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1164:. It is also commonly found in bottled water, but unlike tap water, the EPA does not regulate levels in bottled water. DEHP levels in some European samples of milk, were found at 2000 times higher than the EPA Safe Drinking Water limits (12,000 ppb). Levels of DEHP in some European cheeses and creams were even higher, up to 200,000 ppb, in 1994. Additionally, workers in factories that utilize DEHP in production experience greater exposure. The U.S. agency
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exposure of neonatal mice to DEHP through lactation caused hypertrophy of the adrenal glands and higher levels of anxiety during puberty. In another study, pubertal administration of higher-dose DEHP delayed puberty in rats, reduced testosterone production, and inhibited androgen-dependent development; low doses showed no effect.
671:
1374:. Untreated cells had fast conduction velocity, along with homogenous activation wave fronts and synchronized beating. Cells treated with DEHP exhibited fractured wave fronts with slow propagation speeds. This is observed in conjunction with a significant decrease in the amount of expression and instability of
1238:
showed a consensus that the benefits of lifesaving treatments with these devices far outweigh the risks of DEHP leaching out of these devices. Although more research is needed to develop alternatives to DEHP that gives the same benefits of being soft and flexible, which are required for most medical
1213:
has advocated not to use medical devices that can leach DEHP into patients and, instead, to resort to DEHP-free alternatives. In July 2002, the U.S. FDA issued a Public Health
Notification on DEHP, stating in part, "We recommend considering such alternatives when these high-risk procedures are to be
1593:
legislation. DEHP has been phased out in Europe under REACH and can only be used in specific cases if an authorization has been granted. Authorizations are granted by the
European Commission, after obtaining the opinion of the Committee for Risk Assessment (RAC) and the Committee for Socio-economic
1518:
to order a temporary ban on phthalates in 1999, the decision of which is based on an opinion by the
Commission's Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE). A proposal to make the ban permanent was tabled. Until 2004, EU banned the use of DEHP along with several other
1188:
bags and tubing, blood bags and transfusion tubing, and air tubes. DEHP makes these plastics softer and more flexible and was first introduced in the 1940s in blood bags. For this reason, concern has been expressed about leachates of DEHP transported into the patient, especially for those requiring
1458:
DEHP is also a possible cancer causing agent in humans, although human studies remain inconclusive, due to the exposure of multiple elements and limited research. In vitro and rodent studies indicate that DEHP is involved in many molecular events, including increased cell proliferation, decreased
1300:
DNA integrity. Additionally, the authors noted the daily intake estimates for DEHP were comparable to the general population, indicating a "high percentage of men are exposed to levels of DEHP that may affect sperm motility and chromatin DNA integrity". The claims have received support by a study
1101:
DEHP is a component of many household items, including tablecloths, floor tiles, shower curtains, garden hoses, rainwear, dolls, toys, shoes, medical tubing, furniture upholstery, and swimming pool liners. DEHP is an indoor air pollutant in homes and schools. Common exposures come from the use of
1578:
ahead of the
European Union which has already started a process of phasing out phthalates. However, it was postponed by two years and would take effect in 2015 and not in December 2013, which was the initial plan. The reason is that the four phthalates are far more common than expected and that
1325:
Numerous studies of DEHP have shown changes in sexual function and development in mice and rats. DEHP exposure during pregnancy has been shown to disrupt placental growth and development in mice, resulting in higher rates of low birthweight, premature birth, and fetal loss. In a separate study,
1454:
Studies in mice have shown other adverse health effects due to DEHP exposure. Ingestion of 0.01% DEHP caused damage to the blood-testis barrier as well as induction of experimental autoimmune orchitis. There is also a correlation between DEHP plasma levels in women and endometriosis.
3124:
Maradonna, Francesca; Evangelisti, Matteo; Gioacchini, Giorgia; et al. (2013). "Assay of vtg, ERs and PPARs as endpoint for the rapid in vitro screening of the harmful effect of Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate (DEHP) and phthalic acid (PA) in zebrafish primary hepatocyte cultures".
1292:, and may have lasting effects on reproductive function, for both childhood and adult exposures. Prenatal phthalate exposure has been shown to be associated with lower levels of reproductive function in adolescent males. In another study, airborne concentrations of DEHP at a
1840:
1543:, and DNOP) "in toys and childcare articles which can be placed in the mouth by children". Therefore, more products than initially planned will thus be affected by the directive. In 2008, six substances were considered to be of very high concern (
1784:
Sheikh, I. A. (2016) Stereoselectivity and the potential endocrine disrupting activity of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) against human progesterone receptor: a computational perspective. Journal of applied toxicology. 36 (5), 741–747.
1362:
Even at relatively low doses of DEHP, cardiovascular reactivity was significantly affected in mice. A clinically relevant dose and duration of exposure to DEHP has been shown to have a significant impact on the behavior of
592:
564:
1480:
In
October 2009, Consumers' Foundation, Taiwan (CFCT) published test results that found 5 out of the sampled 12 shoes contained over 0.1% of phthalate plasticizer content, including DEHP, which exceeds the government's
1214:
performed on male neonates, pregnant women who are carrying male fetuses, and peripubertal males" noting that the alternatives were to look for non-DEHP exposure solutions; they mention a database of alternatives. The
3505:
1590:
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using dogs as a "sentinel species to approximate human exposure to a selection of chemical mixtures present in the environment". The authors analyzed the concentration of DEHP and other common chemicals such as
1028:
PVC is used extensively in sewage pipe due to its low cost, chemical resistance, and ease of jointing. Phthalate plasticizers are essential for the utility of PVC, which is too brittle otherwise.
1342:
and human studies have shown DEHP to be a possible disruptor of thyroid function, which plays a key role in energy balance and metabolism. Exposure to DEHP has been associated with lower plasma
2721:
Hirai, Shuichi; Naito, Munekazu; Kuramasu, Miyuki; et al. (2015). "Low-dose exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) increases susceptibility to testicular autoimmunity in mice".
1066:
Manufacturers of flexible PVC articles can choose among several alternative plasticizers offering similar technical properties as DEHP. These alternatives include other phthalates such as
3203:
Safety
Assessment of Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) Released from PVC Medical Devices - Center for Devices and Radiological Health U.S. Food and Drug Administration (archived page)
3202:
1309:
from dogs from five different world regions. The results showed that regional differences in concentration of the chemicals are reflected in dog testes and that pathologies such as
1206:
1666:
1209:(SCHER), exposure to DEHP may exceed the tolerable daily intake in some specific population groups, namely people exposed through medical procedures such as kidney dialysis. The
759:
832:
3160:
3229:
1446:
Once metabolized into MEHP, the molecule has been shown to lengthen action potential duration and slow epicardial conduction velocity in
Langendorff perfused rodent hearts.
2388:"Pubertal Administration of DEHP Delays Puberty, Suppresses Testosterone Production, and Inhibits Reproductive Tract Development in Male Sprague-Dawley and Long-Evans Rats"
1239:
procedures, if a procedure requires one of these devices and if patient is at high risk to suffer from DEHP then a DEHP alternative should be considered if medically safe.
1079:
1496:. An inspection of products initially discovered the presence of plasticizers. As more products were tested, inspectors found more manufacturers using DEHP and DINP. The
1145:). Fatty foods that are packaged in plastics that contain DEHP are more likely to have higher concentrations such as milk products, fish or seafood, and oils. The US
673:
2351:
Zong, Teng; Lai, Lidan; Hu, Jia; et al. (2015). "Maternal exposure to di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate disrupts placental growth and development in pregnant mice".
1408:
structure, caused by DEHP; all of which are responsible for the transport of protein products. Also, DEHP caused down regulation of several growth factors, such as
2088:
2956:
1500:
confirmed that contaminated food and beverages had been exported to other countries and regions, which reveals the widespread prevalence of toxic plasticizers.
1350:. Previous studies have shown that slight changes in thyroxine levels can have dramatic effects on resting energy expenditure, similar to that of patients with
1165:
1157:
395:
1424:, and endothelial-1. The DEHP-induced down regulation of these growth factors may also contribute to the reduced expression and instability of connexin-43.
1758:
3187:
Healthcare without Harm: "Weight of the
Evidence on DEHP: Exposures are a Cause for Concern, Especially During Medical Care"; 6p-fact sheet, 16 March 2009
3100:
3180:
2912:
1948:
Sharman, M; Read, WA; Castle, L; Gilbert, J (1994). "Levels of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate and total phthalate esters in milk, cream, butter and cheese".
681:
144:
969:
DEHP has two stereocenters, located at the carbon atoms carrying the ethyl groups. As a result, it has three distinct stereoisomers, consisting of an (
2995:
1497:
2177:
Axelsson, Jonatan; Rylander, Lars; Rignell-Hydbom, Anna; et al. (2015). "Prenatal phthalate exposure and reproductive function in young men".
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of DEHP is low in animal models: 30 g/kg in rats (oral) and 24 g/kg in rabbits (dermal). Concerns instead focus on its potential as an
695:
1602:
DEHP is classified as a "chemical known to the State of
California to cause cancer and birth defects or other reproductive harm" (in this case,
3061:
1749:
3186:
2222:"The association between semen quality in workers and the concentration of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in polyvinyl chloride pellet plant air"
1766:
379:
InChI=1S/C24H38O4/c1-5-9-13-19(7-3)17-27-23(25)21-15-11-12-16-22(21)24(26)28-18-20(8-4)14-10-6-2/h11-12,15-16,19-20H,5-10,13-14,17-18H2,1-4H3
3175:
3515:
3484:
1983:
1421:
1417:
1535:
and DNOP) in toys for young children. In 2005, the
Council and the Parliament compromised to propose a ban on three types of phthalates (
1897:"EHHI :: Plastics :: EHHI Releases Original Research Report:Plastics That May be Harmful to Children and Reproductive Health"
1567:
by Regulation (EU) No 143/2011. According to the regulation, phthalates including DEHP, BBP and DBP will be banned from February 2015.
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3215:
1824:
688:
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1751:
IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Humans Volume 29: Some industrial chemicals and dyestuffs
1215:
370:
2674:"Plasticizer Interaction with the Heart: Chemicals Used in Plastic Medical Devices Can Interfere with Cardiac Electrophysiology"
1007:
mixture, commercially-produced DEHP is therefore racemic as well, and consists of a 1:1:2 statistical mixture of stereoisomers.
3037:
1413:
2998:(Press release). European Council for Plasticisers and Intermediates. Danish Environment Ministry. 28 May 2013. Archived from
3500:
3479:
3376:
1210:
545:
3551:
2758:"Increased plasma levels of phthalate esters in women with advanced-stage endometriosis: a prospective case-control study"
1122:. The most common exposure to DEHP comes through food with an average consumption of 0.25 milligrams per day. It can also
634:
3192:
1924:
839:
630:
3561:
3474:
1194:
1146:
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620:
313:
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583:
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2960:
2263:"Environmental chemicals in dog testes reflect their geographical source and may be associated with altered pathology"
1467:, and selective clonal expansion of the initiated cells; all of which take place in multiple sites of the human body.
334:
1586:
became the first country in the EU to ban the use of DEHP in pediatrics, neonatal, and maternity wards in hospitals.
1431:
using cardiac muscle cells, to cause activation of PPAR-alpha gene, which is a key regulator in lipid metabolism and
2034:
783:
770:
2625:"Gene expression profiling of DEHP-treated cardiomyocytes reveals potential causes of phthalate arrhythmogenicity"
1682:"117-81-7 - Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, 98+% - Dioctyl phthalate - Phthalic acid bis(2-ethylhexyl)ester - A10415"
3546:
3321:
3207:
2981:
2478:"Plastics and cardiovascular health: phthalates may disrupt heart rate variability and cardiovascular reactivity"
1339:
951:
234:
3391:
3381:
3243:
1504:
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DEHP has now been classified as a Category 1B reprotoxin, and is now on the Annex XIV of the European Union's
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1347:
638:
222:
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patients, neonates, premature babies, lactating, and pregnant women. According to the European Commission
3165:
2999:
1869:
184:
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3280:
2861:
1807:
Lorz, Peter M.; Towae, Friedrich K.; Enke, Walter; et al. (2007). "Phthalic Acid and Derivatives".
1083:
606:
576:
957:. It was first produced in commercial quantities in Japan circa 1933 and in the United States in 1939.
2012:
3296:
3291:
3264:
2576:"Endocrine-disrupting Chemicals: Review of Toxicological Mechanisms Using Molecular Pathway Analysis"
2527:"Clinically relevant concentrations of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) uncouple cardiac syncytium"
2274:
2186:
1123:
1075:
1067:
78:
3068:
1310:
612:
3426:
2320:"Lactational exposure to DEHP induced adrenocortical hypertrophy and anxiety-like behavior in rats"
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1515:
1289:
1273:
351:
110:
50:
3441:
3359:
2144:
2104:
1368:
1223:
1142:
1037:
943:
1991:
1149:
therefore permits use of DEHP-containing packaging only for foods that primarily contain water.
2799:"Mechanistic considerations for human relevance of cancer hazard of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate"
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3269:
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2828:
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2556:
2507:
2458:
2409:
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2300:
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2056:
1965:
1820:
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extensive infusions or those who are at the highest risk of developmental abnormalities, e.g.
1161:
204:
65:
2319:
3462:
3134:
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2194:
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1957:
1812:
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convert it to MEHP, which then is absorbed. MEHP is suspected to have an obesogenic effect.
883:
879:
520:
498:
418:
41:
3161:
FDA Public Health Notification: PVC devices containing the plasticizer DEHP (archived page)
322:
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1436:
1409:
1202:
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17:
120:
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producers cannot phase out phthalates as fast as the Ministry of Environment requested.
1024:
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509:
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2757:
3530:
3349:
3013:
2238:
2221:
2132:
2119:
Sampson, J; de Korte, D (2011). "DEHP-plasticised PVC: relevance to blood services".
1732:
1514:
Concerns about chemicals ingested by children when chewing plastic toys prompted the
1248:
1119:
1107:
991:
947:
923:
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477:
215:
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1563:. In 2011, those six substances have been listed for Authorization in Annex XIV of
1375:
986:
915:
2364:
1816:
1485:. CFCT recommend that users should first wear socks to avoid direct skin contact.
1354:, which has been shown to cause increased weight gain in those study populations.
1296:
pellet plant were significantly associated with a reduction in sperm motility and
2734:
2198:
286:
3345:
3317:
3252:
2814:
2623:
Posnack, Nikki Gillum; Lee, Norman H.; Brown, Ronald; Sarvazyan, Narine (2011).
2493:
1714:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 4 December 2014
1548:
1405:
1231:
1227:
1033:
962:
741:
707:
2542:
2286:
1317:
were more prevalent in testes of dogs from regions with higher concentrations.
1288:, is believed to cause endocrine disruption in males, through its action as an
1012:
3421:
3170:
3138:
2689:
2640:
2591:
2444:
1961:
1662:
1482:
1432:
1285:
1198:
1126:
into a liquid that comes in contact with the plastic; it extracts faster into
1045:
938:
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate is produced commercially by the reaction of excess
446:
195:
1707:
1063:
Approximately three million tonnes are produced and used annually worldwide.
3510:
3416:
3386:
3256:
2404:
2387:
2051:
1571:
1460:
1343:
1314:
1297:
1111:
1103:
1057:
1049:
911:
3146:
2996:"Danish prohibition against four low molecular weight phthalates postponed"
2832:
2783:
2742:
2707:
2658:
2609:
2560:
2511:
2462:
2413:
2372:
2304:
2247:
2206:
2140:
2074:
FDA Public Health Notification: PVC Devices Containing the Plasticizer DEHP
2060:
3197:
2220:
Huang, Li-Ping; Lee, Ching-Chang; Hsu, Ping-Chi; Shih, Tung-Sheng (2011).
1969:
1681:
1032:
Due to its suitable properties and the low cost, DEHP is widely used as a
3431:
2525:
Gillum, Nikki; Karabekian, Zaruhi; Swift, Luther M.; et al. (2009).
1378:
1371:
1252:
1181:
1127:
694:
687:
680:
653:
1247:
DEHP hydrolyzes to mono-ethylhexyl phthalate (MEHP) and subsequently to
3436:
3408:
3337:
3239:
1575:
1401:
1397:
1364:
1190:
1130:
1087:
1053:
1004:
467:
273:
235:
2862:
FOOD SCARE WIDENS:Tainted additives used for two decades: manufacturer
1925:"Basic Information about Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate in Drinking Water"
2035:"Pediatric exposure and potential toxicity of phthalate plasticizers"
1583:
1493:
1335:
1306:
930:. This colorless viscous liquid is soluble in oil, but not in water.
175:
809:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
2574:
Yang, Oneyeol; Kim, Hye Lim; Weon, Jong-Il; Seo, Young Rok (2015).
1786:
1367:
cells in culture. This includes an uncoupling effect that leads to
261:
1552:
1090:
1023:
919:
297:
155:
143:
133:
2386:
Noriega, N. C.; Howdeshell, K. L.; Furr, J.; et al. (2009).
2756:
Kim, Sung Hoon; Chun, Sail; Jang, Jin Yeon; et al. (2011).
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1393:
1382:
1302:
796:
642:
252:
3211:
2672:
Jaimes III, R; McCullough, D.; Siegel, B.; et al. (2019).
2318:
Lin, Ming-Lu; Wang, Dean-Chuan; Chen, Shih-Chieh (April 2013).
1251:
salts. The released alcohol is susceptible to oxidation to the
1040:. Plastics may contain 1% to 40% of DEHP. It is also used as a
27:
Organic compound used as a plasticizer to soften polymer matrix
2959:. European Solvents Industry Group. 2011-02-18. Archived from
1293:
1138:
1134:
1712:
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH)
1984:"Chemical Sampling Information | Di-(2-Ethylhexyl)phthalate"
339:
49:
40:
2982:"Denmark defies EU with planned ban on phthalate chemicals"
1156:
from discharges from rubber and chemical factories; The US
1168:'s limit for occupational exposure is 5 mg/m of air.
1594:
Analysis (SEAC) of the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA).
665:
2913:"Phthalates to be banned in toys and childcare articles"
1488:
In May 2011, the illegal use of the plasticizer DEHP in
3198:
ChemSub Online : Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate -DEHP
827:
1574:
announced the ban of DEHP, DBP, DIBP and BBP, pushing
1207:
Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks
2939:
REACH - First Six Substances Subject To Authorisation
1667:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1870:"ATSDR - ToxFAQs™: Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)"
3493:
3450:
3407:
3369:
3336:
3305:
3251:
2851:(in Chinese). Consumers’ Foundation, Taiwan (CFCT).
1492:for use in food and beverages has been reported in
2433:Annals of Pediatric Endocrinology & Metabolism
1443:, which are precursors of cardiovascular disease.
1080:1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester
2109:– Sunday February 14, 2010 at 3 pm on CBC-TV, CBC
1346:levels and decreased uptake of iodine in thyroid
1176:DEHP is the most common phthalate plasticizer in
910:. DEHP is the most common member of the class of
3193:Spectrum Laboratories Fact Sheet (archived page)
1435:proliferation; both of which can be involved in
1003:) form. As most 2-ethylhexanol is produced as a
712:216 °C; 420 °F; 489 K (open cup)
285:
2957:"First REACH substance bans to apply from 2014"
2945:, Sparkle, vol. 559, Intertek, 25 Feb 2011
669:
119:
3176:National Pollutant Inventory - DEHP fact sheet
2803:Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research
1809:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
1392:The decrease in expression and instability of
3223:
2899:"EU ministers agree to ban chemicals in toys"
2848:《消費者報導雜誌》342期 第4至11頁「跟著流行走？踩著危機走！園丁鞋逾4成可塑劑超量」
2678:Circulation: Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology
1841:"Plasticizers | ExxonMobil Product Solutions"
8:
3171:CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards
2797:Rusyn, Ivan; Corton, J. Christopher (2012).
1547:) and added to the Candidate List including
1160:limits for DEHP in drinking water is 6
946:in the presence of an acid catalyst such as
2261:Sumner, R.N.; Byers, A.; Zhang, Z. (2021).
2164:"Biomonitoring Summary Phthalates Overview"
1759:International Agency for Research on Cancer
403:O=C(OCC(CC)CCCC)C1=CC=CC=C1C(OCC(CC)CCCC)=O
83:Bis(2-ethylhexyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate
3230:
3216:
3208:
3062:"Timeline of European regulations on DEHP"
2915:. EurActiv.com. 2005-06-27. Archived from
2429:"Phthalate exposure and childhood obesity"
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
354:
225:
203:
29:
2822:
2773:
2697:
2648:
2599:
2550:
2501:
2452:
2403:
2335:
2294:
2237:
2050:
321:
1780:
1778:
1661:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.
1234:in men. A review article in 2010 in the
1180:such as intravenous tubing and bags, IV
1618:
1230:, and as a cause of dramatically lower
400:
375:
350:
3181:Healthcare without Harm - PVC and DEHP
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
492:385 °C (725 °F; 658 K)
482:−50 °C (−58 °F; 223 K)
216:
2427:Kim, Shin Hye; Park, Mi Jung (2014).
2337:10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.936.15
1918:
1916:
1891:
1889:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1570:In 2012, Danish Environment Minister
1396:may be due to the down regulation of
1036:in manufacturing of articles made of
382:Key: BJQHLKABXJIVAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N
183:
163:
7:
3485:List of environmental health hazards
1418:vascular endothelial growth factor C
3014:"The legacy of Healthier Hospitals"
2531:Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
1625:Diethylhexyl ester of phthalic acid
1078:(DIDP), and non-phthalates such as
276:
260:
3370:Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs
3093:"Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)"
3067:. PVC Med Alliance. Archived from
25:
2775:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.07.1059
1334:When DEHP is ingested intestinal
3038:"Classifications - CL Inventory"
2239:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.04.093
2133:10.1111/j.1365-3148.2010.01056.x
1923:OW, US EPA (21 September 2015).
1787:https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.3302
1471:Government and industry response
1011:
961:
817:
582:
430:
94:Di-sec octyl phthalate (archaic)
64:
3103:from the original on 2016-07-30
2482:Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol
2013:"Phthalates in school supplies"
1950:Food Additives and Contaminants
1414:transforming growth factor-beta
1236:Journal of Transfusion Medicine
1102:DEHP as a fragrance carrier in
813:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
750:26,000 mg/kg (oral, guinea pig)
2353:Journal of Hazardous Materials
1483:Toy Safety Standard (CNS 4797)
1211:American Academy of Pediatrics
546:Occupational safety and health
436:
424:
1:
2365:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.04.065
2162:CDC Main (7 September 2021).
1817:10.1002/14356007.a20_181.pub2
1404:genes, and the alteration of
764:(US health exposure limits):
3516:Toxic Substances Control Act
3475:Persistent organic pollutant
2864:, Taipei Times, May 29, 2011
2735:10.1016/j.repbio.2015.06.004
2580:Journal of Cancer Prevention
2199:10.1016/j.envres.2015.02.024
1072:di-2-propyl heptyl phthalate
31:Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
3470:Great Pacific garbage patch
2984:. EurActiv.com. 2012-08-27.
2901:. EurActiv.com. 2004-10-07.
2815:10.1016/j.mrrev.2011.12.004
2494:10.1152/ajpheart.00364.2017
2033:Shea, Katherine M. (2003).
1737:Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
1259:Effects on living organisms
1226:in male fetal development,
1052:. DEHP also finds use as a
852:Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
754:30,000 mg/kg (oral, mouse)
748:34,000 mg/kg (oral, rabbit)
730:or concentration (LD, LC):
92:Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
36:
3578:
3511:Japan Toxic Substances Law
3306:Miscellaneous plasticizers
2543:10.1016/j.taap.2008.12.027
2287:10.1038/s41598-021-86805-y
1845:www.exxonmobilchemical.com
1739:. Retrieved on 2022-05-12.
1688:. Thermo Fisher Scientific
1634:Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate
1502:
1427:DEHP has also been shown,
18:Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
3542:IARC Group 2B carcinogens
3506:European REACH regulation
3501:California Proposition 65
3244:polyhalogenated compounds
3139:10.1016/j.tiv.2012.09.018
2690:10.1161/CIRCEP.119.007294
2641:10.1016/j.tox.2010.09.007
2592:10.15430/JCP.2015.20.1.12
2445:10.6065/apem.2014.19.2.69
2086:Products for Hazard: DEHP
1962:10.1080/02652039409374236
856:di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate
807:
790:Ca TWA 5 mg/m ST 10 mg/m
758:
726:
563:
543:
538:
411:
391:
366:
103:
89:
77:
72:
63:
35:
2876:
2847:
2330:(1 Supplement): 936.15.
1708:"Di-sec octyl phthalate"
1505:2011 Taiwan food scandal
752:30,600 mg/kg (oral, rat)
621:Precautionary statements
3018:practicegreenhealth.org
2877:塑化劑危機！台灣海洋深層水等4廠商飲料緊急下架
2874:生活中心綜合報導 (2011-05-23).
2762:Fertility and Sterility
2476:Jaimes, Rafael (2017).
2226:Fertility and Sterility
2095:, Sustainable Hospitals
2052:10.1542/peds.111.6.1467
1381:proteins, specifically
1284:DEHP, along with other
926:and the branched-chain
514:< 0.01 mmHg (20 °C)
462:Colorless, oily liquid
98:Isooctyl phthalate, di-
3397:Perfluorooctanoic acid
3189:accessed 25 March 2014
3183:accessed 25 March 2014
2392:Toxicological Sciences
2179:Environmental Research
1222:raised concerns about
1195:intensive care nursery
1172:Use in medical devices
1097:Environmental exposure
1029:
860:diethylhexyl phthalate
676:
54:
45:
2880:(in Chinese). NOWnews
2405:10.1093/toxsci/kfp129
2106:The Disappearing Male
2076:, USFDA July 12, 2002
1761:. 1982. p. 271.
1606:) under the terms of
1503:Further information:
1255:and carboxylic acid.
1220:The Disappearing Male
1184:, nasogastric tubes,
1084:dioctyl terephthalate
1027:
955:-toluenesulfonic acid
675:
53:
44:
3552:Endocrine disruptors
2723:Reproductive Biology
2121:Transfusion Medicine
2015:. GreenFacts Website
1498:Department of Health
1450:Other health effects
1280:Endocrine disruption
1152:DEHP can leach into
1076:diisodecyl phthalate
1068:diisononyl phthalate
914:, which are used as
864:diisooctyl phthalate
658:(fire diamond)
559:Irritant, teratogen
79:Preferred IUPAC name
3562:2-Ethylhexyl esters
3427:Endocrine disruptor
3127:Toxicology in Vitro
2279:2021NatSR..11.7361S
2191:2015ER....138..264A
2045:(6 Pt 1): 1467–74.
1516:European Commission
1389:treated with DEHP.
1290:androgen antagonist
1274:endocrine disruptor
1141:in foods packed in
504:0.00003% (23.8 °C)
499:Solubility in water
454: g·mol
244:204-211-0 617-060-4
32:
3442:Polymer fume fever
2488:(5): H1044–H1053.
2267:Scientific Reports
2091:2010-07-15 at the
1224:sexual development
1110:products, laundry
1030:
944:phthalic anhydride
840:Infobox references
799:(Immediate danger)
677:
55:
46:
30:
3524:
3523:
3458:Plastic pollution
3238:Health issues of
2324:The FASEB Journal
1874:www.atsdr.cdc.gov
1768:978-92-832-1229-4
1733:Sigma-Aldrich Co.
1369:irregular rhythms
872:dioctyl phthalate
848:Chemical compound
846:
845:
607:Hazard statements
472:0.99 g/mL (20°C)
335:CompTox Dashboard
145:Interactive image
59:
58:
16:(Redirected from
3569:
3547:Phthalate esters
3463:Rubber pollution
3313:Organophosphates
3232:
3225:
3218:
3209:
3150:
3112:
3111:
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2110:
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2083:
2077:
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2065:
2064:
2054:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2020:
2009:
2003:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1990:. Archived from
1980:
1974:
1973:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1920:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1893:
1884:
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1866:
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1698:
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1693:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1658:
1635:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1465:oxidative damage
1348:follicular cells
1015:
965:
880:organic compound
870:; incorrectly —
830:
824:
821:
820:
718:Explosive limits
697:
690:
683:
668:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
614:
586:
521:Refractive index
453:
438:
432:
426:
419:Chemical formula
359:
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167:
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123:
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3489:
3446:
3403:
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3247:
3236:
3157:
3123:
3120:
3118:Further reading
3115:
3106:
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3091:
3090:
3086:
3077:
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3064:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3046:
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3036:
3035:
3031:
3022:
3020:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3002:on 2 June 2015.
2994:
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2671:
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2099:
2093:Wayback Machine
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1600:
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1490:clouding agents
1478:
1473:
1452:
1437:atherosclerosis
1410:angiotensinogen
1360:
1332:
1323:
1282:
1266:
1261:
1245:
1203:kidney dialysis
1178:medical devices
1174:
1116:scented candles
1099:
1042:hydraulic fluid
1022:
936:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
849:
842:
837:
836:
835: ?)
826:
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800:
787:
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28:
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15:
12:
11:
5:
3575:
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3564:
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3544:
3539:
3537:Ester solvents
3529:
3528:
3522:
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3513:
3508:
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3399:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3363:
3356:Vinyl chloride
3353:
3350:Polycarbonates
3342:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3324:
3315:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3302:
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3156:
3155:External links
3153:
3152:
3151:
3119:
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3114:
3113:
3084:
3053:
3042:echa.europa.eu
3029:
3005:
2987:
2973:
2948:
2929:
2904:
2890:
2866:
2854:
2838:
2789:
2748:
2713:
2684:(7): e007294.
2664:
2635:(1–3): 54–64.
2615:
2566:
2517:
2468:
2419:
2378:
2343:
2310:
2273:(7361): 7361.
2253:
2212:
2169:
2154:
2111:
2097:
2078:
2066:
2025:
2004:
1975:
1940:
1912:
1885:
1856:
1832:
1826:978-3527306732
1825:
1790:
1774:
1767:
1741:
1725:
1699:
1672:
1636:
1627:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1608:Proposition 65
1599:
1596:
1511:
1510:European Union
1508:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1451:
1448:
1441:hyperlipidemia
1387:cardiomyocytes
1376:gap junctional
1359:
1358:Cardiotoxicity
1356:
1352:hypothyroidism
1340:Rodent studies
1331:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1311:tubule atrophy
1281:
1278:
1270:acute toxicity
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1244:
1241:
1173:
1170:
1154:drinking water
1120:air fresheners
1098:
1095:
1021:
1018:
1017:
1016:
967:
966:
940:2-ethylhexanol
935:
932:
928:2-ethylhexanol
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
847:
844:
843:
838:
816:
815:
811:standard state
808:
805:
804:
801:
795:
792:
791:
788:
782:
779:
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775:
769:
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510:Vapor pressure
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26:
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14:
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10:
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3415:
3414:
3412:
3410:
3409:Health issues
3406:
3398:
3395:
3394:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
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3308:
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3250:
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3194:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:ATSDR ToxFAQs
3164:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3085:
3074:on 2021-04-27
3070:
3063:
3057:
3054:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2963:on 2015-07-21
2962:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2941:
2940:
2933:
2930:
2919:on 2013-06-03
2918:
2914:
2908:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2891:
2879:
2870:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2855:
2850:
2842:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2816:
2812:
2809:(2): 141–58.
2808:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2790:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2729:(3): 163–71.
2728:
2724:
2717:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2700:
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2683:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2616:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2593:
2589:
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2420:
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2398:(1): 163–78.
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2014:
2008:
2005:
1994:on 2017-07-31
1993:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1956:(3): 375–85.
1955:
1951:
1944:
1941:
1930:
1929:water.epa.gov
1926:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1890:
1886:
1875:
1871:
1865:
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1857:
1846:
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1818:
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1279:
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1242:
1240:
1237:
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1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
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1200:
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1183:
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1109:
1108:personal care
1105:
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1089:
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1064:
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1035:
1026:
1019:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
993:
988:
987:diastereomers
984:
980:
976:
972:
964:
960:
959:
958:
956:
954:
949:
948:sulfuric acid
945:
941:
933:
931:
929:
925:
924:phthalic acid
921:
917:
913:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
841:
834:
829:
812:
806:
802:
798:
794:
793:
789:
786:(Recommended)
785:
781:
780:
776:
773:(Permissible)
772:
768:
767:
763:
762:
757:
747:
743:
734:
733:
729:
725:
721:
719:
716:
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684:
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581:
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542:
537:
533:
526:
522:
518:
517:
513:
511:
508:
507:
503:
500:
496:
495:
491:
489:
488:Boiling point
486:
485:
481:
479:
478:Melting point
476:
475:
471:
469:
466:
465:
461:
458:
457:
450:
448:
445:
444:
423:
420:
416:
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410:
401:
397:
390:
376:
372:
365:
357:
353:
352:DTXSID5020607
349:
348:
346:
336:
332:
331:
324:
320:
319:
317:
315:
312:
311:
304:
303:
301:
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296:
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288:
284:
283:
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275:
271:
270:
263:
259:
258:
256:
254:
251:
250:
243:
242:
240:
238:
233:
232:
228:
224:
221:
219:
217:ECHA InfoCard
214:
213:
206:
202:
201:
199:
197:
194:
193:
186:
182:
181:
179:
177:
174:
173:
166:
162:
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153:
146:
142:
141:
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130:
129:
122:
118:
117:
115:
112:
108:
107:
102:
88:
80:
76:
71:
67:
62:
52:
48:
43:
39:
38:
34:
19:
3557:Plasticizers
3285:
3253:Plasticizers
3133:(1): 84–91.
3130:
3126:
3105:. Retrieved
3097:oehha.ca.gov
3096:
3087:
3076:. Retrieved
3069:the original
3056:
3045:. Retrieved
3041:
3032:
3021:. Retrieved
3017:
3008:
3000:the original
2990:
2976:
2965:. Retrieved
2961:the original
2951:
2938:
2932:
2921:. Retrieved
2917:the original
2907:
2893:
2882:. Retrieved
2869:
2857:
2841:
2806:
2802:
2792:
2768:(1): 357–9.
2765:
2761:
2751:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2681:
2677:
2667:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2586:(1): 12–24.
2583:
2579:
2569:
2537:(1): 25–38.
2534:
2530:
2520:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2439:(2): 69–75.
2436:
2432:
2422:
2395:
2391:
2381:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2327:
2323:
2313:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2229:
2225:
2215:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2157:
2127:(2): 73–83.
2124:
2120:
2114:
2105:
2100:
2081:
2069:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2017:. Retrieved
2007:
1996:. Retrieved
1992:the original
1988:www.osha.gov
1987:
1978:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1932:. Retrieved
1928:
1904:. Retrieved
1901:www.ehhi.org
1900:
1877:. Retrieved
1873:
1848:. Retrieved
1844:
1835:
1808:
1750:
1744:
1728:
1716:. Retrieved
1711:
1702:
1690:. Retrieved
1686:www.alfa.com
1685:
1680:Alfa Aesar.
1675:
1630:
1621:
1603:
1601:
1588:
1581:
1569:
1519:phthalates (
1513:
1487:
1479:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1428:
1426:
1391:
1361:
1333:
1324:
1283:
1267:
1246:
1235:
1232:sperm counts
1219:
1218:documentary
1199:hemophiliacs
1175:
1151:
1114:, colognes,
1100:
1086:(DOTP), and
1065:
1062:
1031:
1000:
996:
990:
982:
978:
977:) form, an (
974:
970:
968:
952:
937:
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916:plasticizers
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
850:
760:
727:
654:
598:
565:
555:Main hazards
544:
524:
298:RTECS number
185:ChEMBL402794
104:Identifiers
90:Other names
3494:Regulations
3346:Bisphenol A
2232:(1): 90–4.
1549:musk xylene
1406:microtubule
1394:connexin-43
1383:connexin-43
1321:Development
1228:miscarriage
1034:plasticizer
777:TWA 5 mg/m
742:median dose
728:Lethal dose
708:Flash point
593:Signal word
549:(OHS/OSH):
459:Appearance
412:Properties
223:100.003.829
165:CHEBI:17747
3531:Categories
3422:Carcinogen
3387:Organotins
3257:Phthalates
3107:2021-01-18
3078:2020-10-26
3047:2021-01-18
3023:2021-01-18
2967:2013-10-24
2923:2013-10-24
2884:2011-05-25
2629:Toxicology
2185:: 264–70.
2039:Pediatrics
2019:2009-06-10
1998:2015-10-27
1934:2015-10-27
1906:2015-10-27
1879:2015-10-27
1850:2022-06-18
1614:References
1598:California
1433:peroxisome
1315:germ cells
1286:phthalates
1243:Metabolism
1197:settings,
1112:detergents
1058:glowsticks
1050:capacitors
1046:dielectric
934:Production
912:phthalates
577:Pictograms
447:Molar mass
323:C42K0PH13C
196:ChemSpider
132:3D model (
111:CAS Number
3451:Pollution
3417:Teratogen
3348:(BPA, in
2359:: 25–33.
1582:In 2012,
1572:Ida Auken
1461:apoptosis
1344:thyroxine
1298:chromatin
1249:phthalate
1182:catheters
1104:cosmetics
1082:(DINCH),
1048:fluid in
1044:and as a
989:), and a
882:with the
639:P308+P313
568:labelling
305:TI0350000
236:EC Number
3432:Diabetes
3338:Monomers
3318:Adipates
3240:plastics
3147:23063876
3101:Archived
2833:22198209
2784:20797718
2743:26370459
2708:31248280
2659:20920545
2610:25853100
2561:19344669
2512:28842438
2463:25077088
2414:19528224
2373:25935407
2305:33795811
2248:21621774
2207:25743932
2149:32481051
2141:21143327
2089:Archived
2061:12777573
1718:17 March
1692:30 April
1669:(NIOSH).
1555:, DEHP,
1429:in vitro
1379:connexin
1372:in vitro
1264:Toxicity
1253:aldehyde
1191:newborns
1186:dialysis
1131:solvents
1128:nonpolar
1074:(DPHP),
1070:(DINP),
985:) form (
878:) is an
655:NFPA 704
539:Hazards
205:21106505
121:117-81-7
3480:Dioxins
3437:Obesity
2824:3348351
2699:6693678
2650:3003946
2601:4384711
2552:2670944
2503:5792203
2454:4114051
2296:8016893
2275:Bibcode
2187:Bibcode
1970:7926171
1663:"#0236"
1576:Denmark
1551:, MDA,
1402:kinesin
1398:tubulin
1365:cardiac
1336:lipases
1330:Obesity
1088:citrate
1054:solvent
1005:racemic
920:diester
884:formula
833:what is
831: (
722:0.3%-?
534:1.4870
468:Density
452:390.564
274:PubChem
3277:(BBzP)
3246:(PHCs)
3145:
2831:
2821:
2782:
2741:
2706:
2696:
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1968:
1823:
1765:
1584:France
1559:, and
1494:Taiwan
1476:Taiwan
1307:testes
1133:(e.g.
1118:, and
1091:esters
828:verify
825:
613:H360FD
599:Danger
396:SMILES
262:C03690
176:ChEMBL
73:Names
3377:PBDEs
3288:(DOP)
3072:(PDF)
3065:(PDF)
2943:(PDF)
2145:S2CID
1755:(PDF)
1591:REACH
1565:REACH
1553:HBCDD
1545:SVHCs
1385:, in
1124:leach
942:with
761:NIOSH
371:InChI
156:ChEBI
134:JSmol
3392:PFCs
3382:PCBs
3358:(in
3322:DEHA
3297:DINP
3292:DIDP
3286:DEHP
3281:DIHP
3265:DIBP
3242:and
3143:PMID
2829:PMID
2780:PMID
2739:PMID
2704:PMID
2655:PMID
2606:PMID
2557:PMID
2508:PMID
2459:PMID
2410:PMID
2369:PMID
2301:PMID
2244:PMID
2203:PMID
2137:PMID
2057:PMID
1966:PMID
1821:ISBN
1763:ISBN
1757:. :
1720:2015
1694:2020
1604:both
1541:DIDP
1537:DINP
1533:DIDP
1529:DINP
1439:and
1420:and
1400:and
1313:and
1303:PCBs
1268:The
1166:OSHA
1139:fats
1137:and
1135:oils
992:meso
953:para
876:DIOP
868:DEHP
803:Ca
797:IDLH
647:P501
643:P405
635:P280
631:P202
627:P201
314:UNII
287:8343
253:KEGG
96:DEHP
3360:PVC
3327:DOA
3275:BBP
3270:DBP
3135:doi
2819:PMC
2811:doi
2807:750
2770:doi
2731:doi
2694:PMC
2686:doi
2645:PMC
2637:doi
2633:279
2596:PMC
2588:doi
2547:PMC
2539:doi
2535:236
2498:PMC
2490:doi
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2449:PMC
2441:doi
2400:doi
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2361:doi
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2291:PMC
2283:doi
2234:doi
2195:doi
2183:138
2129:doi
2047:doi
2043:111
1958:doi
1813:doi
1561:DBP
1557:BBP
1525:BBP
1521:DBP
1305:in
1294:PVC
1216:CBC
1193:in
1162:ppb
1158:EPA
1147:FDA
1143:PVC
1056:in
1038:PVC
1020:Use
950:or
922:of
894:(CO
784:REL
771:PEL
566:GHS
340:EPA
277:CID
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
