498:
itself. Cases of benign foot rot tend to score on the lower end of the scale and virulent foot rot cases tend to score on the higher end. Other clinical signs may be present depending on the strain or the severity of the foot rot are loss of appetite, loss of body condition, decrease in wool production, and decreased milk production. Warm and wet conditions are favorable for the spread of foot rot so the presence of these conditions can also help support the diagnosis of foot rot due to d. nodosus as well as promote the spread to other animals in the herd
617:. Infected animals should be removed from the flock to a clean environment in order to be treated, as the bacterium does not survive well over 3 weeks off a host. Treatment is most effective when the infection is caught early. The bacterium persists on an untreated host as well as moist, warm environments, therefore treatment, proper drainage, ventilation, and sanitation is required to halt the life cycle Reinfection is likely if the environment is not decontaminated as animals are susceptible as soon as the antimicrobials are no longer active.
390:
600:
being of importance within human medicine, and withdrawal rates can impede economic returns and therefore their choice as a treatment option. Improper use of antimicrobials can contribute to resistance, ineffective treatments, and a higher incidence of reinfection within a herd. Early identification
550:
of affected animals in order to minimize economic losses. Affected sheep should be monitored to ensure effectiveness of treatment and culled if clinical symptoms persist, as they are a source of contamination for the rest of the flock. Infected sheep should not return to general population until the
480:
of the affected foot or feet. Clinical signs of virulent foot rot begin as interdigital dermatitis but progress to necrosis, separation of the hoof wall from the underlying soft tissue and severe lameness. However, both categories of foot rot can progress from interdigital dermatitis to more severe,
554:
The use of foot bathes containing 10% zinc sulphate solutions have shown to be effective in both treatment and prevention, though use is controversial due to environmental impacts. Efficacy is also reduced when used in severe cases, as the solution has limited penetration, in which case, parenteral
497:
Use of a foot rot scoring guide to help confirm diagnosis and to determine the severity of the disease as well as level of treatment and management that will be required. Scoring is based on the severity of lesions on the interdigital dermis, the junction between the skin and the horn and the horn
475:
acquired foot rot and is associated with the degree of severity of the clinical signs. It can be difficult to tell the difference between the two strains based on clinical signs, some countries, such as the USA, consider both the benign and virulent strains the same and treat according to clinical
458:
genes encoding for thermostable proteases respectively. Benign foot rot is described as reddened and inflamed tissue between the toes. Virulent foot rot is when the bacteria begins to enter the hoof horn and can cause separation of the hoof horn from the hoof wall. In virulent strains the horn may
228:
is a rod shaped, gram negative, anaerobic obligate bacteria found on hooves which causes ovine foot rot. This bacterium causes the hoof to separate from underlying tissues through the production of proteases and keratinases. Its preferred environments are warm (greater than 10 degrees
Celsius) and
347:
peaks occurring in temperate zones where there is adequate moisture and an ambient temperature above 10 degrees. In cooler conditions, such as spring and autumn, higher disease prevalence can be observed in the UK and
Ireland. This bacterium has the ability to thrive in moist soil for up to two
620:
Once the environment is decontaminated, outbreaks can be prevented by ensuring replacement stock come from a verified source and are quarantined upon arrival until they test negative. New animals should be quarantined, and have their feet examined and trimmed before introduction to the general
216:
Treatment options include footbaths, parenteral administration of long-acting antimicrobials, concurrent use of vaccines, and removal of affected sheep into a clean, quarantined area. Environmental management and treatment of infected is required to prevent further bacterial spread.
505:
can be done to determine the virulotype of the infection-causing strain by PCR, gelatin-gel, and elastase assay and can be used to confirm field diagnosis. Identification of extracellular proteases has historically been the basis for the differentiation between the two strains of
518:
by determining the protease thermostability and elastase activity are not routinely performed due to the difficulty of the laboratory procedures that often yield inconsistent results. In addition, the time it takes to perform laboratory-based tests to determine the virulotype of
212:
co-exist as the causative agents of ovine foot rot and interdigital dermatitis in ungulates globally, especially in temperate zones. Clinical signs can vary into two categories; virulent and benign, with the distinction between the two varying dependent on location.
446:
releases protease enzymes, it is the number of protease enzymes, type of protease enzymes and the type IV fimbriae that determine its virulence. The protease enzymes digest tissue between the hoof horn and flesh which causes pain for the affected animal.
632:
In areas with endemic reports of the disease, a vaccine protocol is also effective in reducing incidence within a flock and concurrent use with infection will aid recovery time. Efficacy of vaccines depends on the type used as well as the strain of
1621:
Wimmershoff, J.; Ryser-Degiorgis, M.; Marreros, N.; Frey, J.; Romanens, P.; Gendron, K.; Origgi, F. C. (May 2015). "Outbreak of severe foot rot associated with benign
Dichelobacter nodosus in an Alpine ibex colony in the Swiss Prealps".
348:
weeks. In the presence of optimal conditions, the bacterium can live up to 24 days in at least 5 degrees
Celsius. In suboptimal conditions, animals will not demonstrate full clinical presentation and mild lesions may be confined to the
1342:"Comparative genomic and phylogenetic analyses of Gammaproteobacterial glg genes traced the origin of the Escherichia coli glycogen glgBXCAP operon to the last common ancestor of the sister orders Enterobacteriales and Pasteurellales"
640:
Inherent resistance has been shown in certain breeds of sheep with altered hoof conformation, and therefore, reduced incidence can be selected for by means of selective breeding and cross-breeding.
514:
have proteases that are thermolabile and virulent strains have proteases that are thermostable and have higher elastase activity. Performance of laboratory testing to diagnose specific strains of
1726:"Simultaneous detection and discrimination of virulent and benign Dichelobacter nodosus in sheep of flocks affected by foot rot and in clinically healthy flocks by competitive real-time PCR"
471:
Clinical signs of foot rot in sheep can be divided into two categories; benign and virulent. In
Australia, the difference between benign or virulent is dependent on the causative strain of
2121:
676:
254:
of the bacteria's fimbriae. Class I contains serogroups A-C, E-G, I, and M, while Class II contains serogroups D and H. The serotypes are classified on the results of a slide
711:"Detection and Serogrouping of Dichelobacter nodosus Infection by Use of Direct PCR from Lesion Swabs To Support Outbreak-Specific Vaccination for Virulent Footrot in Sheep"
202:, is a gram negative, rod shaped, obligate anaerobe of the family Cardiobacteriaceae. It has polar fimbriae epitomes that separate the bacteria into multiple serogroups.
371:
offspring under the correct conditions can develop severe clinical disease. Cattle can become affected, although normally only suffer a mild form of infection. Wild
2095:
315:
genes are isolated. The validity of these results vary as there is no evidence of direct PCR-based serogrouping methods that have been proven against a reference.
1929:
535:
use a multimodal approach to ensure adequate treatment as well as limited subsequent spread . This includes immediate treatment upon identification, foot-baths,
2134:
1913:
853:
605:, as well as routine prevention will contribute to reduced reliance on antimicrobials, as well as less stress on emerging resistance, and economic losses.
438:
The severity of foot rot has a wide range of disease presentation. depending on the strain or combination of strains present in the infected site and the
337:
has been reported as having synergistic effects in severe cases of foot rot. Outbreaks have been reported in
Australia, Britain, Norway, Switzerland.
1466:"Sites of persistence of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus: a paradigm shift in understanding the epidemiology of footrot in sheep"
2082:
546:
The prognosis for foot rot is best when treated early, prior to progression of the disease; this helps guide the decision between treatment versus
2108:
1008:
1797:
1425:
1170:
Bennett G, Hickford J, Sedcole R, Zhou H (August 2009). "Dichelobacter nodosus, Fusobacterium necrophorum and the epidemiology of footrot".
561:
has limited ability to persist in the environment, therefore quarantine of infected animals is crucial to prevent spread within a flock.
2180:
966:
797:"The prevalence of Dichelobacter nodosus in clinically footrot-free sheep flocks: a comparative field study on elimination strategies"
183:
1816:
900:
Pessanit L, Neary M, Hutchens T (September 2009). Footrot in Sheep and Goats. Animal
Sciences (Report). Purdue Extension. AS-596-W.
1949:
435:
to cause disease the bacterium requires irritation to the interdigital space, this can be due to moisture or trauma to the area.
1207:"The subtilisin-like protease AprV2 is required for virulence and uses a novel disulphide-tethered exosite to bind substrates"
523:
is slow and may not be helpful to effectively treat or isolate the infected animal(s) and to prevent spread to other animals.
2113:
2175:
1305:
Locher I, Giger L, Frosth S, Kuhnert P, Steiner A (May 2018). "Potential transmission routes of
Dichelobacter nodosus".
1933:
386:
as more molecular-based studies need to be conducted to differentiate persistence in a domesticated farm environment
2021:
407:
333:
296:
2139:
1523:"First study of pathogen load and localisation of ovine footrot using fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH)"
476:
presentation. Clinical signs of benign foot rot are interdigital dermatitis and often, but not always, includes
589:
1258:"Evaluation of Genotypic and Phenotypic Protease Virulence Tests for Dichelobacter nodosus Infection in Sheep"
536:
344:
255:
1983:
175:
1521:
Witcomb LA, Green LE, Calvo-Bado LA, Russell CL, Smith EM, Grogono-Thomas R, Wellington EM (April 2015).
588:; with recent studies advocating for the efficacy of gamythromycin as an alternative to oxytetracycline.
431:
infection has been reported in cattle but cases are commonly restricted to benign strains. In order for
126:
363:
breeds appear to be more susceptible over
British breeds of sheep. British breeds appear to carry more
2056:
1477:
1353:
1340:
Almagro G, Viale AM, Montero M, Rahimpour M, Muñoz FJ, Baroja-Fernández E, et al. (2015-01-21).
613:
Environmental management and treatment of infected animals is essential for preventing the spread of
637:
that is present on the farm, therefore should be used in conjunction with other prevention efforts.
66:
1964:
1439:
90:
31:
359:
Sheep and goats are the main species affected by the bacterium and are susceptible at all ages.
349:
291:
Identification of this bacteria is achieved by swabbing an infected animals foot, and isolating
2100:
2147:
2043:
1867:
1793:
1755:
1695:
1674:"Virulence regions and virulence factors of the ovine footrot pathogen, Dichelobacter nodosus"
1639:
1603:
1552:
1503:
1431:
1421:
1381:
1322:
1287:
1238:
1187:
1066:
828:
740:
78:
551:
infection is cleared and the environment is decontaminated to prevent reinfection or spread.
1859:
1785:
1745:
1737:
1685:
1631:
1593:
1583:
1572:"A recently introduced Dichelobacter nodosus strain caused an outbreak of footrot in Norway"
1542:
1534:
1493:
1485:
1413:
1371:
1361:
1314:
1277:
1269:
1228:
1218:
1179:
1104:
1058:
818:
808:
730:
722:
543:, concurrent use of vaccines, and removal of affected sheep into a clean, quarantined area.
2152:
1850:
Kennan RM, Han X, Porter CJ, Rood JI (November 2011). "The pathogenesis of ovine footrot".
323:
Foot rot is one of the top five globally important diseases acquired by sheep. The primary
585:
1481:
1357:
621:
population and environment. Establishing routine foot bathes containing zinc, copper or
1750:
1725:
1690:
1673:
1598:
1571:
1547:
1522:
1498:
1465:
1376:
1341:
1282:
1257:
1233:
1206:
823:
796:
735:
710:
364:
236:
54:
1205:
Kennan RM, Wong W, Dhungyel OP, Han X, Wong D, Parker D, et al. (November 2010).
564:
Concurrent use of a vaccine can also help to limit disease and spread within a flock.
2169:
2126:
1108:
581:
540:
459:
completely separate from the underlying tissue, this makes the tissue susceptible to
167:
1443:
1049:
Dhungyel O, Hunter J, Whittington R (May 2014). "Footrot vaccines and vaccination".
450:
Foot rot can be classified into benign foot rot and virulent foot rot which contain
2048:
1183:
622:
572:
Oxytetracycline has been the most commonly used antimicrobial for the treatment of
486:
1062:
1863:
1538:
1366:
1318:
1223:
1016:
Australian
Government - The Department of Agriculture, Water, and the Environment
2015:
1142:
2006:
1489:
1417:
813:
353:
1435:
356:
and persistence occurs in dry warm climates compared to wet cool conditions.
2069:
1789:
1588:
597:
577:
439:
368:
1871:
1759:
1643:
1607:
1556:
1507:
1385:
1326:
1291:
1242:
1191:
1070:
832:
744:
1699:
389:
2000:
1741:
1273:
726:
482:
412:
372:
324:
179:
171:
42:
677:"Interdigital Dermatitis (Stable footrot, Slurry heel, Scald) in Cattle"
2087:
2030:
547:
460:
251:
240:
2035:
1635:
1570:
Gilhuus M, Kvitle B, L'Abée-Lund TM, Vatn S, Jørgensen HJ (May 2014).
375:
have been reported to carry the bacterium in Germany and Switzerland.
250:
There are 10 serogroups that isolates are separated into based on the
419:
alone causes foot scald predisposing the animal to co-infection with
360:
1977:
1661:(fourth ed.). Department of Primary Industries. Primefact 1533.
2074:
795:
Kraft AF, Strobel H, Hilke J, Steiner A, Kuhnert P (January 2020).
1885:
1404:
Witzany G, ed. (2011). "Biocommunication in Soil Microorganisms".
555:
administration of antimicrobials is the most effective treatment.
388:
265:
is present in the host population. Strains that possess protease
1464:
Clifton R, Giebel K, Liu NL, Purdy KJ, Green LE (October 2019).
477:
367:, displaying mild clinical signs of a short duration. Although,
343:
has a global distribution year-round with characteristic highly
2061:
1981:
269:
show a more severe form of foot rot that those of strains with
576:. This bacterium has also shown sensitivity to tetracyclines,
235:
has a primary surface (K) antigen, causing the bacteria to be
489:
smell and cause significant lameness in the affected animal.
261:
Virulence of the bacteria vary depending on which strains of
709:
McPherson AS, Dhungyel OP, Whittington RJ (April 2018).
501:
While not routinely performed, laboratory diagnosis of
1724:
Stäuble A, Steiner A, Frey J, Kuhnert P (April 2014).
1256:
McPherson AS, Dhungyel OP, Whittington RJ (May 2017).
967:"Contagious Footrot in Sheep - Musculoskeletal System"
848:
846:
844:
842:
1886:"Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Sheep"
1672:
Billington SJ, Johnston JL, Rood JI (December 1996).
1150:
Journal of Veterinary Science & Animal Husbandry
393:
Merino Sheep which are more susceptible to foot rot.
1990:
295:DNA from the swab. The isolated DNA then undergoes
454:genes that encode for thermolabile proteases and
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
427:can also be carried by cattle, deer and horses.
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1165:
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1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
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1120:
1118:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
378:There are challenges associated with isolating
174:of the family Cardiobacteriaceae. It has polar
1845:
1843:
1841:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
596:. The use of antimicrobials is limited due to
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
8:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1141:Caetano P, Bettencourt EV, Branco S (2018).
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1082:
1080:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
411:co-exist and cause a disease known as ovine
1950:"Animal Health & Production Compendium"
625:on a weekly basis reduces the incidence of
1978:
592:has not yet been reported with regards to
20:
1930:"Genome Project Information (GenomeSeek)"
1749:
1689:
1597:
1587:
1546:
1497:
1375:
1365:
1281:
1232:
1222:
822:
812:
734:
679:. Merck Veterinary Manual. September 2015
531:The most effective treatment options for
1657:Plant J, Seaman J, Evers M (July 2017).
1973:- the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
668:
485:lesions that can have a characteristic
1811:
1809:
415:, primarily found in sheep and goats.
186:. It is the lone species in the genus
1095:Scott P (May 2012). "Ovine footrot".
7:
1824:NSW Department of Primary Industries
221:Cellular morphology and biochemistry
178:and is the causative agent of ovine
1691:10.1111/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08570.x
1624:Schweizer Archiv fĂĽr Tierheilkunde
14:
1782:Sheep & Goat Medicine-E-Book
1730:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
1262:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
1109:10.1111/j.2044-3870.2012.00114.x
715:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
1007:Buller N, Eamens G (May 2014).
1780:Pugh DG, Baird NN (May 2012).
1184:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.02.002
539:administration of long-acting
299:amplification where 16S rRNA,
1:
1576:Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica
1063:10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.006
327:agent for causing disease is
1864:10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.04.005
1784:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
1539:10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.01.022
1367:10.1371/journal.pone.0115516
1319:10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.03.024
1224:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001210
1143:"Reviewing footrot in sheep"
352:skin. Detection of a lower
277:Taxonomy and identification
2197:
2181:Bacteria described in 1941
1659:Footrot in Sheep and Goats
1490:10.1038/s41598-019-50822-9
854:"ANZSDP-Ovine-footrot.pdf"
210:Fusobacterium necrophorum,
1678:FEMS Microbiology Letters
1418:10.1007/978-3-642-14512-4
814:10.1186/s12917-020-2243-8
132:
125:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
1914:"Dichelobacter nodosus"
1852:Veterinary Microbiology
1790:10.1016/c2009-0-60474-8
1589:10.1186/1751-0147-56-29
1527:Veterinary Microbiology
1307:Veterinary Microbiology
971:Merck Veterinary Manual
801:BMC Veterinary Research
423:resulting in foot rot.
184:interdigital dermatitis
1817:"Diagnosis of Footrot"
394:
2127:dichelobacter-nodosus
2022:Dichelobacter nodosus
1992:Dichelobacter nodosus
1967:Dichelobacter nodosus
858:Australian Government
656:Dichelobacter nodosus
650:Dichelobacter nodosus
568:Antibiotic resistance
392:
196:Dichelobacter nodosus
159:Dichelobacter nodosus
136:Dichelobacter nodosus
25:Dichelobacter nodosus
1952:. cabicompendium.org
1742:10.1128/JCM.03485-13
1274:10.1128/jcm.02403-16
727:10.1128/jcm.01730-17
239:. This bacteria has
16:Species of bacterium
2176:Gammaproteobacteria
1482:2019NatSR...914429C
1358:2015PLoSO..1015516A
200:Bacteroides nodosus
164:Bacteroides nodosus
67:Gammaproteobacteria
1470:Scientific Reports
510:Benign strains of
395:
365:natural resistance
91:Cardiobacteriaceae
2163:
2162:
2148:Open Tree of Life
1984:Taxon identifiers
1799:978-1-4377-2354-0
1636:10.17236/sat00021
1427:978-3-642-14511-7
442:of said strains.
286:Cardiobacteriales
155:
154:
79:Cardiobacteriales
2188:
2156:
2155:
2143:
2142:
2130:
2129:
2117:
2116:
2104:
2103:
2091:
2090:
2078:
2077:
2065:
2064:
2052:
2051:
2039:
2038:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2011:
2010:
2009:
1979:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1932:. Archived from
1925:
1923:
1921:
1900:
1899:
1897:
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1882:
1876:
1875:
1847:
1836:
1835:
1833:
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1821:
1813:
1804:
1803:
1777:
1764:
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1721:
1704:
1703:
1693:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1601:
1591:
1567:
1561:
1560:
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1518:
1512:
1511:
1501:
1461:
1448:
1447:
1401:
1390:
1389:
1379:
1369:
1337:
1331:
1330:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1285:
1268:(5): 1313–1326.
1253:
1247:
1246:
1236:
1226:
1217:(11): e1001210.
1202:
1196:
1195:
1167:
1158:
1157:
1147:
1138:
1113:
1112:
1092:
1075:
1074:
1046:
1027:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1013:
1004:
981:
980:
978:
977:
963:
902:
901:
897:
862:
861:
850:
837:
836:
826:
816:
792:
749:
748:
738:
721:(4): e01730–17.
706:
689:
688:
686:
684:
673:
586:fluoroquinolones
284:is in the order
229:moist climates.
142:(Beveridge 1941)
138:
21:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2151:
2146:
2138:
2133:
2125:
2120:
2112:
2107:
2099:
2094:
2086:
2081:
2073:
2068:
2060:
2055:
2047:
2042:
2034:
2029:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2005:
2004:
1999:
1986:
1965:Type strain of
1955:
1953:
1948:
1939:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1917:
1912:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1894:
1892:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1849:
1848:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1779:
1778:
1767:
1723:
1722:
1707:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1463:
1462:
1451:
1428:
1403:
1402:
1393:
1352:(1): e0115516.
1339:
1338:
1334:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1169:
1168:
1161:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1116:
1094:
1093:
1078:
1057:(26): 3139–46.
1048:
1047:
1030:
1020:
1018:
1011:
1009:"Ovine Footrot"
1006:
1005:
984:
975:
973:
965:
964:
905:
899:
898:
865:
852:
851:
840:
794:
793:
752:
708:
707:
692:
682:
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675:
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665:
646:
611:
570:
529:
495:
469:
400:
321:
279:
223:
151:
145:
143:
140:
134:
121:
118:D. nodosus
107:
93:
81:
69:
57:
45:
17:
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2012:
1996:
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1907:External links
1905:
1902:
1901:
1877:
1858:(1–2): 59–66.
1837:
1826:. Feb 13, 2007
1805:
1798:
1765:
1736:(4): 1228–31.
1705:
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1533:(3–4): 321–7.
1513:
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1211:PLOS Pathogens
1197:
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582:cephalosporins
580:, penicillin,
569:
566:
541:antimicrobials
528:
525:
494:
491:
468:
465:
417:F. necrophorum
408:F. necrophorum
399:
396:
334:F. necrophorum
320:
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278:
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245:F. necrophorum
222:
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55:Pseudomonadota
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185:
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168:Gram-negative
165:
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149:
139:
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127:Binomial name
124:
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104:Dichelobacter
100:
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33:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1991:
1970:
1966:
1954:. Retrieved
1938:. Retrieved
1934:the original
1918:. Retrieved
1893:. Retrieved
1890:www.nfacc.ca
1889:
1880:
1855:
1851:
1830:November 10,
1828:. Retrieved
1823:
1781:
1733:
1729:
1681:
1677:
1667:
1658:
1652:
1627:
1623:
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1579:
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1530:
1526:
1516:
1476:(1): 14429.
1473:
1469:
1409:
1406:Soil Biology
1405:
1349:
1345:
1335:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1214:
1210:
1200:
1178:(4): 173–6.
1175:
1171:
1156:(4): 405–13.
1153:
1149:
1103:(3): 37–40.
1100:
1096:
1054:
1050:
1019:. Retrieved
1015:
974:. Retrieved
970:
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681:. Retrieved
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398:Pathogenesis
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319:Epidemiology
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103:
102:
24:
18:
2016:Wikispecies
483:necrotizing
405:along with
369:first cross
329:D. nodosus,
273:proteases.
241:synergistic
237:immunogenic
208:along with
206:D. nodosus,
198:, formerly
182:as well as
170:, obligate
162:, formerly
144:(Mraz 1963)
2170:Categories
1895:2020-11-09
1021:October 4,
976:2020-11-07
663:References
652:ATCC 25549
635:D. nodosus
627:D. nodosus
615:D. nodosus
609:Prevention
603:D. nodosus
598:macrolides
594:D. nodosus
590:Resistance
578:macrolides
574:D. nodosus
559:D. nodosus
537:parenteral
533:D. nodosus
521:D. nodosus
516:D. nodosus
512:D. nodosus
508:D. nodosus
503:D. nodosus
473:D. nodosus
461:fly strike
444:D. nodosus
433:D. nodosus
429:D. nodosus
425:D. nodosus
421:D. nodosus
403:D. nodosus
354:prevalence
341:D. nodosus
293:D. nodosus
282:D. nodosus
263:D. nodosus
233:D. nodosus
226:D. nodosus
1956:18 August
1940:18 August
1920:18 August
1582:(1): 29.
1436:1613-3382
1313:: 20–24.
1097:Livestock
807:(1): 21.
527:Treatment
493:Diagnosis
481:chronic,
440:virulence
373:ungulates
331:although
146:Dewhirst
112:Species:
2101:11298197
2007:Q3706891
2001:Wikidata
1872:21596496
1760:24452162
1644:26753343
1608:24886510
1557:25742734
1508:31594981
1444:82969072
1386:25607991
1346:PLOS ONE
1327:29685216
1292:28202796
1243:21124876
1192:19239925
1172:Anaerobe
1071:24736003
833:31969162
745:29436426
658:VCS1703A
478:lameness
413:foot rot
325:obligate
252:epitopes
180:foot rot
176:fimbriae
172:anaerobe
86:Family:
50:Phylum:
43:Bacteria
38:Domain:
2088:3222855
2031:BacDive
1751:3993488
1700:8961550
1599:4046027
1548:4366039
1499:6783547
1478:Bibcode
1377:4301808
1354:Bibcode
1283:5405250
1234:2991261
1051:Vaccine
860:. 2020.
824:6977287
736:5869834
683:26 June
548:culling
467:Disease
384:nodosus
166:, is a
98:Genus:
74:Order:
62:Class:
2114:961342
2075:DICBNO
2062:972544
1969:at Bac
1870:
1796:
1758:
1748:
1698:
1642:
1606:
1596:
1555:
1545:
1506:
1496:
1442:
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1384:
1374:
1325:
1290:
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1231:
1190:
1069:
831:
821:
743:
733:
623:formol
584:, and
487:putrid
361:Merino
307:, and
258:test.
148:et al.
2153:37198
2096:IRMNG
2049:35LFX
1820:(PDF)
1440:S2CID
1146:(PDF)
1012:(PDF)
456:aprV2
452:aprB2
313:aprB2
309:aprV2
271:AprB2
267:AprV2
2135:NCBI
2122:LPSN
2109:ITIS
2083:GBIF
2070:EPPO
2036:2236
1971:Dive
1958:2016
1942:2016
1922:2016
1868:PMID
1832:2020
1794:ISBN
1756:PMID
1696:PMID
1640:PMID
1604:PMID
1553:PMID
1504:PMID
1432:ISSN
1422:ISBN
1382:PMID
1323:PMID
1288:PMID
1239:PMID
1188:PMID
1067:PMID
1023:2020
829:PMID
741:PMID
685:2016
311:and
305:rpoD
301:pnpA
150:1990
2140:870
2057:EoL
2044:CoL
1860:doi
1856:153
1786:doi
1746:PMC
1738:doi
1686:doi
1682:145
1632:doi
1628:157
1594:PMC
1584:doi
1543:PMC
1535:doi
1531:176
1494:PMC
1486:doi
1414:doi
1372:PMC
1362:doi
1315:doi
1311:218
1278:PMC
1270:doi
1229:PMC
1219:doi
1180:doi
1105:doi
1059:doi
819:PMC
809:doi
731:PMC
723:doi
601:of
297:PCR
2172::
2150::
2137::
2124::
2111::
2098::
2085::
2072::
2059::
2046::
2033::
2018::
2003::
1888:.
1866:.
1854:.
1840:^
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1732:.
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1380:.
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1264:.
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1101:17
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1079:^
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969:.
906:^
866:^
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1960:.
1944:.
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380:D
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