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742:, which the North Dakota Game and Fish Department fears will enter Devils Lake basin waters in the near future, allowing the carp to populate Devils Lake. The carp's fast reproductive growth and the lack of carp predators in the lake will likely help it to dramatically increase in population. This could have drastic consequences for existing populations of game fish, such as the
673:. This outlet, which cost $ 28 million, has a lower maximum discharge than the federal proposal (limited to a maximum of 100 cu ft/s (2.8 m/s) by the Section 402 NDPDES Permit); its gravel filter removes only larger organisms. But it has provided some relief to the flood problem. Construction began in 2003 and was completed as of summer 2005.
484:
707:(IJC), through which the United States and Canada can solve cross-boundary water disputes, but the commission has no power to act without invocation by both nations. Canada attempted to invoke the IJC for purposes of conflict resolution, but the United States did not, effectively preventing the IJC from taking part in the controversy.
308:. The Sisseton, Wahpeton, and Cut-Head bands of Dakotas were relocated to the Spirit Lake Reservation as a result of the 1867 treaty with the United States that established a reservation for Dakotas who had not been forcibly relocated to Crow Creek Reservation in what is now called South Dakota. The name "Devils Lake" is a
753:
Some preventive measures have been proposed, including inserting chemicals in the creeks along the boundary of the Devils Lake Basin and the Red River Valley to kill fish. Biologists did tests in 2005 which conclude that there are currently no carp in the Devils Lake Basin, but some have been found
544:
more than $ 450 million. Efforts to control flooding include artificial outlets, dike construction and moving railroad lines, roads, and power lines. Future climate as projected by 17 different global climate models indicates overall increase in both precipitation and temperature in the Devils Lake
725:
Lake
Winnipeg covers approximately 9,400 sq mi (24,000 km), dozens of times as large as Devils Lake. In addition, the Devils Lake Basin is significantly smaller than the watersheds feeding Lake Winnipeg, including the Saskatchewan River basin at approximately 56,000 sq mi
649:
proposed to draw water from a different point of the lake, provide filtration, and discharge a maximum of 300 cu ft/s (8.5 m/s) of water from Devil's Lake, in order to lessen dependence on overflow or evaporation to reduce water levels. The Corps of
Engineers estimated its project
721:
In
November 2005, a joint United States and Canadian study concluded that none of the 13 species Canada classifies as invasive were present in Devils Lake. The study did find three species of fish parasites that are not currently known to exist in Lake Winnipeg (to which the Red River flows).
633:
During the most recent wet cycle which began in 1993, the lake rose over 26.5 ft (8.1 m), inundating 140 sq mi (360 km) of primarily agricultural land. This required the expenditure of more than $ 400 million in flood protection measures. Some stakeholders argued for
983:
799:
On June 15, 2011, BNSF and Amtrak agreed to rebuild the rail line, whereby each would cover one-third of the cost. The state of North Dakota received a federal TIGER grant to pay for the remaining third. The growth of freight traffic associated with oil from the
593:
capital of the world. There are a number of boat ramps and other facilities around the lake to facilitate recreational activities on the lake. Recreation in the form of open water and ice fishing is estimated to have generated more than $ 20 million annually.
556:
to research construction of an outlet in 1997 to control the lake level through methods other than evaporation or natural overflow. The Corps' design included mechanisms for filtration and monitoring of the water, and was estimated to cost $ 186.5 million.
695:
In March 2004, Manitoba, along with
Minnesota and several environmental groups, sued the North Dakota Department of Health in state court over the Devils Lake Outlet 402 NDPDES Permit. The court ruled the outlet could proceed in August 2004 and May 2005.
722:
However, all three are ubiquitous to the waters of North
America and have a wide variety of hosts. A difficulty inherent in determining what species are in Devils Lake versus Lake Winnipeg results from spatial relationships and scale.
1330:
796:. However, Amtrak said that they would continue using the line by the lake. In 2010, analysts estimated that Amtrak would soon either have to rebuild the bridge that crosses the lake at Churchs Ferry, or reroute its passenger trains.
564:
objected to the cost and certain water quality provisions of the plan, and declined to participate in construction of the Corps' outlet. In 2003, the state constructed its own outlet to divert water from Devils Lake into the
669:, North Dakota objected to the water quality provisions and the amount of funding required. Instead it constructed its own outlet, with approval of the North Dakota Department of Health, the U.S. State Department, and
726:(150,000 km). Drawing conclusions about the biological community already in Lake Winnipeg is difficult, due to the relative lack of biological sampling there compared to that of the smaller Devils Lake.
529:
to cropland has resulted in water moving more rapidly into the lake, increasing water levels. In addition, the diversion of natural water flows is also considered to have contributed to the flooding.
804:
in this period resulted in BNSF upgrading its assessment of the importance of the Devils Lake line. After the track was rebuilt and raised, through service resumed from Devils Lake to
Churchs Ferry.
532:
An increase in precipitation between 1993 and 1999 caused the lake to double in size, forcing the displacement of more than 300 homes and flooding 70,000 acres (28,000 ha) of farmland. The
518:, which may be separated during times of low water, or connected during high water. Thus the boundaries of the lake can vary greatly from year to year, depending on the amount of precipitation.
1327:
658:
would have paid the remaining amount. Because the project potentially affected the Red River of the North, which runs into
Canadian waters, the project was considered to be subject to the
404:
of some 3,800 sq mi (9,800 km), the Devils Lake Basin. The lake collects around 86 percent of the basin's water runoff. Above an elevation of 1,447 ft (441 m)
1451:
1446:
455:. Lower water levels increase salinity, threatening fish and wildlife. Salinity levels in the lake have been one prominent aspect of the debate over diversion of lake water into the
822:
819:
Maximum depth based on a peak surface level of 1,454.3 feet (443.3 m) in July 2011 and a lowest-recorded surface level of 1,400 feet (430 m) measured in 1940.
1084:
Rosenberg, Sheryl A. 2000. "A Canadian
Perspective on the Devils Lake Outlet: Towards an Environmental Assessment Model for the Management of Transboundary Disputes."
1299:
Flanders, Joseph M. 2006. "Transboundary Water
Disputes on an International and State Platform: A Controversial Resolution to North Dakota's Devils Lake Dilemma,"
499:
Devils Lake is well known for its wide variations in lake levels, with large swings between low and high water levels. This owes in large part to its nature as a
1408:
1441:
63:
324:(literally "pure source", also translated as "spirit" or "sacred"). The Dakota consider it holy because they believe it is the home of the underwater serpent
718:
and Canada's national sovereignty. The U.S. government contends the diversion will not be harmful, nor will it violate the treaty under current conditions.
148:
1365:
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region leading to the lake's overspill probability (24–47% without the outlet and 3.5–14.4% with the full capacity outlet) into the nearby
Sheyenne River.
1042:
1108:
Hollis, Duncan B. 2007. "Disaggregating Devils Lake: Can Non-State Actors, Hegemony, or Principal-Agent Theory Explain the Boundary Waters Treaty?" In
536:, whose reservation is along part of the lake, suffered considerable damage to homes and lands. Attempts to mitigate the flooding have reportedly cost
1060:
573:
issues. The National Weather Service is the official federal government agency responsible for observing and predicting water levels at Devils Lake.
93:
684:, Canada. They argue the outlet would create the potential for the transfer of unknown foreign aquatic species and high levels of sulfates into the
447:
Because Devils Lake is endorheic, the lake tends to be much higher in salinity than the lakes with outlets to river systems. This is similar to the
1191:
Kharel, G. & Kirilenko, A. 2018. "Comparing CMIP-3 and CMIP-5 climate projections on flooding estimation of Devils Lake of North Dakota, USA,"
597:
541:
921:
Mni Wakan Oyate (Spirit Lake Nation): A History of the Sisituwan, Wahpeton, Pabaksa, and other Dakota that Settled at Spirit Lake, North Dakota
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temporarily suspended freight traffic between Devils Lake and Churchs Ferry, a total of 19 miles (31 km), during 2009–2013. However,
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The draining of wetlands to develop agricultural land in the area has aggravated flooding at Devils Lake. Drainage of the basin's
670:
435:(very high in nutrients). During periods of excessive precipitation, however, the lake can be up to 60 ft (18 m) deep,
332:. European-American settlers mistranslated the name to mean "Bad Spirit Lake", or "Devils Lake". The "bad" referred to the high
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route, to which freight traffic had been shifted. To compensate for the loss of station stops at Grand Forks, Devils Lake, and
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459:, with questions of the potential environmental impact of the diverted water on downstream rivers, lakes, and communities.
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284:. On June 27, 2011, it reached an unofficial historical high elevation of 1,454.3 ft (443.3 m). The cities of
605:
381:
377:
130:
126:
569:, at a cost of $ 28 million. The outlet was completed in 2005, but was not operated in 2006 due to water quality and
1414:
416:, though the lake has not reached this level in approximately 1,000 years. The Sheyenne River is a tributary to the
1159:
Kempf, Bart. 2007. "Draining Devils Lake: The International Lawmaking Problems Created by the Devils Lake Outlet,"
793:
1390:
1137:
Bryn, Eric M. 1996. "Through a Biodiversity Looking-Glass: An Analysis of the Devils Lake Water Management Plan."
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argues that the diversion by the state, without consultation or approval from Canada, is a violation of the
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272:. It is the largest natural body of water and the second-largest body of water in North Dakota after
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436:
432:
1328:
Ross B. Capon, "AMTRAK'S LONG-DISTANCE TRAINS: BRIEF HISTORY, BENEFITS, INFRASTRUCTURE CHALLENGES"
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occupies most of the southern shore and has been adversely affected by flooding since the 1990s.
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lake, lacking a natural outlet. The release of water is dependent upon evaporation and seepage.
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continued to operate over this segment. BNSF offered Amtrak the right to instead operate the
1231:
http://www.crh.noaa.gov/ahps2/hydrograph.php?wfo=fgf&gage=dcbn8&view=1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1
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735:
357:
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1171:"Devils Lake Basin in North Dakota." United States Geological Survey Water Science Center.
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that would have been caused by the shift, BNSF suggested that Amtrak add a station stop at
328:. The Dakota name is reflected in the name of the Spirit Lake Tribe and the nearby town of
1334:
1179:
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570:
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1337:, for Midwest Interstate Passenger Rail Commission, 9 June 2014; accessed 1 November 2016
1037:
Devils Lake Basin Joint Water Resource Board. North Dakota State Water Commission. 2006.
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635:
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439:(rich in minerals, nutrients, and organisms), with decreased salinity due to dilution.
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276:. It can reach a level of 1,458 ft (444 m) before naturally flowing into the
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Due to the rising waters of the Devils Lake and its basin, streams can flow into the
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within two miles (3 km). The carp appear to have been stalled by the abundant
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or the Devils Lake Basin. The Red River Valley basin contains a "rough fish", the
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Landers, Jay. 2005, Oct. "North Dakota Begins Operating Devils Lake Diversion,"
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412:. At 1,458 ft (444 m), the combined lake flows naturally into the
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483:
1312:
Fred W. Frailey, "Minus its backbone, Amtrak makes a tempting target,"
866:"Treaty with The Sioux – Sisseton and Wahpeton Bands February 19, 1867"
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743:
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Devils Lake, Social Science Research Network. North Dakota Law Review
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is located on an island in the lake. Other parks on the lake include
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590:
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474:
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923:. Spirit Lake, North Dakota: Cankdeska Cikana Community College.
304:
The present site of Devils Lake is historically territory of the
1274:"Judge upholds changes to Devils Lake outlet's operating permit"
452:
261:
180:
1366:"Where the Roads End in Water: The Lake That Won't Stop Rising"
984:"AISRI Dictionary Database Search – Arikara. Prototype version"
957:. Bismarck, North Dakota: Bismarck tribune. pp. 28, 236.
336:
of the lake, making it unfit to drink, and "spirit" meant the
1207:
Brouwer, Greg. 2003. "Corps Approves Devils Lake Diversion,"
506:
The low, flat terrain around Devils Lake consists of various
629:
One of two large pumps used in the state-constructed outlet.
676:
The state outlet project was opposed by the governments of
340:
often seen across the water. The Christian concept of the
424:. Dike protection is set at 1,454 ft (443 m).
1110:
Responsibility of Individuals, States and Organizations.
750:, which could greatly harm the sport fishing industry.
420:, which flows into Canada, with eventual exit into the
1229:
National Weather Service hydrograph for Devils Lake:
1243:"Shelvers Grove State Recreation Area – Google Maps"
1220:
Devils Lake Journal (Devils Lake, ND), July 28, 2009
758:
plants, which makes travel impossible for the fish.
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39:
1161:Georgetown International Environmental Law Review.
612:, which is now closed due to the lake's flooding.
296:, which is located on the lake's southern shores.
27:This article is about the lake. For the city, see
427:Under normal conditions, Devils Lake is shallow,
898:. Vol. 7. U.S. Government Printing Office.
141:
1122:"Runaway Devils Lake » American Scientist"
581:Devils Lake has been known for a long time for
471:Historical elevations of Devils Lake, 1860–2008
1452:Bodies of water of Benson County, North Dakota
1447:Bodies of water of Ramsey County, North Dakota
1173:http://nd.water.usgs.gov/devilslake/index.html
650:costs to amount to $ 186.5 million, with the
634:construction of an emergency outlet into the
8:
1411:from the North Dakota State Water Commission
1080:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1040:2006 Devils Lake Basin Water Management Plan
692:, the world's 10th-largest freshwater lake.
823:"Devils Lake flooding lessens, but remains"
688:basin, an important agricultural area, and
1417:from the North Dakota Department of Health
946:
944:
942:
940:
654:designating $ 100 million to the project;
292:take their name from the lake as does the
36:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1033:
1031:
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600:is located on the lake's southern shore.
344:is not present in Dakota philosophy. The
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662:, and international issues were raised.
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1131:
812:
598:White Horse Hill National Game Preserve
1196:https://peerj.com/articles/4711/?td=wk
1139:Great Plains Natural Resources Journal
868:. Access Genealogy. November 10, 2012
766:Due to the lake's rising waters, the
525:and conversion of the basin's native
202:3,810 sq mi (9,900 km)
7:
1442:Endorheic lakes of the United States
1415:Devils Lake Outlet 402 NDPDES Permit
610:Shelvers Grove State Recreation Area
346:Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nations
954:Origins of North Dakota Place Names
821:Knutson, Jonathan (July 10, 2016).
408:, the lake spills into neighboring
100:
70:
34:Lake in North Dakota, United States
951:Williams, Mary Ann Barnes (1966).
384:in northeastern North Dakota. The
25:
1364:Lisa M. Hamilton (May 31, 2011).
703:established an intermediary, the
606:Black Tiger State Recreation Area
548:In response to the flooding, the
487:Partially submerged trees in 2002
671:Council on Environmental Quality
348:also accessed the lake, and the
233:1,454.20 ft (443.24 m)
99:
92:
69:
62:
45:
18:Devil's Lake (North Dakota)
1395:United States Geological Survey
228:
220:
1290:Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909
841:"History / Spirit Lake Nation"
716:Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909
705:International Joint Commission
701:Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909
638:, which is a tributary of the
1:
225:more than 59 feet (18 m)
121:
113:Show map of the United States
1467:Sacred lakes of the Americas
51:View from space (March 2009)
1457:Environment of North Dakota
896:A Dakota-English Dictionary
665:Led by Republican Governor
1483:
1061:"Prehistoric Water Levels"
794:New Rockford, North Dakota
376:Devils Lake is located in
26:
602:Grahams Island State Park
56:
44:
29:Devils Lake, North Dakota
1404:National Weather Service
1008:Hidatsa Language Program
616:Issues and controversies
589:. It has been named the
83:Show map of North Dakota
1301:North Dakota Law Review
1086:North Dakota Law Review
1004:"Hidatsa Lessons Vocab"
919:Diedrich, Mark (2007).
647:Army Corps of Engineers
554:Army Corps of Engineers
400:, or closed, lake of a
294:Spirit Lake Reservation
1421:Legal Article/Analysis
1400:Devils Lake hydrograph
660:Boundary Waters Treaty
652:United States Congress
640:Red River of the North
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1437:Lakes of North Dakota
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164:48.03472°N 98.94417°W
1318:, August 2010, p. 18
712:Government of Canada
790:Rugby, North Dakota
396:Devils Lake is the
169:48.03472; -98.94417
160: /
1350:Grand Forks Herald
1333:2017-01-23 at the
1178:2009-02-08 at the
1045:2011-05-21 at the
631:
621:Outlet controversy
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135:North Dakota, U.S.
1261:Civil Engineering
1209:Civil Engineering
930:978-0-9799000-0-6
845:Spirit Lake Tribe
786:Northern Transcon
762:Railroad problems
534:Spirit Lake Tribe
495:Devils Lake: 2009
479:Devils Lake: 1984
386:Spirit Lake Tribe
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230:Surface elevation
16:(Redirected from
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1280:. 27 April 2007.
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1370:The Atlantic
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366:sacred water
361:
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282:Tolna Coulee
270:North Dakota
257:
256:
1409:Devils Lake
1391:Devils Lake
1088:76: 817–59.
740:common carp
667:John Hoeven
587:watersports
362:mirixubaash
330:Minnewaukan
290:Minnewaukan
286:Devils Lake
258:Devils Lake
250:Minnewaukan
246:Devils Lake
242:Settlements
167: /
142:Coordinates
107:Devils Lake
77:Devils Lake
40:Devils Lake
1431:Categories
1247:google.com
989:2012-07-08
808:References
585:and other
577:Recreation
422:Hudson Bay
410:Stump Lake
266:U.S. state
222:Max. depth
155:98°56′39″W
133:counties,
1402:from the
1393:from the
1141:1: 65–96.
784:over the
686:Red River
678:Minnesota
437:eutrophic
418:Red River
398:endorheic
392:Hydrology
372:Geography
191:open lake
181:Lake type
1331:Archived
1211:: 18–19.
1176:Archived
1043:Archived
1018:July 17,
968:March 6,
890:(1890).
872:March 6,
850:March 6,
682:Manitoba
540:and the
523:wetlands
512:channels
463:Flooding
443:Salinity
360:name is
356:and the
334:salinity
320:(water)
280:via the
152:48°2′5″N
123:Location
1375:June 2,
894:(ed.).
756:cattail
744:walleye
583:fishing
527:prairie
508:coulees
358:Hidatsa
350:Arikara
338:mirages
326:Unktehi
312:of the
300:History
264:in the
1315:Trains
1303:82, 3.
963:431626
961:
927:
902:
772:Amtrak
516:basins
514:, and
431:, and
429:saline
322:wak'áŋ
316:words
314:Dakota
310:calque
131:Benson
127:Ramsey
1263:: 18.
1193:PeerJ
591:perch
571:biota
342:devil
260:is a
208:Basin
1377:2021
1020:2012
970:2019
959:OCLC
925:ISBN
900:ISBN
874:2019
852:2019
746:and
730:Carp
710:The
699:The
680:and
645:The
608:and
453:Utah
406:AMSL
380:and
368:").
288:and
262:lake
774:'s
451:in
318:mni
268:of
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