624:(BIA) took over the tribe's social services program to strengthen protection of children. It investigated 100 reported cases of such abuse in the first month. In February 2013, the two North Dakota senators and a representative met with tribal officials and members at a town hall meeting at Spirit Lake to discuss reforms underway, including fingerprinting of all adults living with foster children (a requirement that had not been satisfied before). Because of listening sessions on the reservation, the Administration for Children and Families (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services) developed seven priority recommendations to be addressed by child welfare stakeholders at the Spirit Lake Reservation. Included was a recommendation for the Spirit Lake Tribal Social Services Agency and BIA to jointly develop policies and procedures that encompass all aspects of child welfare services including that foster homes must comply with federal and state safety checks, including background checks on all adults residing in the home. As a result of the exposure of crimes against children on the reservation, the Native American Children's Safety Act enacted in 2016 amends the Indian Child Protection and Family Violence Prevention Act to further ensure children's safety by requiring Indian Tribes to conduct background checks before placing children in foster care.
649:
520:
785:. The casino has brought new sources of income and helped to stabilize the tribal economy employing over 300 people with 75% being Native American. It is a multi-story facility comprising 82,000 square feet of Gaming & Entertainment Floor and 112,300 square feet of Resort and Hotel on a remote island connected by a 2-lane highway off of Mission Bay, North Dakota. After numerous renovations since its opening, it now has almost 150 hotel rooms, a 1,000-seat auditorium, a banquet hall, RV park, gift shop and a four-story aquatic center. In 2011 more job opportunities were added when the Spirit Lake Marina and Spirit Lake Grocery store were added to the grounds of the casino. The marina hosts a fishing tournament every summer.
349:
411:, many long lines of hereditary leadership ceased to exist as several bands of Sisseton and Wahpeton were forced to flee Minnesota into various locations throughout the Dakotas. Other leaders were killed, deposed or replaced by those chosen by the United States government to act as spokesperson. The U.S. government and the Sisseton and Wahpeton bands of Dakota signed a treaty in 1867 that established the Fort Totten Reservation. The name was later changed to the Devils Lake Sioux Reservation. In 1996, the Spirit Lake Tribe changed the name to a more correct translation of Mni Wakan.
2789:
2416:
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3209:
2136:
641:
60:
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88:
48:
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children." She also said it was vitally important for the tribe regain control because children were placed outside of the community while the program was controlled by the BIA; in order for the children to maintain cultural ties, they need to be immersed in their culture. The tribe is encouraging community members to study social work at
Cankdeska Cikana Community College and they are also working with outside organizations such as the
1519:
100:
389:
607:, which was identified as endemic on the reservation. For years both tribal and federal law enforcement officials had failed to prosecute such crimes. The reservation residents include a high number of registered sex offenders, some of whom have responsibility for children. Officials suggest that poverty and alcohol abuse have contributed to the problems.
648:
687:, near the edge of East Devils Lake. The villages of Tiowaste and Waanatan's Sisituwan bands were located at present-day St. Michael. Historically the village of Matocatka (Left Bear)'s Wahpeton bands was at Woodlake and Wahacankaduta (Scarlet Shield)'s Pabaksa (Ihanktonwan) bands was located at Crow Hill.
458:
When the Dakota War of 1862 began, Renville helped to organize a soldier's lodge that opposed the fighting. Renville was not a hereditary leader but was appointed leader by the
American government after serving as a scout for three years. He helped organize the new Sisseton reservation after signing
719:
The Sioux
Manufacturing Corporation, a manufacturer of composite armed armors, is located on the reservation. It is 100% owned by the tribe and is one of the oldest tribal-owned businesses in the country. It opened in 1973 and by 1989, the tribe had purchased the last remaining shares of the company
773:
in 1988 when the tribe signed an agreement with the
Governor of North Dakota. The first facility initially employed 35 individuals, most of whom were tribal members. Later, in 1994, the tribe renovated a gymnasium and added a second casino in Tokio, ND. This development created employment for 191
356:
The reservation of the tribe is located on the southern shore of Devil's Lake, which has been historically the territory of the Dakota people. The
Sisseton, Wahpeton, and Cut-Head bands of Dakotas were relocated to the Spirit Lake Reservation as a result of the 1867 treaty with the United States
627:
In
February 2019 it was announced that the tribe had successfully completed steps to regain full control of the tribal child welfare program. Chairwoman Myra Pearson said, "The transition has been a work in progress but tribal leaders, employees and the community are determined to protect the
360:
Because Devil's Lake is a closed-basin watershed, the reservation has suffered increasingly frequent episodes of flooding since the 1990s. It has lost homes, land and economic opportunities due to the severity of this problem. Tribal chairperson, Myra
Pearson, appealed in the 21st century to
696:
300:
Their name was originally the Devils Lake Sioux Tribe and its reservation was originally called the Fort Totten Indian
Reservation. In the 1970s, the tribe was briefly renamed the Sisseton-Wahpeton of North Dakota, which caused confusion with the Sisseton-Wahpeton of South Dakota,
656:
Fort Totten is the reservation's economic and government center. The tribal administration, tribal college and Spirit Lake
Consulting offices are located in the community. The tribe's Vocational Rehabilitation program works to assist tribal members in finding employment.
489:(Cloudman). He was elected Elder of the Wood Lake Presbyterian Church in 1883 using the name Adam Ignatius Ironheart. He was able to locate his war-scattered extended family and moved back to the old reservation at Granite Falls, Minnesota to reunite with them in 1885.
420:
400:, Dakota tribal societies were without social classes and government was democratic and highly decentralized. An individual's status was based on their ability to serve and perform and leaders existed to serve the will of the people.
768:
Since the late 20th century, the tribe has operated various gaming facilities on its reservation to generate revenues for the welfare of its people. The first casino opened in St. Michael, North Dakota with the passage of the
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established in the 1970s. The two-year college provides classes in subject areas needed by the reservation and to prepare students for other jobs, as well as strengthening their Dakota culture and language. The radio station
700:
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474:. When Standing Buffalo died, Hoksinawaste was next in line to be chief, but stepped aside for Sipto. He was baptized Adam Sipto and was the last chief on the reservation. He is buried in St. Michael Cemetery.
1344:
703:
1507:
288:, 3,587 members out of a total of 4,238 people (including non-tribal members) were residing on the reservation. The unemployment rate was 47.3% in 2000. The largest community on the reservation is
701:
774:
people. The tribe had closed both of those two smaller casinos in 1996 and on June 1, 1996, after a $ 7 million investment opened the new 49,000 square foot casino at its present location.
3528:
527:
The tribe has a written constitution and an elected government, with a chairman and tribal council. In 1944, the tribe submitted its constitution for ratification and was approved by the
470:
Sipto was a hereditary chief of the
Abdowapusikiya (Back Drying) Band of the Sisseton. His father, Hoksinawasteka (Goodboy, 1805–1890) was the son of Standing Buffalo and related to
352:(Devil's Lake, ND, June 5, 2009) A road is covered with water from Devils Lake, which has been steadily rising for the last several years, threatening homes and businesses in the area
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439:. His father was Wichahpihiteton (Star Face), the leader of a Sisseton band. During the Dakota War of 1862, Standing Buffalo opposed the fighting. He died in a battle with the
511:
Tiowaste was not a hereditary leader but was appointed leader by the American government on May 23, 1868. His mother was related to Standing Buffalo and his father was French.
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officials to develop a recovery plan. It was published in 2010 and includes economic and cultural development goals in addition to strategies to combat the flooding.
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owned by the Brunswick Corporation, thereby gaining full ownership. Currently, 75% of the workforce is Native American and their products are created for the
404:
played a role in maintaining a government structure known as the council and prior to the reservation era, no single person was in charge of decision-making.
320:(literally "pure source", also translated as "spirit" or "sacred"). The Dakota consider it holy because they believe it is the home of the underwater serpent
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Mni Wakan Oyate (Spirit Lake Nation): A History of the Sisituwan, Wahpeton, Pabaksa, and other Dakota that Settled at Spirit Lake, North Dakota
2963:
870:
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that established a reservation for Dakotas who had not been forcibly relocated to Crow Creek Reservation in what is now called South Dakota.
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documentary about Robin Poor Bear, a woman on the Spirit Lake Reservation, and the severe problems of sexual abuse and violence there.
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the treaty of 1867. He served as chief of the Sisseton and Wahpeton on the Spirit Lake reservation throughout the 1880s and 1890s.
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328:. European-American settlers misconstrued this name to mean "Bad Spirit Lake", or "Devils Lake". The "bad" referred to the high
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Waanatan II was born in 1828 to a Sisseton mother who was related to Standing Buffalo. He is buried in St. Michael Cemetery.
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and his White House for assistance. Since then tribal representatives have engaged with a multi-agency task force led by
770:
230:. Established in 1867 in a treaty between Sisseton-Wahpeton Bands and the United States government, the reservation, at
570:
Ila Rae Mckay (Hintunkasan Wastewin, Pretty Weasel Woman), born 1959. Served from 1990 to 1991. Descendant of Tiowaste.
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3008:
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2390:
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1980:
1975:
1601:
820:
612:
278:
270:
262:
3127:
2778:
2120:
2101:
285:
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211:
39:
1302:
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1667:
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671:
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325:
289:
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1401:
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59:
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955:
760:
621:
528:
1080:
1246:"HOEVEN, HEITKAMP, CRAMER: INTERIOR, BIA TO HOLD TOWN HALL MEETING AT SPIRIT LAKE ON SOCIAL SERVICES REFORMS"
3413:
3178:
3149:
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1960:
1902:
1642:
284:
According to the tribal enrollment office in 2014, the tribe had 7,256 enrolled members. At the time of the
3543:
3446:
3198:
3003:
2125:
1935:
3456:
3421:
3183:
3033:
3028:
2768:
2748:
2613:
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1677:
1662:
1276:"Testimony from Nikki Hatch on Native American Children's Safety Act before Committee on Indian Affairs"
994:
1437:
428:
3505:
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3441:
3188:
3173:
3168:
3082:
3018:
2773:
2763:
2662:
2603:
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2380:
2356:
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1965:
1955:
1950:
1945:
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915:
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3013:
2993:
2753:
2608:
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2405:
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1985:
1970:
1940:
1930:
1920:
1657:
1460:
677:
3466:
3043:
3023:
2623:
2250:
1995:
1682:
1652:
1523:
604:
408:
397:
383:
203:
154:
47:
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261:, consists of 1,283.777 square kilometres (495.669 sq mi) of land area, primarily in
961:
927:
919:
866:
504:
451:
118:
463:
324:. The Dakota name is reflected in the name of the Spirit Lake Tribe and the nearby town of
1444:
436:
183:
162:
158:
122:
3220:
2800:
2427:
2147:
1704:
1241:
890:"American Indian Tribe Reverts to Ancestral Name Spirit Lake New Name for Devil's Lake"
708:
17:
1249:
3522:
227:
180:
93:
1527:
1518:
561:
Carl Mckay, born 1948. Served from 1974 to 1981, 1985–1990. Descendant of Tiowaste.
362:
207:
138:
134:
105:
1337:"Officials see changes after Spirit Lake regains control of child welfare program"
652:
School children enjoying wagonride at Fort Totten, late 19th or early 20th century
305:. In 1993, the current name of the tribe and reservation was officially adopted.
3142:
2722:
2349:
2094:
1616:
684:
444:
440:
419:
388:
401:
841:
Sisseton-Wahpeton Oyate Dakotah Language Institute, Dakota online dictionary
248:
235:
486:
142:
812:
965:
3489:‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
3066:‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
2646:‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
2273:‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
2018:‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties
1088:. Bismarck, North Dakota: North Dakota Department of Public Instruction.
329:
683:
The historic village of Cantemaza's Wahpeton bands was located north of
995:"Treaty with The Sioux – Sisseton and Wahpeton Bands February 19, 1867"
321:
2788:
2415:
1692:
603:
Beginning in 2012, tribal and federal authorities focused on reducing
3208:
1371:
493:
471:
333:
309:
166:
2135:
1479:
1473:
1432:
534:
The current chairperson is Lonna Street, whose term began in 2023.
1082:
The History and Culture of the Mniwakan Oyate (Spirit Lake Nation)
759:
694:
647:
639:
518:
418:
387:
347:
337:
202:) is a federally recognized tribe based on the Spirit Lake Dakota
197:
1178:"Kindhearted Woman: What Happened on the Spirit Lake Reservation"
865:. Spirit Lake, North Dakota: Cankdeska Cikana Community College.
842:
3160:
2740:
2367:
2112:
1634:
749:
552:
Louis Goodhouse, served from 1957 to 1972. Grandson of Tiowaste.
435:
Standing Buffalo was born about 1833 near the headwaters of the
3099:
2679:
2306:
2051:
1573:
1489:
1274:
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (19 July 2016).
1303:"Native American Children's Safety Act (NACSA) (P.L. 114-165)"
332:
of the lake, making it unfit to drink, and "spirit" meant the
3207:
2787:
2414:
2134:
1691:
1147:"A Tribe's Epidemic of Child Sex Abuse, Minimized for Years"
423:
Chief Wanata II, also known as Chief Wanataan II, 1828–1897
727:
Additional visitor attractions at the reservation are the
632:
to establish relationships with specialists in the field.
336:
often seen across the water. The Christian concept of the
1453:
724:
out of their 250,000 square foot manufacturing facility.
543:
Charlie Black Bird (1894–1968). Served from 1946 to 1957.
644:
The General Store and Post Office in Saint Michael, ND
1212:"Child Abuse at Reservation Is Topic for 3 Lawmakers"
781:
is owned and operated by the tribe and is located in
585:
Myra Pearson, served 1996–1999, 2005–2011, 2015–2019.
1034:. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development.
3484:
3465:
3430:
3412:
3219:
3159:
3061:
3042:
2992:
2799:
2739:
2641:
2622:
2592:
2574:
2426:
2366:
2268:
2249:
2146:
2111:
2013:
1994:
1919:
1901:
1703:
1633:
564:
Paul Little, (1930–1996). Served from 1981 to 1982.
555:
Claude "Red Hail" Longie, served from 1971 to 1972.
549:
Ernest Smith (1912–1961). Served from 1955 to 1957.
148:
128:
112:
79:
69:
38:
27:
Native American tribal organization in North Dakota
1301:U.S. Department of the Interior – Indian Affairs.
1116:"What's in a Name? An Affront, Say Several Tribes"
558:Evelyn Young, born 1931. Served from 1972 to 1973.
485:Hereditary leader of the Wahpeton, his father was
567:Dan Duboise, born 1921. Served from 1980 to 1982.
3529:Federally recognized tribes in the United States
926:. Vol. 7. U.S. Government Printing Office.
303:whose reservation also extends into North Dakota
1330:
1328:
1326:
1324:
856:
854:
852:
850:
531:and the tribal headquarters is at Fort Totten.
2792:Map of North Dakota highlighting Ramsey County
2419:Map of North Dakota highlighting Nelson County
1696:Map of North Dakota highlighting Benson County
3212:Map of North Dakota highlighting Wells County
3111:
2691:
2318:
2063:
1585:
1501:
8:
3534:American Indian reservations in North Dakota
2139:Map of North Dakota highlighting Eddy County
1402:"Spirit Lake Casino & Resort Renovation"
1205:
1203:
764:Spirit Lake Casino and Resort in St. Michael
573:Peter Belgarde, born 1994. Served 1991–1995.
33:
1438:Treaty of 1867, Sisseton And Wahpeton Bands
661:Crow Hill District, Crow Hill, North Dakota
594:Lonna (Jackson)Street, served 2023-present.
3118:
3104:
3096:
2698:
2684:
2676:
2325:
2311:
2303:
2070:
2056:
2048:
1592:
1578:
1570:
1508:
1494:
1486:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
949:
947:
945:
943:
214:. It is made up of people of the Pabaksa (
58:
46:
32:
1463:Web Archives, United States Census Bureau
1372:"Sioux Manufacturing Corporation website"
884:
882:
989:
987:
1145:Timothy Williams (September 19, 2012).
997:. Access Genealogy. November 10, 2012.
799:
729:White Horse Hill National Game Preserve
713:White Horse Hill National Game Preserve
3539:Native American tribes in North Dakota
1395:
1393:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1347:from the original on February 17, 2019
1222:from the original on February 16, 2013
1210:Timothy Williams (February 15, 2013).
1126:from the original on December 16, 2018
1095:from the original on December 27, 2016
960:. Bismarck tribune. pp. 28, 236.
1454:Spirit Lake Reservation, North Dakota
1309:from the original on January 19, 2019
823:from the original on January 29, 2019
807:
805:
803:
340:is not present in Dakota philosophy.
7:
1378:from the original on January 8, 2019
1335:Tess, Williams (February 16, 2019).
1282:from the original on August 13, 2018
1188:from the original on August 13, 2018
737:National Register of Historic Places
579:Roger Yankton Sr., served 2012–2013.
269:counties. Smaller areas extend into
80:Regions with significant populations
1242:Press office Senator Heidi Heitkamp
1157:from the original on March 24, 2013
1114:Brooke, James (November 17, 1996).
957:Origins of North Dakota Place Names
752:90.7 serves the Spirit Lake tribe.
722:United States Department of Defense
367:Federal Emergency Management Agency
64:Location of Spirit Lake Reservation
3126:Municipalities and communities of
2706:Municipalities and communities of
2333:Municipalities and communities of
2078:Municipalities and communities of
1600:Municipalities and communities of
1400:EAPC Architects Engineers (2014).
1176:Childress, Sarah (April 1, 2013).
1041:from the original on April 9, 2017
1001:from the original on March 6, 2019
972:from the original on March 6, 2019
954:Williams, Mary Ann Barnes (1966).
741:Cankdeska Cikana Community College
739:. The Spirit Lake Tribe operates
591:Douglas Yankton, served 2020–2023.
588:Peggy Cavanaugh, served 2019–2020.
392:The reservation boundaries in 1892
25:
1517:
98:
86:
733:Fort Totten State Historic Site
523:Spirit Lake Tribe license plate
3475:Spirit Lake Indian Reservation
3052:Spirit Lake Indian Reservation
2632:Spirit Lake Indian Reservation
2259:Spirit Lake Indian Reservation
2004:Spirit Lake Indian Reservation
1079:Sanstead, Dr. Wayne G (1997).
1027:Fred, Tombar (July 21, 2011).
813:"History / Spirit Lake Nation"
576:Skip Longie, served 2000–2004.
1:
779:Spirit Lake Casino and Resort
756:Spirit Lake Casino and Resort
52:Flag of the Spirit Lake Tribe
771:Indian Gaming Regulatory Act
308:The name "Devils Lake" is a
2709:Ramsey County, North Dakota
2336:Nelson County, North Dakota
1603:Benson County, North Dakota
924:A Dakota-English Dictionary
582:Russ McDonald, served 2014.
546:Jerome Abraham (1905–1978).
3560:
3129:Wells County, North Dakota
1029:"Statement of Fred Tombar"
715:located on the reservation
381:
210:on the southern shores of
3494:
3205:
3140:
3071:
2785:
2720:
2651:
2412:
2347:
2278:
2132:
2092:
2081:Eddy County, North Dakota
2023:
1689:
1614:
1534:
783:St. Michael, North Dakota
735:, which is listed on the
672:St. Michael, North Dakota
666:Fort Totten, North Dakota
630:Annie E. Casey Foundation
153:
133:
117:
84:
74:
57:
45:
622:Bureau of Indian Affairs
620:On October 1, 2012, the
529:Bureau of Indian Affairs
206:located in east-central
34:Spirit Lake Dakota Tribe
861:Diedrich, Mark (2007).
538:Contemporary leadership
507:(Good House) 1825–1919.
18:Devils Lake Sioux Tribe
3213:
2793:
2420:
2140:
1697:
765:
716:
664:Fort Totten District,
653:
645:
524:
481:(Ironheart) 1822–1896.
424:
393:
353:
75:7,256 enrolled members
3211:
2791:
2418:
2138:
1695:
763:
707:
651:
643:
522:
454:(Ti'wakan) 1880–1890.
422:
415:Historical leadership
391:
351:
249:47.91056°N 98.88361°W
149:Related ethnic groups
3507:United States portal
3084:United States portal
2664:United States portal
2291:United States portal
2036:United States portal
1255:on February 14, 2013
1244:(February 8, 2013).
312:of the Dakota words
194:, formerly known as
3500:North Dakota portal
3077:North Dakota portal
2657:North Dakota portal
2284:North Dakota portal
2029:North Dakota portal
1524:Indian reservations
1461:Library of Congress
1341:The Dickinson Press
678:Tokio, North Dakota
676:Woodlake District,
402:Fraternal societies
254:47.91056; -98.88361
245: /
35:
3467:Indian reservation
3214:
3044:Indian reservation
2794:
2624:Indian reservation
2421:
2251:Indian reservation
2141:
1996:Indian reservation
1698:
1482:, official website
1480:Spirit Lake Casino
1476:, official website
1474:Spirit Lake Nation
1459:2004-04-27 at the
1443:2006-10-21 at the
1433:Spirit Lake Nation
1216:The New York Times
1151:The New York Times
766:
717:
670:Mission District,
654:
646:
609:Kind Hearted Woman
605:child sexual abuse
525:
425:
409:Dakota War of 1862
394:
384:Dakota War of 1862
354:
3516:
3515:
3093:
3092:
2964:South Minnewaukan
2673:
2672:
2300:
2299:
2045:
2044:
1567:
1566:
896:. August 20, 1996
872:978-0-9799000-0-6
817:Spirit Lake Tribe
705:
466:(Bead) 1834–1921.
447:on June 5, 1871.
177:Spirit Lake Tribe
173:
172:
16:(Redirected from
3551:
3508:
3501:
3359:South Cottonwood
3210:
3152:
3145:
3135:
3130:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3097:
3085:
3078:
2790:
2732:
2725:
2715:
2710:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2677:
2665:
2658:
2417:
2359:
2352:
2342:
2337:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2304:
2292:
2285:
2221:Pleasant Prairie
2137:
2104:
2097:
2087:
2082:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2049:
2037:
2030:
1694:
1626:
1619:
1609:
1604:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1571:
1522:
1521:
1510:
1503:
1496:
1487:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1409:Design Cost Data
1406:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1368:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1332:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1254:
1248:. Archived from
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1207:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1094:
1087:
1076:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1040:
1033:
1024:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1006:
991:
982:
981:
979:
977:
951:
938:
937:
912:
906:
905:
903:
901:
886:
877:
876:
858:
845:
839:
833:
832:
830:
828:
809:
706:
611:(2013) is a PBS
452:Gabriel Renville
429:Standing Buffalo
286:U.S. 2010 census
260:
259:
257:
256:
255:
250:
246:
243:
242:
241:
238:
222:) and Wahpeton (
190:, also spelt as
104:
102:
101:
92:
90:
89:
70:Total population
62:
50:
36:
21:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3519:
3518:
3517:
3512:
3506:
3499:
3490:
3480:
3461:
3433:
3426:
3408:
3215:
3203:
3155:
3150:
3143:
3136:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3094:
3089:
3083:
3076:
3067:
3057:
3038:
2995:
2988:
2869:Highland Center
2795:
2783:
2735:
2730:
2723:
2716:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2656:
2647:
2637:
2618:
2595:
2588:
2570:
2422:
2410:
2362:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2301:
2296:
2290:
2283:
2274:
2264:
2245:
2201:Lake Washington
2142:
2130:
2107:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2046:
2041:
2035:
2028:
2019:
2009:
1990:
1922:
1915:
1897:
1699:
1687:
1629:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1598:
1568:
1563:
1559:Turtle Mountain
1530:
1516:
1514:
1470:
1445:Wayback Machine
1429:
1424:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1381:
1379:
1370:
1369:
1360:
1350:
1348:
1334:
1333:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1300:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1283:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1258:
1256:
1253:(Press release)
1252:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1223:
1209:
1208:
1201:
1191:
1189:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1160:
1158:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1129:
1127:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1085:
1078:
1077:
1054:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1031:
1026:
1025:
1014:
1004:
1002:
993:
992:
985:
975:
973:
953:
952:
941:
934:
914:
913:
909:
899:
897:
888:
887:
880:
873:
860:
859:
848:
840:
836:
826:
824:
811:
810:
801:
796:
791:
758:
711:grazing at the
695:
693:
638:
601:
517:
487:Mahpiya Wicasta
437:Minnesota River
398:reservation era
386:
380:
375:
346:
298:
253:
251:
247:
244:
239:
236:
234:
232:
231:
226:) bands of the
192:Mni Wakan Oyate
99:
97:
87:
85:
65:
53:
41:
40:Mni Wakan Oyate
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3557:
3555:
3547:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3521:
3520:
3514:
3513:
3511:
3510:
3503:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3478:
3471:
3469:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3438:
3436:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3418:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3100:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3080:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3048:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3000:
2998:
2994:Unincorporated
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2805:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2695:
2688:
2680:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2660:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2628:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2600:
2598:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2332:
2330:
2329:
2322:
2315:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2287:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2255:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2060:
2052:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2032:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1921:Unincorporated
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1709:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1639:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1574:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1477:
1469:
1468:External links
1466:
1465:
1464:
1447:
1435:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1389:
1358:
1320:
1293:
1266:
1233:
1199:
1168:
1137:
1120:New York Times
1106:
1052:
1012:
983:
939:
932:
916:Stephen, Riggs
907:
894:Indian Affairs
878:
871:
846:
834:
798:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
757:
754:
745:tribal college
709:American bison
692:
689:
681:
680:
674:
668:
662:
637:
634:
600:
597:
596:
595:
592:
589:
586:
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571:
568:
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559:
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550:
547:
544:
516:
513:
509:
508:
498:
497:
483:
482:
468:
467:
456:
455:
433:
432:
407:Following the
379:
376:
374:
371:
345:
342:
297:
294:
216:Iháŋkthuŋwaŋna
188:Mniwakaƞ Oyate
171:
170:
151:
150:
146:
145:
131:
130:
126:
125:
115:
114:
110:
109:
82:
81:
77:
76:
72:
71:
67:
66:
63:
55:
54:
51:
43:
42:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3556:
3545:
3544:Santee Dakota
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3509:
3504:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3487:
3483:
3476:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3464:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3355:
3352:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3162:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3146:
3139:
3134:United States
3131:
3121:
3116:
3114:
3109:
3107:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3086:
3081:
3079:
3074:
3073:
3070:
3064:
3060:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3009:Churchs Ferry
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2726:
2719:
2714:United States
2711:
2701:
2696:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2678:
2666:
2661:
2659:
2654:
2653:
2650:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
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2434:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2391:Michigan City
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2360:
2353:
2346:
2341:United States
2338:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2293:
2288:
2286:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2098:
2091:
2086:United States
2083:
2073:
2068:
2066:
2061:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2050:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1981:Saint Michael
1979:
1977:
1976:Pleasant Lake
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1878:West Antelope
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
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1838:Pleasant Lake
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1608:United States
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1554:Standing Rock
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396:Prior to the
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83:
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37:
19:
3474:
3394:West Ontario
3259:Crystal Lake
3148:
3051:
2949:Poplar Grove
2854:Grand Harbor
2779:Starkweather
2728:
2631:
2355:
2258:
2211:New Rockford
2121:New Rockford
2103:New Rockford
2100:
2003:
1858:South Viking
1828:North Viking
1738:Butte Valley
1622:
1548:
1528:North Dakota
1414:December 12,
1412:. Retrieved
1408:
1380:. Retrieved
1349:. Retrieved
1340:
1311:. Retrieved
1296:
1284:. Retrieved
1269:
1259:February 15,
1257:. Retrieved
1250:the original
1236:
1226:February 16,
1224:. Retrieved
1215:
1190:. Retrieved
1181:
1171:
1161:February 16,
1159:. Retrieved
1150:
1140:
1130:December 12,
1128:. Retrieved
1119:
1109:
1099:December 12,
1097:. Retrieved
1081:
1043:. Retrieved
1003:. Retrieved
974:. Retrieved
956:
923:
910:
900:December 23,
898:. Retrieved
893:
862:
837:
825:. Retrieved
816:
778:
777:The present
776:
767:
726:
718:
682:
655:
626:
619:
613:
608:
602:
537:
536:
533:
526:
515:Contemporary
510:
499:
484:
469:
457:
434:
414:
413:
406:
395:
363:Barack Obama
359:
355:
317:
313:
307:
299:
283:
228:Dakota tribe
224:Waȟpéthuŋwaŋ
223:
219:
215:
208:North Dakota
196:Devils Lake
195:
191:
187:
176:
174:
139:syncretistic
135:Christianity
106:North Dakota
30:Ethnic group
3434:communities
3389:West Norway
3354:Silver Lake
3329:Norway Lake
3144:County seat
2996:communities
2919:North Creel
2894:Minnewaukan
2819:Chain Lakes
2759:Devils Lake
2731:Devils Lake
2724:County seat
2596:communities
2351:County seat
2161:Cherry Lake
2096:County seat
1923:communities
1911:Fort Totten
1843:Rich Valley
1668:Minnewaukan
1625:Minnewaukan
1618:County seat
1549:Spirit Lake
1450:Fact Finder
685:Warwick, ND
636:Communities
494:Wanataan II
445:Assiniboine
441:Gros Ventre
344:Environment
326:Minnewaukan
290:Fort Totten
252: /
220:Sisíthuŋwaŋ
212:Devils Lake
204:Reservation
155:Assiniboine
3523:Categories
3339:Pony Gulch
3284:Germantown
3244:Bull Moose
3194:Hurdsfield
2924:Northfield
2879:Klingstrup
2849:Freshwater
2541:Petersburg
2471:Enterprise
2401:Petersburg
2191:Grandfield
1788:Lake Ibsen
1382:January 7,
1313:August 13,
1286:August 13,
789:References
496:1828–1897.
431:1833–1864.
382:See also:
378:Historical
373:Government
361:President
281:counties.
240:98°53′01″W
237:47°54′38″N
3485:Footnotes
3364:Speedwell
3309:Hillsdale
3299:Hawksnest
3269:Fairville
3221:Townships
3179:Fessenden
3151:Fessenden
3062:Footnotes
2889:Lillehoff
2801:Townships
2642:Footnotes
2428:Townships
2269:Footnotes
2226:Rosefield
2196:Hillsdale
2148:Townships
2014:Footnotes
1961:Josephine
1888:Wood Lake
1868:Twin Tree
1863:Twin Lake
1808:McClellan
1743:East Fork
1705:Townships
1643:Brinsmade
1182:Frontline
614:Frontline
479:Cantemaza
143:Midewiwin
113:Languages
3447:Chaseley
3404:Woodward
3379:Valhalla
3374:Sykeston
3369:St. Anna
3344:Progress
3254:Chaseley
3234:Bilodeau
3199:Sykeston
3004:Bartlett
2974:Sullivan
2954:Prospect
2939:Overland
2839:Dry Lake
2834:De Groat
2809:Bartlett
2566:Williams
2561:Wamduska
2516:Michigan
2491:Illinois
2236:Superior
2216:Paradise
2181:Freeborn
2166:Columbia
2126:Sheyenne
1936:Fillmore
1883:West Bay
1823:Normania
1457:Archived
1441:Archived
1376:Archived
1351:March 5,
1345:Archived
1307:Archived
1280:Archived
1220:Archived
1192:March 6,
1186:Archived
1155:Archived
1124:Archived
1090:Archived
1045:March 6,
1036:Archived
1005:March 6,
999:Archived
976:March 6,
970:Archived
918:(1890).
827:March 6,
821:Archived
731:and the
505:Tiowaste
472:Wanataan
330:salinity
316:(water)
169:peoples
141:forms),
129:Religion
3457:Manfred
3422:Heimdal
3399:Western
3349:Rusland
3334:Oshkosh
3324:Manfred
3314:Johnson
3304:Heimdal
3294:Hamburg
3289:Haaland
3274:Forward
3184:Hamberg
3034:Webster
3029:Southam
2984:Webster
2979:Triumph
2969:Stevens
2944:Pelican
2934:Ontario
2909:Newland
2864:Harding
2844:Fancher
2769:Hampden
2749:Brocket
2614:Whitman
2526:Nesheim
2446:Central
2386:McVille
2241:Tiffany
2231:Sheldon
2206:Munster
1873:Warwick
1818:Mission
1678:Warwick
1663:Maddock
1427:Sources
1184:. PBS.
922:(ed.).
691:Economy
334:mirages
322:Unktehi
137:(incl.
119:English
3452:Heaton
3442:Bremen
3264:Delger
3249:Cathay
3239:Bremen
3229:Berlin
3189:Harvey
3174:Cathay
3169:Bowdon
3161:Cities
3019:Garske
2929:Odessa
2914:Noonan
2904:Newbre
2899:Morris
2884:Lawton
2859:Hammer
2824:Coulee
2774:Lawton
2764:Edmore
2741:Cities
2604:Kloten
2584:Dahlen
2556:Sarnia
2511:Melvin
2496:Lakota
2486:Hamlin
2461:Dayton
2456:Dahlen
2441:Bergen
2381:Lakota
2368:Cities
2358:Lakota
2171:Colvin
2113:Cities
1966:Lallie
1956:Isabel
1951:Hesper
1946:Harlow
1848:Riggin
1833:Oberon
1803:Lohnes
1793:Lallie
1778:Isabel
1773:Irvine
1763:Impark
1758:Hesper
1753:Esmond
1728:Beaver
1723:Aurora
1713:Albert
1673:Oberon
1648:Esmond
1635:Cities
966:431626
964:
930:
869:
318:wak’áŋ
310:calque
296:Naming
279:Nelson
271:Ramsey
263:Benson
184:Dakota
181:Santee
167:Siouan
163:Nakoda
159:Stoney
123:Dakota
103:
91:
3432:Other
3384:Wells
3014:Doyon
2959:Royal
2829:Creel
2754:Crary
2609:Mapes
2594:Other
2546:Rubin
2536:Osago
2506:Leval
2481:Forde
2476:Field
2466:Dodds
2451:Clara
2436:Adler
2406:Tolna
2396:Pekin
2376:Aneta
2186:Gates
1986:Tokio
1971:Niles
1941:Flora
1931:Baker
1813:Minco
1798:Leeds
1748:Eldon
1658:Leeds
1405:(PDF)
1093:(PDF)
1086:(PDF)
1039:(PDF)
1032:(PDF)
794:Notes
464:Sipto
338:devil
275:Wells
200:Tribe
198:Sioux
3319:Lynn
3279:Fram
3024:Penn
2874:Hope
2814:Cato
2551:Rugh
2521:Nash
2176:Eddy
2156:Bush
1893:York
1853:Rock
1783:Knox
1768:Iowa
1733:Broe
1718:Arne
1683:York
1653:Knox
1416:2018
1384:2019
1353:2019
1315:2018
1288:2018
1261:2013
1228:2013
1194:2019
1163:2013
1132:2018
1101:2018
1047:2019
1007:2019
978:2019
962:OCLC
928:ISBN
902:2020
867:ISBN
843:Link
829:2019
750:KABU
743:, a
443:and
277:and
267:Eddy
265:and
179:(in
175:The
3414:CDP
2576:CDP
2531:Ora
2501:Lee
1903:CDP
1526:in
314:mni
3525::
3147::
3132:,
2727::
2712:,
2354::
2339:,
2099::
2084:,
1621::
1606:,
1407:.
1392:^
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1361:^
1343:.
1339:.
1323:^
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1278:.
1218:.
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1202:^
1180:.
1153:.
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1055:^
1015:^
986:^
968:.
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273:,
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157:,
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3477:‡
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1452:*
1418:.
1386:.
1355:.
1317:.
1290:.
1263:.
1230:.
1196:.
1165:.
1134:.
1103:.
1049:.
1009:.
980:.
936:.
904:.
875:.
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161:(
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96:(
20:)
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