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The ties were enhanced by the fact that Frank Kirby, John Owen, and James McMillan of
Detroit Dry Dock slowly acquired shares in Dry Dock Engine Works. By the end of the 1880s, virtually all of the Dry Dock Engine Works shares were owned by Detroit Dry Dock principals. In 1892, James McMillan took over the presidency of Dry Dock Engine Works, and the two firms were controlled by the same person. It was around this time that the oldest of the remaining structures in the complex, the machine shop and dry dock no. 2, were built.
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619:, constructed in 1884. However, the first building to be completely supported by a riveted all-steel frame was the 1889 Rand McNally Building. The steel frame allowed the exterior walls to be reduced to a simple curtain covering the frame, rather than supporting the weight of the building. The Berlin Iron Bridge Company, already experienced in riveted steel construction through their bridge construction, moved into the design and construction of steel-framed industrial buildings at some time in the late 1880s.
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402:. It is unclear what use, if any, Detroit Edison put the property to in the 1930s and 40s, but in the 1950s and 60s Edison used the engine-building plant as a reconditioning and appliance shop. By 1968, the property was occupied by the Globe Trading Company, a machinery and mill supplies dealer. In 1981, Edison sold the property to Globe. At some time later, the property was abandoned, and by 2002 was empty and owned by the city of Detroit.
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and 55 feet (17 m) (at the bottom). Over two thousand piles were driven into the ground to support the dock. As constructed, the dock could be flooded in twenty minutes and pumped dry in about ninety minutes. The dock was sized to be able to accommodate any vessel traveling on the Great Lakes at that time, and could house even fully loaded vessels.
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support columns, reflects the desire to implement the crane into the company's manufacturing process. In fact, contemporaneous material from the
Detroit Dry Dock Company extols the virtues of the open plan of the building, the "great advantages of light and air" afforded by the skylight and windows, and the effectiveness of the crane.
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steel-framed, sharing its columns with adjacent buildings on the east and west. The building is 80 feet (24 m) long and 56 feet (17 m) wide, and was built in two sections separated by a masonry wall. Much of the north side was originally steel-framed windows; these have since been covered with blocks.
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The particular design used by the Berlin Iron Bridge
Company represented a conservative, hybrid design. The steel frame completely supported the structure, but the non-load-bearing curtain walls were nonetheless designed the same way as traditional brick load-bearing walls. The windows in the infill
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The Dry Dock Engine Works began manufacturing engines on
Atwater Street in 1867; however, the earliest buildings used by the company were replaced by later buildings, built between 1892 and 1919. These early structures were located throughout the city block owned by the company, and included a sheet
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The 1892 machine shop was constructed to take advantage of what was at the time the most modern innovations applied to manufacturing buildings: electric drive machinery and an electrically driven traveling overhead crane. The tall, wide construction of the building, containing an open space lacking
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The machine shop addition is a steel-framed structure 122 feet (37 m) long, 41 feet (12 m) wide, and 43 feet (13 m) high to the roof trusses. A roof monitor extended the height another 4 feet (1.2 m). It was built along the east side of the 1892 machine shop; the brick in-fill
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Like the machine shop and foundry, the loft building had a steel-framed structure with brick curtain walls. The framing supported the loads on the floors as well as the weight of the roof. The steel framing, however, was wholly contained within the building rather than being encased in the brick.
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The foundry is 151 feet (46 m) long and 75 feet (23 m) wide, and stands 50 feet (15 m) high to the top of the wall; a roof monitor adds another 14 feet (4.3 m) to the height. The building is divided into seven 21-foot-wide bays (6.4 m). Clerestory windows run the length of
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Pediment walls at each end of the building rise above the roof and are capped with limestone. Two windows per bay were included along the west side. The original windows were replaced sometime between 1912 and 1932. The building originally had two large doorways on the west side; these have since
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In 1892, the
Detroit Dry Dock Company constructed a new dry dock near the foot of Orleans Street, just west of their original dry dock facility. Dry Dock No. 2 was 378 feet (115 m) long, 20.5 feet (6.2 m) deep below the water line, with a width of between 91 feet (28 m) (at the top)
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The Dry Dock Engine Works had always had a special relationship with the nearby
Detroit Dry Dock Company, which only increased as the years passed. In the 1870s, Dry Dock Engine Works sold over 1/3 of their engines to Detroit Dry Dock; by the early 1890s that fraction had increased to nearly 2/3.
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The construction gave the Dry Dock Engine Works the advantages of the open interior space provided by the steel frame construction combined with the more substantial, traditional appearance afforded by the brick exterior. In addition, the brick gave some protection from cold during winter months,
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Although even after 1892 the two firms were technically separate, they essentially operated as a single business unit, with the same principals in charge of both. In 1899, this relationship became more formal, as the Dry Dock Engine Works, the
Detroit Dry Dock Company, and the Detroit Sheet Metal
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The main product line of the Dry Dock Engine Works was marine engines, and they produced 129 engines between 1867 and 1894. However, the firm also produced stationary and portable steam engines, as well as mining equipment, mill gearing, and brass and iron casting. In 1883, Dry Dock Engine Works
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Dry Dock Engine Works, a marine engine manufacturer, was formed in 1866 by
William Cowie, Edward Jones, and Robert Donaldson, with Cowie as president. The firm set up shop on Atwater, between Orleans and Dequindre, across from the dry dock firm that was then called Campbell & Owen. The firm
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The interior of the addition was originally a wide, open space with an overhead crane similar to the one in the original machine shop. However, some time after 1922 a wooden floor was constructed within the building to provide a second story on top of a 22-foot-high (6.7 m) first-floor bay.
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A few years later, in 1902, the
Detroit Shipbuilding Company built two more still-surviving structures, the foundry and the industrial loft building. Sometime in the 1910s, three more structures were built, which completed the enclosure of the block where the original Dry Dock Engine Company was
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Some time later, a chipping room was built along the north end of the block between the machine shop addition and the foundry building, displacing remnants of earlier buildings in the same place. The chipping room was where surface imperfections of castings were removed. This structure is also
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The foundry building operated as a foundry for only a little over a decade. Sometime in the 1910s, the company built a new foundry and this building was converted into an erecting shop. At some time afterward, possibly as late as the 1950s, the southernmost bay of the building was turned into a
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In 1902, the company constructed two structures: the
Industrial Loft Building and a foundry. The Industrial Loft Building ran along Atwater from the east side of the machine shop to what was then Dequindre. The loft building fronted on Atwood, stretching from the machine shop to Dequindre; the
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The building was originally occupied by a blacksmith's shop, bolt-cutter, and office space on the first floor, a pattern shop and tool room on the second floor, and engineering offices and storage on the third floor. In addition, two narrow drives passed through the first floor to an interior
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extends the height an additional 10 feet (3.0 m). The building consists of thirteen bays dividing the length into 15-foot sections (4.6 m), with the northernmost bay a full 2 feet (0.61 m) wider. Internally, the shop is separated by columns into a 37-foot-wide erecting bay
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At the same time as the foundry was constructed, the Detroit Shipbuilding Company also built a three-story loft building. The loft building fronted on Atwater Street, and was 172 feet (52 m) long, 50 feet (15 m) wide, and 55 feet (17 m) high to the top of the roof pediment.
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years of 1917-1919. However, business soon decreased and in 1920 the yard in Wyandotte was closed as a cost-cutting measure. Not long afterward, in 1924, a pair of steamers were fitted up in the Detroit yards; these two proved to be the last vessels constructed in Detroit by the American
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metal works, boiler shop, forge, machine shop, and the Dry Dock Hotel. The Detroit Dry Dock Company began shipbuilding in the same area as early as 1852. Their earlier dry docks, including Dry Dock No. 1, no longer exist. A complex of six buildings, as well as Dry Dock No. 2, do remain.
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In 1918, the company constructed a shipping/receiving building in the center of the complex, within what was previously an interior courtyard. This structure is a two-story steel-framed building measuring 5 by 72 feet (1.5 m × 22 m). The first floor was originally a
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Around the Lakes: Containing a Full List of American Lake Vessels, and Addresses of Managing Owners, Condensed Statistics of the Lake Business, and a Historical Resume and Illustrations of the Plant, and Vessels Built by the Detroit Dry Dock Company, Detroit, Mich. ship and Engine
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Around the Lakes: Containing a Full List of American Lake Vessels, and Addresses of Managing Owners, Condensed Statistics of the Lake Business, and a Historical Resume and Illustrations of the Plant, and Vessels Built by the Detroit Dry Dock Company, Detroit, Mich. ship and Engine
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shipping/receiving area, with access to Atwater via the drives running through the industrial loft building. The second floor functioned as a stockroom. A roof monitor provided light for the second floor, but the completely encased first floor required artificial lighting.
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brownfields grant to clean up the building. However, the economic downturn in 2008-2009 forced a reconsideration of the renovation project, and the project plan was converted to incorporate rental units. The redevelopment was intended to be financed in part by the
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slowly acquired surrounding lots, and by 1880 owned nearly the entire city block back to Guoin Street. (The city vacated Dequindre in the vicinity of the Dry Dock Engine Works in 1917, and Guoin some time later; neither street currently exists in the area.)
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339:. The future automobile magnate worked at the firm between 1880 and 1882 as an apprentice machinist. His work with steam engines at the Dry Dock Engine Works inspired in part Ford's later idea of adding an engine to a carriage for road use.
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Also in 1892, Detroit Dry Dock built a machine shop at the corner of Atwater and Orleans, running parallel to Orleans. The shop replaced a portion of the earlier machine shop which fronted on Atwater. The building was designed and built by
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In 1877, Campbell & Owen reorganized, changing its name to the Detroit Dry Dock Company. At about the same time, Detroit Dry Dock purchased the Kirby's Wyandotte shipbuilding firm. Also in the late 1870s, railroad and shipping magnate
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The property owned by the Detroit Shipbuilding Company at Atwood and Orleans passed through several hands, being used by a cabinet shop and a stove manufacturer in the early 1930s. In 1935, the property was acquired by the
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with enough windows to maximize the interior light. This particular building exemplifies a link between the traditional past style of industrial architecture and the revolutionary change represented by steel framing.
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Five of six buildings of the Engine Works complex are visible in this image; from left to right: the end of the industrial loft, the foundry, chipping room, end of the machine shop addition, and the end of the machine
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The chipping room (left center) and machine shop addition (right center) between the foundry (far left) and machine shop (far right). The roof monitor of the shipping/receiving building is just visible at top left
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The complex is significant as a historic maritime manufacturing facility. The earliest structure, an 1892 machine shop, is also significant as an early example of an industrial building entirely supported by its
574:, at the time a novel construction technique. Also in 1892, Berlin Iron Bridge also built a boiler shop of the same construction across Dequindre from the main complex; this building has since been demolished.
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Like the machine shop, the foundry is constructed with a load-bearing steel frame sheathed with non-load-bearing brick. The interior bays ran the full height of the building to make room for an overhead crane.
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In 2006, a $ 15-million redevelopment plan was announced, with 45 condominiums and 10,000 square feet (930 m) of ground floor retail space. To facilitate the renovation, in 2007, the city received an
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of the machine shop was removed to provide a continuous inner area. The north wall of the structure had a large steel-framed window wall, although the lower portion of it is now bricked in.
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became interested in shipbuilding, purchasing shares in Detroit Dry Dock. By 1890, McMillan was president of the company, and by 1892 was also president of the nearby Dry Dock Engine Works.
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The Dry Dock Engine Works-Detroit Dry Dock Company Complex includes pieces of two once-independent companies—the Dry Dock Engine Works and the Detroit Dry Dock Company—which merged in 1899.
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377:. The integration of these operating units created a substantial company: in 1900, the Detroit Shipbuilding Company employed 1337 people, and was the fourth-largest employer in Detroit.
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courtyard. These drives were later bricked in. Other alterations of the facade over time include bricking in of windows on the east side and the addition of doors on the south side.
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began renovating the building into the Outdoor Adventure Center. This development involved demolition of portions of the historic building complex. The center opened in 2015.
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Detroit Dry Dock yard and, in background, Dry Dock Engine Works buildings (including the Dry Dock Hotel in center), c. 1884. None of the structures in this engraving survive.
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The open space in the building was possible due to the construction of the building in what was at the time a novel method. Steel frame construction had emerged in 1880s
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Dry Dock No. 2 (now filled with water) is in the foreground; the Engine Works complex is in the background. Image was taken previous to the redevelopment of the building.
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foundry faced Dequindre north of the loft building, completing the enclosure of the entire city block from Atwood to Guoin and Orleans to Dequindre.
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at the foot of Orleans Street. In 1860 the firm, now known (with the addition of John Owen as president) as Campbell & Owen, constructed a 260'
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595:(4.0 m) runs most of the length of the roof. Although now covered with sheet metal, the sides and roof of the monitor were originally glass.
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Shipbuilding continued at the facilities in Wyandotte and Detroit through the 1920s, with a substantial number of ships constructed in the
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Sometime between 1910 and 1919, three more structures were built, enclosing the yard between the 1892 machine shop and the 1902 foundry.
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in 2009. In 2012, the Department of Natural Resources received funding for historic redevelopment of the complex, along the city's east
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loading dock with the addition of an interior concrete block wall. Balconies above the dock were constructed, likely for storage.
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been bricked in. The roof is supported by a series of trusses spaced at nearly 12-foot intervals (3.7 m). A 13-foot-wide
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The machine shop is 200 feet (61 m) long, 66 feet (20 m) wide, and 48 feet (15 m) tall to the top of the wall; a
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Steamer EC Pope in Detroit Dry Dock No 2, c. 1894. Note machine shop in left background and Dry Dock Hotel in right background.
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the building. The interior is sectioned into a 46-foot-wide (14 m) main section and a 26-foot-wide lean-to (7.9 m).
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Diagram of Detroit Dry Dock, 1894 (North is to the left). The only remaining structures are the machine shop and Dry Dock #2
587:(11 m) running the length of the building on the west side, and a 27-foot-wide lean-to (8.2 m) on the east side.
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204:, as well as the remains of a nearby dry dock at 1900 Atwater Street. The 1801-1803 Atwater complex is also known as the
646:, state that this building is perhaps "the most important surviving nineteenth-century industrial building in Detroit."
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Interior of foundry, 2009, looking west. Note interior passageway stretching through the complex to the machine shop.
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The machine shop is an early example of an industrial building which was entirely supported by a rigid structural
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and Brass Works were combined to form the Detroit Shipbuilding Company, which itself was a subsidiary of the
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South side wall, 2009. Note construction date and remnants of "Detroit Shipbuilding Machine Shop" sign
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Although unimportant at the time, the Dry Dock Engine Works is significant as an early employer of
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Machine shop in 1912 (right background). Note "Detroit Shipbuilding Co." painted on the building.
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and in part by using historic tax credits, made possible by the inclusion of the complex on the
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were standard-sized windows arranged in a traditional two per bay, side-by-side configuration.
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Monument at the site of Detroit Dry Dock No. 2, depicting the steamer Pioneer in the dry dock.
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Shipbuilding Company. The Detroit Shipbuilding Company completely ceased operations in 1929.
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1276:, "RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT: Back in the building: Historic structure to become living space."
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1665:", 28 photos, 20 measured drawings, 60 data pages, 3 photo caption pages
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Structure of a machine shop bay. Note steel framing structural elements framing the bay.
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Diagram of the five buildings in the Dry Dock Engine Works complex. North is to the top.
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bought the nearby boiler shop of Desotell & Hudson, expanding their product line.
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1323:, "Preservation for Economic Development," at Model D Detroit, retrieved 9/19/09
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consists of six interconnected buildings located at 1801–1803 Atwater Street in
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AIA Detroit: the American Institute of Architects guide to Detroit architecture
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1290:"EPA awards Brownfields grants to 16 Michigan communities and organizations,"
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founded, and represent the latest of the surviving buildings of the complex.
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In 1852, Campbell, Wolverton and Company opened a ship repair yard on the
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Machine shop addition, chipping room, and shipping/receiving (c. 1910s)
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in the same location. They constructed their first steamship in 1867.
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Dry Dock Engine Works, 1801 Atwater Street, Detroit, Wayne County, MI
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In the 1840s, Captain Stephen R. Kirby began a shipbuilding firm in
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A monument with sculpture depicting the Dry Dock and the steamer
224:, but using traditional brick and standard windows to infill the
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998:"Enjoy the Great Indoors at the DNR's Outdoor Adventure Center"
644:
American Institute of Architects guide to Detroit architecture
1307:, "Waterfront improvements aim to spur private development,"
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The works: the industrial architecture of the United States,
81:
1338:
Historic American Engineering Record: Dry Dock Engine Works
1029:
Historic American Engineering Record: Dry Dock Engine Works
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Interior of Industrial Loft Building, 2002, second floor.
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Instead of the proposed housing development, in 2013 the
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Interior of Industrial Loft Building, 2002, first floor.
38:
Dry Dock Engine Works-Detroit Dry Dock Company Complex
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Shipyards on the National Register of Historic Places
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Boiler shop, 2002. This building has been demolished.
288:.) In 1872, the Kirby's firm purchased a shipyard in
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Dry Dock No 2 nearing the end of construction, 1892.
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Transportation buildings and structures in Michigan
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476:Dry Dock No. 2, contemporary and historical images
2354:Frederic M. Sibley Lumber Company Office Building
2447:Historic American Engineering Record in Michigan
1729:National Register of Historic Places in Michigan
1280:, October 20, 2006. Retrieved September 19, 2009
655:Machine Shop, Contemporary and historical images
2452:National Register of Historic Places in Detroit
1101:Detroit Dry Dock Company/Globe Trading Building
516:Steamer Pioneer in Detroit Dry Dock No 2, 1894.
451:Dry dock no. 2, looking toward the river, 2009.
2477:Industrial buildings and structures in Detroit
2427:List of Registered Historic Places in Michigan
1378:Marine Review Print., Cleveland, 1894, p. 115.
845:Foundry and Industrial Loft Building Interiors
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472:is located at the north end of the dry dock.
8:
2349:Piquette Avenue Industrial Historic District
2324:Michigan Bell and Western Electric Warehouse
2294:Detroit Edison Company Willis Avenue Station
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418:Department of Housing and Urban Development
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803:Foundry building from the northeast, 2009.
642:Eric J. Hill and John Gallagher, in their
562:, a firm from Connecticut now part of the
460:Detroit Dry Dock Co. Dry Dock No. 2 (1892)
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537:Dry Dock Engine Works Machine Shop (1892)
347:Integration: Detroit Shipbuilding Company
46:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
2462:Warehouse districts of the United States
2374:West Jefferson Avenue–Rouge River Bridge
2344:Riverwalk Hotel (Parke-Davis Laboratory)
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566:. The building featured a load-bearing
429:Michigan Department of Natural Resources
210:Michigan Department of Natural Resources
2289:Crescent Brass and Pin Company Building
1332:Sketch made using diagram contained in
1103:from Detroit1701.org, retrieved 9/16/09
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1655:Marine Review Print., Cleveland, 1894.
1532:, 2003, Wayne State University Press,
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970:"National Register Information System"
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29:
2339:Stroh River Place (Parke-Davis Plant)
1687:Inside the abandoned Dry Dock Complex
7:
1659:Historic American Engineering Record
1305:Daniel Duggan And Sherri Begin Welch
975:National Register of Historic Places
765:Interior of the machine shop in 2009
751:Interior of the machine shop in 2002
737:Interior of the machine shop c. 1915
723:Interior of the machine shop in 1894
422:National Register of Historic Places
230:National Register of Historic Places
1692:Detroit Dry Dock complex photos by
996:Jeff Waraniak (December 28, 2015).
25:
2319:Graybar Electric Company Building
779:Gallery in the machine shop, 1894
615:, the first being the nine-story
268:. In 1870, Kirby's son Frank, a
228:. The complex was listed on the
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2212:Properties of religious function
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105:1801–1803 and 1900 Atwater St.,
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2334:New Amsterdam Historic District
1054:1999, Oxford University Press,
413:Environmental Protection Agency
2457:Shipyards of the United States
393:Use post-maritime construction
206:Globe Trading Company Building
171:
1:
2197:Michigan State Historic Sites
1031:, HAER no. MI-330, 2002, p. 1
371:American Shipbuilding Company
1527:Eric J. Hill, John Gallagher
27:United States historic place
18:Detroit Shipbuilding Company
2207:National Historic Landmarks
570:and non-load-bearing brick
274:National Historic Landmarks
264:, and by 1852 had moved to
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2359:Frederick Stearns Building
2309:Ford Piquette Avenue Plant
1669:Berlin Iron Bridge Company
857:Interior of foundry, 2002.
650:Machine Shop photo gallery
560:Berlin Iron Bridge Company
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1661:(HAER) No. MI-330, "
170:NRHP reference
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1643:Outdoor Adventure Center
1371:Detroit Dry Dock Company
1309:Crain's Detroit Business
1292:05/14/2007, from the EPA
828:Industrial Loft Building
820:Industrial Loft Building
435:Buildings and Structures
248:Detroit Dry Dock Company
214:Outdoor Adventure Center
1340:, HAER no. MI-330, 2002
617:Home Insurance Building
611:in the construction of
564:American Bridge Company
2314:Globe Tobacco Building
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1682:Video of the structure
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138:42.33306°N 83.02694°W
2260:metropolitan Detroit
157:1892, 1902, c. 1910s
290:Wyandotte, Michigan
143:42.33306; -83.02694
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2364:The Russell
2175:Other lists
2103:Schoolcraft
2033:Montmorency
1630:Klug, p. 48
1618:Klug, p. 47
1588:Klug, p. 45
1576:Klug, p. 46
1554:Klug, p. 44
1517:Klug, p. 49
1505:Klug, p. 27
1481:Klug, p. 26
1469:Klug, p. 35
1460:Klug, p. 37
1444:Klug, p. 36
1432:Klug, p. 33
1420:Klug, p. 30
1406:Klug, p. 40
1358:Klug, p. 24
1321:Olga Stella
1264:Klug, p. 21
1240:Klug, p. 20
1228:Klug, p. 15
1219:Klug, p. 14
1207:Klug, p. 16
1193:Klug, p. 11
1179:Klug, p. 43
1080:Klug, p. 22
629:steel frame
578:Description
568:steel frame
386:World War I
285:Ste. Claire
236:promenade.
222:steel frame
141: /
117:Coordinates
2441:Categories
2414:Willow Run
2118:St. Joseph
2108:Shiawassee
1969:Livingston
1813:Charlevoix
1694:Kathy Toth
1161:Klug, p. 8
1149:Klug, p. 7
1135:Klug, p. 5
1121:Klug, p.13
1062:p. 149-150
954:References
599:Background
337:Henry Ford
234:riverfront
126:42°19′59″N
2425:See also
2133:Washtenaw
2128:Van Buren
2113:St. Clair
2088:Roscommon
2060:Ontonagon
2019:Missaukee
2009:Menominee
1994:Marquette
1931:Kalamazoo
1886:Hillsdale
1848:Dickinson
1818:Cheboygan
1653:Builders,
1376:Builders,
424:in 2009.
162:Architect
129:83°1′37″W
2392:Suburban
2201:listings
2037:Muskegon
2029:Montcalm
1989:Manistee
1979:Mackinac
1959:Leelanau
1944:Keweenaw
1935:Kalkaska
1921:Isabella
1891:Houghton
1838:Crawford
1823:Chippewa
1672:Archived
1540:, p. 229
1022:Archived
301:dry dock
282:and the
279:Columbia
202:Michigan
177:09000680
111:Michigan
102:Location
2182:Bridges
2150:Wexford
2143:Detroit
2123:Tuscola
2098:Sanilac
2093:Saginaw
2064:Osceola
2047:Oakland
2042:Newaygo
2014:Midland
2004:Mecosta
1964:Lenawee
1926:Jackson
1881:Gratiot
1871:Gogebic
1867:Gladwin
1863:Genesee
1833:Clinton
1803:Calhoun
1793:Berrien
1753:Allegan
1678:history
915:center.
795:Foundry
609:Chicago
470:Pioneer
240:History
212:as the
198:Detroit
107:Detroit
2192:Houses
2078:Ottawa
2073:Otsego
2068:Oscoda
2056:Ogemaw
2052:Oceana
2024:Monroe
1984:Macomb
1954:Lapeer
1901:Ingham
1798:Branch
1788:Benzie
1773:Baraga
1768:Arenac
1763:Antrim
1758:Alpena
1743:Alcona
1536:
1493:p. 86.
1058:
276:: the
2138:Wayne
1999:Mason
1911:Iosco
1906:Ionia
1896:Huron
1858:Emmet
1853:Eaton
1843:Delta
1828:Clare
1778:Barry
1748:Alger
364:shop.
154:Built
2267:City
1974:Luce
1949:Lake
1939:Kent
1916:Iron
1808:Cass
1534:ISBN
1056:ISBN
192:The
1783:Bay
216:.
172:No.
2443::
1650:,
1623:^
1593:^
1581:^
1559:^
1545:^
1510:^
1498:^
1474:^
1449:^
1437:^
1425:^
1411:^
1383:^
1373:,
1363:^
1345:^
1336:,
1297:^
1245:^
1233:^
1212:^
1198:^
1184:^
1166:^
1154:^
1140:^
1126:^
1108:^
1085:^
1067:^
1050:,
1036:^
1020:,
1010:^
1000:.
988:^
978:.
972:.
961:^
292:.
200:,
109:,
2251:e
2244:t
2237:v
2203:)
2199:(
1721:e
1714:t
1707:v
1004:.
20:)
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