical memory, lost due to
940:
271:" idea to the USSR. Thomas Winderl wrote "The USSR became in a certain sense more a prison-house of nations than the old Empire had ever been."
430:
ordered to translate the activities of the state authorities exclusively into the Kazakh language. This transition will take place in stages.
833:
725:
591:, individuals who carried out aggression against Ukraine (or another country), as well as totalitarian policies and practices related to the
288:
1014:
965:
656:
the situation in Ukraine, however, more effort was devoted to decommunization than to derussification in the early years of independence.
663:
accelerated derussification in the Baltic states. One change of note was the Latvian decision to convert all existing public schools to
442:
284:
232:). From 1937, the central press started to praise Russian language and Russian culture. Mass campaigns were organized to denounce the "
191:
of their Soviet republics. The main idea of the korenizatsiia was to grow communist cadres for every nationality. In Russian, the term
990:
175:
was an early policy of the Soviet government for the integration of non-Russian nationalities into the governments of their specific
1435:
802:
578:
Law of Ukraine "On Condemnation and Prohibition of Propaganda of Russian Imperial Policy in Ukraine and Decolonization of Toponymy"
1275:""The derussification of the Kyiv metro is part of the resistance": an interview with a historian about the new names of stations"
1488:
652:
513:
404:
used Latin letters from 1929 to 1940, after which the country switched to Cyrillic during a Stalinist reform. Before that, the
751:"Tsarist continuities in Soviet nationalities policy: A case of Korean territorial autonomy in the Soviet Far East, 1923-1937"
1167:
458:
141:
70:
676:
176:
851:"Исчезнувший образ: топонимика русского происхождения в провинции Хэйлунцзян и Автономном районе Внутренняя Монголия КНР"
293:
Notice on Requesting Investigation and Research on Issues Existing in Russian Place Names and Proposing Handling Opinions
569:
support the initiative to rename streets and other objects whose names are associated with Russia or the Soviet Union.
446:
825:
660:
560:
530:
164:. Most of the remaining Russian residents chose to migrate to the United States, Australia, or returned to the USSR.
1289:"Without Marshal Zhukov and Moscow streets. A new wave of decommunization and derussification has begun in Ukraine"
477:
471:
891:
1061:
1493:
1483:
1293:
1127:
791:
57:
Early derussification processes manifested themselves in the newly independent states that emerged after the
424:
145:
112:
423:
On February 26, 2018, during a meeting with the Minister of Information and Communications, Dauren Abayev,
62:
717:
237:
233:
107:
is indicated by remaining buildings of typical Russian architecture of the late 19th–early 20th century.
427:
416:
120:
915:
1439:
573:
526:
1414:
58:
1041:"The Literary-musical Clubs that Sparked the Moldovan National Liberation Movement 30 Years Ago"
349:
shrank, which can also be considered a sign of derussification. The script ceased to be used in
157:
183:, and their national minorities, into the lower administrative levels of the local government,
1406:
1362:
1250:"In the Dnipro, about 30 streets were renamed, the names of which were associated with Russia"
1228:
1198:
829:
721:
498:
454:
450:
280:
268:
248:
651:) have undergone derussification since regaining independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.
1398:
861:
664:
620:
516:
in 1991, when Ukraine became independent. However, in their first years after independence,
501:
244:
1223:
99:
806:
799:
795:
553:
517:
370:
346:
161:
132:
1357:
865:
1158:"Decolonisation, De-Communisation and De-Russification of the Ukrainian Cultural Space"
1088:
772:
Nationalism and Internationalism. How did the Bolsheviks Cope with National Sentiments?
592:
387:
180:
38:
525:
derussification. This process was compounded and accelerated by the escalation in the
1477:
636:
484:
405:
345:
Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the number of countries officially using the
264:
222:
218:
172:
46:
1162:
731:
596:
358:
340:
256:
255:
script was instituted for a number of Soviet languages, including the languages of
188:
42:
137:
819:
711:
1316:"76% of Ukrainians support renaming streets and other objects related to Russia"
691:
616:
184:
94:
209:, "native population"). The policy practically ended in the mid-1930s with the
1464:
1402:
566:
521:
401:
366:
362:
350:
320:
300:
259:
that in the late 1920s had been given Latin alphabets to replace Arabic ones.
1410:
1202:
1253:
1193:
878:
640:
82:
1128:"Population and Housing Census in the Republic of Moldova, May 12-25, 2014"
611:
1015:"Kazakhstan abandons the Russian language in favor of the state language"
821:
Struggle Over Identity: The Official and the Alternative "Belarusianness"
556:
became the first city in Ukraine to be completely free of Russian names.
494:
252:
1418:
1386:
1274:
966:"A project of a new alphabet based on Latin was presented in Kazakhstan"
1436:"Latvia to gradually transition to education only in official language"
1358:"Zelenskyy signs law banning geographical names associated with Russia"
1224:"Derusification of consciousness or Ukrainian narration of urban space"
648:
549:
509:
438:
354:
328:
74:
66:
160:
during the 1920s had an almost 300,000 Russian-speaking population in
644:
628:
588:
541:
324:
296:
153:
116:
78:
788:
750:
115:
transferred the Kars Oblast and a number of adjacent territories to
559:
As of April 8, 2022, according to a poll by the sociological group
449:
in 1940. Soon after, the language of the country was renamed from "
1465:"Estonia BANS State Education in Russian, Russia Will be Outraged"
37:) is a process or public policy in different states of the former
18:
1062:"Moldova officially identifies its national language as Romanian"
941:"Turkmenistan at Twenty-Five: The High Price of Authoritarianism"
1443:
710:
Nicolaïdis, Kalypso; Sebe, Berny; Maas, Gabrielle (2014-12-23).
624:
545:
537:
104:
789:
Chapter 2, par. "Nations and Nation-Building in Eastern Europe"
148:(built in 1907), as a remainder of Russian influence in Harbin.
1106:"Moldovan court overturns special status for Russian language"
755:
Eurasia Studies Society of Great Britain & Europe Journal
152:
In the period between 1945 and 1969, the derussification of
587:. This law prohibits toponymy that symbolizes or glorifies
179:. In the 1920s, the policy promoted representatives of the
1189:"On the front line of Ukraine's cultural de-Russification"
25:
statue dedicated to Alexander Pushkin in Ternopil, Ukraine
1352:
1350:
1132:
National Bureau of Statistics of the Republic of Moldova
737:
rehabilitated as having had a 'progressive significance'
713:
Echoes of Empire: Memory, Identity and Colonial Legacies
991:"Kazakhstan opens new Latin alphabet to public opinion"
682:
Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine
687:
Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine
319:
For example, the share of the Russian population in
323:between 1989 and 2009 fell from 54.5% to 24.9%; in
1391:International Journal on Minority and Group Rights
766:
764:
226:as "selection and placement of national cadres" (
1341:"Eight National Poll: Ukraine in War Conditions"
892:"Kazakhstan to switch to Latin alphabet by 2025"
373:from Cyrillic to Latin is scheduled by 2025.
227:
204:
198:
192:
8:
945:Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
16:Process of displacement of Russian culture
916:"Turkmenistan: Blow for Russian-Speakers"
879:http://tsgi.rtsu-slavist.tj/index-11.html
775:
610:
488:
229:подбор и расстановка национальных кадров
136:
98:
53:After the collapse of the Russian Empire
702:
316:Kazakhstan and Central Asia continues.
307:After the collapse of the Soviet Union
1430:
1428:
1151:
1149:
1089:"The Politics of Language in Moldova"
289:State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping
211:deportations of various nationalities
7:
520:, and the creation of a free market
890:Bulambayeva, Aigerim (2017-10-31).
335:Transition from the Cyrillic script
631:with the Russian name painted over
14:
1039:Erizanu, Paula (27 August 2021).
599:, including Ukrainians living in
441:was annexed into the USSR as the
866:10.24866/2542-1611/2018-2/85-98
653:Occupation of the Baltic states
415:On October 27, 2017, president
369:, a complete transition of the
103:The former Russian presence in
1343:(in Ukrainian). April 6, 2022.
1168:The Courtauld Institute of Art
512:began in the aftermath of the
59:collapse of the Russian Empire
1:
858:Известия Восточного института
677:Azerbaijanization of surnames
291:in 1963 issued the document "
245:"Socialist family of nations"
849:Зуенко Иван Юрьевич (2018).
601:Russian-occupied territories
572:On 21 April 2023, President
514:Collapse of the Soviet Union
445:following the Soviet-German
247:. A new kind of patriotism,
156:ended, which at the peak of
826:Central European University
818:Bekus, Nelly (2010-01-01).
776:Chulos & Piirainen 2000
661:Russian invasion of Ukraine
531:Russian invasion of Ukraine
312:Russia as migrant workers.
285:Ministry of Public Security
199:
193:
1510:
1021:(in Ukrainian). 2018-02-27
972:(in Ukrainian). 2017-09-28
482:
478:Decommunization in Ukraine
475:
472:Derussification in Ukraine
469:
385:
338:
130:
92:
1403:10.1163/15718115-02404004
228:
205:
1385:Alijeva, Lilija (2017).
1294:The New Voice of Ukraine
1156:Denysova, Katia (2022).
794:19 December 2017 at the
497:after the removal of an
476:Not to be confused with
327:from 59.1% to 33.2%; in
459:Constitution of Moldova
447:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
425:President of Kazakhstan
146:Russian Orthodox Church
113:Treaty of Moscow (1921)
1489:Anti-Russian sentiment
1019:Портал мовної політики
970:Портал мовної політики
805:2 January 2005 at the
632:
505:
238:Bourgeois nationalists
149:
142:Saint Sophia Cathedral
108:
27:
23:The empty plinth of a
718:Bloomsbury Publishing
614:
492:
331:from 55.8% to 26.1%.
234:enemies of the people
140:
102:
22:
607:In the Baltic states
428:Nursultan Nazarbayev
417:Nursultan Nazarbayev
263:Union as a colonial
121:Spiritual Christians
1440:Baltic News Network
828:Press. p. 42.
574:Volodymyr Zelenskyy
527:Russo-Ukrainian War
508:Derussification in
168:In the Soviet Union
1187:Philp, Catherine.
633:
533:in February 2022.
529:starting with the
506:
393:national library.
206:коренное население
200:korennoe naselenie
150:
109:
28:
1363:Ukrayinska Pravda
1229:Istorychna Pravda
835:978-963-9776-68-5
770:Timo Vihavainen:
727:978-0-85773-896-7
499:Alexander Pushkin
299:, and islands on
281:Sino-Soviet split
275:Sino-Soviet Split
269:prison of nations
249:Soviet patriotism
61:in 1917, such as
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621:street name sign
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408:was used there.
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177:Soviet republics
158:White emigration
35:derussianization
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1484:Derussification
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1366:. 21 April 2023
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1256:. 21 April 2022
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1134:. 2 August 2013
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371:Kazakh language
347:Cyrillic script
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267:, applied the "
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162:Northeast China
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31:Derussification
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1397:(4): 484–536.
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1068:. 3 March 2023
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470:Main article:
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388:Turkmenization
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361:and partly in
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219:Russianization
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