307:. This act angered many northern whites, mainly Irish immigrants who had accepted U.S. citizenship, not realizing that citizenship also made immigrants liable for the draft. Fuel was added to the fire of their anger when black men, mostly freed slaves, were excluded from this same draft. The Irish feared that newly freed slaves from the South would migrate to the North and create further competition in the labor market. Many Irish saw this as a "rich man's war and a poor man's fight" since the policies of substitution and commutation were controversial practices which allowed drafted citizens to opt out of service by either furnishing a suitable substitute to take the place of those drafted, or pay $ 300 each. Both of these provisions were created with the intention of softening the effect of the draft on pacifiers, the anti-draft movement and the propertied classes. The result however was general public resentment which then turned to fury.
380:
328:
severely wounding Joshua Boyd (an escaped slave from the South; he had been saving his earnings in order to buy his wife and children out of slavery). He was later beaten more by the mob and died four days later. Although grievously wounded, the other four men survived, as did the women and children. Some were aided by whites.
327:
They immediately started attacking black civilians on the street and went to a nearby known black business, a cooper's shop. Workers tried to defend it, but the mob burned the shop and adjacent house, threatening black women and children inside. They attacked the five men who escaped from the flames,
220:
At least two civilians were killed, one white and one Black, and numerous others, mostly
African Americans, were badly beaten and injured. In total, 35 buildings were destroyed by fire, with many others damaged, and Black residents lost property and cash to the looting and stealing of the mob. Losses
331:
Survivors said the mob attacked black businesses and houses, looting them of anything valuable and stealing from the residents. The whites eventually moved beyond the black area into poor white areas, continuing the destruction. Some blacks fled the area, going across the
Detroit River to Canada or
323:
The trial attracted volatile crowds of whites, who threw items at
Faulkner and guards as he was escorted to and from the court. The second day of the trial, whites started to attack blacks outside the courthouse. The commander of the Provost Guard escorting Faulkner ordered the firing of blanks to
319:
man, Thomas
Faulkner, was arrested for allegedly molesting a young white girl and tried in court. Although Faulkner had voted regularly (a privilege reserved to whites) and identified as Spanish-Indian, both newspapers described him as "negro", and that was how the whites came to regard him.
272:
and was pro-labor. In the months leading up to the riot, the newspaper frequently published articles connecting "blacks to labor problems, blacks to citizenship issues, blacks to the war, and blacks to crime and a general degradation of the moral order", stressing how they were a threat to
324:
push back the crowd. Next, live ammunition was fired (although it is not clear that the commander ordered it). A white civilian named
Charles Langer who observed the rioting was killed. The crowd was enraged that a German was killed at the trial of a man they considered less worthy.
116:
345:
Faulkner was convicted and sentenced to prison for life. Several years later, the two girls who testified against him recanted their story, and
Faulkner was pardoned. He returned to Detroit, where some white businessmen helped him start a produce business.
109:
336:
and Fort Wayne and by 11 p.m. had suppressed the violence. More than 200 blacks and some whites had lost their homes to the destruction. There was an estimated $ 15,000 to 20,000 in property damage, mostly suffered by blacks.
102:
710:
357:, dominated by Democrats, refused to do so. These tax-paying citizens, who had not been protected and whose property had been stolen and destroyed, were left to recover and remake their lives on their own.
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682:
A Thrilling
Narrative from the Lips of the Sufferers of the Late Detroit Riot, March 6, 1863, With the Hair Breadth Escapes of Men, Women and Children, and Destruction of Colored Men's Property
547:
A Thrilling
Narrative from the Lips of the Sufferers of the Late Detroit Riot, March 6, 1863, With the Hair Breadth Escapes of Men, Women and Children, and Destruction of Colored Men's Property
1582:
273:
working-class white men and their limited power. Following the
Emancipation Proclamation of January 1863, the newspaper published articles that frequently opposed the interests of blacks.
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726:
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213:. Based in a free state, some recent immigrants and other workers resented being drafted for a war that they thought was waged for the benefit of slaves in the
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During the months preceding the riot, social tensions rose in the city. It had a white majority but a thriving black community, made up both of
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reported these events as "the bloodiest day that ever dawned upon
Detroit." It began due to unrest among the working class related to
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550:, Detroit: The Author, 1863; includes accounts by people attacked in the riot, and excerpts from articles published by the
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2013:
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1997:
1989:
1957:
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The City Council was dominated by Democrats, and many of the Irish and German immigrants belonged to that party. The
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1941:
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in the antebellum years. Some fugitive slaves chose to settle in Detroit, since Michigan was a non-slave state.
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585:
The Paradox of Progress: Economic Change, Individual Enterprise, and Political Culture in Michigan, 1837 – 1878
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1981:
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for inciting the riot by inflaming passions and agitating against blacks. For a month after the riot, the
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The city held an inquiry on the death of Boyd, but no one was prosecuted for his death. Although the
332:
west to what was then the independent community of Corktown. The city finally ordered in troops from
268:'s conduct of the American Civil War and its increasing demand for recruits. The newspaper advocated
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577:
True Crime in the Civil War: Cases of Murder, Treason, Counterfeiting, Massacre, Plunder & Abuse
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3990:
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4035:"Bloody Detroit riot sparked by rape trial part of Jenison author's 'True Crime in the Civil War'"
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2005:
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people who had migrated there and refugee slaves who had fled the South. Located just across the
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494,919 in 2023). More than 200 people, mostly Black, were left homeless. Although the
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597:, series editor, Sidney Glazer, Michigan Civil War Centennial Observance Commission, 1966
303:
which required single men age 20 to 45 and married men up to age 35 to register for the
253:
from Canada, which had abolished slavery in 1834, the city was a major "station" on the
17:
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2795:
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2456:
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1677:
1525:
1191:
959:
840:
723:
458:"Racial Rhetoric: The Detroit Free Press and Its Part in the Detroit Race Riot of 1863"
300:
202:
609:
Detroit and the Problem of Order, 1830 -1880: A Geography of Crime, Riot, and Policing
4046:
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refused to approve it. As a result of the riot, the city of Detroit established a
663:
566:
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1709:
1598:
1046:
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2496:
1837:
1725:
1255:
618:
Life for Us Is What We Make It: Building Black Community in Detroit, 1915–1945
375:
364:. It was dominated by ethnic whites into the late 20th century. This became a
316:
246:
221:
were estimated at minimum US$ 15,000 to as much as US$ 20,000 (equivalent to
3278:
3182:
3117:
2320:
1231:
991:
600:
John C. Schneider, "Detroit and the Problem of Disorder: The Riot of 1863,"
368:
issue, as the city's minority population had been closed out of the force.
3519:
1425:
1402:
1280:
901:
62:
186:
58:
1305:
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1490:
1080:
983:
719:
3034:
1640:
1602:
692:
98:
666:
Father Abraham’s Children: Michigan Episodes in the Civil War
3588:
Association of Southern Women for the Prevention of Lynching
237:, which was dominated by whites into the late 20th century.
1583:
List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America
669:, Wayne State University Press, 1961 (Civil War Centennial)
264:
was a Democratic Party paper that was opposed to President
353:
encouraged compensation for the victims of the riot, the
3805:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
409:
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
292:
published articles referring to the "Free Press Mob".
4088:
Racially motivated violence against African Americans
4098:
Riots and civil unrest during the American Civil War
511:
Willis Frederick Dunbar; George S. May (July 1995).
4108:
American anti-abolitionist riots and civil disorder
3999:
3818:
3777:
3696:
3650:
3558:
3512:
2779:
2048:
1653:
1575:
1518:
1489:
1453:
1424:
1401:
1377:
1304:
1279:
1254:
1245:
1201:
1172:
1112:
1079:
1037:
1007:
982:
973:
931:
900:
876:
839:
799:
748:
734:
280:largely spoke for the Republican Party, supporting
85:
80:
69:
53:
45:
32:
217:, and they feared competition from Black people.
3249:Thomas Moss, Henry Stewart, Calvin McDowell (TN)
517:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 334–335.
360:As a result of the riot, the city established a
295:Three days prior to the beginning of the riots,
506:
504:
284:and the war as a just cause. It criticized the
1643:List of lynching victims in the United States
1614:
704:
611:, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1980
110:
8:
649:. Wayne State University Press. p. 71.
569:A Distant Thunder: Michigan in the Civil War
3679:Emmett Till Unsolved Civil Rights Crime Act
451:
449:
447:
445:
443:
441:
439:
3647:
3509:
3495:Henry Hezekiah Dee and Charles Eddie Moore
3225:Elijah Frost, Abijah Gibson, Tom McCracken
3031:
1650:
1637:
1621:
1607:
1599:
1251:
979:
745:
711:
697:
689:
621:. Indiana University Press. pp. 5–7.
514:Michigan: A History of the Wolverine State
185:occurred on March 6, 1863, in the city of
117:
103:
95:
29:
4093:White American riots in the United States
3971:"The United States of Lyncherdom" (Twain)
3431:Thomas Harold Thurmond and John M. Holmes
2209:William "Froggie" James and Henry Salzner
1588:Mass racial violence in the United States
594:Negroes in Michigan During the Civil War
4027:
3800:National Memorial for Peace and Justice
426:
424:
420:
3437:Roosevelt Townes and Robert McDaniels
3343:Lynching rampage in Brooks County, GA
7:
4012:Lynching deaths in the United States
3142:Samuel Bierfield and Lawrence Bowman
4103:Riots and civil disorder in Detroit
4083:African-American history in Detroit
3673:Justice for Victims of Lynching Act
3449:O'Day Short, wife, and two children
3231:T.J. House, James West, John Dorsey
727:in the history of the United States
484:The Irish in the American Civil War
1550:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
643:Arthur M. Woodford (1 June 2001).
25:
3573:American Crusade Against Lynching
3219:Nevlin Porter and Johnson Spencer
1538:Washington D.C. Know-Nothing Riot
205:, which was heightened after the
3785:America's Black Holocaust Museum
3568:American anti-lynching activists
3540:Nadir of American race relations
3130:Steve Long and two half-brothers
3066:Great Hanging at Gainesville, TX
1270:San Francisco Vigilance Movement
1140:Destruction of Pennsylvania Hall
1053:New York anti-abolitionist riots
939:Protestant Revolution (Maryland)
378:
170:1864 New York City arson attacks
3991:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
3625:National Conference on Lynching
3183:Juan, Antonio, and Marcelo Moya
3060:Marais des Cygnes, KS, massacre
2401:Mary Turner and her unborn baby
1387:Bath anti-Catholic riot of 1854
3107:Gallatin County, KY, race riot
615:Richard Walter Thomas (1992).
552:Detroit Advertiser and Tribune
278:Detroit Advertiser and Tribune
229:recommended compensation, the
1:
4113:Anti-black racism in Michigan
4007:Lynching in the United States
3308:Springfield race riot of 1908
1726:Steve Long, Ace and Con Moyer
1630:Lynching in the United States
1544:New Orleans Know-Nothing Riot
815:New York Slave Revolt of 1712
4118:19th-century political riots
3901:Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson
3832:And you are lynching Negroes
3684:Emmett Till Antilynching Act
3419:Thomas Shipp and Abram Smith
3325:Harris County, GA, lynchings
3267:Wilmington, NC, insurrection
3113:New Orleans massacre of 1866
1182:1824 Hard Scrabble race riot
1158:Muncy Abolition riot of 1842
910:Gloucester County Conspiracy
685:, Detroit: The Author, 1863.
3810:Southern Poverty Law Center
3455:Moore's Ford, GA, lynchings
3083:? Lachenais and four others
2521:James Harvey and Joe Jordan
1838:Samuel "Mingo Jack" Johnson
1163:Philadelphia nativist riots
892:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783
820:New York Conspiracy of 1741
456:Kundinger, Matthew (2006).
4139:
3291:1906 Atlanta race massacre
3261:Phoenix, SC, election riot
3237:New Orleans 1891 lynchings
3189:Benjamin and Mollie French
1411:Know-Nothing Riots of 1856
1362:Marais des Cygnes massacre
1356:Battles of Franklin's Fort
1209:1811 German Coast uprising
886:Philadelphia Election riot
646:This is Detroit, 1701-2001
3598:William O'Connell Bradley
3508:
3337:East St. Louis, IL, riots
3089:Fort Pillow, TN, massacre
3072:New York City draft riots
3041:
3030:
1649:
1636:
1480:New York City draft riots
1463:New York City Police riot
1445:Detroit race riot of 1863
572:, Huron River Press, 2004
399:Detroit race riot of 1943
207:Emancipation Proclamation
183:Detroit race riot of 1863
152:New York City draft riots
147:Battle of Portland Harbor
137:
37:
33:Detroit race riot of 1863
3862:Deaths in police custody
3349:Jenkins County, GA, riot
3160:Chinese massacre of 1871
3078:Detroit race riot (1863)
2713:Lynching of Raymond Gunn
2505:Dick Rowland (attempted)
1504:Cincinnati riots of 1855
1187:1831 Snow Town race riot
1104:Cincinnati riots of 1841
1099:Cincinnati riots of 1836
1094:Cincinnati riots of 1829
463:. University of Michigan
209:was issued by President
126:Northern Theater of the
27:Instance of civil unrest
18:Detroit race riot (1863)
4063:German-American history
3843:Battle of Liberty Place
3838:Attack on John Shillady
3826:James Allen (collector)
3659:Dyer Anti-Lynching Bill
3443:Beaumont, TX, Race Riot
3367:Omaha race riot of 1919
3355:Longview, TX, race riot
3331:Newberry, FL, lynchings
3273:Julia and Frazier Baker
3255:Porter and Spencer (MS)
3207:Thibodeax, LA, massacre
3165:Meridian, MS, race riot
3148:Opelousas, LA, massacre
2121:Paul Reed and Will Cato
1806:Big Nose George Parrott
1499:Cincinnati riot of 1853
579:, Stackpole Books, 2012
481:Shiels, Damian (2013).
189:, Michigan, during the
4123:1860s political events
4068:Irish-American history
4037:, Michigan News, MLive
3977:United States v. Shipp
3729:Rebecca Latimer Felton
3560:Anti-lynching movement
3477:Freedom Summer Murders
3407:Rosewood, FL, massacre
3372:Knoxville riot of 1919
2241:Laura and L. D. Nelson
1416:Baltimore riot of 1861
1214:Nat Turner's Rebellion
1134:Philadelphia race riot
1023:Abolition Riot of 1836
1017:Ursuline Convent riots
362:full-time police force
290:Advertiser and Tribune
235:full-time police force
215:Southern United States
75:full-time police force
3948:Summer in Mississippi
3895:Mississippi Cold Case
3849:The Birth of a Nation
3790:Civil Rights Memorial
3719:Sidney Johnston Catts
3697:Defenders of lynching
3383:Duluth, MN, lynchings
3361:Elaine, AR, race riot
3319:Laura and L.D. Nelson
3285:Watkinsville lynching
3243:Ruggles Brothers (CA)
3201:Hamburg, SC, massacre
3177:Election riot of 1874
3124:Camilla, GA, massacre
3046:Death of Joseph Smith
1670:Elijah Parish Lovejoy
1509:Battle of Fort Fizzle
1439:Detroit brothel riots
1332:Pottawatomie massacre
861:War of the Regulation
825:Battle of Golden Hill
604:, Spring 1974, No. 12
3666:Costigan-Wagner Bill
3603:Ella Barksdale Brown
3401:Perry, FL, race riot
3313:Slocum, TX, massacre
3213:Mart and Tom Horrell
3171:Colfax, LA, massacre
3154:Bear River City riot
3004:James Craig Anderson
2804:Robert "Bobbie" Hall
2409:Hazel "Hayes" Turner
1562:Southern bread riots
1475:Buffalo riot of 1862
1350:Battle of Osawatomie
1344:Battle of Fort Titus
1338:Battle of Black Jack
1089:1792 Cincinnati riot
922:Chesapeake rebellion
849:Culpeper's Rebellion
583:Martin J. Hershock.
355:Detroit City Council
351:Michigan Legislature
255:Underground Railroad
231:Detroit City Council
227:Michigan Legislature
3908:The Ox-Bow Incident
3888:Mississippi Burning
3739:John Trotwood Moore
3395:Tulsa race massacre
3389:Ocoee, FL, massacre
2884:Mack Charles Parker
2812:Willie James Howard
1368:Battle of the Spurs
1326:Sacking of Lawrence
1226:Baltimore bank riot
1152:Lombard Street riot
809:Leisler's Rebellion
664:Frank B. Woodford,
193:. At the time, the
3922:Reconstruction era
3734:John Temple Graves
3578:Jessie Daniel Ames
3525:Indiana White Caps
3195:Ellenton, SC, riot
3118:Reno Brothers Gang
2868:Judge Edward Aaron
2065:Ballie Crutchfield
1059:Flour riot of 1837
867:Battle of Alamance
831:1788 doctors' riot
758:1689 Boston revolt
431:Detroit Free Press
394:Great Lakes Patrol
262:Detroit Free Press
195:Detroit Free Press
191:American Civil War
129:American Civil War
40:American Civil War
4073:March 1863 events
4024:
4023:
4020:
4019:
3965:They Won't Forget
3882:Lynching postcard
3795:The Legacy Museum
3764:James K. Vardaman
3704:Theodore G. Bilbo
3692:
3691:
3583:Martin C. Ansorge
3504:
3503:
3489:Michael Schwerner
3296:Kemper County, MS
3136:Pulaski, TN, riot
3026:
3025:
3022:
3021:
2729:Shedrick Thompson
2609:Bernice Raspberry
2329:Name unknown (MS)
2233:Name unknown (TX)
1854:Joseph Vermillion
1822:John Wesley Heath
1596:
1595:
1571:
1570:
1469:Dead Rabbits riot
1434:1849 Detroit riot
1392:Portland Rum Riot
1241:
1240:
1128:Fries's Rebellion
1122:Whiskey Rebellion
1028:Broad Street Riot
969:
968:
916:Bacon's Rebellion
763:Boston bread riot
656:978-0-8143-2914-6
628:978-0-253-35990-2
607:J. C. Schneider,
524:978-0-8028-7055-1
404:1967 Detroit riot
276:By contrast, the
178:
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142:Detroit Race Riot
93:
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16:(Redirected from
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4078:1860s in Detroit
4053:1863 in Michigan
4038:
4032:
3819:Related articles
3769:Thomas E. Watson
3759:Benjamin Tillman
3724:Thomas Dixon Jr.
3648:
3510:
3413:Jim and Mark Fox
3101:Memphis massacre
3036:Multiple victims
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3012:Ahmaud Arbery
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2988:Yusef Hawkins
2985:
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2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2964:Betty Gardner
2961:
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2956:Marian Pyszko
2953:
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2705:James Cameron
2702:
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2697:George Hughes
2694:
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2689:J. C. Collins
2686:
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2614:
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2414:
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2198:
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2193:"Mose" Creole
2190:
2186:
2185:Matthew Chase
2182:
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2153:William Burns
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2057:Fred Rochelle
2054:
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2047:
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2022:F. W. Stewart
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2006:John Anderson
2003:
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1995:
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1987:
1983:
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1971:
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1942:Alfred Blount
1939:
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1934:John Peterson
1931:
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1790:Michael Green
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1702:Henry Plummer
1699:
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1556:Morrisite War
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1065:
1064:Anti-Rent War
1062:
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750:Massachusetts
747:
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733:
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702:
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619:
613:
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586:
581:
578:
574:
571:
570:
567:Richard Bak,
565:
564:
560:
553:
549:
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541:
538:
526:
520:
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494:9781845887681
490:
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258:
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251:Detroit River
248:
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212:
208:
204:
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196:
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159:
158:Philo Parsons
155:
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106:
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88:
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79:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
49:March 8, 1863
48:
44:
41:
36:
31:
19:
4030:
3983:
3975:
3963:
3954:Sundown town
3946:
3914:
3906:
3893:
3886:
3874:
3867:
3856:The Clansman
3854:
3847:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3642:Ida B. Wells
3630:Paul Robeson
3535:Ku Klux Klan
3481:James Chaney
3471:Anniston, AL
3095:Plummer Gang
3050:Joseph Smith
2948:Henry Marrow
2908:Frank Morris
2836:Willie Earle
2745:Cordie Cheek
2673:Henry Choate
2593:Dan Anderson
2553:Raymond Byrd
2537:Samuel Smith
2489:Willie Baird
2369:Frank Little
2361:Paulo Boleta
2289:Robert Perry
2265:Mary Jackson
2225:King Johnson
2177:James Hodges
2097:George White
2081:Walker Davis
1982:Jacob Henson
1910:Robert Lewis
1870:Ellen Watson
1758:Jim Williams
1734:Wyatt Outlaw
1693:
1444:
1320:Wakarusa War
1174:Rhode Island
1146:Buckshot War
1114:Pennsylvania
998:Bellevue War
951:
878:Pennsylvania
775:
769:Knowles Riot
736:Colonial era
724:civil unrest
681:
665:
645:
632:. Retrieved
617:
608:
601:
593:
584:
576:
568:
551:
546:
540:
528:. Retrieved
513:
483:
476:
465:. Retrieved
430:
366:civil rights
359:
348:
344:
330:
326:
322:
314:
294:
289:
285:
282:abolitionism
277:
275:
261:
259:
244:
219:
194:
182:
180:
157:
141:
73:Creation of
3986:(1999 film)
3870:(1936 film)
3749:James Rolph
3651:Legislation
3614:Flag Salute
3054:Hyrum Smith
2900:Lemuel Penn
2892:Louis Allen
2860:Emmett Till
2844:Lamar Smith
2820:Recy Taylor
2753:Claude Neal
2601:Will Sherod
2585:John Carter
2561:James Clark
2513:Henry Lowry
2385:Ell Persons
2273:Rob Edwards
2249:Will Porter
2105:David Wyatt
2073:George Ward
1950:Henry Smith
1846:Amos Miller
1830:Eliza Woods
1766:David Jones
1710:Bill Sketoe
1694:Joshua Boyd
1654:Before 1900
1528:(1853–1854)
1441:(1855–1859)
1316:(1854–1861)
1272:(1851–1856)
1194:(1841–1842)
1130:(1799–1800)
1124:(1791–1794)
1066:(1839–1845)
1047:Eggnog riot
863:(1765–1771)
811:(1689–1691)
792:(1786–1787)
765:(1710–1713)
729:(1607–1865)
680:Anonymous,
634:24 February
545:Anonymous,
530:24 February
299:passed the
70:Resulted in
4058:1863 riots
4047:Categories
4000:Categories
3927:Red Summer
3620:N.A.A.C.P.
3545:Red Shirts
3377:Red Summer
2916:James Reeb
2788:Felix Hall
2780:After 1940
2529:Joe Pullen
2497:Roy Belton
2449:Will Brown
2353:Jeff Brown
2313:John Evans
2297:? Anderson
2201:"Pie" Hill
2169:Jim Miller
2145:Slab Pitts
2137:Ed Johnson
1974:Amos Hicks
1894:Dick Lundy
1886:Jim Taylor
1256:California
467:2011-02-24
415:References
317:mixed-race
286:Free Press
247:free black
241:Background
81:Casualties
3917:(musical)
2633:Joe Smith
2577:Tom Payne
2545:L. Q. Ivy
2473:Jay Lynch
2321:Leo Frank
2049:1900–1940
1247:1849–1865
1232:Snow Riot
992:Honey War
975:1789–1849
741:1776–1789
341:Aftermath
334:Ypsilanti
3984:Vendetta
3520:Lynching
3491:) (1964)
3056:) (1844)
2030:Sam Hose
1455:New York
1426:Michigan
1403:Maryland
1281:Illinois
1039:New York
902:Virginia
801:New York
372:See also
297:Congress
201:and the
86:Death(s)
63:Michigan
54:Location
38:Part of
3513:General
1902:Joe Coe
1774:Jo Reed
1576:Related
776:Liberty
187:Detroit
59:Detroit
3915:Parade
3903:(1965)
3778:Memory
3497:(1964)
3473:(1961)
3467:(1952)
3457:(1946)
3451:(1945)
3445:(1943)
3439:(1937)
3433:(1933)
3427:(1932)
3421:(1930)
3415:(1927)
3409:(1923)
3403:(1922)
3397:(1921)
3391:(1920)
3385:(1920)
3379:(1919)
3363:(1919)
3357:(1919)
3351:(1919)
3345:(1918)
3339:(1917)
3333:(1916)
3327:(1912)
3321:(1911)
3315:(1910)
3304:(1908)
3298:(1906)
3287:(1905)
3281:(1899)
3275:(1898)
3269:(1898)
3263:(1898)
3257:(1897)
3251:(1892)
3245:(1892)
3239:(1891)
3233:(1880)
3227:(1879)
3221:(1879)
3215:(1878)
3209:(1878)
3203:(1876)
3197:(1876)
3191:(1876)
3185:(1874)
3173:(1873)
3167:(1871)
3156:(1868)
3150:(1868)
3144:(1868)
3138:(1868)
3132:(1868)
3126:(1868)
3120:(1868)
3109:(1866)
3103:(1866)
3097:(1864)
3091:(1864)
3085:(1863)
3074:(1863)
3068:(1862)
3062:(1858)
3014:(2020)
3006:(2011)
2998:(1998)
2990:(1989)
2982:(1981)
2974:(1979)
2966:(1978)
2958:(1975)
2950:(1970)
2942:(1968)
2934:(1967)
2926:(1966)
2918:(1965)
2910:(1964)
2902:(1964)
2894:(1964)
2886:(1959)
2878:(1957)
2870:(1957)
2862:(1955)
2854:(1955)
2846:(1955)
2838:(1947)
2830:(1946)
2822:(1944)
2814:(1944)
2806:(1943)
2798:(1943)
2790:(1941)
2771:(1940)
2763:(1940)
2755:(1934)
2747:(1933)
2739:(1933)
2731:(1932)
2723:(1931)
2715:(1931)
2707:(1930)
2699:(1930)
2691:(1928)
2683:(1927)
2675:(1927)
2667:(1927)
2659:(1927)
2651:(1927)
2643:(1927)
2635:(1927)
2627:(1927)
2619:(1927)
2611:(1927)
2603:(1927)
2595:(1927)
2587:(1927)
2579:(1927)
2571:(1926)
2563:(1926)
2555:(1926)
2547:(1925)
2539:(1924)
2531:(1923)
2523:(1922)
2515:(1921)
2507:(1921)
2499:(1920)
2491:(1920)
2483:(1919)
2475:(1919)
2467:(1919)
2459:(1919)
2451:(1919)
2443:(1919)
2435:(1918)
2427:(1918)
2419:(1918)
2411:(1918)
2403:(1918)
2395:(1918)
2387:(1917)
2379:(1917)
2371:(1917)
2363:(1916)
2355:(1916)
2347:(1916)
2339:(1916)
2331:(1915)
2323:(1915)
2315:(1914)
2307:(1914)
2299:(1913)
2291:(1913)
2283:(1912)
2275:(1912)
2267:(1912)
2259:(1911)
2251:(1911)
2243:(1911)
2235:(1911)
2227:(1911)
2219:(1910)
2211:(1909)
2203:(1909)
2195:(1909)
2187:(1909)
2179:(1909)
2171:(1909)
2163:(1907)
2155:(1907)
2147:(1906)
2139:(1906)
2131:(1906)
2123:(1904)
2115:(1904)
2107:(1903)
2099:(1903)
2091:(1903)
2083:(1903)
2075:(1901)
2067:(1901)
2059:(1901)
2040:(1899)
2032:(1899)
2024:(1898)
2016:(1898)
2008:(1898)
2000:(1897)
1992:(1897)
1984:(1896)
1976:(1894)
1968:(1894)
1960:(1894)
1952:(1893)
1944:(1893)
1936:(1893)
1928:(1893)
1920:(1892)
1912:(1892)
1904:(1891)
1896:(1891)
1888:(1891)
1880:(1890)
1872:(1889)
1864:(1889)
1856:(1889)
1848:(1888)
1840:(1886)
1832:(1886)
1824:(1884)
1816:(1882)
1808:(1881)
1800:(1879)
1792:(1878)
1784:(1877)
1776:(1875)
1768:(1872)
1760:(1871)
1752:(1870)
1744:(1870)
1736:(1870)
1728:(1868)
1720:(1864)
1712:(1864)
1704:(1864)
1696:(1863)
1688:(1858)
1680:(1851)
1672:(1837)
1664:(1836)
1564:(1863)
1558:(1862)
1552:(1859)
1546:(1858)
1540:(1857)
1534:(1855)
1519:Others
1511:(1863)
1482:(1863)
1471:(1857)
1465:(1857)
1394:(1855)
1370:(1859)
1364:(1856)
1358:(1856)
1352:(1856)
1346:(1856)
1340:(1856)
1334:(1856)
1328:(1856)
1322:(1855)
1306:Kansas
1297:(1864)
1291:(1855)
1266:(1850)
1234:(1835)
1228:(1835)
1222:(1833)
1216:(1831)
1202:Others
1165:(1844)
1154:(1842)
1148:(1838)
1142:(1838)
1136:(1834)
1072:(1849)
1055:(1834)
1049:(1826)
1030:(1837)
1019:(1834)
1000:(1840)
994:(1839)
962:(1772)
956:(1772)
954:affair
952:Gaspee
947:(1739)
941:(1689)
932:Others
924:(1730)
918:(1677)
912:(1663)
888:(1742)
869:(1771)
857:(1711)
851:(1677)
827:(1770)
786:(1770)
780:(1768)
778:affair
771:(1747)
653:
625:
521:
491:
311:Events
199:racism
160:Affair
3461:Harry
1379:Maine
720:Riots
461:(PDF)
305:draft
3958:list
3868:Fury
3550:Jews
3463:and
3179:(AL)
1491:Ohio
1081:Ohio
984:Iowa
722:and
651:ISBN
636:2011
623:ISBN
532:2011
519:ISBN
489:ISBN
223:US$
181:The
46:Date
4049::
3487:,
3483:,
3052:,
503:^
487:.
438:^
423:^
315:A
61:,
3960:)
3956:(
3834:"
3830:"
3638:"
3634:"
3616:"
3612:"
3479:(
3048:(
1622:e
1615:t
1608:v
738:/
712:e
705:t
698:v
659:.
638:.
587:.
534:.
497:.
470:.
118:e
111:t
104:v
89:2
20:)
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