93:, on 22 March 841. William was taken from his parents and put under the care of Charles the Bald when he was fourteen years old. While he was away, Dhouda began to write her handbook for him. Her youngest son was also taken from her, although he was taken by his father Bernard and the Bishop of Uzes in order to keep him safe. During this time, Bernard sent Dhuoda to live in Uzes while he was at court in Aachen. Dhuoda herself mentions very little of him during this time. According to Dhuoda, she spent this time struggling to maintain her husband's authority in their land and on the border of Francia. She fulfilled the administrative and military responsibilities of Frankish Septimania on Louis the Pious' behalf. One scholar has suggested that a daughter was born in 844, as one chronicler reports the marriage of William's sister.
82:, Duke of Toulouse and Charlemagne's cousin, who was later named the patron saint of knights. Bernard was a Count of Barcelona and during their marriage he was advisor to Emperor Louis and protector of the Empress Judith as well as being appointed to the office of chamberlain. There were reports of Judith and Bernard being guilty of adultery, sorcery, and attempted assassination. When Bernard broke his alliance with Charles the Bald, he took control of Toulouse but was later captured and decapitated.
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commemoration is written down here or who you command be added. And do not hesitate to recite the Psalms that you choose for the remedy of my soul, so that when my last day and the end of my life come for me, I may be found worthy to be raised up to heaven on the right with those good folk whose actions have been worthy, not on the left with the impious. Return frequently to this little book. Farewell, noble boy, and always be strong in Christ. (Book 11)
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of the
Frankish era, but also for the history of education and the standards of education which could be attained by women even within the prescriptive bounds of early medieval society. It contains numerous quotations from and allusions to the Bible, and some references to secular writers, though some of the references are incorrect and the Latin is not overly polished.
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conclusion of the book that the intended audience was that of her oldest son. Some historians also believe that in addition to her son Dhuoda intended to have the extended audience of his peers at court including
Charles the Bald. In addition to this she also encouraged William to share what he learned from the handbook with his younger brother when he is older.
105:, which Dhuoda wrote for her elder son, William, between 841 and 843. It is known to have been sent to William in 843. It was a work written when Dhuoda had been separated from both her husband and her two sons, the victim of the conflicting ambitions of Charlemagne's descendants. William had been sent as a hostage to the court of
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while she was fearing for the lives of herself and her children. Christian devotion was an important part in the lives of
Frankish nobility and was the main theme throughout the handbook. Although the book's title doesn’t contain the name of her son, William, it is made clear in the introduction and
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Dhuoda stresses often the importance of obeying fathers, even above kings. The
Frankish society was extremely patriarchal. She says: "Now I must do my best to guide you in how you should fear, love, and be faithful to your lord and father, Bernard, in all things, both when you are with him and when
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is arguably what Dhuoda is most well known for. This hand book consists of seventy-three chapters as well as an introduction, invocation, and prologue. The book is full of practical moral directives aimed to help guide her sons through life. It is an invaluable document both for the general history
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We know that poverty and want are found not only among the least of men but also frequently, for many reasons, among the great, So it is that a rich man too may be in need. Why? Because his soul is wretchedly needy. And then there is the poor man who gathers riches with great ease. Or the rich man
270:
Having the Liber
Manualis provides one of our only looks into what an educated woman from this time would know. Dhuodas handbook showed that she was not only literate but also understood numerical learning. In addition to being a guide for William Dhuoda gave examples of her knowledge on Christian
266:
Dhuoda's book is the only one known to be written by a woman to survive from the
Carolingian period. Her work is important in that it offers insight into the education of women, the raising of children, the order of society, the importance of fathers, and how Christianity impacted the lives of the
147:
Dhuoda wrote that the
Carolingian house's enmity had started over ten years before when the emperor's sons started to rebel against their father's authority. The struggle for power embroiled the nobility with the heirs, including her husband, who held a great amount of power as the ruler of
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Because the recitation of the Psalms has such and so many powers, my son
William, I urge and direct that you recite them constantly, for yourself, for your father, for all the living, for those persons who have stood lovingly by you, for all the faithful who are dead, and for those whose
77:
in 824. The specific date of the wedding is contested. Some believe that it fell on the feast of Saints Peter and Paul, which was the 24th of June, while others believe the date to be the 29th of June. Her husband
Bernard was the son of
337:
Pray for the past, if you have been neglectful, that you may finally forget this; for present evils, that you may always escape them; for the future, that you may beware those evils and that they not continue to pursue you there. (Book
65:, was a significant Carolingian woman and writer from a powerful Austrasian family in Aachen. It has been speculated that her unusual name is an attempt to render the Basque name Toda, and that she may have been daughter of
96:
Although Dhuoda was married to the most prominent
Frankish magistrate at the time, she is not mentioned in any contemporary works from that period except her own. What little we know of her life comes from her book, the
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You will find in it a mirror in which you can without hesitation contemplate the health of your soul, so that you may be pleasing not only in this world, but to him who formed you out of dust. (Prologue)
144:. Louis would hold onto authority over the eastern Franks, Charles established himself in the west, and Lothar received territory that cut north to south from the Low Countries to Italy.
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who envies the poor man, or the poor man who wishes to become rich, just as an unlettered man wishing to become learned may desire this completely but never accomplish it. (Book 4)
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Among the human race, to attain perfection requires the application of great and constant effort. We must apply to various evils the remedies that are their antidotes. (Book 4)
277:, the 1975 French translator of Dhuoda's work, said that Dhuoda's intellectual background was representative of the education that was offered to women during the reign of
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Eventually politics caught up with her family. Her husband, Bernard, was condemned for rebellion and executed in 844. Of her sons, William was killed in 850,
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in order to secure the loyalty of his father; Bernard was taken from her before his baptism and was sent to Aquitaine in order to keep him safe.
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Mayeski, Marie Anne. "Mother's Psalter: Psalms in the Moral Instruction of Dhuoda of Septimania." In
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Old Age in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance : Interdisciplinary Approaches to a Neglected Topic /
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583:"Duoda - Centre de Recerca de Dones. Universitat de Barcelona - Parc CientĂfic de Barcelona"
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Claussen, M. A. “Fathers of Power and Mothers of Authority: Dhuoda and the Liber Manualis.”
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451:. Translated by Carol Neel. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1991.
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246:, and from fragments of a manuscript of the Carolingian epoch, found in the library of
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733:, ed. Katharina M. Wilson. Athens, 1984. 1–29. Includes selective translation of the
656:. Regents Studies in Medieval Culture. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1991.
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translated the text in French in 1975 and it was available for wider distribution.
152:. Because of this power, Bernard's son, William, was held hostage at the court of
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The context of the time was a long period of warfare among the Frankish nobility.
571:. Variorum Collected Studies 974. Farnham Surrey: Ashgate Publishing, 2011.
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140:) fought over the partition of the empire. Eventually they divided Europe at the
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Claussen, Martin A. "Fathers of Power and Mothers of Authority: Dhuoda and the
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Stone, Rachel. “Political Culture and the Changing Role of Countesses 750-1050”
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Mabillon, Jacques (ed.). PL 106.109–118. Partial edition, available from
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The Place of the Psalms in the Intellectual Culture of the Middle Ages.
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Mayeski, Marie Anne. "A Troublesome Puppy: Dhuoda of Septimania." In
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Riché, Pierre (ed.), Bernard de Vregille and Claude Mondésert (trs.),
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or Centre for Research on Women at the University of Barcelona, Spain
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The work is known from a manuscript of the seventeenth century in the
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Cambridge Medieval Classics 8. Cambridge, 1998. (English translation)
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texts like the bible as well as her knowledge of the Latin language.
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767:, ed. Patrick Wormald and Janet L. Nelson. Cambridge, 2007. 106–120.
156:, while their other son Bernard lived with his father in Aquitaine.
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Other women's voices. Translations of women's writing before 1700
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Liber manualis Dhuodane quem ad filium suum transmisit Wilhelmum
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Book 10 – summary of the work's major points, more on the author
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ed. Nancy van Deusen. State University of New York Press, 1999.
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Handbook for William. A Carolingian woman’s counsel for her son
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Handbook for William: A Carolingian Woman's Counsel for Her Son
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Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Latina with analytical indexes
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Stofferahn, Steven A. "The many faces in Dhuoda's mirror: The
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663:. New York, 1987. 65–79. Selective translation into English.
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A selection of secondary literature in English and French:
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Sources Chrétiennes 225. Paris, 1975.(French translation)
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is divided by the 1975 editor into the following books
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Magistra. A journal of women's spirituality in history
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It is explained in the welcome page on their site <
513:. Vol. 2. Berlin ; New York : Walter de Gruyter, 2007.
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http://gilles.maillet.free.fr/histoire/pdf/dhuoda.pdf
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http://gilles.maillet.free.fr/histoire/pdf/dhuoda.pdf
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Dhuoda's work was not widely studied until 1975 when
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Dhuoda often references works by thinkers including
729:Marchand, James. "The Frankish Mother: Dhuoda." In
220:Book 7 – the deaths of the body and of the spirit
199:Prologue – the author and her reasons for writing
232:Book 11 – the usefulness of reciting the Psalms
89:, was born on 29 November 826, and the second,
686:Claussen, Martin A. "God and Man in Dhuoda’s
214:Book 5 – God's chastisement of those he loves
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756:Dhuoda: Ninth Century Mother and Theologian
640:. Paris: Picard, 1887. French translation.
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569:Learning and Culture in Carolingian Europe
524:Marriage and the Family in the Middle Ages
507:Old Age and Women in the Carolingian World
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217:Book 6 – the usefulness of the beatitudes
208:Book 3 – social order and secular success
464:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
395:. University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993
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262:Street in Barcelona named in her honour
41:writer, as well as Duchess consort of
26:(end of Book 10, beginning of Book 11)
758:. University of Scranton Press, 1995.
642:PDF of reprint available from Gallica
624:Dhuoda. Handbook for her warrior son.
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462:The Carolingians and the Written Word
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618:) has been edited and translated:
495:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
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829:Writers from the Carolingian Empire
636:Bondurand, Édouard (ed. and tr.).
622:Thiebaux, Marcelle (ed. and tr.).
289:you are apart from him." (Book 3)
53:, a handbook written for her son.
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809:Women from the Carolingian Empire
526:, p. 80 (Harper & Row, 1987)
483:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
223:Book 8 – how to pray and for whom
113:The context of France at the time
710:Women Writers of the Middle Ages
73:, at the Carolingian capital of
774:and a century of scholarship."
314:Duoda is the name given to the
205:Book 2 – the mystery of Trinity
128:, died in 840. His three sons (
761:Nelson, Janet L. "Dhuoda." In
717:Dhuoda, duchesse de Septimanie
661:The Writings of Medieval Women
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824:Medieval Latin-language poets
631:Dhuoda: Manuel pour mon Fils.
460:McKitterick, Rosamond. 1989.
316:Duoda Women’s Research Centre
226:Book 9 – interpreting numbers
819:9th-century writers in Latin
742:Women: Models of Liberation.
49:. She was the author of the
71:Bernard, Duke of Septimania
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778:4.2 (Winter 1998): 89–134.
659:Thiebaux, Marcelle (tr.).
522:Gies, Frances and Joseph.
814:9th-century women writers
703:French Historical Studies
679:10 (1988–91): 49–64. <
648:Documenta Catholica Omnia
553:French Historical Studies
67:Sancho I, Duke of Gascony
724:Dhuoda. La Carolingienne
45:and Countess consort of
744:Sheed & Ward, 1988.
731:Medieval Woman Writers
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240:Bibliothèque Nationale
61:Dhuoda, author of the
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754:Mayeski, Marie Anne.
726:. Le SĂ©maphore, 1997.
492:Catholic Encyclopedia
366:10 (1988–91): 49–64.
304:, among many others.
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87:William of Septimania
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671:Cherewatuk, Karen. "
589:on 29 September 2010
358:Cherewatuk, Karen. "
91:Bernard Plantapilosa
705:19 (1996): 785–809.
675:: Duoda’s Manual."
652:Neel, Carol (tr.).
638:Le Manuel de Dhuoda
505:Garver, Valerie L.
362:: Duoda’s Manual."
267:Frankish nobility.
211:Book 4 – moral life
202:Book 1 – loving God
722:Godard, Jocelyne.
712:. Cambridge, 1984.
567:Contreni, John J.
302:Augustine of Hippo
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80:William of Gellone
37:AD 824–844) was a
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719:. Clairsud, 2003.
715:Durrens, Janine.
694:27 (1990): 43–52.
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150:Septimania
43:Septimania
254:Influence
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447:Dhuoda.
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120:Emperor
39:Frankish
161:Bernard
130:Lothair
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300:, and
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248:Nîmes
244:Paris
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