345:, and gives also detail on alternative groupings and names suggested by various other linguists. Alternative spellings include Djargurd Wurrung, Thaguwurung, Tyaupurt wurung, Dauwert woorong, Dhauhwurru, Dhau-urt-wuru, Tourahonong, and many others, and the language group is also referred to as the Warrnambool language or the Gunditjmara language. Gunditj Wurrung, meaning "Gunditj language" is used by a contemporary teacher of the language, Gunditjmara musician
845:
Although most
Australian Aboriginal languages use three vowels /a/, /i/, and /u/, the amount of vowels are not clearly distinguished within the other sources for the Warrnambool language, although it may be likely that it had a five-vowel system as /a, e, i, o, u/. There is some fluctuation between
429:(turn tongue) which required special terms and grammar in conversations when a man and mother-in-law were speaking in each other's company. Thus, if one asked: "Where are you going just now?", this would be phrased in normal speech as:
1279:
Clark, Ian; Cahir, Fred (2014). "6. John Green, Manager of
Coranderrk Aboriginal Station, but also a ngamadjidj? New insights into His Work with Victorian Aboriginal People in the Nineteenth Century". In Brett, Mark; Havea, J. (eds.).
846:/i/ and /e/, and /u/ and /o/. In the orthography adopted by Blake, 'where there was a back vowel occurring before a syllable-final palatal, /o/ was used instead of /u/, to give a better idea of the more likely pronunciation (i.e.
1138:
1123:
1108:
1093:
1078:
1051:
1009:
994:
979:
895:
199:
526:
Only three speakers were known to speak the language still by 1880, with another four still fluent in the Bi:gwurrung (Peek-Whurrung) dialect. No fluent speakers have been recorded between 1975 and the
581:
and settlers which is sung entirely in the
Gunditjmara language. The first performance of the requiem, "Eumeralla, a war requiem for peace" on 15 June 2019 in Melbourne featured Cheetham with the
1522:
1477:
550:
created the
Gunditjmara Six Seasons. The piece is sung entirely in the Gunditjmara language and was performed in collaboration with Aboriginal (Gunditjmara and Bundjalung) Australian musician
507:
people. The term was a compliment, as it meant that the local people thought that they had been an
Aboriginal person once - based largely on the fact that they could speak the local language.
352:
Keerray
Woorroong (Girai Wurrung, Kirrae wuurong, Kiriwurrung, etc.) is regarded by the Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages (following Clark) as a separate language; it is of the
318:, had a drastic and ongoing negative effect on the languages. Today the descendants of the speakers of these lects commonly refer to themselves as Gunditjmara, a term derived from an
1568:
272:, and others (each with variant spellings). There was no traditional name for the entire dialect continuum and it has been classified and labelled differently by different
1479:
The
Warrnambool language: a consolidated account of the Aboriginal language of the Warrnambool area of the Western District of Victoria based on nineteenth-century sources
538:
and the Laka
Gunditj Language Program. Proponents of the revival of the language include Vicki Couzens and Corey Theatre, who uses music as a medium for language revival.
838:
Rhotic consonants were not distinguished in older sources. It is unclear to determine whether the retroflex consonant was a glide or a flap . Both were written as
3519:
338:
1536:
783:
1561:
1299:
1256:
1222:
1188:
756:
499:
north-east of
Melbourne between 1863 and 1924. It was also recorded as being used to describe other missionaries such as William Watson in
1554:
829:
749:
2397:
763:
2269:
742:
3243:
1523:"Selected bibliography of material on Gunditjmara / Gurndidy / Dhaurwurd-Wurrung language and people held in the AIATSIS Library"
555:
2657:
534:
There are several ongoing efforts to revive the
Gunditjmara language. These include the Gunditj Wurrung online lesson series on
1510:
Australian Aborigines: The Languages and Customs of Several Tribes of Aborigines in the Western District of Victoria, Australia
1494:
1486:
923:
1774:
582:
220:
1508:
546:
Gunditjmara composer, singer and guitarist, Corey Theatre in collaboration with Australian composer and music director
3255:
1969:
1362:
663:
500:
241:
3149:
2948:
2804:
2792:
2607:
2305:
1972:
1577:
103:
1941:
822:
656:
642:
1387:
2248:
1859:
670:
477:
2177:
2050:
3514:
3215:
1926:
1764:
1623:
1608:
649:
570:
342:
951:
3006:
2978:
2126:
1802:
1759:
1692:
1504:
677:
515:
476:, as people with pale skins were thought to be the spirits of ancestors. The first known use is to refer to
3179:
3169:
2500:
2485:
2439:
2367:
2325:
712:
528:
378:
Djargurd Wurrong (Warn tallin, Warn thalayn, Tjarcote, Dhautgart/Keerray (wurru)) was the language of the
3389:
3082:
3069:
2881:
2698:
2457:
1874:
1754:
808:
796:
789:
705:
691:
574:
405:
Wirngilgnad dhalinanong (Wirngill gnat tallinanong) (regarded as a sub-dialect of Giraiwurrung by Clark)
3277:
1702:
3410:
3318:
3264:
3118:
3054:
2917:
2766:
2738:
2733:
2548:
2477:
2462:
2392:
2387:
2377:
2372:
2362:
2330:
2243:
2149:
2134:
2083:
2078:
2068:
1895:
1864:
1712:
1707:
719:
578:
469:
54:
1325:
3384:
3374:
3364:
3308:
3194:
3059:
2912:
2889:
2866:
2723:
2415:
2317:
2230:
2190:
2157:
2093:
2073:
1984:
1812:
1738:
1618:
1613:
1032:
698:
619:
346:
307:
3480:
3452:
3442:
3369:
3282:
3098:
2894:
2835:
2827:
2812:
2789:
2756:
2680:
2670:
2647:
2576:
2571:
2490:
2452:
2382:
2302:
2238:
2215:
2210:
2200:
2167:
2162:
2058:
2002:
1946:
1905:
1833:
1787:
1782:
1717:
1643:
726:
614:
604:
496:
409:
3161:
3467:
3434:
3415:
3405:
3354:
3344:
3113:
3001:
2996:
2988:
2945:
2904:
2817:
2761:
2748:
2728:
2708:
2665:
2627:
2604:
2558:
2535:
2515:
2505:
2447:
2346:
2340:
2185:
2040:
2035:
1997:
1921:
1900:
1869:
1807:
1733:
1687:
1628:
1490:
1295:
1252:
1218:
1184:
1178:
734:
624:
315:
253:
108:
1246:
1212:
3457:
3420:
3359:
3287:
3272:
3189:
3039:
3034:
3024:
3016:
2973:
2871:
2845:
2713:
2693:
2688:
2642:
2632:
2581:
2566:
2543:
2525:
2205:
2116:
2111:
2025:
2007:
1992:
1936:
1854:
1849:
1828:
1697:
1638:
1633:
1287:
773:
609:
562:
465:
422:
379:
300:
296:
83:
68:
439:
In Gunditjmara avoidance speech the same sentiment would be articulated quite differently:
3485:
3475:
3447:
3379:
3349:
3339:
3220:
3199:
3184:
3174:
3103:
3049:
3029:
2968:
2922:
2853:
2718:
2703:
2637:
2619:
2520:
2495:
2407:
2354:
2279:
2264:
2220:
2195:
2139:
2106:
2017:
1931:
1792:
1669:
1653:
1648:
1590:
1134:
1119:
1104:
1089:
1074:
1047:
1005:
990:
975:
891:
685:
629:
211:
205:
95:
1417:
3323:
3313:
3303:
3125:
2960:
2274:
2101:
2063:
1890:
1028:
636:
360:
311:
363:
Katubanut), also Yarro waetch, "Cape Otway tribe", was spoken by a group known as the
252:
and variants) is regarded by some as a separate language, by others as a dialect. The
191:
3508:
2510:
2467:
2030:
1679:
1281:
547:
353:
337:) uses the name and spelling "Dhauwurd Wurrung" for the main grouping, following the
72:
375:
regards this as a dialect of the Warrnambool language, but Krishna-Pillay does not.
1214:
Scars in the Landscape: A Register of Massacre Sites in Western Victoria, 1803-1859
1180:
Scars in the Landscape: A Register of Massacre Sites in Western Victoria, 1803-1859
551:
461:
1313:
1473:
372:
237:
225:
64:
1283:
Colonial Contexts and Postcolonial Theologies: Storyweaving in the Asia-Pacific
492:
481:
393:
368:
1291:
504:
412:; Clark says that Koort-Kirrup is the name of a person who spoke Wulluwurung
364:
184:
158:
76:
44:
174:
167:
1546:
1122:
Wirngilgnad dhalinanong at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
593:
A likely phonemic inventory for the Warrnambool language is shown below.
511:
334:
273:
236:
is a term used for a group of languages spoken by various groups of the
1530:
566:
535:
485:
330:
1139:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1124:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1109:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1094:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1079:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1052:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1010:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
995:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
980:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
896:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
1248:
The First Wave: Exploring early coastal contact history in Australia
978:
Keerray Woorroong at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
1008:
Djargurd Wurrong at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
894:
Dhauwurd Wurrung at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
473:
319:
389:
Koornkopanoot (Kuurn Kopan Noot also spelt Kurnkupanut by Blake)
257:
3241:
3146:
2943:
2787:
2602:
2300:
1967:
1588:
1550:
1050:
Koornkopanoot at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
276:
and researchers. The group of languages is also referred to as
1137:
Koort-Kirrup at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
1107:
Wulluwurrung at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
1077:
Bi:gwurrung at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
322:
used to denote membership with a specific group of locality.
1183:. EBL ebooks online. Aboriginal Studies Press. p. 177.
1092:
Gaiwurrung at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
866:
AIATSIS primary spellings as of 2021 are used for this list.
1217:. EBL ebooks online. Aboriginal Studies Press. p. 11.
993:
Gadubanud at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
303:
and through to roughly 100 kilometres (60 mi) inland.
1160:
1158:
295:
The language in its several varieties, was spoken from
314:, along with later government policies leading to the
1456:
A dictionary of Keerraywoorroong and related dialects
1388:"Port Fairy Spring Music Festival mixes new and old"
585:, the MSO Chorus and the Dhungala Children's Choir.
491:
The term was also applied to John Green, manager at
3466:
3433:
3398:
3332:
3296:
3263:
3254:
3208:
3160:
3091:
3015:
2987:
2959:
2903:
2880:
2844:
2826:
2803:
2747:
2679:
2656:
2618:
2557:
2534:
2476:
2438:
2406:
2353:
2339:
2316:
2257:
2229:
2176:
2148:
2125:
2092:
2049:
2016:
1983:
1914:
1883:
1842:
1821:
1773:
1747:
1726:
1678:
1662:
1601:
464:by the Gunditjmara, with the same word used in the
219:
198:
182:
156:
151:
124:
92:
82:
60:
50:
40:
23:
1034:Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development
1485:. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies,
952:"Corey Theatre Keeps Traditional Language Alive"
518:, sometimes translated as the "Cave of Ghosts".
287:Efforts to revive the language(s) are ongoing.
898: (see the info box for additional links)
392:Bi:gwurrung (Peek-Whurrung and variants, "the
339:Victorian Aboriginal Corporation for Languages
1562:
385:Other dialects or alternative names include:
8:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1037:. Cambridge University Press. p. xxxv.
3260:
3251:
3238:
3157:
3143:
2956:
2940:
2800:
2784:
2615:
2599:
2350:
2313:
2297:
1980:
1964:
1598:
1585:
1569:
1555:
1547:
918:
916:
421:Speakers of these languages had a form of
402:Wulluwurrung (Wuluwurrung, Woolwoowurrong)
20:
946:
944:
887:
885:
883:
1286:. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 129–144.
595:
480:, an escaped convict who lived with the
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
879:
859:
510:Ngamadjidj is also the name given to a
1458:. Gunditjmara Aboriginal Co-operative.
1349:
1164:
16:Extinct Australian Aboriginal language
3520:Extinct languages of Victoria (state)
1441:
1149:
1062:
907:
417:Characteristics and significant words
399:Gaiwurrung (Kii wuurong, Kayiwurrung)
123:
7:
1454:Krishna-Pillay, Sharnthi H. (1996).
1418:"Eumeralla, a war requiem for peace"
472:. The word is also used to refer to
14:
828:
821:
795:
788:
782:
762:
755:
748:
741:
725:
718:
711:
704:
697:
690:
676:
669:
662:
655:
648:
641:
561:Australian composer and soprano,
556:Port Fairy Spring Music Festival
1521:Marcussen, Lisa (August 2015).
1363:"Laka Gunditj Language Program"
1251:. Wakefield Press. p. 30.
408:Koort-Kirrup? Only recorded by
1487:Australian National University
1245:Dooley, G.; Clode, D. (2019).
326:Dialects and alternative names
178: – Keerray-Woorroong
1:
114:Gunditjmara Dialect Continuum
24:Gunditjmara Dialect Continuum
806:
771:
732:
683:
634:
583:Melbourne Symphony Orchestra
242:Western District of Victoria
522:Status and language revival
501:Wellington, New South Wales
3536:
565:, wrote Australia's first
3250:
3237:
3156:
3142:
2955:
2939:
2799:
2783:
2614:
2598:
2312:
2296:
1979:
1963:
1597:
1584:
1422:National Indigenous Times
514:site in a shelter in the
444:Wuun gni gnin gninkeewan?
33:
28:
577:people in South Western
308:colonisation of Victoria
282:the Warrnambool language
209: Dhauwurd Wurrung,
171: – Gunditjmara
1292:10.1057/9781137475473_9
516:Grampians National Park
215: Keerray-Woorroong
145:Wirngilgnad dhalinanong
3108:old Wangkumara/Garlali
3077:new Wangkumara/Garlali
1578:Pama–Nyungan languages
529:2016 Australian census
488:from 1803 until 1856.
2398:Woiwurrung–Taungurung
575:Aboriginal Australian
434:Wuunda gnin kitneean?
310:, which included the
256:consisted of various
3458:Gangalidda (Yukulta)
1326:"Ngamadjidj Shelter"
470:Wemba Wemba language
278:Gunditjmara language
67:(Dhauwurd wurrung),
3244:Macro-Pama–Nyungan?
1516:. George Robertson.
910:, pp. xiii, 2.
598:
460:was used to denote
306:The effects of the
2709:Ngarluma-Kariyarra
1211:Clark, I. (1995).
1177:Clark, I. (1995).
596:
542:In popular culture
497:Aboriginal reserve
3502:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3494:
3493:
3429:
3428:
3297:Mangarrayi-Marran
3256:Macro-Gunwinyguan
3233:
3232:
3229:
3228:
3138:
3137:
3134:
3133:
2935:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2658:Kanyara–Mantharta
2594:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2434:
2433:
2292:
2291:
2288:
2287:
1959:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1942:Mbariman-Gudhinma
1542:on 12 April 2020.
1301:978-1-349-50181-6
1258:978-1-74305-615-8
1224:978-0-85575-595-9
1190:978-0-85575-595-9
924:"Gunditj Wurrung"
836:
835:
316:stolen generation
254:dialect continuum
246:Keerray Woorroong
231:
230:
130:Keerray Woorroong
3527:
3261:
3252:
3239:
3158:
3144:
2957:
2941:
2801:
2785:
2616:
2600:
2425:Kuurn Kopan Noot
2421:Dhauwurd Wurrung
2351:
2314:
2298:
2249:Pallanganmiddang
1981:
1965:
1860:Aghu Tharrnggala
1599:
1586:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1535:. Archived from
1527:
1517:
1515:
1500:
1484:
1460:
1459:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1414:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1322:
1316:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1174:
1168:
1162:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1132:
1126:
1117:
1111:
1102:
1096:
1087:
1081:
1072:
1066:
1065:, pp. 8–12.
1060:
1054:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1025:
1012:
1003:
997:
988:
982:
973:
967:
966:
964:
962:
948:
939:
938:
936:
934:
920:
911:
905:
899:
889:
867:
864:
832:
825:
799:
792:
786:
766:
759:
752:
745:
729:
722:
715:
708:
701:
694:
680:
673:
666:
659:
652:
645:
599:
563:Deborah Cheetham
423:avoidance speech
380:Djargurd Wurrong
262:Kuurn Kopan Noot
234:Dhauwurd Wurrung
214:
208:
194:
177:
170:
161:
139:Djargurd Wurrong
98:
69:Djargurd Wurrung
29:Dhauwurd Wurrung
21:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3515:Drual languages
3505:
3504:
3503:
3490:
3462:
3425:
3394:
3328:
3292:
3246:
3225:
3204:
3152:
3130:
3087:
3064:Wangka-Yutjurru
3011:
2983:
2951:
2927:
2899:
2876:
2840:
2822:
2795:
2771:
2743:
2675:
2652:
2610:
2586:
2553:
2530:
2472:
2430:
2402:
2368:Dja Dja Wurrung
2349:
2335:
2308:
2284:
2253:
2225:
2172:
2144:
2121:
2088:
2045:
2012:
1975:
1951:
1927:Flinders Island
1910:
1879:
1838:
1817:
1769:
1765:Guugu Yimidhirr
1743:
1722:
1674:
1658:
1624:Arritinngithigh
1609:Adithinngithigh
1593:
1591:Paman languages
1580:
1575:
1539:
1525:
1520:
1513:
1503:
1497:
1482:
1474:Blake, Barry J.
1472:
1469:
1467:Further reading
1464:
1463:
1453:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1416:
1415:
1406:
1396:
1394:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1371:
1369:
1367:Gunditj Mirring
1361:
1360:
1356:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1332:
1330:Grampians Point
1324:
1323:
1319:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1156:
1148:
1144:
1133:
1129:
1118:
1114:
1103:
1099:
1088:
1084:
1073:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1046:
1042:
1029:Dixon, R. M. W.
1027:
1026:
1015:
1004:
1000:
989:
985:
974:
970:
960:
958:
950:
949:
942:
932:
930:
922:
921:
914:
906:
902:
890:
881:
876:
871:
870:
865:
861:
856:
591:
544:
524:
503:, by the local
478:William Buckley
466:Wergaia dialect
454:
427:gnee wee banott
419:
328:
293:
210:
204:
190:
173:
172:
166:
165:
157:
120:
99:
96:Language family
94:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3533:
3531:
3523:
3522:
3517:
3507:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3472:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3439:
3437:
3431:
3430:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3395:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3258:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3235:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3216:Lower Burdekin
3212:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3166:
3164:
3154:
3153:
3147:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3111:
3110:
3109:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3007:Lower Arrernte
3004:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2981:
2979:Western Desert
2976:
2971:
2965:
2963:
2953:
2952:
2944:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2886:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2859:
2850:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2832:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2809:
2807:
2797:
2796:
2788:
2781:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2624:
2622:
2612:
2611:
2603:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2563:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2482:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2418:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2345:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2322:
2320:
2310:
2309:
2301:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2277:
2275:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
2272:
2267:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2154:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2137:
2131:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2098:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2022:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1977:
1976:
1968:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1803:Kuuk Thaayorre
1800:
1799:
1798:
1790:
1785:
1779:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1730:
1728:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1566:
1559:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1518:
1501:
1495:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1461:
1446:
1434:
1404:
1379:
1354:
1342:
1317:
1300:
1271:
1257:
1237:
1223:
1203:
1189:
1169:
1154:
1142:
1127:
1112:
1097:
1082:
1067:
1055:
1040:
1013:
998:
983:
968:
940:
912:
900:
878:
877:
875:
872:
869:
868:
858:
857:
855:
852:
834:
833:
826:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
805:
804:
802:
800:
793:
780:
778:
776:
770:
769:
767:
760:
753:
746:
739:
737:
731:
730:
723:
716:
709:
702:
695:
688:
682:
681:
674:
667:
660:
653:
646:
639:
633:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
607:
602:
590:
587:
543:
540:
523:
520:
453:
448:
447:
446:
437:
436:
418:
415:
414:
413:
406:
403:
400:
397:
390:
327:
324:
312:Eumeralla Wars
292:
289:
240:people of the
229:
228:
223:
217:
216:
202:
196:
195:
188:
180:
179:
162:
154:
153:
152:Language codes
149:
148:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
134:
131:
126:
122:
121:
119:
118:
117:
116:
102:
100:
93:
90:
89:
86:
80:
79:
62:
58:
57:
52:
48:
47:
42:
41:Native to
38:
37:
31:
30:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3532:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3510:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3295:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3145:
3141:
3127:
3124:
3120:
3117:
3116:
3115:
3112:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2986:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2843:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2486:Adnyamathanha
2484:
2483:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2326:Yabula-Yabula
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2127:Gumbaynggiric
2124:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2074:Gureng Gureng
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1962:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1760:Gugu Yalandyi
1758:
1756:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1567:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1524:
1519:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1505:Dawson, James
1502:
1498:
1492:
1488:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1457:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1435:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1343:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1303:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1275:
1272:
1260:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1238:
1226:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1207:
1204:
1192:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1173:
1170:
1167:, p. 29.
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1041:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1002:
999:
996:
992:
987:
984:
981:
977:
972:
969:
957:
953:
947:
945:
941:
929:
925:
919:
917:
913:
909:
904:
901:
897:
893:
888:
886:
884:
880:
873:
863:
860:
853:
851:
849:
843:
841:
831:
827:
824:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
807:
803:
801:
798:
794:
791:
785:
781:
779:
777:
775:
772:
768:
765:
761:
758:
754:
751:
747:
744:
740:
738:
736:
733:
728:
724:
721:
717:
714:
710:
707:
703:
700:
696:
693:
689:
687:
684:
679:
675:
672:
668:
665:
661:
658:
654:
651:
647:
644:
640:
638:
635:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
600:
594:
588:
586:
584:
580:
576:
572:
571:frontier wars
569:based on the
568:
564:
559:
557:
553:
549:
548:Iain Grandage
541:
539:
537:
532:
530:
521:
519:
517:
513:
508:
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391:
388:
387:
386:
383:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
355:
354:Girai wurrung
350:
348:
347:Corey Theatre
344:
340:
336:
332:
325:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
302:
298:
290:
288:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:Girai Wurrung
247:
244:, Australia.
243:
239:
235:
227:
224:
222:
218:
213:
207:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
187:
186:
181:
176:
169:
163:
160:
155:
150:
144:
141:
138:
135:
133:Koornkopanoot
132:
129:
128:
127:
115:
112:
111:
110:
107:
106:
105:
101:
97:
91:
87:
85:
81:
78:
74:
73:Girai wurrung
70:
66:
63:
59:
56:
53:
49:
46:
43:
39:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3390:Anindilyakwa
3150:Pama–Nyungan
3104:Bulloo River
3083:Yandruwandha
3070:Wilson River
2949:Pama–Nyungan
2861:Yindjilandji
2805:Ngumpin–Yapa
2793:Pama–Nyungan
2734:Yindjibarndi
2699:Martuthunira
2608:Pama–Nyungan
2440:Lower Murray
2420:
2306:Pama–Nyungan
1973:Pama–Nyungan
1755:Barrow Point
1537:the original
1529:
1509:
1478:
1455:
1449:
1437:
1425:. Retrieved
1421:
1395:. Retrieved
1392:The Standard
1391:
1382:
1370:. Retrieved
1366:
1357:
1352:, p. 4.
1345:
1333:. Retrieved
1329:
1320:
1314:Whole e-book
1305:. Retrieved
1282:
1274:
1262:. Retrieved
1247:
1240:
1228:. Retrieved
1213:
1206:
1194:. Retrieved
1179:
1172:
1152:, p. 8.
1145:
1130:
1115:
1100:
1085:
1070:
1058:
1043:
1033:
1001:
986:
971:
959:. Retrieved
955:
931:. Retrieved
927:
903:
862:
847:
844:
839:
837:
592:
560:
554:at the 2016
552:Archie Roach
545:
533:
525:
509:
490:
484:people near
462:white people
457:
455:
450:
443:
438:
433:
426:
420:
384:
377:
358:
351:
329:
305:
294:
286:
281:
277:
269:
265:
261:
249:
248:(also spelt
245:
233:
232:
183:
142:Wulluwurrung
113:
104:Pama–Nyungan
35:Gurnditjmara
34:
18:
3411:Kungarakany
3333:Gunwinyguan
3319:Warndarrang
3119:Barranbinja
3055:Pitta Pitta
2918:Mayi-Kutuna
2882:Kalkatungic
2767:Nyangumarta
2739:Yinhawangka
2549:Ngadjunmaya
2463:Yitha-Yitha
2393:Wemba Wemba
2378:Madhi-Madhi
2373:Ledji-Ledji
2244:Gunaikurnai
2135:Kumbainggar
1896:Mbara-Yanga
1865:Ikarranggal
1713:Wik-Ngathan
1708:Wik-Mungkan
1693:Kugu-Muminh
1533:Collections
1350:Dawson 1881
1165:Dawson 1881
850:"night")'.
809:Approximant
597:Consonants
373:Barry Blake
359:Gadubanud (
270:Gai Wurrung
266:Big Wurrung
238:Gunditjmara
226:Warrnambool
88:Before 1975
65:Gunditjmara
3509:Categories
3385:Nunggubuyu
3375:Rembarrnga
3365:Kunbarlang
3309:Mangarrayi
3265:Maningrida
3074:Bundhamara
3060:Wanggamala
3044:Yarluyandi
2913:Mayi-Kulan
2890:Kalkatungu
2867:Warluwarra
2846:Warluwaric
2724:Nyiyaparli
2478:Thura-Yura
2416:Bungandidj
2388:Wathaurong
2270:Bandjalang
2191:Darkinjung
2178:Yuin–Kuric
2158:Gamilaraay
2150:Wiradhuric
2051:Waka–Kabic
1947:Umbindhamu
1813:Yir-Yoront
1797:Ogh-Undjan
1739:Morrobolam
1619:Anguthimri
1614:Andjingith
1496:0858835436
1442:Blake 2003
1397:24 January
1372:21 January
1150:Blake 2003
1063:Blake 2003
961:21 January
956:BroadSheet
933:21 January
908:Blake 2003
874:References
493:Coranderrk
482:Wathaurong
458:ngamadjidj
451:Ngamadjidj
394:Port Fairy
369:Cape Otway
301:Gellibrand
136:Gaiwurrung
3481:Gunindiri
3443:Kayardild
3370:Ngalakgan
3355:Kunwinjku
3283:Gurr-goni
3278:Ndjébbana
3195:Ritharrŋu
3099:Baagandji
2895:Yalarnnga
2836:Warumungu
2828:Warumungu
2757:Karajarri
2671:Mantharta
2648:Yinggarda
2577:Natingero
2572:Kalaamaya
2491:Barngarla
2453:Ngayawung
2383:Wadi-Wadi
2347:Kolakngat
2318:Yotayotic
2239:Dhudhuroa
2231:Gippsland
2211:Ngunnawal
2201:Dhanggati
2168:Wiradjuri
2163:Ngiyambaa
2094:Durubalic
2069:Gabi-Gabi
2059:Barunggam
2003:Warrgamay
1985:Dyirbalic
1906:Walangama
1788:Kok Thawa
1783:Koko-Bera
1775:Southwest
1727:Lamalamic
1718:Wik-Ompom
1703:Wik-Me'nh
1663:Northeast
1644:Ndrangith
854:Footnotes
620:Retroflex
589:Phonology
505:Wiradjuri
456:The term
367:, of the
365:Gadubanud
343:Ian Clark
274:linguists
185:Glottolog
159:ISO 639-3
77:Gadubanud
61:Ethnicity
45:Australia
3416:Wardaman
3406:Gaagudju
3345:Uwinymil
3114:Muruwari
3002:Kaytetye
2997:Arrernte
2790:Northern
2729:Panyjima
2681:Ngayarta
2628:Badimaya
2516:Ngadjuri
2506:Narungga
2363:Bunurong
2331:Yotayota
2303:Southern
2216:Tharawal
2186:Awabakal
2084:Wuliwuli
2079:Wakawaka
2041:Warrongo
1998:Nyawaygi
1937:Kok Narr
1922:Djabugay
1901:Mbabaram
1884:Southern
1808:Kuuk Yak
1748:Yalanjic
1734:Lamalama
1688:Ayabadhu
1629:Awngthim
1507:(1881).
1476:(2003).
1031:(2002).
615:Alveolar
579:Victoria
573:between
512:rock art
382:people.
335:AUSTLANG
260:such as
192:warr1257
125:Dialects
75:, ?
55:Victoria
3468:Garrwan
3435:Tangkic
3421:Wagiman
3360:Dalabon
3288:Nakkara
3273:Burarra
3040:Ngamini
3035:Mithaka
3025:Arabana
2989:Arandic
2946:Central
2872:Yanyuwa
2858:Bularnu
2818:Ngumbin
2813:Ngarrga
2762:Mangala
2749:Marrngu
2714:Nhuwala
2694:Kurrama
2689:Jurruru
2666:Kanyara
2643:Wajarri
2633:Malgana
2605:Western
2582:Nyungar
2567:Galaagu
2559:Nyungic
2544:Mirning
2536:Mirniny
2526:Wirangu
2458:Yaralde
2448:Keramin
2341:Kulinic
2206:Ngarigo
2117:Turrbal
2112:Nunukul
2036:Kingkel
2026:Bidjara
2008:Wulguru
1993:Dyirbal
1970:Eastern
1891:Agwamin
1875:Thaypan
1870:Takalak
1855:Angkula
1850:Alungul
1843:Thaypan
1834:Kuthant
1829:Kurtjar
1698:Pakanha
1639:Mbiywom
1634:Luthigh
1531:AIATSIS
1335:12 July
1307:12 July
1264:12 July
1230:12 July
1196:12 July
928:Youtube
735:Lateral
625:Palatal
567:requiem
536:YouTube
486:Geelong
468:of the
425:called
396:tribe")
361:Tindale
356:people
331:AIATSIS
299:to the
297:Glenelg
291:Country
200:AIATSIS
164:Either:
109:Kulinic
84:Extinct
3486:Waanyi
3476:Garrwa
3453:Minkin
3448:Lardil
3380:Ngandi
3340:Jawoyn
3221:Bindal
3190:Djinaŋ
3185:Djinba
3175:Dhuwal
3148:Other
3126:Yardli
3030:Diyari
3017:Karnic
2974:Wanman
2969:Ngardi
2923:Ngawun
2854:Wagaya
2719:Nyamal
2704:Ngarla
2638:Nhanda
2521:Nukunu
2501:Kuyani
2496:Kaurna
2280:Yidiny
2265:Anewan
2196:Dharug
2140:Yaygir
2107:Janday
2064:Dappil
1932:Gugadj
1822:Norman
1793:Kunjen
1670:Umpila
1654:Uradhi
1649:Ngkoth
1493:
1298:
1255:
1221:
1187:
848:puroyn
774:Rhotic
610:Dental
605:Labial
474:ghosts
371:area.
51:Region
3399:Other
3350:Waray
3324:Yugul
3314:Marra
3304:Alawa
3209:Other
3200:Nhaŋu
3180:Djaŋu
3170:Dhaŋu
3162:Yolŋu
3092:Other
3050:Ngura
2620:Kartu
2408:Drual
2355:Kulin
2258:Other
2221:Wormi
2102:Guwar
2018:Maric
1915:Other
1602:North
1540:(PDF)
1526:(PDF)
1514:(PDF)
1483:(PDF)
1427:8 May
686:Nasal
630:Velar
495:, an
410:Dixon
320:affix
258:lects
2961:Wati
2905:Mayi
2511:Nauo
2468:Yuyu
2031:Biri
1491:ISBN
1429:2019
1399:2021
1374:2021
1337:2020
1309:2020
1296:ISBN
1266:2020
1253:ISBN
1232:2020
1219:ISBN
1198:2020
1185:ISBN
963:2021
935:2021
637:Stop
341:and
280:and
1680:Wik
1288:doi
1135:S82
1120:S80
1105:S81
1090:S74
1075:S77
1048:S75
1006:S73
991:S71
976:S25
892:S20
221:ELP
212:S25
206:S20
175:wkr
168:gjm
3511::
1528:.
1489:.
1420:.
1407:^
1390:.
1365:.
1328:.
1294:.
1157:^
1016:^
954:.
943:^
926:.
915:^
882:^
842:.
743:l̪
699:n̪
650:t̪
558:.
531:.
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284:.
268:,
264:,
71:,
1570:e
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1556:v
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1444:.
1431:.
1401:.
1376:.
1339:.
1311:.
1290::
1268:.
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1200:.
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937:.
840:r
830:w
823:j
797:ɽ
790:r
787:~
784:ɾ
764:ʎ
757:ɭ
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727:ŋ
720:ɲ
713:ɳ
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